Oleguer Parés-Badell

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Oleguer Parés-Badell Health outcomes and use of harm reduction services in people who use drugs in Catalonia Oleguer Parés-Badell TESI DOCTORAL UPF / 2020 DIRECTOR DE LA TESI Dr. Albert Espelt (Universitat de Vic – Universitat Central de Catalunya) DEPARTAMENT DE CIÈNCIES EXPERIMENTALS I DE LA SALUT [...] havent-li dit un amic: “Tu, que creus que els déus no tenen presents les coses humanes, ¿no t’adones veient tantes pintures que molta gent es va salvar de les tempestes gràcies a les seves promeses i va arribar a port sana i estàlvia?”, [Diagoras] va contestar: “El que passa és que els qui van naufragar i moriren en la mar no ho van poder pintar mai.” M. TUL·LI CICERÓ, La naturalesa dels déus Agraïments En aquests moments en què la generositat amb el propi temps és difícil de trobar, vull agrair, primer de tot, la disposició de la Gabriela Barbaglia i en Jordi Alonso: una gran part del que he après en tot aquest procés prové dels primers articles que vaig poder escriure amb vosaltres. Aquesta tesi va néixer de l’entusiasme de l’Albert Espelt, que ha guiat tot el procés i ha sigut l’artífex d’alguns articles. En escriure els articles de la tesi he estat eficaçment acomboiat pels coautors i les coautores, especialment per la Cinta Folch. També he d'agrair a la Maica Rodríguez-Sanz haver acceptat ser la tutora de la tesi. Dec un agraïment a totes les persones que han col·laborat en la tasca titànica de forjar el model de Barcelona. Cal destacar la lluita incansable de la Teresa Brugal, a qui dec bona part del que he après durant aquests anys. Aquest aprenentatge també ha sigut possible gràcies a tot l’equip del SEPAD (la Carmen Vecino, l'Ester Teixidó, la Marina Bosque, la Mercè Gotsens i l’Amaia Garrido potser són qui més m’han hagut d’aguantar). En Diego Arànega, l’Ester Aranda, la Noelia Girona, en Tomàs Balbas, la Lara Treviño i tot l’equip de Baluard, Robador, Garbivent i altres centres, també han sigut mestres i font de sentit per la meva feina, juntament amb les persones usuàries que he conegut i les que han participat en aquesta recerca. A en Chema Gonzalez, primer autor de l’últim article de la tesi, espero haver sabut transmetre-li una part del que a mi em van ensenyar entre l’Albert, la Gabi i en Jordi. Vull agrair també a la Maribel Pasarin l’oportunitat de ser professor d’epidemiologia, que ha fet que m’adonés encara més de tot el que no sé. v També vull evocar aquí algunes persones que m’han guiat, sense saber- ho, en el meu camí per la investigació en les addiccions. Aquesta tesi té un deute amb el repositori d’evidència de l’EMCDDA i les persones que el fan possible, i també amb diverses investigadores que han format part insistentment del meu paisatge científic: Vendula Belackova, Samantha Colledge, Louisa Degenhardt, Sarah Wakeman... Gràcies també als que hi sou sempre. La Laurie Birks, l’Elisabeth Salvo i l’Ashley Enning heu fet de revisores moltes vegades. Però, sobretot, juntament amb els vells amics de Banyoles, les medicines i els matemàtics, hi heu sigut sempre en els moments menys bons. Igualment, gràcies a la família Guàrdia-Munarriz, per la càlida acollida i pels dolcíssims treballs forçats dels divendres a la tarda. El darrer agraïment, i el més pregon, és a la meva família, la meva germana i els meus pares. Espero que seguireu omplint la buidor d’aquest mots. I a en Marcel Guàrdia per totes les raons que ell i jo ens sabem. vi Abstract Harm reduction is a set of programs and interventions that aim to reduce health and social harms of drug use. The Barcelona model aims to maximize access to harm reduction services and to integrate them with treatment programs. This thesis objective is to describe the prevalence and associated factors of health outcomes - non-fatal overdose, HIV and Hepatitis C – in people who use harm reduction programs, and to evaluate the impact of extending the opening hours of a harm reduction program. The thesis consists of three articles based on data from the REDAN study, a cross-sectional bio-behavioral study, and the Barcelona drug information system. According to this thesis results, access to medical care and methadone treatment were the most significant factors preventing both non-fatal overdose and undiagnosed infections. Using a drug consumption room was associated with lower risk of undiagnosed HIV and Hepatitis C and was linked with increased awareness of overdose. Additionally, the night-time opening of a drug consumption room was associated with a higher service use among the most vulnerable clients and with an increase of the treated opioid overdoses. In line with the aims of the Barcelona model, our results highlight the need to maximize access to harm reduction services. vii Resum La reducció de danys és un conjunt de programes i intervencions que tenen per objectiu reduir els efectes perjudicials en la salut i socials del consum de drogues. L’objectiu del model de Barcelona és maximitzar l’accés als serveis de reducció de danys i, alhora, integrar-los amb els programes de tractament. Aquesta tesi té com a objectiu descriure la prevalença i els factors associats a la sobredosi no mortal, al VIH i a l’Hepatitis C en les persones que acudeixen als programes de reducció de danys, i avaluar l’impacte d’ampliar l’horari d’un programa de reducció de danys. La tesi es compon de tres articles basats en les dades de l’estudi REDAN, un estudi bio-comportamental i transversal, i en les dades del sistema d’informació de drogues de Barcelona. Atenent els resultats d’aquesta tesi, tenir accés a atenció sanitària i a tractament amb metadona són els factors més significatius per a prevenir tant les sobredosis no mortals com les infeccions per VIH o Hepatitis C no diagnosticades. L’ús d’una sala de consum de drogues s’associa a una disminució del risc de patir infeccions no diagnosticades i està lligat a un augment de la consciència d’haver patit una sobredosi. A més a més, l’obertura nocturna d’una sala de consum de drogues s’associa a un increment de l’ús del servei entre les persones usuàries més vulnerables i també a un augment de les sobredosis ateses. En línia amb els objectius del model de Barcelona, els nostres resultats palesen la necessitat de maximitzar l’accés als serveis de reducció de danys. ix Index Agraïments ..................................................................................................... v Abstract ........................................................................................................ vii Resum ............................................................................................................ ix Index .............................................................................................................. xi 1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 Harm reduction overview .......................................................... 1 a) Harm reduction programs ......................................................... 2 b) Harm reduction programs in the international context ...... 10 c) Harm reduction programs in the European context ........... 13 d) Harm reduction programs in Spain and Catalonia .............. 16 1.2 The Barcelona model of substance use care ......................... 25 2. Justification .............................................................................................. 33 3. Hypotheses and Objectives ................................................................... 37 3.1 Hypotheses ................................................................................. 37 3.2 Objectives ................................................................................... 38 a) General objectives ..................................................................... 38 b) Specific objectives..................................................................... 38 xi 4. Methods and Results .............................................................................. 41 Article 1 ........................................................................................... 43 Article 2 ........................................................................................... 53 Article 3 ........................................................................................... 75 5. Discussion ................................................................................................ 85 5.1 Main findings and contributions to current knowledge ...... 85 5.2 Methodological considerations................................................ 87 5.3 Implications for public health and future research .............. 90 6. Conclusion ............................................................................................... 93 Bibliography ................................................................................................. 95 Annex 1: Collaboration in other articles ................................................ 113 xii 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Harm reduction overview Harm reduction encompasses interventions, programs and policies that seek to reduce the health, social and economic harms of drug use to individuals, communities and societies (European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction 2010). Harm reduction is a combination of interventions including needle and syringe exchange, opioid maintenance treatment, drug consumption rooms, outreach and community teams, and public policies to protect the health of populations at risk (World Health Organization 2012a). Harm reduction has had two main pillars. First, it has been
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