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Architecture Styles Spotter's Guide

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Architecture Styles Spotter's Guide Architecture Styles Spotter's Guide Ci .ASSICAL TEMPLES TO SOARING SKYSCRAPERS Sarah Cunliffe Jean Loussier EDITORS Sarah Cunliffe, Clare Haworth-Maden, Michael Kerrigan, Donna F. Shelmerdine, Stephen Small, M. Jane Taylor CONTRIBUTORS ~~\l/~~ THUNDER BAY P,R·E·S,S San Diego, California CLASSICISM REVIVED The Henaissance had found inspiration in ancient Greek and Roman architecture, its order and symme- suggesting what might be attainable by human rea• ;;on, ingenuity, and enterprise. Those same values \vere at the fore in the Enlightenment of the eigh• teenth century, but by this time they were taking on a distinctly political edge. In its mounting revolutionary ferment, France was looking back to the heroic exarn- of republican Rome-}acques-Louis David's Iconic painting The Oath of the Horatii was created in 776. At this very moment across the Atlantic, the \merican colonies were engaged in their own fIght £(Jr liberty; here too, fi-eedom was to find expression in Classical forms. ')PPOSITE: The Massachusetts State HOLlse (1798), in designed by Charles Bu1jlnch, with its }nagnif~ icent gilded dome, is considered one of the fInest build-• in the United States. Classicism F~evived Classicism Revived PALLADIAN LEFT: Palladian detail showing the charactcristic arch No single architect did more to influence the rediscovery and reinvention of and fanlights ahODCthe door, Classical architecture: I<xthe modern age than the Italian master Andrea Palladio. with pillars to cither side. An important Hgure in his own lifetime, he was to loom still larger in later cen• OPPOSITE: The White House In turies as an influence, thus enjoying not one, but several, posthumous careers. \Vashington, D.C .. is prohably the most widely Majesty and Modesty Neoclassical STYLE FILE Key to Palladio's achievement page 83) INSET, BELOW: WIndow detail Notable Features: was an understated simplicity that lent an from one of Pallacli():~master• Clear Classical influence. orders, unexpected air of intimacy to his grandest pIeces, the Palazzo Valmarana INith emphasis buildings. His basilica in Vicenza (c. 1547) in Vicenza, Italy. on understated grace and the Villa Hotonda that he built outside and symmetry rather than on elaboration. that city (c. 1567) are among the most cele• at the same time unmistakably a house-a Major Influences: brated examples of his work. Both rank clwelling place for real people. An Old World Italian Renaissance among the most imposing of Henaissance monarchy would have had a palace, of course, architect Palladia; THE MASTER Greek,and Roman momnnents, yet their beauty sets us at our but this would have been completely inap• buildings and features. ease: we never seem to lose the human scale. propriate in the United States: a great new Born Andrea di Pietro Of all the many hundreds of later country, yet one that was to be governed in delia Gondola in Padua, INhere and When: Italy, 1508, this artist Britain, 17th-18th cen• "Palladian" creations around the world, per• the name of the "little guy." was awarded his nick• turies; United States, haps the most typical example is 'Washington, name "Palladia" by a 18th and 19th centuries. D.C.'s, White House (James Iioban, 1792• Anglo-Palladianism contemporary critic. It derives from Pallas J 8(0). All impressive seat of govenunent, it is The first great Palladian revival, however, Athene, the ancient came as early as the seventeenth centmy, Greek goddess of wis• dom. A stonemason by when architects like Inigo Jones (1.573-1652, training, Palladia made a the creator of London's Covent Garden close study of Vitruvius and other ancient Piazza) made it a part of the English scene. theorists: his work Jones's Banqueting House (1619-22) at became the conduit by Whitehall, London, was arguably the first which ClaSSical princi• ples made their way great example of this influential into the architecture Anglo-Palladian style. In tIle eighteenth cen• of the modem age. tury, IJaliadianism enjoyed another revival, llshered in by the Scottish architect Colin Campbell (1676-1729) and Hiehard Boyle, Lord Burlington (1694-1753). Designed with I the belp of his hiend, William Kent, the lat• ter's masterpiece, Lonclon's Chisvviek House (1726), was explicitly modeled on Palladio's original Villa Hotonda. Sir Christopher Wren (16,32-1723, see also pages 86-87) was I another adherent of the Palladian style. 139 Classicism Revived Classicism Revived FRENCH NEOCLASSICAL these ideas so seriously that they designed "ideal" structures, which were never intended BACK TO BASICS The French Hevolution of 1789 was the violent culmination of a wholesale to take physical form. But Ange-Jacques Still more radical than the rationalism of the intellectnal overhaul that had occupied much of the eighteenth century. For Gabriel's (1698-1782) Petit Trianon, built in other philosophes artists and architects of the day, Horne represented not only republicanism, but the grounds of the royal palace at Versailles, was Jean-Jacques an age apparently free of childish superstition and meddling clergy. near Paris (1761-64), shows the beautiful Rousseau's claim that realities such architecture could achieve. civilization was corrupt• ing, society enslaving~ that "Man was born STYLE FILE The Primitive Pantheon free, but IS everywhere in chains." His idealiza• Notable Features: The Pantheon, in Paris, was built between tion of the "noble Basic vocabulary Corders 1757 and 1790 to a design by Jacques-Gabriel savage" has no immedi• of columns, arches, etc.) ately obvious bearing Classical, but an interest SouHlot. Its most obvious models may be the on architecture, yet it in attaining a three• ancient Pantheon and St. Peter's Cathedral, underlies the profoundly dimensional symmetry infiuential thought of and "natural" simplicity. both in Rome, but it also bears the imprint of the Abbe Marc-Antoine the theories of its time. If its austere, unfussy Laugier. His Essav on Major Influences: symmetries suggest the rationalism of Boullee Architecture suggested Enlightenment rational• that aesthetic beauty ism a reaction against and Ledoux, its overwhelming simplicity was rooted in the eter• all relics of monarchism evokes the values of Laugier (see feature, nally endowed propor• and clericalism; tions of created nature, Rousseauesque ideas of right). That said, the Pantheon is actually a and that all architecture "natural" proportions. good deal less simple than it looks: it is, in harked back to the fact, an example of two-in-one construction. same basic prototype, Where and When: the round hut of France; 18th century. Outside, massive walls bear up the bulk of the prehistoric humanity. building's weight-including, with the help of hidden flying buttresses, the shapely dome. Unbuildable Ideals The spacious interior aisles can thus be sup• BELOW: The Petit Trianon, Frcnch philosophes like Diderot and Voltaire ported with only slender columns. Versailles (1761-64). were a tllO'rn in the flesh of the Church and ABOVE AND BELOW: The monarchy, hut their seH~conscjous rational• Pantheon, Pads, soon after the ism fouud echocs even in establishment huilding opened. It appeaJ's architccture. If the Classical influence is clear equally when viewed in coustruetiolls of this time, so, too, is a con• from a distan(;e, as below. cern to capturc the perfect, "pure" shapes of solid gcomctry. 'The eube, the sphere, thc these were the forms to which architects sl]()uld no fimctional structure used by real people could possibly embody such per- fEcction hut thc closer the approximation, thc thc theorists thought. Architects like Etienne-Louis Bou]]ce (J728-99) and Claude Nico]as Ledoux ( took 141 Classicism Revived Classicism Revived FEDERALIST/ADAM Fun Without Frivolity SWAGS Just as distinctively Adamesque, however, Carved swags of stone, So-callcd becausc it dates from the first decades of the Ullited States' exis• were the httle decorative touches he used to stucco, or \Nood were tence, "Federal" architecture was not altogether independent of British mod• counte11)()lnt the severities of Neoclassical a feature of Federalist els. The Scottish brothers H.obert (1728-92) and James Adam (1732--94) were buildings: these decora• design. Flat panels and pilasters broke up tive bouquets and fes• a big inHuence-though to some extent this was precisely because in their blank walls; decorative devices, from urns and toons adorned every• thing from ceilings and work they looked beyond the British hshions of the time. arabesques to stucco scrolls and sphinxes, paneled vvalls to furni• adorned interiors: the final effect combined ture. Generally compris• vigor and visual interest with sobriety. ing flovvers, fruit, sheafs STYLE FILE of grain, or other pro• duce. they lent an air' of Notable Features: The Ne'W Republic elegant Classicism and Simple, Classical lines comfort at the same and proportions, but As such it was the ideal style for thc newly time. Harking back to compar$tively elaborate independent United States-proud and self• the decorative art of decoration, both inside ancient Rome, as and confident, yet still recognizably puritanical in symbols of fertility and roofs its values. That the Adam style bore more plenty they also struck screened by stone resemblance to Roman models than English a real chord vvith what balustrades; vvas still an agricultural Shutt;ered vvindovvs. only enhanced it in American eyes. Not that society. U.S. architects were content simply to replicate Major Influences: Classical principles, the Adam style: over time, they would make it filtered through the very much their 0\'.11. Their innovations ranged BELOW: Adelphi '1(:rrace, of the Adam brothers'modem from the flagrantly patriotic (the use of the London (1768-74), built hI} the reinte'rpretations. eagle motif) through the practical (the addition h mthers Adam and named rifie'r of decorative window shutters) to the more adelphoi, Greek f'n- "brothers." Where and When: Adam style, Britain, midc subtle (tbe introduction of oval and elliptical Sadly, the terrace was demol• 18th century; Federal Antiquarian Adam shapes for windows and even rooms).
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