ITARP 2008 © 2008 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program All rights reserved Printed in the of America

2008 Annual Report Editor: Wendy Smith French Cover Design: Linda Alexander Formatting and Layout: Corinne Carlson Illustration Credits: Linda Alexander, Valerie Alexander Vallese, Mera Hertel, and Marcia Martinho Photo Credits: Linda Alexander, Mike Barnes, Alleen Betzenhauser, Julie Bukowski, Matt Cross, Kenneth Farnsworth, Rich Fishel, Wendy Smith French, Ian Fricker, Joe Galloy, Pete Geraci, Kris Hedman, Mera Hertel, Rob Hickson, Jeff Kruchten, Marcia Martinho, Robert Mazrim, Phil Millhouse, Dave Nolan, Chris Nycz, Rebecca Pagan, Jennifer Pearce, Jim Pisell, Sue Nolan, Matthew Terry, B. Wiegand, Sarah Wisseman, Charlie Witty, Alexey Zelin, Tom Zych

On the Cover Upper left: Excavation of Monk’s Mound Red seed jar fragment, Ninth–Tenth Century, East St. Louis Mound Center, Stockyards Tract, St. Clair County. Center: (left) Fieldwork at the Sartorial Splendor site, Hancock County; (middle) Red-slipped ceramic foot effigy, Sub Mound 51, (right); Edgeware, 1815–30, Not Unusual site, Morgan County. Bottom: Fieldwork at the Elmore site, Kane County.

On the Back Excavation at the Excelsior site in Brown County.

Acknowledgements Thank you to Dr. John Walthall, chief archaeologist at IDOT, and the Illinois Department of Transportation for their support of the Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program’s investigations. Dr. Thomas Emerson, ITARP director, and Dale McElrath, ITARP statewide coordinator, provided guidance in the preparation of the an- nual report. The report was prepared with the assistance of many at the various ITARP divisions. Andrew Fortier, Doug Jackson, and Ian Fricker (C–U); David Nolan, Rich Fishel, Rob Hickson, and Chris Nycz (WISD)—ITARP will miss you, Chris!; Jennifer Pearce and Phil Millhouse (NISD); Brad Koldehoff and Charles Witty (ABSD); Joe Galloy (Wood River Lab); and their staff provided updates of division activities, continuing surveys, and site investigations, as well as the beautiful photos included in the report. Thank you to all who contributed. The production of our annual report is the responsibility of the Statewide Archaeological Survey Division, under the direction of Dale McElrath. This year’s report is complied and coordinated by Wendy Smith French and produced through the efforts of the ITARP Production Office under the direction of production manager Mike Lewis and production coordinator Corinne Carlson, with the assistance of graphic designer Linda Alexander. The information gathered for this report represents the efforts of many ITARP staff members, and I thank them all for their effort in contributing to this presentation. Information on obtaining additional copies of this report, as well as other ITARP publications, is available at: www.itarp.illinois.edu/pubs To Our Readers

The Illinois Transportation Archaeologi- establishment of two new laboratories in cal Research Program (ITARP) is the product the Springfield area. Kenneth Farnsworth, of a half-century collaborative effort by the ITARP’s Senior Research Editor, moved University of Illinois (UI) and the Illinois into laboratory space at the Illinois State Department of Transportation (IDOT) to Museum’s (ISM) Research and Collection preserve the state’s important archaeologi- Center as part of a cooperative arrangement cal and historic resources while enhancing between ISM and ITARP. Additionally the public’s understanding of Illinois’s ITARP acquired a Historic Research and rich heritage. Initiated in 1957 by Dr. John Collections Laboratory in Salisbury, just McGregor at the University of Illinois, the to the west of Springfield. Robert Mazrim, program has grown in scope through the ITARP’s new Outreach Coordinator, years and today is recognized as one of manages this laboratory. A portion of this the premier transportation archaeology facility was home to the former “Under programs in the United States. the Prairie Museum” operated by the One of ITARP’s primary mission goals Sangamo Archaeological Center (SAC). is to disseminate information to both The museum displays have been left intact professional audiences and the public and now are on loan to the University ITARP’s staff has always been active in at large. Our annual report is designed where they serve as an important part of giving talks, presentations, and tours specifically to provide an overview of the ITARP’s training and outreach program. to local community and school groups. program’s yearly activities for IDOT and The incorporation of this facility allows However, our ability to reach a wider UIUC administrators, the archaeological ITARP to significantly expand our audience has been limited. The addition of community, and the general public. The historic archaeology capabilities. The an outreach coordinator to ITARP’s staff is content of this report reflects the views of building houses ITARP’s large comparative indicative of IDOT’s increasing interest in the contributors who are responsible for collection of eighteenth and nineteenth expanding its interaction with the public the facts and accuracy of the data present- century Euroamerican artifacts from and disseminating information on its ed herein and do not necessarily reflect the excavations in Illinois as well as a donated historic preservation program in a readily official views or policies of IDOT. collection of similar materials from across accessible general format. Mazrim’s This year has seen an important expans- the eastern United States by SAC. responsibilities include the production of ion in both our program facilities and our IDOT has long history of producing both printed and web-based audiovisual outreach capabilities. We greatly increased quality reports, articles, and books for the materials on IDOT’s historic preservation our ability to serve central Illinois with the professional archaeological community. work for the public. This increased emphasis on information distribution is in keeping with an integral pillar of IDOT- ITARP’s primary mission statement to “promote . . . the professional and public dissemination of information about the and history of Illinois.” It has been a productive year in the area of IDOT’s historic preservation program and again I thank all of our staff for their professionalism and dedication to help- ing to preserve the past while enabling economic development to move forward in a timely manner.

Director, ITARP

www.itarp.illinois.edu

 Program Mission and Structure spectrum of sources including IDOT, UIUC, Survey Division (ABSD), which operates grants, and contracts with the private sector. an office in Belleville and the Wood River History and Mission Lab, conducts surveys and related site Structure investigations in the 27 southernmost The Illinois Transportation Archaeological Illinois counties; this region encompasses Research Program (ITARP) is the product The ITARP Statewide Survey Division, the archaeologically complex and rich of a five decade long cooperative effort directed by Dale McElrath, is responsible in the St. Louis area. between the University of Illinois at for the majority of Phase I archaeological Dr. Andrew Fortier coordinates the Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) and the surveys and Phase II and III archaeological Special Projects Division, which is Illinois Department of Transportation site investigations conducted in conjunction responsible for large and, often, multi- (IDOT), created to ensure the preservation with IDOT projects across Illinois. Six year research projects throughout the and protection of the state’s important regional offices comprise the Statewide state, including the East St. Louis Mound archaeological resources in Center and Janey B. Goode the context of transportation site in the American Bottom, projects. As a part of the largest the Hoxie Farm site in Cook land-grant University in the County, and the Fish Lake state, ITARP is also responsible site in Monroe County south to the citizens of Illinois of St. Louis. The Wood River for providing educational Lab, a branch of Special and research opportunities Projects, conducts ongoing I- in order to advance our 255/FAP 310 and Mississippi knowledge of the state’s River Bridge investigations prehistory and history. This in southwestern Illinois. joint effort began under the The Program Support direction of Dr. John McGregor Division is responsible for and Dr. Charles Bareis in 1957 program administration with the newly formed Illinois and specialist analyses Archaeological Survey (IAS). and offers the following: It continued into the ’80s when paleoethnobotany and the IDOT statewide survey faunal analysis, historical program was transferred to research, digital cartographic the Resource Investigation production and GIS analysis, Program (RIP) within UIUC’s physical anthropology, Department of Anthropology. curation and security, and The recent establishment manuscript production, of ITARP in 1994 was the which includes the editing, direct result of IDOT’s formatting, graphic design, interest in developing and art work for the a centralized program to various ITARP publication facilitate Illinois’s cultural series and public displays. resources protection efforts Program support is provided and UIUC’s desire to expand by archaeobotanists, a its public service mission faunal analyst, a historic in the area of archaeology. archaeologist, physical The mission of ITARP as a joint program Survey Division. The Northern Illinois anthropologists, cartographers, desktop of UIUC and IDOT is: Survey Division (NISD) based in Rockford publishers, a graphic designer/ 1. to assist the department in the carries out surveys and excavations in the illustrator/photographer, network preservation and protection of Illinois’s 16 Illinois counties south of the administrator, and curation specialists historic and archaeological resources, border, including the highly urbanized in the Champaign office and the nearby 2. to carry out research activities that area. The Central Illinois Survey Neil Street Lab. A senior research editor enhance the educational and public Division (CISD) in Champaign is responsible and the ITARP outreach coordinator service mission of the University of for archaeological reconnaissance in the 32 are based in Springfield/Salisbury Illinois, and eastern Illinois counties between greater Research Lab. Floatation labs are housed 3. to promote and ensure professional Chicago and the southwestern in facilities in Macomb and Godfrey. and public dissemination of in- border. The Western Illinois Survey The various divisions within ITARP formation regarding the prehistory Division (WISD), with offices in Macomb also conduct long-term, large-scale, grant- and history of Illinois. and Jacksonville, handles surveys and Phase funded archaeological research projects II and III excavations in the 27 counties of and selected private work that provides The accomplishment of these goals is the central and lower Illinois River valley funding and research opportunities for supported and funded through a wide and areas to the west. The American Bottom UIUC students and other researchers.

 Paleoethnobotany Archaeological Testing Short Laboratory Reports (ATSRs) This is the most common report format, The Paleoethnobotany because by far the largest Laboratory is located in the number of sites excavated in a main offices of the Illinois given year are small sites with Transportation Archaeological few features and for which no Research Program, on the further work is recommended. University of Illinois campus in In and of themselves, these Champaign. The laboratory is small data sets may not appear under the directorship of Mary to have much significance; Simon, assisted by two full time however, it is important that research archaeobotanists, they be published. These Leighann Calentine and assemblages are sometimes Mary King. Kathryn Parker, the only records available archaeobotanist with Great concerning plant use at a certain Lake Ecosytems, is employed time in a given region, thus on a contractual basis. The providing a foundation for primary duty of lab personnel future work. Even in better- is to analyze the archaeological studied parts of the state, they plant remains recovered from have the potential to help ITARP excavations across the support existing models or state, and to publish the results provide some new insight into of these analyses in accessible our understanding of people’s and appropriate venues. The use of plants in the past. The sites investigated range in second most common report size from very small areas type is the short report or having few cultural features appendix, while the largest and to extensive, multi-hectare most complicated sites require preparation of a chapter for sites with many thousands Microscopic analysis of Fish Lake macrobotanical samples. of features. Depending on inclusion in published volume. the nature of the site and deposits In 2008, ITARP archaeobotanists analyzed In 2008, chapters were completed for involved, at minimum analysis comprises a total of 2,248 floatation samples from 22 the Ray’s Bluff (11MS526) and H. Brush the identification and quantification sites (see Addendum:Table 7). Over half (11MS957) sites. As of December 31, of plant remains, and preparation of were from the extensive Patrick phase chapters detailing the results of analysis a summary table. However, for most component at the Fish Lake site (11MO608) at the Fish Lake (11M0608), Powerline assemblages, preparation of a written analyzed by Kathryn Parker. In addition (11MO598), Tree Row (11F53), and Hoxie report, appendix, or chapter is required. to floatation samples, we also analyzed (11CK4) sites were in progress, with draft Most of the plant remains from 263 hand-collected charcoal samples, six reports on track for completion in 2009. archaeological sites are derived from water-screened samples, and timbers As illustrated in Appendix: Tables 8 floatation samples, which are soil samples from 2 burned structures and one historic and 9, the Paleoethnobotany Laboratory of known volume, typically 8–12 liters. well frame. The components represented was actively engaged in sample analysis These samples are systematically processed ranged from the Middle Archaic through and report preparation throughout 2008. using water floatation to extract carbonized nineteenth century historic. Analysis was Included in these analyses are samples plant remains. Upon drying, plant parts are completed and reports compiled for just from several small Middle to early Late identified and quantified following standard over half these sites, while reports are Woodland sites in western Illinois. The ITARP procedures. Large, obvious samples currently being prepared for another early Late Woodland Weaver phase in of carbonized plant-based materials are four. Analysis remains in progress for the particular is well represented. When collected separately during excavations. remaining sites (see Addendum:Table 7). integrated with other studies, as These “hand-collected charcoal samples” A report is prepared for all sites having well as with feature and site structure can include any number of items from large plant remains from secure cultural information, plant remains are contributing pieces of wood, through caches of nuts and contexts, regardless of site size. The type substantially to our understanding of even burned textile pieces. In all cases, of report depends on a number of factors, prehistoric life during this time period only those residues that are carbonized including the following: site complexity in western Illinois. In particular, we or that are from securely prehistoric or and extent; number of samples or features are interested in looking at population significant historic contexts are considered excavated; cultural affiliation; whether movement, interaction, and culturally in our work. Analyses of archaeobotanical or not further work is to be conducted; defined subsistence strategies. The Middle materials provide insight into tangible and in some instances time constraints. and early Late Woodland of west central issues of subsistence, technology, and In 2008, archaeobotanical reports for 17 Illinois will remain a focus of study in ‘09. environment as well as to more ephemeral sites were finalized (see Addendum:Table Because many of the sites excavated in issues such as belief, ritual, and exchange. 8). Over half were tables for inclusion in the American Bottom expose huge tracts  structures in the northern The Powerline site (11MO598) is American Bottom region. located in the floodplain very near to the By far the greatest Fish Lake site and in a similar setting. effort put forth Much less of this site was exposed and in 2008 was in the number of features is much lower the analysis of than found at Fish Lake. Given the samples from lower feature count, we would expect to the Patrick phase recover a much smaller plant assemblage. component at the However, the Powerline site remains differ Fish Lake (11MO608) from those at Fish Lake in less expected site. Over the last two ways. Not only is the macrobotanical years, excavations assemblage smaller, it is also much less

Fragments of carbonized corn kernels from the at this site greatly taxonomically diverse and density values Sartorius site, Hancock County. expanded on the site are significantly lower. The two sites of land with dense feature concentrations, area originally excavated in the early 1980s. provide an interesting contrast, as they macrobotanical assemblages are large and The archaeobotanical assemblage is also seem to represent different aspects of diverse. Included in this number for 2008 significantly larger than that reported in Patrick phase utilization of the floodplain. are excavations at the Rays Bluff, H. Brush, 1984. This year, Kathryn Parker analyzed Among the studies completed in 2008 Powerline, and Fish Lake sites. The former over 1,500 samples from 390 pits, 10 was analysis of floatation samples from two were completed in 2008. Both the Ray’s rectilinear structures, and 17 keyhole the early Late Archaic component at the Bluff and H. Brush sites are sited in the houses extending across two ridges. The Tree Row (11F53) site, located in the central upland bluffs adjacent to the American report is not yet complete, but analysis Illinois River valley. The site was originally Bottom floodplain. Rays Bluff was unusual to date shows that seeds, especially dug in the late 1980s and a preliminary, in that it presented a pure Sponemann those from native cultivated crop plants, macrobotanical anlysis was completed in phase component (ca. A.D. 750–800), dominate the macrobotanical assemblage. the early 1990s. In 2008, ITARP personnel consisting of 39 pit features. Particularly As was observed in 1984, tobacco seeds are initiated reanalysis of the site and its interesting is the absence of corn. While unusually abundant and ubiquitous at this material culture. Floatation samples from we believe that corn was known to at site. This suggests not only that tobacco an additional 174 features were analyzed, least some people in Illinois by the Middle was routinely harvested and processed in bringing the total to 247, or 85 percent of , the question as to when this area, but also that it may have been the early Late Archaic features at the site. it became a true staple crop is not clear. a valuable trade commodity. Trade with While typically Archaic in nature, the Its presence at a number of Sponemann upland groups is also hinted at in the macrobotanical assemblage is quite diverse phase features at the multicomponent presence of red cedar wood and abundant and will provide important information Sponemann site suggested that this was hickory nutshell, neither of which would concerning Late Archaic use of the area. occurring by about A.D. 750, which was have been present in useable amounts Notable is the good evidence for wetland earlier than previously thought. If so, the deep in the floodplain. The final report will exploitation, which would be expected absence of corn from Ray’s Bluff, a “pure” be submitted in 2008 for inclusion in the but cannot always be readily identified, as Sponemann age site, is unexpected. Among newest Fish Lake site ITARP publication. well as for the tending of weedy annuals. our projects for the upcoming year will be a reassessment of Sponemann phase corn, incorporating both AMS dating and elemental analysis, the later of which can be used to identify C4 plants, including corn, through their heavy carbon signatures. Three prehistoric components, the largest of which dates to the Stirling phase of the Mississippian period, were identified at the H. Brush site. The Stirling phase features included two burned wall trench structures as well as numerous pits and two wall post structures. Forty-three timber fragments from the two burned structures were analyzed. Most of the wood consisted of relatively narrow saplings of oak and hickory, although a number of other wood types including several species of elm were also present. These results contribute to the growing Mississippian period construction materials database and are consistent with findings from other burned Carbonized squash seeds, late Sixteenth Century, Hoxie site, Cook County.

 Macrobotanical remains were identified from several historic sites in 2008. Included is the Trotier site (11S861). Historic occupation span-ned a long period, from French Colonial (ca. 1760–1800) and Early American (ca. 1800–35) times through the late nineteenth century. The earliest occupation is best represented and comprised wall trenches from the original structure, a cellar, a cistern, a well and a privy. Almost all the botanical remains recovered were from the circular well and probably represent garbage discarded there. The well also contained four of the original side support timbers. All were roughly split; three had notched tenons on both ends and the fourth had a tenon on one end. Timbers averaged 102.5 cm in length and 20.3 cm in height. All were made of mulberry wood. As Calentine noted in her report, mulberry is good for this purpose as it can survive in wet contexts for tens of years without rotting. The Hoxie site (11CK4) is another site that has a fairly long history of investigation. This late prehistoric site Measuring support timbers from well, French Colonial period, Trotier site, St. Clair County. includes a Fisher phase village with a fortification ditch, as well as a later, using AMS, to 345±20 (ISGS A1088). This been assigned, going back to the late Huber phase occupation. The final step date indicates that the squash seeds, and 1970s. We are currently in the process of in investigating these occupations was the likely the associated debris, post-date A.D. developing a database that will ultimately analysis of floatation and water-screened, 1550, so are of Huber rather than Fisher contain summary information for all sites non-carbonized plant materials from phase association. Materials must have from which archaeobotanical remains waterlogged contexts in the fortification been deposited or fallen into the open ditch have been analyzed. Each record will ditch. Hundreds of liters of sediment when it was no longer an active fortification include an electronic link to the associated and organic matter were processed by feature. The results of all macrobotanical Archaeological Testing Short Report, if refloating the samples in the laboratory. analyses of Huber phase features at the relevant. We have also spent some time The resultant vegetation masses were Hoxie site will be detailed in a future report. working on seed photography techniques. scanned under a low power, magnifying As is true for most organizations, A sample of photographed seeds can lamp. Most consist of small twig, stem or maintaining up to date records is important be seen at: www.itarparchaeobotany. leaf bits, held together by masses of roots in our Laboratory, and we maintain a blogspot.com. This remains a work in and rootlets. However, some samples also number of databases, which not only progress, but we expect that in the next year contained several hundred uncarbonized help the laboratory track information but we will refine our photographic techniques squash (Cucurbitaceae) seeds as well as a which also can be accessed by interested and have an easily accessible electronic few peduncles. While many of the seeds ITARP employees. Copies of the ISGS site on which photos can be posted. were clearly Cucurbita pepo, or cultivated Radiocarbon date request forms for Having photographs available for other squash, a number were quite different. completed samples are now available researchers to view will be immensely Tom Andreas, at the New York Botanical on line, as is an up to date copy of the helpful for confirming problematic Garden, identified these unique seeds as latest calibration application program. identifications or working with unknowns. Echinocystis lobata, native wild cucumber. The Float Number database, an inventory Finally, we maintain a tracking form that He also suggested that, based on size of analyzed floats by ITARP number, is summarizes the status of archaeobotanical variation, two C. pepo cultivars may be updated regularly. As of December 31, analysis for sites going back to 2001. represented. One C. pepo seed was dated, 2008, a total of 19,537 float numbers had

Side support timber from well, French Colonial period, Trotier site, St. Clair County.

 was complete and had been submitted for review. We anticipate that it will be finished by early next year and hopefully in use for the next group enrolled in the Master Naturalist Program.

Historic Archaeology Laboratory

Under the direction of Mark Branstner, and with the assistance of Stephanie Glienke and Lauren Bridges, the primary mission of the Historic Archaeology Laboratory is the identi- fication, evaluation, and documentation of historic period archaeological re- sources from sites distributed throughout Illinois. In this capacity, the staff participates at all levels, from initial research

ITARP’s new archaeobotany blog: Floating By at www.itarparchaeobotany.blogspot.com. in the historic documents, through project planning and Another technique that we incorporated organized by Simon and Parker at the implementation, testing and evaluation, and into our research universe in 2008 is 2006 Midwest Archaeological Conference. In ultimately, the mitigation of significant sites. the Element Analyzer (EA). Housed at other publication efforts, Simon reviewed As usual, a significant amount of effort the US Geological Survey on campus, the book Architectural Variability in the was expended relative to the planning this machine assesses chemical element Southeast, by Cameron H. Laquemont. process, with pre-field research focusing signatures for very small fragments of That review was published in Illinois on a wide range of documentary resources, plant material. For archaeobotanical Archaeology, Volume 20, 2008. research it is especially useful, because Public outreach remains it assays heavy carbon ratios and can important, although in 2008 thus confirm identification of very tiny it was less focal than in other fragments of corn, which might otherwise years. Calentine made two be misidentified. Although destructive, presentations “What Do samples can be retained for AMS dating. Archaeologist Do?” to local In our first application, we submitted preschool classes. Simon for EA analysis two possible corn kernel developed a general interest pieces from early late Woodland Weaver presentation, “Prehistoric phase (ca. A.D. 300–600) contexts at People and Plants in Illinois,” the Sartorius (11HA360) site. Each was for the Master Naturalist found to have a 14C ratio of around -11, Program, which is offered confirming identifications. The residues to interested adults through have been submitted for AMS dating to the University of Illinois assess antiquity. If they do indeed date Extension. It was presented in to the Weaver component, they will rank October to a group of about among our oldest corn residues to date. 30. In part as an outgrowth of During the first months of 2008, Simon this, Simon, Dale McElrath, and Parker finished review and editing of and Alice Berkson became articles for publication a special issue of the involved in preparation of a Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology. This formal curriculum covering volume was published in October of 2008. Illinois archaeology and With the exception of one article, it brings prehistory. This curriculum together in published form several of the will be part of the Master papers that were presented in a symposium Naturalist study program. entitled “Plants and Technology,” As of December 31, a draft Handthrown, lead-glazed redware pot, ca. 1820–40, S. Shafer site, Madison County.

 The Bland site, on land use pattern within the site area, the other hand, was several discrete features dating to the the “poster child” site’s earliest occupation were preserved, for less desirable again adding data that will help us farmstead sites, to further refine our understanding i.e., a long-term of the complementary roles of social occupation lasting class, ethnicity, and regionalism during nearly a century, Illinois’s initial settlement period. multiple occupants, In addition to the incidental research and evidence for work undertaken in 2008, Branstner significant post- presented a number of papers at both depositional impact national and regional venues. Of these, as a result of razing. perhaps the most significant were papers Ultimately, analysis covering ITARP’s recent work at the pre- proved that while Civil War Horseshoe Pond site (11BR442) both site types are in Brown County, which was presented potentially capable at the Annual Meeting of the Society for of producing signi- Historical Archaeology in Albuquerque,

Hand-painted teacup, 1820s, Skarritt site, Madison County. ficant data sets, the New Mexico, and a paper entitled “The simple “short-term Buckmaster Site (11MS2254): An Early including deed and tax records, maps and occupation” criterion is not in and of Settlement Period Site in South-Central atlases, county histories, and any other itself a guarantee of research significance. Illinois,” which was presented at the sources that would provide information Although these findings are repeated 2008 Midwest Archaeological Conference relevant to the development history and on a fairly routine basis, short-term sites in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The latter resultant archaeological sensitivity of often do provide the best archaeological paper documented ITARP’s mitigative specific project areas. These data provide samples, for exactly the reasons cited. recovery of a rare, short-term War of the foundation for the initial survey efforts Examples of the latter include the 1812 period homestead site near St. and ultimately, for the interpretation of all Louis. Branstner was also listed as a results, from Phase I survey through Phase secondary author on another 2008 Midwest III mitigation efforts. Archaeological Conference paper covering In addition to provid- our exploratory archaeological work at ing input on dozens of Brooklyn (see page 46), one of the small and large-scale oldest African-American survey projects, settlements in Illinois. such as the ongoing Edgware, 1815–30, Outside publications Not Unusual site, research effort for Morgan County. produced by staff the new Illinois from the Historic Route 29 corridor Archaeology Lab in Putnam, Marshall, included a paper and Peoria counties, outlining ITARP’s major research efforts historical role in for 2008 focused on public archaeology, completion reporting which appeared in for a number of Phase a thematic issue of II and Phase III projects. Valley Historical Included within this effort Buckmaster Archaeology and an Illinois were two older projects. The first was site (11M2254) Archaeology methodological 11L730, a ca. 1840–70 farmstead located i n M a d i s o n study that presented new ways of in Lake County, in the extreme northeast County and the Not Unusual analyzing and interpreting a relatively corner of the state. The second was the site (11MG389) in Morgan ubiquitous artifact type, the round lead Bland site (11MS923), a mid-nineteenth County. In the first instance, the ball, as used in muzzle-loading firearms. through mid-twentieth century farmstead Buckmaster site represents a homestead/ Research projects less germane to site located in Madison County, near farmstead that was founded ca. 1815 ITARP’s primary work included a Alton, Illinois. Generally speaking, and likely abandoned no later than presentation on the history and archaeology 11L730 would appear to represent what 1830, providing a highly significant of Civilian Conservation Corps sites is considered an ideal archaeological and temporally discrete view of life in northern Michigan, and a paper resource, i.e., a site with a relatively on Illinois’ early frontier. On the other covering work at the prehistoric Muir short-term occupation, a limited number hand, the Not Unusual site spanned a site (20IA305) in southern Michigan. of occupants, and no evidence for much longer period of time, from ca. significant post-depositional impact. 1825–70. However, due to changing

 PC workstations, two projects and large highway feasibility large format digitizing studies for the Illinois Department of tablets and a large format Transportation. During 2008, we have scanner. Our primary begun the slow process of creating digital software includes ESRI’s archival copies of our archaeological ArcGIS 9.x application field map collection. This will help suite in addition to with ensure the continued preservation of proprietary software these invaluable maps by using the relating to electronic data digital copies for research while the collection equipment originals remain in our curation facilities. (Trimble and Sokkia). The The GIS/Cartography lab also Cartography Lab assists provides program-wide access to the with field collection of state archaeological site file database spatial data through use (IAS database). The archaeological sites of Global Positioning database is maintained and provided System (GPS) receivers to ITARP by the Illinois State Museum and Electronic Total (ISM). Once received by ITARP, the data Stations. The electronic is formatted into county specific GIS field data is integrated projects for use by ITARP staff. We also with other site and/or house and maintain the Illinois Inventory project specific data (e.g., of Sites. The Cartography/GIS feature maps, r i g h t - o f - w a y plans, aerial photography, remote sensed data) to create site and project specific GIS databases. The data is used Mapping at the Dobey Site, Schuyler County. in the spatial Cartography analysis of arch- aeological sites and projects; it is ITARP’s Cartography/Geographic also used to create publication Information System (GIS) lab, under quality figures. Ongoing, large- the direction of Mike Farkas with scale projects during 2008 include the assistance of Coren Buffington, the digitization of field maps provides spatial, cartographic, GIS, and (pits, posts, structures, wall Digitizing archaeological maps, American Bottom Survey Division. site modeling support to the program. trenches, etc.) from the Fish Located in the main program offices Lake Site (11MO608) and scanning of lab created this spatial database during on the University of Illinois at Urbana- oversized field excavation maps. We are 2003–04. As the name implies, it contains Champaign campus, the lab houses three also involved in numerous smaller scale the locations and other attribute data of known archaeological burial and mound sites located within the state of Illinois. This dataset is continually updated and now contains over 3,100 records. The lab maintains the program’s electronic mapping equipment, specifically, electronic Total Stations and GPS receivers and data-loggers. The lab developed a system for sending highly accurate GPS-mapped archaeological site locational data to the ISM, thereby bypassing the need to digitize the data and eliminating the inherent introduction of spatial error. To date, ITARP is the only state agency supplying such highly accurate

Digitizing archaeological maps, Western Illinois Survey Division. data to the state site files inventory.

 Ongoing PIMA research included and clay analyses using X-ray diffraction Ancient Technologies data collection trips to City, Iowa and opticalmicroscopy) on over-fired, and Archaeological Materials and the Ohio Historical Society in “warped ceramics” from the Sartorius site (ATAM) Columbus, Ohio, updating databases, (11HA949), also in Hancock County, was writing reports, and preparing digital begun by Wisseman with the assistance The program on Ancient Technologies publications for the Siena conference and of Alexey Zelin, ITARP Champaign. and Archaeological Materials (ATAM), the York conference on quarries, also Our Archaeological Heritage of Illinois a division of ITARP, is an archaeological attended by Emerson and Randall Hughes, exhibit (curated by Wisseman and science program, funded primarily by the Illinois State Geological Survey, in 2007. Emerson) at the Krannert Art Museum University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) under director Dr. Sarah Wisseman. Papers on our sourcing of Midwestern pipestones using a Portable Infrared Mineral Analyzer (PIMA) were presented at the International Symposium on Archaeometry in Siena, Italy (May 2008) and the Science and Archaeology Symposium in Urbana, Illinois (November 2008), which was organized by Wisseman and Dr. Emerson, with vital assistance from other ITARP staff. The Science and Archaeology Symposium attracted approximately seventy archaeologists and scientists from Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, and Wisconsin, as well as members of the general public, to a full day of papers and posters on topics ranging from analyses of Illinois paleosols and coprolites to Egyptian mummies and Near Eastern cylinder seals www.itarp.uiuc.edu/atam/ newsandevents/atamconf08.html

Experimental firing of test tiles made from Sartorius site clay, Hancock County (above); non-tempered test tiles from the photo above, which were fired at different temperatures (3 artifacts below).

Other activities included preparing was extended until mid-July 2009 presentations on the UIUC mummy project and is featured in Illinois Issues on both for the U of I Foundation and the the web at http://illinoisissues.uis. November symposium, highlighting recent edu/archives/2008/12/stoneart.html. pigment analyses of the stucco covering from the Spurlock Museum mummy by the Curation Getty Conservation Institute. On-campus analyses included microphotography of a Two thousand eight was a productive mastodon thoracic bone and teeth from year for ITARP curation, directed the Andrew Farm Locality (11A1578) in by Dr. Laura Adams County Kozuch. Most at the Illinois notable was State Geological the successful Survey (ISGS), funding of a X-rays of Near two-year pro- Eastern cylinder ject to catalog seals from the the Illinois UIUC Spurlock Transportation Museum, and Archaeological compositional R e s e a r c h tests of copper P r o g r a m ’ s f r o m t h e W h i t e Bend site voluminous (11HA938) in Hancock County, Cahokia col- at the Materials Research Laboratory. lections by the National Endowment Egyptian mummy, early Second Century A.D., Experimental work (creation of test tiles) for the Humanities. The NEH grant UIUC Spurlock Museum.

 Expedition of the late 1920s and early 1930s, undertaken under the direction of Warren Moorehead. Many of the artifacts are from Cahokia and will eventually be cataloged in the online Cahokia database. The accession of Spurlock Museum materials has been a lengthy undertaking, since each item must be cataloged separately by librarian Stephanie Daniels. During the past year, Daniels added more than 550 volumes to the Charles J. Bareis Library collection. Kim Wurl completed cataloging the extensive Range site (11S47) documents; over 119,000 records were processed throughout the course of this multi-year project. UIUC student, Michael Gornick, finished the organization of IDOT project documents, which were transferred from the Center for American Archeology (CAA) in 2005. Improvements were made to storage facilities at the Champaign offices, including the installation of a new forced- air cooling system and the shoring up of the south wall in the southernmost storage room, which together will greatly improve climate control; the renovations were funded by IDOT. A monitor was placed in the ITARP warehouse, courtesy of a Preservation Working Group grant from the Institute of Library and Museums Services, to document temperature and relative humidity. In order to save weight and space on Cataloguing Cahokia collections. storage shelves, over 1,500 pounds of funds two-thirds of the project, including documents and collections. Several of rough rock, glacial till, and fire-cracked salaries for three full-time staff (Nate these sites were investigated during the rock from approximately 170 boxes Hardwick, Brittany Fullen, and Teresa University of Illinois Archaeological were deaccessioned, generating room Rende), computers, and curation supplies. Eventually, the electronic database, including photographs, will be available to the public via the ITARP web site. We are using the SQL-compatible database, "Archon," which is available without cost for non-profit use:www.archon.org . Many hours of data entry, employee supervision, and training were spent setting up the project, including meetings with Archon authors, UIUC professors Chris Prom and Scott Schwartz, winners of a 2008 Mellon Award for Technology Collaboration for creation of the database. Mike Lewis, ITARP Network Administrator, is maintaining and upgrading the Archon program, as well as helping to import data into Archon. The University of Illinois' Spurlock Museum recently transferred to ITARP stewardship of artifacts from a number of North American archaeological sites; ITARP also maintains the corresponding Movable shelving, ITARP curation, Champaign.

10 This location fish) are ubiquitous. Overall a range provides ex- of taxa is represented, demonstrating panded layout the broad-based faunal exploitation and analysis strategy characteristic of other, larger space, as well as Weaver sites in west-central Illinois. room for housing A large quantity of fish remains the comparative was also found at the Mary Craig site collection, zoo- (11PK1567), a single component Late a r c h a e o l o g y Woodland La Crosse phase habitation reference books currently under analysis. Fish species and articles, identified thus far include bowfin, bluegill, and files and black and brown bullhead, bass, drum, documentation redhorse, buffalo, flathead and channel pertaining to catfish, rock bass, minnow, sunfish,

“University of Illinois Archaeological Expedition” aboard the Tecumseh (1920s–30s) (above); previous and and crappie. Other animals represented Havana chert disc (First Century, B.C.) found on the expedition, now housed at ITARP (below, left). current faunal consist of deer, turtles, ducks, and aquatic projects. The Neil mammals such as beaver and mink. for ITARP’s growing collections. Heavy Street Lab facility was made available to Kuehn continued his analysis of faunal fractions from the Tree Row site (11F53) the UIUC Department of Anthropology for remains from Tract 15B at Cahokia for Dr. in Fulton County were screened, reducing a Zooarchaeology class, taught by visiting Tim Pauketat. The assemblage consists volume and allowing for the researcher Dr. Elizabeth Arnold. Kuehn of material recovered during the 1960 removal of 60 boxes from provided osteological specimens and salvage operations and contains nearly the warehouse facility. teaching material from the ITARP faunal 25,400 pieces of bone and shell. The A total of 171 hours comparative collection for use in the class. majority of specimens are associated was spent on collections Faunal assemblages were analyzed with the Terminal Late Woodland Merrell use by staff, outside and reports submitted for numerous sites phase and later Mississippian Moorehead researchers, and out- investigated by ITARP archaeologists. and Sand Prairie phase components. The loans. This does not Sites containing Archaic, Woodland, and Merrell phase assemblage is dominated include ongoing activi- Historic assemblages were examined in the by fish. Catfish and bullheads are most ties such as rehousing, Western Illinois Survey Division (WISD). common, with various bass, sunfish, inventory, cataloging, and The Not Unusual site (11MG389) contained and suckers well represented. Bowfin, data entry (see Addendum:Table 6). a sizeable assemblage associated with the sturgeon, gar, pike, white bass, and Kozuch continued to participate in pre–1830 initial settlement of drum remains were also identified. the University of Illinois Preservation the property by the Thomas Numerous waterfowl and marsh Working Group by helping to plan and and Betsy Bobbitt Jones birds were represented, including host the annual Preservation Emporium. family. Swine remains swan, goose, mallard, teal, The Emporium provides the public with were abundant, with wigeon, loon, grebe, access to experts in the identification deer, sheep/goat, tree crane, whimbrel, and and preservation of a range of materials, squirrel, chicken, fish, yellowlegs, further from to family photographs. and shellfish recovered. demonstrating Ceramic duck The subsistence data effigy, Thirteenth Cen- heavy utilization obtained contribute to the tury A.D., Cahokia of nearby Faunal Laboratory Tract 15B, growing body of information on St. Clair aquatic ITARP faunal specialist, Steve Kuehn, Upland South dietary patterns County. is responsible for the identification, in late Frontier Period Illinois. A small analysis, and interpretation of prehistoric amount of historic faunal material and historic faunal assemblages from from site 11HE551 also was analyzed. sites across Illinois. In addition to the Kuehn continued his analysis of the preparation of faunal reports based on his Hemphill, Helton, and Falling Spring analyses, Kuehn maintains and continues phase faunal remains from the White to develop the ITARP faunal comparative Bend site (11HA938). Despite marginal resources. collection. Faunal material (consisting preservation, deer, dog/coyote, , Forest and f o r e s t - of bone, teeth, antler, fish scale, mollusk raccoon, beaver, pocket gopher, tree edge animals identified shell, and eggshell) is recovered from a squirrel, painted turtle, softshell turtle, and include d e e r , s k u n k , variety of archaeological sites and can freshwater drum remains were recognized. rabbit, gray and fox squirrel, turkey, and provide important information regarding A series of Weaver occupation passenger pigeon. Several probable dog diet, animal exploitation strategies, households at 11HA360 and 11HA949 remains were identified, as well as smaller habitat and resource availability, produced over 4,500 pieces of bone and taxa such as box turtle and marsh rice rat. seasonality, and butchery practices. shell. The amount of faunal material The Moorehead and combined In 2008, a new faunal analysis laboratory recovered varies between households, Moorehead-Sand Prairie faunal assembl- was set up at ITARP’s Neil Street Lab. but deer and aquatic resources (especially ages from Tract 15B reflect a more 11 broad-based exploitation (11S69). Faunal remains strategy. Deer remains from the Powerline are plentiful, but a variety (11MO598), Knoebel of other animals are (11S71), 11MS2208, and represented including 11MS22333 sites were also elk, beaver, muskrat, otter, analyzed. While a number dog/coyote, squirrel, of these assemblages are goose, sawn, large and relatively small, they small duck, merganser, can contribute to our cormorant, crane, coot, better understanding of grebe, turkey, bobwhite, floodplain and upland hawk, bald eagle, and subsistence strategies in snapping turtle. Fish the American Bottom. are less plentiful than in Analysis of the Late the Merrell assemblage; Woodland Patrick phase suckers are most com- fauna from the Fish mon followed by catfish Lake site (11MO608) and bullheads. Several is currently underway. varieties of freshwater The primary focus is mussel were observed, a comparison of ex- a n d m a r i n e s h e l l ploitation patterns recovered included whelk between the North and pointed campeloma. Ridge and South Ridge In the Moorehead- occupations at this village Sand Prairie assemblage, site on the Lunsford- fish are more plentiful Pulcher Terrace. Over than in the Moorehead 10,000 pieces of bone, phase assemblage from shell, and fish scale were Tract 15B. Catfish and recovered, including bullhead elements are a large quantity of most common, followed worked bone and shell by members of the artifacts. Numerous awls sucker and sunfish and perforating tools, families. Bowfin, gar, decorated and plain drum, sturgeon, and Decorated bone shuttle, Eighth–Nineth Century A.D., Fish Lake site, Monroe County (above and below, center). shuttles, a fish gorge, pike bones were also collected. Other taxa Numerous other faunal assemblages from worked turtle shell, antler billets, and present include deer, raccoon, muskrat, sites in the American Bottom were analyzed flintknapping tools have been identified. swan, goose, duck, cormorant, sora, coot, in 2008. The relatively small Adze Kickin’ Fish and deer dominate both assemblages, turkey, box turtle, snapping turtle, musk site (11JY570) produced a surprisingly with a variety of aquatic turtles, waterfowl, turtle, freshwater mussel, and marine diverse array of animals (deer, duck, prairie marsh and terrestrial birds, medium and mollusk. While faunal exploitation as seen chicken, turtle, shellfish, and various fish) small-sized mammals, and shellfish and in the Tract 15B assemblage is consistent despite consisting of only 338 specimens snails incorporated into the diet. Aquatic with patterns evident in other faunal from six features. The circa 1815–30 (late resources were of singular importance, assemblages from Cahokia, there are a Frontier Period) Buckmaster site (11MS2254) but forest, forest-edge, and prairie taxa number of differences that warrant further produced a typical Upland South faunal were also utilized. The Fish Lake fauna examination. Possible factors responsible assemblage, with swine and chicken remains also contained several unusual finds. A for these differences might include sample predominating over cattle. Sheep/goat, dog burial contained femora with cut size, differential preservation, recovery deer, rabbit, squirrel, turkey, passenger marks on the medial surfaces, near the methods, contextual issues (e.g., elite pigeon, prairie chicken, freshwater drum, pelvis, which might represent evidence versus non-elite households; normal catfish/bullhead, and sunfish elements also for ritual castration at or around the time consumption versus ceremonial or ritual were identified. Both historic and prehistoric of death. Nearly thirty passenger pigeon feasting; disposal issues), variations in the faunal assemblages were recovered wing bones, representing at least nine control and distribution of food resources, from the Faust site individual birds, were recovered from a seasonality and resource availability, and the single feature at Fish Lake and are procurement of faunal resources interpreted as representing fans for non-food use, among others. or some type of decorative items. A draft of the faunal report has The North Ridge and South been submitted to Dr. Timothy R. Ridge assemblages at Fish Lake differ Pauketat (UIUC) for comments. in several respects. Deer (including fawns) were more heavily relied

12 upon on the South Ridge, while fish a heavy use of Mastodon tooth, procurement was more intense on the North aquatic resources, Andrew Farm Ridge. There are also differences in the in particular fish Locality, Adams County. types of fish consumed by the inhabitants. and turtles from Catfish and bullhead remains account for backwater lake about half of all fish in both assemblages, and pond habitats. but on the South Ridge sunfish account A summer or early for nearly thirty percent and suckers ten fall habitation is percent while on the North Ridge sunfish indicated. In contrast, comprise only five percent and suckers the Moorehead phase twenty-eight percent. In addition, drum assemblage reflects a and gar are better represented in the North more diverse exploitation Ridge assemblage. Distinctions were also strategy and a year-round noted in bird exploitation, with terrestrial occupation, based on the birds more common in the North Ridge presence of aquatic resources assemblage and waterfowl and marsh and deer antlers in various stages of birds more common in the South Ridge growth. Differences in season of occupation w a s subsequently assemblage. While diet and the resulting and resource availability are responsible for s u b m i t t e d to ITARP for faunal material is greatly influenced by local the variation in faunal exploitation noted further analysis. Working in conjunction resource availability, the Fish Lake evidence between the Mund and Moorehead phase with the Illinois State Geological Survey, suggests that other unknown factors can assemblages. The recovery of Moorehead Kuehn was able to distinguish a number be a significant factor in dietary choice phase material is significant as relatively of probable cut and other butchering marks and faunal exploitation. Kuehn presented little well-preserved Moorehead fauna has on pieces of mastodon and turtle bone. a paper on the Patrick phase faunal been recovered in the American Bottom, Micrograph images of the butchery marks remains from this site at the 2008 Midwest in particular outside of Cahokia itself. were recorded and will be sent to outside Archaeological Conference in Milwaukee, The Faunal Lab had the rare opportunity experts for their input. A preliminary report Wisconsin. Analysis of the smaller to examine mastodon and other Late on the butchering mark evidence from Terminal Late Woodland and Mississippian Pleistocene faunal remains from the Andrew Andrew Farm was presented at the Science Moorehead phase assemblages from the Farm Locality (11A1578) in Adams County. and Archaeology Symposium in Urbana, Fish Lake site is currently underway. A mastodon molar from the site was dated Illinois (November 2008), sponsored by the The faunal analysis of the Russell to 10,800 years old, making it one of the Ancient Technologies and Archaeological site (11MS672) was completed with a youngest mastodon sites in the state. Steve Materials (ATAM) program at UIUC. comparison of the Late Woodland Mund Tieken, director of the project, observed Analysis of the Bluff Road site (11R579) and Mississippian Moorehead phase some unusual scratches on a thoracic resulted in the identification of over 20,000 assemblages. The Mund fauna demonstrates vertebra spine, and the faunal assemblage pieces of bone, teeth, fish scale, mollusk shell, and crustacean exoskeleton from a large Late Woodland Patrick phase habitation in the southern American Bottom. Deer, timber wolf, raccoon, muskrat, beaver, rabbit, squirrel, Canada goose, teal, grebe, crane, turkey, prairie chicken, northern bobwhite, snapping turtle, musk turtle, painted turtle, garter/ribbon snake, bowfin, drum, gar, pike, shovelnose/pallid sturgeon, bullhead, blue catfish, flathead catfish, smallmouth buffalo, redhorse, white sucker, carpsucker/ quillback, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, bluegill, redear sunfish, crappie, rock bass, white/yellow bass, yellow perch, creek chub, mucket, threeridge, spike, fluted- shell, black sandshell, giant floater, and crayfish are among the taxa recognized in the assemblage. A large quantity of worked bone and shell was recovered, including several awls, flintknapping tools, a probable wolf canine pendant, a shell pendant, and a worked phalanx from cup-and-pin game. The Bluff Road inhabitants relied heavily on fish, deer, and a wide variety of

Examining mastodon tooth for cutmarks. other aquatic resources, as part of a faunal

13 exploitation strategy in which a range In 2008, Kuehn began analyzing faunal material from human coprolites will of animals from various habitat remains from the Jarrot Nordique site also be examined as part of a long-term settings were incorporated into the (11S1741), a multicomponent historic research project directed by Dr. Andrew diet. A final report on the Bluff Road site in French Cahokia. The Component 1 Fortier. This represents a rare opportunity fauna will be completed in 2009. assemblage is associated with the Historic for archaeologists to examine how dogs The Trotier site (11S861) is a Illinois (Cahokia and Tamaroa bands) fed and were treated while residing in multicomponent late eighteenth and dates to circa 1700–30. Component habitation areas. For example, did dogs and early nineteenth century 2 dates to circa 1760–80 and represents actively hunt for their food, scavenge habitation in French Cahokia. The occupation by the French-Canadian from refuse areas, or receive sustenance fauna from Component 1 (1760– Hamelin family. The Component 1 faunal from their owners? Thus far, the faunal 1800) demonstrates a diet in which assemblage demonstrates an interesting analysis has recovered primarily fish domesticated animals (especially mix of traditional game resources and bones and scales. Tough, diamond-shape swine and cattle) played a key role. introduced domesticated taxa. Deer gar scales are particularly common, no Other large mammals (e.g., deer and remains are plentiful, and along with doubt due to their ability to withstand black bear) were utilized, along with black bear, elk, bison, cattle, and swine the digestive process. In addition to beaver, muskrat, and opossum. The demonstrate that large mammals gar, bowfin, catfish/bullhead, and presence of eggshell indicates the contributed significantly to the diet. frog/toad bones have been identified. presence of egg-laying hens even Other mammals identified include timber The preliminary results suggest that the though no domesticated chicken wolf, beaver, raccoon, and opossum. JBG dogs obtained at least some of their bones were identified. Trumpeter Birds remains further demonstrate the food through scavenging fish scraps swan, mallard/black duck, and mix of domesticated and wild taxa eaten discarded or lost during processing. various fish, turtle, and shellfish by the site inhabitants, with chicken, teal, Analysis of the faunal remains from the remains were found as well. The types mallard, Canada goose, great blue heron, Mississippian (11F1284) in of fish present (gar, channel catfish, trumpeter swan, passenger pigeon, Fulton County, Illinois continued in ’08. bowfin, buffalo) indicate exploitation turkey, and greater prairie chicken Completion of this report, incorporating of larger river and backwater lake bones identified. Other taxa represented preliminary studies of the deer, bird, settings. The Component 2 (1800–35) include freshwater mussels, snapping and and fish remains published in 1981, will assemblage shows a reliance on painted turtle, and smallmouth buffalo, prove to be an important contribution larger domesticated mammals, black buffalo, and bigmouth buffalo. to our understanding of Mississippian although deer and bear were also Work on the Tree Row (11F53) fauna faunal exploitation in the Spoon River consumed. Some smaller mammals neared completion, with a draft report area of the Central Illinois River Valley. were procured, but to a lesser extent expected in early 2009. The assemblage Kuehn submitted and published sev- in comparison with Component 1. contained a range of faunal remains, with eral articles in 2008. Birds played a greater role in the deer and fish interpreted as the primary Component 2 diet, with chicken, food resources. In addition, the remains Production turkey, mallard/black duck, of dog, possible bison, waterfowl teal, and possible prairie chicken and marsh birds, and mussels were Production manager, Mike Lewis, and remains identified. While similar recovered. The types of fish represented staff members—including photographer/ fish taxa were noted in Component indicate heavy use of floodplain lake, illustrator, Linda Alexander, and pro- 2, overall the number of fish, turtle, pond, and creek resources. Affiliated duction coordinators, Sarah Boyer, Corinne and shellfish remains suggests a lesser with the Late Archaic Tree Row phase, Carlson, and new coordinator Angie reliance on these resources over time. the assemblage provides important Patton—comprise the Production staff. The slightly younger S. Shafer site information on (11MS178) is a historic site with ca. l a t e H o l o c e n e 1830–40 (Occupation A) and ca. 1850–75 subsistence ad- (Occupation B) components. The faunal aptations in the remains from Occupation A consist of central Illinois cattle, swine, horse, elk, deer, house River valley, an cat, rabbit, fox squirrel, chicken, greater area not well re- prairie chicken, turkey/Canada goose, presented with and indeterminate waterfowl remains. regard for Archaic The Occupation B assemblage contained faunal material. cattle, swine, horse, house cat, chicken, K u e h n a l s o and slider turtle remains. The shift in began analysis faunal exploitation between the two of faunal remains components likely reflects changing f o u n d i n d o g dietary patterns between the late coprolites from Frontier Period and the Civil War era the Janey B. Goode and the loss of native wild animals site (11S1232). In

due to habitat loss and overhunting. the future, faunal Consulting page layout process, ITARP publications coordinators.

14 archeological sites in rural Illinois. Each of the sites consists of a domestic component occupied between 1810 and 1845. It contains 9 tables, 87 figures, and 10 plates. Research Report No. 93 Archaeological Investigations at the Quicksilver Site: A M i s s i s s i p p i a n Homestead in the Silver Creek Headwaters by Charles R. Moffat, with contributions by Tamira K. Brennan, Brad Koldehoff, K. Shane Vanderford, and Patti J. Wright (29 Tables, 20 Figures) Research Report No. 101 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey o f t h e P r o p o s e d Danville Beltline by Leighann Calentine, Scanning for the “Illinois Cultural Resource Management Document Archive Project.” D a l e M c E l r a t h , The ITARP Production office is Midcontinent. The contributions to this and Jamie Zehr (6 Tables, 42 Figures) currently managing the Illinois Cultural conference will be published in Archaic Research Report No. 115 Archaeolog- Resource Management Document Societies: Diversity and Complexity across the ical Investigations at the Deer Archive Project. This project involves Midcontinent by SUNY Press. Production Site by Julie A. Bukowski and Brad scanning reports that were submitted and editorial work on this 891 page Koldehoff (5 Tables, 21 Figures) to the Illinois Historic Preservation volume were completed in November Research Report No. 121 Archaeological Agency (IHPA) as part of compliance 2008 and press-ready files were submitted Investigations at the Ramsey Road reporting, involving archaeological to SUNY Press in December 2008. The Section of the Fish Lake Site by Julie work on locations throughout the state. completed book is scheduled Over 16,000 documents will be available to be available in mid-2009. once the project is completed. Currently The Kaesberg-Schaudt Site there are over 12,000 documents scanned. (11R594) and the Late Woodland The web accessible database—www.itarp. Settlement in the Mary's River Valley illinois.edu/crmarchive—went into beta by Brian M. Butler, Mark J. Wagner, testing in November with plans to go live in Anne Cobry DiCosola, Eve A. Spring 2009. A user account and password Hargrave, Heather A. Lapham, will be required to use the database. Sarah J. Monteith, and Kathryn One of the main functions of the E. Parker. This 298 page volume Production office is to produce describes a large, intensively several report series for a number occupied Late Woodland village of audiences, ranging from detailed site located on a ridge crest scientific analyses to more general overlooking the Mary’s River works of interest to the general public. valley north of Steeleville, Illinois. During 2008, ITARP produced a It contains 51 tables and 50 figures. number of publications reporting on More from the Illinois Frontier: IDOT compliance work as well as several Archaeological Studies of Nine Early- volumes for the public that were produced Nineteenth-Century Sites by Robert by the UIUC in collaboration with other Mazrim. This 170 page volume organizations and include the following: summarizes the results of ITARP In 2004 ITARP hosted The Urbana archaeological excavations between Conference on the Archaic Societies of the 2002–05 at nine frontier-context

continued on page 17 15 New Historical Archaeology Handbook in Preparation on Illinois Embossed Commercial Bottles: 1840–80

Ken Farnsworth (Senior Research Editor and the hundreds of accompanying black-and- merchants from 1840–1880. with the Springfield ITARP laboratory) and white photos, color plates, and line-drawings Patent Medicines: liniments, vermifuges, John Walthall (Chief Archaeologist with that accompany the text richly illustrate the cholagogues, fever and ague cures, ointments, the Illinois Department of Transportation) development and focus of statewide commercial teething and cough syrups, nerve tonics, balsams, are putting the finishing touches on bottling efforts during this time. Farnsworth and blood renewers and purifiers, and veterinary Walthall worked with historical archivists Eva medicines. Bottled in Illinois Mounce and Curtis Mann to research the bottlers Also, several patent medicines transcend The Embossed Bottles and Bottled Products and bottled products included in the book, and formal ailment categories: for instance, an 1877 of Early Merchants from Chicago to Cairo, 14 additional historical research contributors ad for Foster’s Indian Health Renewer declares 1840–1880 have added their local and regional expertise and that “A torpid state of the liver and kidneys is Embossed glass bottles, jars, vials, and flasks knowledge to help make the volume a reality. the great cause of nearsightedness so general from this early period reflect a rich Illinois Prior to assembling this volume, the only among our children. [FIHR] is known to be a heritage of frontier-expansion, Civil War-era, Illinois embossed-glass identification aids safe and sure cure for this evil.” Dr. Cram’s Fluid and early-industrial commerce by capitalists readily available to archaeologists and historians Lightning was said in an 1873 ad to cure “all and con men alike. The earliest known Illinois were the 1973 Illinois soda-bottle volume nervous pains.” And Clarke’s Genuine Red Drops embossed bottles, made around 1840, contained prepared by Paul and Parmalee for the Illinois were not advertised at all. However “Red Drops” liniments produced in Peoria (by Hiram State Museum, and a small volume listing several from elsewhere occasionally circled around and William Farrell) and in Springfield (by categories of embossed bottles known for an area their function—with ad comments like “Great Alexander and Morris Lindsay). Following of west-central Illinois within a 50-mile radius sins require great repentance.” Apparently Red quickly on the heels of these first efforts, the of Peoria prepared in 1990 by the Pekin Bottle Drops were sold as a cure for venereal disease. newly economical practice of embossing product Collectors Association. The much-expanded Pharmacy Bottles: including druggist and company advertising on glass containers scope of the new volume is illustrated by the preparations, citrates, and hair dressings from quickly became popular across the state, and fact that the 1973 Paul & Parmalee documented “Azzaieline” to “Ox Marrow.” was soon accessible to even home bottlers as the only six (and recognized only three) pontiled Sodas and Mineral Waters: including mineral result of industrial and factory developments soda bottles (ca. 1850–60) from Illinois. The water, mineral spring waters, flavored and spurred by the material needs of the Civil War. Farnsworth and Walthall study records 74 unflavored soda beverages—many were first This new book documents the early Illinois varieties of these bottles: 41 from Chicago and sold as pharmacy products and whiskey mixers. embossed bottles, their bottlers, and their product 33 from several smaller Illinois towns and cities. Chemical Company Products: including contents for archaeologists and historians. A particular focus of the new study is to flavoring extracts, bluing, baking powders, Farnsworth and Walthall describe and illustrate provide information for archaeologists on and rat killer. nearly 1,000 different Illinois embossed bottle embossed-glass chronologies, merchant and Brewery Products: such as ales, porters, varieties produced before. during, and after consumer behavior, and an embossed-glass- brandies, lager beers, cider, and a variety of the Civil War for some 500 Illinois merchants sherd identification system for Illinois-area “small” beers (often bottled in stoneware) operating in 100 small towns and cities across archaeologists excavating historic sites of this including birch, spruce, lemon, and sassafras (or the State with populations ranging from just a era. In addition to detailed merchant and product “root”) beer, and “California” pop. few hundred souls to more than 100,000 people. histories for the Illinois businesses that used Distillery Products: various whiskeys, gin, Several small towns are represented by only a the embossed bottles, the volume includes an and schnapps. single embossed-bottle style produced by only identification guide and chronology for the glass- Bitters: usually a mixture of vegetable contents one enterprising merchant. At the opposite end maker marks embossed on many of the bottles by and alcohol sold as medicines but essentially a of the spectrum, Chicago bottler John A. Lomax the eastern, midwestern, and foreign glass houses more socially acceptable way to consume alcohol. created the “Largest Bottling House in the U.S.” (two early Illinois bottle varieties dating to this Also in Illinois Embossed Bottles: oils, unguents, during the 1860s and 70s, and used over 60 40-year period were manufactured in London). spices, honey, and gun oil. “Presentation” whiskey different embossed bottle styles, in a variety of Embossed-Bottle Contents flasks (with contents) were also put out by glass colors, to help sell his beverages. The merchant A wide range of products were represented houses, hotels, etc. Preserve jars embossed by their and product histories included in the volume by embossed-glass containers used by Illinois distributors were also occasionally produced.

16 A. Bukowski, with contributions by oversaw several projects related to the Early in the coming months (http://itarp1.itarp. Brad Koldehoff (5 Tables, 24 Figures) Paleoindian Colonization Conference (Urbana), uiuc.edu/fmi/iwp/res/iwp_auth.html). Research Report No. 123 Isolated Human Section 106: Tribal Consultation Workshop Remains Recovered from the Habitation Area (Collinsville), and the Science and Archaeology Bioarchaeology of the Fish Lake Site by Julie A. Bukowski Symposium (Urbana). These projects (9 Figures) included, but were not limited to: poster The Bioarchaeology/Osteology Program Research Report No. 125 Isolated and sign design and generation, binders and of ITARP is under the direction of Kristin M. Human Remains Recently Discovered at the commemorative gifts (magnets and mugs), Hedman and Eve A. Hargrave, assisted by Sponemann Site by Julie A. Bukowski (3 workshop and conference photography, Julie Bukowski, Paolo Gujilde, Mary Hynes, Tables, 9 Figures) nametags, programs, and technical support. and John DiMaggio. Our primary mission Research Report No. 127 Phase II Testing I T A R P ’ s d i r e c t o r , is to perform the at the Stockyard Tract (11S706/5) for the Thomas E. Emerson, also responsibilities Proposed Extension of Exchange Avenue by serves as editor for the outlined in the contents Human Skeletal Jeffrey D. Kruchten and Brad Koldehoff, IllinoisArticles Archaeological Ill The Archaeological Contexts and Themes of Middle Woodland Symbolic Representation in the American Bottom Andrew C. Fortier 1 Remains Protection with contributions by Julie A. Bukowski, Survey’s professionalI

The Luthy Alps Site: AMS Dates, Stable Isotopes, and Consumption in the Central Illinois River Valley at the no Late Woodland–Mississippian Interface Kristin M. Hedman and Thomas E Emerson 48

I Act (20 ILCS 344o

Mary L. Simon, Matthew C. Terry, and journal, Illinois Archaeology.s Arch The Penstone Site (11PK727): A Buried Titterington Phase Occupation in the Pike County Uplands IllInoIs Amy K. Graham 85 The Booker Site and the Mississippian Occupation of the Sny Bottom in West Central Illinois et seq.). These Miranda L. Yancey (9 Tables, 36 Figures)Richard L. Fishel This journal provides108 an

Faunal Remains from the Plantz Site (47Wn325), A Late Woodland Camp at Rush Lake, Winnebago County, Wisconsin A duties include Steven R. Kuehn 129 ArchAeology ITARP continues to distribute IAS and outlet for much of IDOT’seology ITARP publications by placing journal essays,archaeologicalreports, and notes research Journal of the Illinois Archaeological Survey the excavation, Bifuricated Base Assemblages from Two Sites in Jersey County, Illinois Robert N. Hickson, Robert W. Monroe, and David J. Nolan 150 The Problem with Distorted, Flattened, Spent, and Otherwise Mangled Lead Balls: A Simple Remedy technical analysis, ads, using the ITARP website,Mark C. Branstner and and compliance results.168 The

The Moorehead Phase Occupation at the St. Thomas Site: Rural Habitation in the Vicinity of the Mitchell Mound Center attending archaeological conferences.Jeffrey D. Kruchten Production office provided185 and reporting Transposed Mound Fill in the CSX Railyard, East St. Louis Mound Center (11S706) Joseph M. Galloy and Michael F. Kolb 200 Dental Health at Oakwood Mound, Will County, Illinois of human re- In 2008, publications were soldDaniel at L. Osborne the technical assistance215 in

Inconstant Companions: A Review Essay IAS Annual Meeting in Edwardsville,Robert L. Hall support of the publication228 mains falling Book reviews Volume 20 2008 under ITARP Illinois and the Midwest ArchaeologicalLoren: In Contact: Bodies and Spaces in the Sixteenthof and Seventeenth-Century Volume Eastern Woodlands 20 in 2008. Jane E. Baxter 234 Conference in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.King: Doing Archaeology: In A Cultural Resource ManagementA Perspective three-year computer responsibilities. Thomas E. Emerson 235 Casella: The Archaeology of Institutional Confinement In addition, we addition, the Production office Barbara works J. Little upgrade plan, begun236 in

Morrow and Gnecco: Paleoindian Archaeology: A Hemisphere Perspective with ITARP staff members to displayThomas J. Lobel 2007, entered its second238 2008 are involved in Lauement: Architectural Variability in the Southeast Volume 20 publication order forms at other conferences. Mary L. Simon year. The goal is to replace240 c o l l a b o r a t i v e For example, order forms and display computers five years or research of IDOT- copies were also taken to the Annual older with new Apple related projects Meeting of Iowa Archaeological Society/IAAA iMacs throughout ITARP. both with col- Meeting and the Annual Meeting Society for Year one (2007) saw the leagues within Historical Archeology by ITARP participants. upgrading of older computers at the main ITARP/UIUC and with researchers Another important role of this office is office in Champaign. In 2008 computers at other institutions. Results of these to produce conference posters, graphics, were upgraded at the ABSD and WISD projects are presented at professional and to assist in the creation of public offices; 2009 upgrades will be done conferences and in peer-reviewed displays to promote the program’s main at the NISD and Springfield offices. journals. Public outreach is encouraged missions. During 2008 Alexander began In addition instant messaging (IM) was and program physical anthropologists preparing appropriate images for the Master enabled on all new computers and added frequently give presentations to Naturalist publication, slated for release in to older ones. This gives all ITARP offices schools, clubs, archaeological societies 2009. As part of Production’s involvement around the state the ability to instantly and other public organizations. in ITARP public outreach, the office message coworkers at other labs. It serves During 2008, burial features were as a status system to indicate excavated at the Sponemann (11MS517) if a coworker is in the office and Brennan Hynd (11S1492) sites. Skeletal that day. Primarily IM is reports were completed for Drda (11MS32), being used for text chatting, Deer (11MO1068), Fish Lake (11MO608), but the ability to hold video Brennan Hynd (11S1492), Fingers North chats (video conferencing) (11S333N), and Kaesberg-Schaudt (11R594). and sending large files Burial excavations, skeletal analyses, and via IM is also available. report completions were conducted in In 2008, ITARP began accordance with HSRPA (20 ILCS 344o the process of hosting et seq.). Skeletal analyses are ongoing for Illinois Transportation several IDOT or IDOT-related sites including Archaeological Research Janey B. Goode and Cahokia Tract 15B. Program databases via the The osteological analysis and report of internet. Currently ITARP’s human remains excavated in 1979 at the Charles J. Bareis Library Drda site was completed by Ms. Doreen database is available with Dong, under the supervision of Hedman plans to add additional and Hargrave. Ms. Dong is a graduate student in the Department of Anthropology, ITARP coffee mug designed for the Section 106: Tribal Consultation Workshop. databases to the internet

17 on loan to ITARP from the Illinois State Museum. ITARP physical anthro- pologist, Hargrave, c o n t i n u e s t o w o r k with Dr. Ripan Mahli, UIUC Department of Anthropology, to gain an understanding of ancient DNA (aDNA) research and its potential for addressing archaeological questions about pre- historic populations in Illinois. ITARP aDNA research will focus on the following research areas: (1) identification of prehistoric dog DNA in the American Bottom in an effort to establish a comparative genetic basis for Midwestern prehistoric dogs; (2) extraction of ancient human DNA from pre- historic samples associated Excavation in Bioarchaeology Laboratory. with Tract 15B at Cahokia. UIUC and the analysis was completed as scalping of several individuals Since 1995, we have worked closely with partial fulfillment of requirements for a who were interred in the Dr. Stanley Ambrose, UIUC Department Human Osteology course. The final report habitation area of this site of Anthropology, conducting stable completed by Ms. Dong will be summarized during the Moorehead isotopic analyses to investigate for publication in collaboration with phase (A.D. 1200–1275). questions of dietary variability within Hargrave and Hedman. Submission of Unlike other re-gions populations and to explore temporal this manuscript is anticipated in 2009. in Illinois where and cultural differences in the Analysis of human remains from skeletal evidence diet of prehistoric inhabitants Janey B. Goode site are in progress and of violent death of Illinois. Results of isotopic preliminary results offer insights into the is well docu- analysis of Langford, Fisher health and well being of the Mississippian mented, very and Huber phase populations inhabitants of this site. In November few examples of from Material Services Quarry 2008, J. Bukowski presented a case skeletal trauma (11LS50), Gentleman Farm study at the Bioarchaeology and Forensic a r i s i n g f r o m (11LS27), Fisher (11WI5), Hoxie Anthropology Association Meetings in interpersonal violence Farm (11CK4), and Anker (11CK4) Allendale, Michigan. An isolated human have been identified in sites were presented at the 2007 forearm recovered from the JBG site the American Bottom. The Midwest Archaeological Conference. In 2008, during the 2007 field season is deformed absence of direct skeletal evidence for ITARP expanded this study of Upper at the elbow due to a disorder known as conflict has been particularly puzzling Mississippian subsistence by including congenital radio-ulnar synostosis (CRUS). given archaeological indications of major or augmenting samples from Oakwood This occurs when the tissues of the radius political and social changes, including Mound (11WI1), Fisher Mounds, and ulna separate improperly during fetal increased fortification of Cahokia during and Material Services Quarry. development. Fusion of these bones and this period. Analysis of the human remains Results of these investigations often dislocation of the radius at the elbow and mortuary practices is being occur as a result. Archaeological examples completed in collaboration of the condition are relatively uncommon. with Dawn Cobb, Illinois Analysis of human excavated State Museum, and will be during the 1960 mitigation of Tract 15B included in the final site Tract at the Cahokia site are in progress and report by Timothy Pauketat, 15B currently in progress. Vessels provide significant new information on from the life and lifestyle of those represented. The Tract 15B collection is Illinois State Hargrave has identified evidence of Museum.

18 confirm significant levels of maize (Iowa Office of the State Archaeologist), highways and one acre detention ponds utilization during the Langford and Fisher presented a poster at the 2008 Paleopathology to multi-acre airport improvements. phases, comparable to that of American Association Annual Meeting in Columbus, Highway and bridge projects comprised Bottom Mississippian populations. Ohio, addressing the role of culturally nearly 70 percent of all survey requests; Variability in maize consumption among modified human bone in prehistoric 15 percent of the survey requests individuals within these samples and an Illinois and Iowa. Hargrave, Schermer, were for proposed borrows; and the apparent decrease in maize consumption Hedman, and Lilllie also organized remaining projects were a variety of other late in the sequence continue to be a symposium entitled “Human Bone undertakings, including wetlands, utility explored. Publication of these results as Cultural Object: A Midwestern installations, and drainage improvements. is anticipated in 2009. Access to the Perspective” at the 2008 Midwest A total of 221 projects were completed Oakwood and Fisher Mounds collections Archaeological Conference in Milwaukee, or resolved in 2008. Of these projects, was granted by Dr. Della Cook, Indiana Wisconsin. Papers presented at this 179 were received in 2008 and 42 were University, Bloomington. This project is symposium were well received and will carried over from previous years. collaborative with Dr. Michael Strezewski, be revised for inclusion in a book edited Projects completed and requiring no University of Southern Indiana. by Hargrave, Hedman, Shermer and Lillie additional investigations totaled 198; Strontium analysis of archaeological with publication anticipated in 2010. archaeological survey of 50 of these skeletons has been used to address projects discovered sites that were not questions of human migration in many recommended for further evaluation. regions of the world but has been little Illinois Department of Six feasibility studies were completed used in the Midwest. Strontium analysis and submitted to IDOT. Twelve survey of non-migratory archaeological fauna Transportation requests were cancelled, one project was from several sites in Illinois and adjacent Compliance Projects superseded by a revised request, one states was conducted to assess whether project recommended for monitoring was constructed, and all final reports this method could be applied in our IDOT Project Review research area (Illinois). These results were submitted for three projects that were published in 2008 by Hedman in IDOT submitted 246 requests for required Phase II testing or III mitigation. collaboration with Paul Fullagar (UNC), Phase I archaeological survey to ITARP Approximately 600 archaeological C. Brandon Currey (ISGS, UIUC), Thomas in 2008. Projects were located in 86 sites were investigated and/or reported Johnson (Geology, UIUC), and Thomas of the 102 Illinois counties, from the in 2008. These ranged from single Emerson (ITARP). In 2009, this project Wisconsin border to the southernmost diagnostic artifacts, usually projectile will be expanded to include the analysis of tip of the state, with between 9,000 and points, to large prehistoric and historic soils, plants, and additional faunal species. 10,000 acres subjected to archaeological habitation sites with multiple domestic Hargrave and Hedman, in collaboration reconnaissance. Projects ranged in features and large quantities of associated with Shirley Shermer and Robin Lillie scope from bike paths to interstate material. Site investigations ranged from pedestrian walkover and documentation to extensive, mitigative excavations Archean gneiss of sites potentially eligible for the Archean granitic rocks Early Proterozoic granitic rocks National Register of Historic Places. Early Proterozoic sedimentary rocks Early Proterozoic volcanic rocks A number of projects remained to be Middle Proterozoic granitic rocks Middle Proterozoic sedimentary rocks surveyed or required further investigation, Middle Proterozoic volcanic rocks Oneida 0.71295 Lower Paleozoic (Cambrian and Ordovician) sedimentary rocks monitoring, and/or a final report at the Middle Paleozoic (Silurian, Devonian, and Mississippian) sedimentary rocks Upper Paleozoic (Pennsylvanian and Permian) sedimentary rocks end of 2008. Cretaceous sedimentary rocks Paleogene sedimentary rocks Vermont 0.71029 Aztalan Rainbow 0.709239 0.710335 Quaternary deposits Ongoing 2008 Investigations—

Chapman 0.70948 Lundy 0.7093 Statewide Survey Divisions

Hoxie 0.711678 Northern Illinois Survey Division Material Services Quarry Orendorf 0.712149 0.71011 Castor Farm 0.710293 In 2008, Jennifer Pearce and Phil Millhouse supervised work at the Hull 0.709885 Northern Illinois Survey Division (NISD) in Rockford with the assistance Cahokia 0.70925 Doyle Cave of crew chiefs Rebecca Pagan and Ryan 0.711526 Decker Cave 0.711859 Dohack 0.70897 Griffin. Graphic artist Marcia Martinho was involved in a series of illustration, Massey Cave Hovey Lake 0.711639 0.712341 photography and report preparation Tunnel Cave 0.711691 projects for several ITARP offices. Crew Members Laura Blank, Paula Bryant, Amanda Douglas, Dean Duryea, Pete Bedrock geology with mean strontium isotope ratios of faunal tooth enamel from archaeological sites around the Midwest. Geraci, Winter Guite, Ed Jakaitis, Jim

19 artifacts. Selective machine scraping of.2 acres (approximately 15% of the site area) was then conducted. The scraping uncovered a small farmstead represented by 15 post molds, 7 linear stains, 4 shallow basins, 1 gravel filled oval, 2 possible wells, 1 possible cistern, 1 rubble-filled out building, and 1 large structure stain. Limited testing was then conducted on a sample of the features. The modest assemblage derived from testing dates from ca. 1820–75 but was largely recovered from secondary rubble and debris used to backfill the site after it was abandoned. No distinct, intact early deposits were identified. Given the long-term, disturbed and redeposited nature of the deposits, the site was not considered eligible for the NRHP.

Fox River Bridges/Stearns Road

Fieldwork at the prehistoric and historic Elmore site, Kane County. Corridor, Kane County Meierhoff, and Liz Schlagel helped with late-nineteenth century historic material Previous phase I surveys (ITARP Project various aspects of survey, testing, artifact along the proposed ROW alignment. Based Log #95063 and #05136) recorded the processing and ASSR preparation. The on the recovered assemblage, a pre-Civil presence of a prehistoric component and year’s work included a number of small War residential site appeared to be present, historic homestead at 11K97, the Elmore site. Statewide surveys and testing of the corresponding spatially to a structure As it was considered possible that portions Plum River site (11JD735) in Jo Daviess documented at this location in 1872. As 96 of the site were unplowed and could contain County. Two larger projects included the percent of the site area was located within intact features, it was determined that US Route 30 survey in Whiteside County the project area and given its potential to limited subsurface testing was necessary. and testing of sites 11K97, 11K371 and provide information about Euro-American Because the site area is covered with 11K971 for the Red Gate and Stearns Road settlement, the site was recommended large trees and dense scrub, test units crossings of the Fox River in Kane County. for testing to assess its NRHP-eligibility. (TU) were preferable to machine scraping. The NISD office has also stayed active in In 2008, the site was gridded into 10 x In 2008, ITARP excavated eight 1 x 2 m public presentations and meetings for the 10 m collection units. These grid units were TUs around the historic house hole and ongoing Jo Daviess County Mound Project subjected to a metal detection survey that barn foundation to look for additional (JDCMP). This successful project is focused located a cluster of pre-Civil War metal features. Although variable amounts of on the preservation of the remaining burial and effigy mounds in Jo Daviess County.

District 1

Fox River Bridges/ Red Gate Road Extension, Kane County

The Wheeler site (11K371) was tested as part of ITARP Project Log #05056. Site 11K371 was originally visited during the ITARP Phase I surveys of the project alignment in 1995–96. The Phase I survey discovered a

thin scatter of mid- to Stone foundation, mid-Nineteenth Century, Wheeler site, Kane County.

20 historic debris were present, no additional m2 or .5 percent of the features were found. The presence of mid- total site area and 30 nineteenth century domestic household percent of the area debris and interior wall mortar suggests of Late Woodland that the oval depression represents c o n c e n t r a t i o n . the remains of a ca. 1840 residential These excavations structure associated with ownership uncovered a living of the property by David Elmore. The surface or sheet presence of several outbuildings shown midden with both on the 1892 plat in the location of 11K97 p r e h i s t o r i c a n d suggests that the abandoned residential historic materials. structure may have been reused for non- T h e p r e h i s t o r i c domestic purposes after the property materials included was purchased by the Keating family, s t e m m e d L a t e although there is no direct archaeological Woodland points, evidence for this interpretation. The triangular arrow feature has been extensively disturbed points and chert and retains little to no architectural debitage along with integrity or intact archaeological deposits. grit- and shell- It is not expected that any significant tempered sherds. additional information about the early T h e s e a r t i f a c t s settlement of St. Charles Township or indicate light use the Fox River Valley can be gleaned of the immediate from further investigation of this feature. area by local pre- With the exception of items recently h i s t o r i c p e o p l e dumped into the structure depression, between A.D. 400– the bulk of the artifact assemblage 1400 Given the lack recovered from 11K97 represents domestic of intact prehistoric household debris dating from ca. 1830 or historic features through 1860 and architectural debris and the disturbed pre-dating ca. 1890. The distribution or marshy nature of materials recovered from across of the northern site the site area indicates a much higher border, it is unlikely Fieldwork at the prehistoric White Gate site, Late Woodland, Kane County. concentration of domestic household that this site will be deemed eligible for ceramics and no post mold patterning, debris west and slightly northwest of the the National Register of Historic Places. no further work will be conducted. structure depression and much higher ITARP also completed testing at concentrations of architectural debris 11K971, the White Gate site, as part of District 2 located west and south of the structure the Stearns Road-Fox River Crossing depression. If any additional subsurface (ITARP Project Log #05136) project. FAP 642/Illinois 78 (Addendum A), features are present on the site, they are The White Gate site was a prehistoric Jo Daviess County likely located west and/or habitation site, possibly associated with southwest of the known 11K13, two small conical mounds on the The Plum River site (11JD735) was structure depression property to the south. The ROW impacted originally discovered as part of a 2007 a n d o u t s i d e o f approximately 60 percent of the site. Phase I survey for FAP 642/Illinois 78, the present ROW NISD machine scraped approximately Addendum A (ITARP Project Log #07171). and survey limits. .3 acres (71%) of the site and located The site is located approximately five 20 small stains representing the very miles (8 km) south-southwest of present bottom of pit features or post molds. day Stockton, Illinois. As initial shovel Bisecting of these features yielded testing yielded a high density of lithic small amounts of charcoal, a triangular artifacts (N=83, 101.5 g) within the site Shell pin, mid-Nineteenth Century, Elmore site, Kane County. arrow point, flakes, burned bone and area, it was recommended for further plain surface, grit tempered ceramic testing. Limited subsurface testing was ITARP excavated a body sherds that are likely Late initiated by ITARP in May 2008 in an series of units north- Woodland and a small, triangular arrow attempt to locate features and determine west of the house hole point. Upon completion of the features if the site was eligible for the National in the center of the area it does not appear that they are arranged Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The where Late Woodland material in any pattern suggesting a structure. testing consisted of machine scraping a was found during an earlier shovel test Because a high percentage of the site total of 281.6 m2 (.7 acres or .3 hectares), survey. These units consisted of four 1 x was scraped, features were all extremely representing 64 percent of the site area. 2 m and eight 2 x 2 m TUs that totaled 40 small, there were no culture-specific The remaining 36 percent of the site was

21 inaccessible for machine probability. For the two field scraping due to the fence seasons, a total of 70 new sites edge bordering Illinois 78, (21 prehistoric, 8 historic and presence of trees, erosional 41 mixed prehistoric-historic) gullies, and the proximity and 13 isolated prehistoric of the steep drop off to the diagnostics were located. Plum River immediately to the east. The machine scraping Central Illinois Survey resulted in the location of Division eight subsurface prehistoric features that appeared to The Central Illinois Survey be shallow, basin-shaped Division of ITARP (CISD), pits. Although these features directed by Dale McElrath, were completely excavated is based at the University of as floatation samples, no Illinois at Urbana/Champaign diagnostic material was campus. CISD is responsible for located. Because the site sits cultural resource compliance on a dissected and eroded work in Districts 3, 5, and 7. Historic materials from US Route 51 Survey. slope above the Plum River, In addition, certain projects it seems that only the basal portions In 2008, ITARP continued surveying from Will County in District 1 may be of the features remained for recovery. parcels for the US Route 30 project and assigned to this division. Permanent We are confident that all intact and focused on a new addendum to the project field staff includes Ian Fricker (Assistant accessible cultural features within the (ITARP Project Log #07036) provided by District Archaeologist), Michael Barnes, right-of-way were located during our District 2, which was a bypass around and Matthew Cross (Assistant Crew investigations. Due to the low density Morrison in Whiteside County. The Supervisors). Additional field personnel of subsurface features and paucity of additional project area included 12,968 acres, are incorporated on a seasonal basis. associated material, the Plum River site 29 percent (3,798 acres of the expanded In 2008, CISD submitted 33 Phase I survey was determined to not be NRHP-eligible. study area) of which was located within reports, and undertook test excavations at areas designated as high probability for two sites. In addition, the ABSD and CISD US Route 30, Whiteside County site location. As with the previous field labs began a collaborative Phase I survey In 2007, ITARP began surveying parcels season, work focused on agricultural of FA 322/US 51 (US 51 South), detailed for the US Route 30 project (ITARP Project fields within the high probability areas below. Other notable projects include the Log #07036) in Whiteside County. The that could be pedestrian surveyed. At continued survey of the Macon County initial survey area covered 21,853 acres, 34 the conclusion of the 2008 field season, Beltway corridor and a test excavation percent (7,351 acres) of which was located 1,993 acres (15% of the total survey, 52% at 11CH579, also summarized below. within areas designated as high probability of the high probability area within the added survey area) had been completed. for site location by the Illinois Historic District 5 Preservation Agency. During the initial A total of 57 new sites (14 prehistoric, eight historic, 35 mixed prehistoric-historic sites field season, work focused on agricultural FAP 808/IL 130, Philo to Villa Grove, and eight isolated prehistoric diagnostics) fields within the high probability areas that Champaign County could be examined for historic remains by were located within the area surveyed. pedestrian survey. At the end of the 2007 In summary, a total 34,820 acres are Site 11CH579 was located in conjunction field season, 3,858 acres (18% of the total included in the survey corridor; 5,850 with survey for Illinois Route 130 road corridor and 52% of the high probability acres (17% of the combined original and improvements (ITARP Project Log #07127). area) had been surveyed. Thirteen new addendum areas) have been examined for It is a previously undocumented Pioneer-era sites (seven prehistoric and six mixed cultural resources to date. This includes historic residence, overlying a prehistoric prehistoric-historic) and five isolated 11,148 acres (or 32% of the total area of Woodland to Upper Mississippian period prehistoric diagnostics were located within the two surveys, 52% of the total high occupation. The site is situated near the east the area surveyed. probability area for the two surveys) bank of the East Branch of the Embarras falling within areas designated as high River. A tree line, running roughly north to

Projectile points, US Route 30, Whiteside County. 22 south, lies just west of the site. Immediately unit, HU7, was located further west, in this portion of the site in the post–1845 west of the tree line, the ground surface the vicinity of the shovel test containing period. It is important to note that the drops abruptly by approximately two feet Woodland period ceramics. HU7 was the tested portion of the site corresponds to an old roadbed, now covered in grass. only test unit to yield prehistoric ceramics, mostly to a “roadside” site, and as such Both landowners, as well as other local along with an elevated density of historic contains artifacts consistent with both the residents, confirmed that the road now material. No features were found as a early nineteenth century settlement of the designated as IL 130 was originally located result, although excavation has added site and more recent twentieth century closer to the East Branch, west of the tree line. substantially to the site assemblage. activities. However, given the temporal Shovel testing yielded chipped debitage, The prehistoric ceramics recovered disparity between the two assemblages and FCR, prehistoric , and historic from HU7 appear to be contemporaneous the general confinement of the more recent period residential debris. Prehistoric with those examples found in the shovel materials to the upper site strata, the two ceramics included a are easily separable. The few grit-tempered, following discussion cord-wrapped stick will be limited to impressed sherds, the early nineteenth dating generally to the century component. Woodland period. The The refined earthen- historic assemblage ware assemblage is dates from 1830–60, small (N=154); of and includes a half- these, only 46 are dime dated 1849. decorated. Included are I n t e r e s t i n g l y , t h e Staffordshire blue and W o o d l a n d p e r i o d purple transferprints, ceramics and the half- b l u e a n d s p r i g dime were found handpainted, annular together in the same wares (including one shovel test. No available with a green rouletted historic maps depict rim), both irregular a residence at this and straight blue location, supporting edgeware and blue the disappearance of spatter. Generally, the historic occupation this assemblage is sometime in the mid- consistent with a ca. nineteenth century. 1830–45 occupation, Although the ROW and the absence of encroachment into the flown transferprints site area measured only or molded ironstones two meters wide, the strongly suggests a Fieldwork at prehistoric Woodland and mid-Nineteenth Century historic site 11CH579, Champaign County. presence of FCR and pre–1845 date for the Woodland period ceramics strongly test. Unfortunately, all of the examples assemblage. While undecorated whiteware suggested the presence of intact prehistoric recovered to date are badly eroded and sherds typically add little temporal features at 11CH579. In addition, the surface treatment cannot be determined. information, it was noted that all appeared short-term early to mid-nineteenth However, the cord-wrapped stick- to represent pearlwares, whitewares, century component offered an excellent impressed motif was identified on a lip or very late cream-colored wares. opportunity to study a Pioneer occupation sherd from the shovel test. All prehistoric The unrefined assemblage included only unaffected by disturbance from early sherds found at 11CH579 date generally one tiny sherd of undecorated yelloware, twentieth century farm development. The to the Woodland period. Other temporally several sherds of a large Rockingham presence of this abandoned road alignment diagnostic prehistoric material is limit- platter, salt-glazed stoneware, and was also of particular importance. Since ed to two hafted bifaces. A broken lead-glazed redware. All are consistent the historic occupation at 11CH579 would point base was recovered from HU7. with an early assemblage. The “brick” have been oriented relative to the original The base, thought to be Late Archaic, is assemblage included both highly eroded road, the proposed improvements to IL side-notched, with a moderately ground, fragments and a few hard-fired specimens, 130 would impact the area behind the convex basal edge. Grinding was not although all appeared handmade. associated residence. In general, significant apparent in the single undamaged notch. The glass assemblage was exceedingly historic period features are more likely to Also, a complete, side-notched Upper small and was limited to a number be located in the “backyard” of a residence. Mississippian point was found in HU1. of hand-blown bottle fragments, Given the above considerations, ITARP The historic component appears to mirror glass, and window glass. undertook further investigations at correspond to the homestead of Samuel Although there was quite a bit of 11CH579. Excavation was primarily limited Groundyke, who settled here in 1836. variation in glass thickness, there to the proposed IL 130 ROW. A single hand There is no evidence for occupation of was a strong representation of the

23 very thin window glass typical of early nineteenth century homesteads. Testing of 11CH579 has added considerably to the site assemblage, although no features were found as a result. ITARP determined that construction within the proposed IL 130 ROW will not have a significant adverse impact on any buried deposits at this site. 11CH579 has the potential to contribute significantly to our understanding of the culture history of the Embarras River and the central Illinois prairie.

District 7 Macon County Beltway Decatur, Mt. Zion, Long Creek, Macon County

CISD continued Phase I survey of the Macon County Beltway corridor (ITARP Project Log #07123) in the spring of 2008; the survey report was submitted the following September. The proposed Beltway will bypass the greater Decatur area on the south and east sides, connecting US Highway Classical Revival/Italianate house (Myers residence), pre-Civil War, Macon County Beltway. 51 in the south with Illinois Route 48 and Interstate 72 in the northeast. The outlined by the State of Illinois (20 ILCS 57 find spots to date. Ten sites have project corridor covers a total of 1,958 3420). The portion of high-potential area been recommended for Phase II testing. acres, including all commercial and available for pedestrian survey totals 92 Eight of these, 11M261, 11M266, 11M267, residential development, existing IDOT acres, all of which has been surveyed. A 11M272, 11M273, 11M282, 11M283, right-of-way, and Lake Decatur. An total of 69.4 acres of high-potential area and 11M328, are either historic or additional 262 acres were surveyed this will require shovel testing and remain primarily historic multicomponent sites spring, for a total coverage of 787 acres. to be surveyed. Denied access areas representing short-term pre-Civil War The corridor includes a total of 262 acres are not included in the above totals. or mid-nineteenth century occupations. designated as having a high potential for Surveyors have identified 49 new Two prehistoric sites, 11M308 and cultural resources, according to standards sites, 6 previously reported sites, and 11M316, have been recommended for Phase II testing; the size of the material assemblage and the presence of FCR suggest the possibility of intact features at both of these site locations. Two sites, 11M302 and 11M309, have been conditionally recommended for Phase II testing. Both sites are located outside of the project corridor, and further work will only be necessary in the event that they are impacted by future proposed construction. Phase III mitigation of the previously reported site 11M245 is recommended in the event that this site is impacted by proposed construction. At the present time, only 25 percent of this site falls within the project corridor. Phase II testing of 11M245 was carried out in 2007 by CCRG. Two historic residences were also identified within the project corridor. The Eli Ulery House is a brick Italianate residence, constructed in 1862, and listed in the National Register of Historic Places Late Nineteenth Century timber frame barn, Macon County Beltway. (NRHP). The Myers residence is a Classical 24 Revival/Italianate Western Illinois brick house, dating Survey Division from 1858. This residence is not T h e W e s t e r n listed in the NRHP I l l i n o i s S u r v e y but appears eligible Division has offices for inclusion. While in Jacksonville and the archaeological Macomb that are research potential directed by Robert of these residences N. Hickson and has been diminished David J. Nolan, by continued oc- respectively. In c u p a t i o n a n d addition to the twentieth century aforementioned, farm development, R i c h a r d F i s h e l they do represent (Project Arch- two of the oldest aeologist) is re- standing structures sponsible for many in this part of Macon of the larger testing County. CISD there- Pedestrian survey, US 51 widening, Fayette County.. and excavation projects conducted in IDOT Districts 4 fore suggested that efforts be made a terrace near an intermittent tributary to and 6. The WISD staff consists of roughly to avoid significant impact to them. Bear Creek that flows into the Kaskaskia a dozen full-time employees and a small River approximately two-thirds mile but fluctuating number of seasonal or to the southeast. ITARP surveyors Districts 6, 7, and 8 part-time help. Included in the former revisited these sites in 2008, significantly total are Susan Nolan and Christine Nycz, expanding the mapped limits of 11FY181. FA 322/US 51, Shelby/ who act as the Lab Supervisors/Collection A range of prehistoric components are Christian County Line to US 51/ Managers for the Macomb and Jacksonville represented at these sites, including IL 177 Interchange, Christian, facilities, respectively. The Macomb office is Early Archaic, Middle to Late Archaic, Shelby, Fayette, Marion, Clinton and also the location for one of the two ITARP as well as Early, Middle, and Late Washington Counties floatation-processing facilities in the State. Woodland. Grit-tempered prehistoric In 2008, the WISD offices undertook test The proposed widening of US Highway ceramics found at 11FY175 and 11FY176 excavations at 18 different archaeological 51 (ITARP Project Log #08048) stretches date generally to the Woodland period. sites throughout the western part of the over 60 miles, from the border between In addition, these two sites each include state and submitted 16 reports detailing the Shelby and Christian Counties to the a modest historic period component. results of such work. In addition, nearly 60 interchange at Illinois Route 177. The The limits of previously reported site Phase I survey reports were submitted to current project is part of an ongoing number 11FY48 have been expanded the IDOT during the year. Some of the more project to expand US 51 to a four-lane significantly to the southwest. interesting highlights of these investigations divided highway. The project area Prehistoric components present at the are briefly summarized below. Notable encompasses 37,135 acres, not including site include Middle to Late Archaic research includes Fishel’s ongoing work over 10,000 acres of municipal area. and Woodland occupations. with the extensive initial Late The latter will not be subjected to The latter is represented Woodland Weaver-age data pedestrian survey or shovel testing. by a few fragments sets from the LaMoine Work began in the late spring of 2008 of grit-tempered River drainage and under the collaborative direction of ceramics. This site his western Iowa Ryan Gifford (ABSD) and Ian Fricker also includes a pipestone sourcing (CISD). An initial survey focused on historic period i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , the highest potential areas within the c o m p o n e n t the publication corridor, namely the Kaskaskia River relating to a o f a n u n u s u a l floodplain and the adjacent uplands farmhouse sit- Early H o l o c e n e around Vandalia. ITARP covered a uated on the bifurcated base total of 2,307 acres in Fayette County, same landform; point assemblage finding 222 sites and 159 find spots. the only standing by Hickson, Monroe, Included in the site total are a structures re- and Nolan, and Trudi multicomponent prehistoric site complex maining, however, Butler and Susan Nolan’s and a large multicomponent site, both are grain bins. A possible ceramic reconstruction located in the Kaskaskia River floodplain. mound exists in the form work with the White Bend The complex is comprised of three of a pronounced grassy rise at (11HA938), Sartorius (11HA360), previously reported sites, 11FY181, the southwest edge of the site. Hematite and limonite concretion, and Dobey (11SC1134) site 11FY175, and 11FY176, which are Project survey will continue possibly worked, Fayette County. collections. A number of WISD essentially contiguous and are situated on in 2009. continued on page 30 25 New in 2008

Neil Street Laboratory, Champaign

March 2008 saw the establishment of a new satellite l a b o r a t o r y o n S . N e i l S t r e e t in Champaign, which houses the I T A R P F a u n a l and Bioarchaeology Laboratories. Personnel at this new location include Faunal Analyst Steve Kuehn, Human Skeletal Analysts Kristin Hedman and Eve Hargrave and their staff, Mary Hynes and John DiMaggio, as well as Sarah Wisseman, director of the Ancient Technologies and Archaeological Materials program. In addition to housing ITARP’s faunal and human osteology research collections, the new facility also increased available storage space for Curation and Production at the central ITARP Champaign office through the transfer of ITARP publications and curated field maps to the Neil Street site.

26 27 New in 2008

Salisbury Historic Research and Collections Laboratory, Sangamon County

The new Historic Research and Collections Laboratory in Salisbury, managed by Robert Mazrim, is a satellite of the Springfield Research Lab that is directed by Ken Farnsworth. The Salisbury Lab focuses on large-scale historic site excavations and research-based projects, including the French Colonial Heritage Project. The facility houses laboratories, a classroom, and our growing historic- period teaching collections. Also located in the facility are the “Under the Prairie” historic artifact exhibits and interpretive displays. These exhibits, on loan from the Sangamo Archaeological Center, will be the focus of new training and outreach programming. In 2008, the Salisbury Lab processed and completed the study of the Scarritt site, in Madison County. The site, tested as part of the FAP 310 Highway Project, produced the single largest frontier-context sample of materials yet encountered by ITARP. Also examined and reported in 2008 was an impressive sample of regional stoneware (ca. 1840–80) from the Bland site in Madison County.

28 29 staff also gave presentations about archaeology to various school and community groups, and participated in several professional conferences, workshops, and public outreach projects.

District 4

FAP 315/IL 336, Peoria to Macomb Survey (I-474 to Macomb Bypass), Peoria, Fulton, and McDonough Counties

The proposed highway corridor will link Peoria to Macomb with a four-lane limited access freeway/expressway (ITARP Project Log #05084). The pedestrian survey of the roughly 60-mile-long preferred alignment was completed in 2008. Considered together, this multi-year corridor study resulted in the identification of 287 archaeological sites and 356 nondiagnostic find spots, Fieldwork, 1820s–30s homestead (above); groundstone adze IL 336 Survey, Peoria County (below, left); and gun flintlock assembly, 1820s–30s (middle, right), Mary Thomas site, Peoria County. including 77 sites and 84 find spots in 2008. Archaic and historic age sites are the most the ITARP Production office in 2008. One immediately east of the Dickison Mound common. Oddly, no prehistoric ceramics of the sites recommended for additional Group (11P5), which was partially were recovered from the corridor. The archaeological investigation to assess excavated by the Illinois State Museum final survey report is in progress. its significance and National Register and the University of Chicago in 1940, of Historic Places (NRHP) while the project’s southern end lies potential is Mary east of three mounds (Dickison Thomas (11P652), Mounds South, 11P787) a P i o n e e r - a g e h o m e s t e a d t h a t appears to have been occupied for a brief period i n excavated in 1957. Survey of the project area the late 1820s and early documented five sites (11P782–11P786), all 1830s. Mary Thomas of which were subjected to the mechanical was subjected to Phase II removal of the plowzone and underlying testing in late 2008 that soil horizons. While no subsurface features involved the excavation of were encountered at 11P782 and 11P785, 37 screened 1 x 2 m hand the remaining three sites contained pit units that documented intact features and sparse to moderate amounts features and recovered a of ceramic and lithic debris. Site 11P783 substantial amount of early (Cat #2) yielded 15 features, site 11P784 nineteenth century artifacts. (Cat #3) yielded 13 features, and 11P786 Based upon these results, (Cat #5) yielded six features. Based on Mary Thomas is believed to be the ceramic and lithic material, Cat eligible for listing on the NRHP. #2 is associated with the little-studied Materials from Mary Thomas are being Late Woodland Myer-Dickson phase; FAP 318/IL 29, IL 6 to I-180 Survey, processed and analyzed and further work averaging the two radiocarbon assays Peoria, Marshall, Putnam, and at the site is tentatively planned for 2009. from the site produced a date of 1295±49 Bureau Counties RCYBP. Cat #3 is likewise associated with FAP 64/IL 29, IL 29 and The proposed the Myer-Dickson phase; a late Middle Engine Drive, Caterpillar Plant Site, project (ITARP Project Log #01099) will Archaic component is also present at the Peoria County ultimately transform the remaining site (averaging two radiocarbon samples 58 km of two-lane road between I-180 This proposed project involves the yielded a date of 4935±49 RCYBP). Cat #5 and Peoria into a four-lane freeway/ addition of double left turn lanes at is also affiliated with the Myer-Dickson expressway. Survey was completed in the intersection of Engine Drive and IL phase, with two radiocarbon dates 2007, with the final survey report sent to 29. The northern end of the project lies producing an average date of 1535±49

30 the presence of a few Helton horizon artifacts in the adjacent subsoil deposits, we suspect these pit remnants are associated with the Archaic period but found no other corroborative data. The recovery of a Late Woodland Bauer Branch punctated shoulder sherd from the plow zone in this same general area further muddies the possible associations. Given this and the poor state of preservation, the features and other project- specific remains from the site do not appear eligible for the NRHP. Further work was therefore not warranted in this particular part of the site and cultural resources clearance was recommended so construction could proceed as planned. An ATSR is currently in progress.

FAP 542/IL 61, Bridge over LaMoine River (SN 055-0010), McDonough County

Phase II testing continued at the Dickison Mound Group, Second Century B.C., Peoria County. Bell’s Terrace site (11MD1286), RCYBP. An isolated twentieth century overall size of the site and potential for which was discovered during the fall of feature is also present at the site’s northern subsurface features, fourteen machine- 2007 as part of a bridge replacement project limits. These three sites represent some of aided excavation blocks were opened over the LaMoine River (ITARP Project Log the first Myer-Dickson phase occupations within the narrow project limits that #07121). Bell’s Terrace appears to be an to be excavated and will provide collectively examined 975 m2. This figure extensive (2.8 ha), multicomponent lithic significant new information pertaining to represents approximately three percent of workshop associated with nearby exposures this time period in west central Illinois. the known scatter area or roughly three- of Burlington/ chert that outcrop The final report is currently in progress. quarters of the portion scheduled for along the LaMoine River. An unplowed impact by the project. Intact subsurface site portion lying within a wooded area FA 315/US 136 Highway Widening remains were only encountered in the was subjected to the excavation of 26 1 x and Resurfacing, Fulton County existing road shoulder in one small part 2 m units that revealed dense quantities Phase II testing was undertaken in of the site; the April at the Golden Bluff site (11F2990) remaining areas in conjunction with this modest-scale were either road improvement project (ITARP Project disturbed or Log#02135). The site is located on the plow-deflated. Spoon River bluff near Duncan Mills, Eight shallow Illinois, and extends for nearly a quarter pit remnants mile on either side of US 136 (ca. 3.6 ha). and three other The original survey, undertaken by our poorly defined office in the fall of 2002, noted that the (residual) lithic surface scatter consisted of both light and concentrations dense areas, although a type indeterminate were defined Woodland sherd was the only diagnostic and excavated recovered at that time. However, local but they pri- informants reported Clovis points from marily pro- the general site area and the possibility duced burned for mounded and unmounded aboriginal rock and little cemeteries seemed high given their else. Based upon presence on most similar high landforms their ephemeral within view of Golden Bluff. Given the expression and Fieldwork at prehistoric lithic workshop, Bell’s Terrace site, McDonough County.

31 of lithic debris, as well as light amounts Springs-age component (ca. cal 3100–3600 LaMoine River meander scar, to recreate a of ceramic material. One substantial B.C.), in addition to the previously wetland habitat that was depicted in this early Late Woodland pit feature with identified Hemphill and Helton horizon area on the 1904 Woermann Map of the well-preserved ecofacts (bone, shell, and components. The report on the White Illinois River valley. The fill removed from charred plant remains) was encountered Bend Archaic occupations is in progress. this area will be used to raise the profile and excavated, along with scattered Early Processing of the artifacts from the of the adjacent access road that traverses Holocene artifacts, including a Dalton Woodland components continued, with the property, thereby secondarily impact- cluster point. Based upon the results of the feature inventory being completed. ing parts of several additional sites. Eight testing, the site was recommended as Ceramic analysis has also begun and floodplain sites originally recommended being eligible for listing on the NRHP in revealed, in addition to the transitional for further geoarchaeological evaluation a concurrence memo submitted to IDOT late Havana/early Weaver component, or Phase II testing in the original in September. Additional investigations the presence of a terminal Weaver report were recollected and subjected are planned at the site and an adjacent (Myer-Dickson-age) Late Woodland to gridded auger testing and geo-coring portion of the LaMoine River floodplain occupation along the site’s eastern to determine their relationship to the in 2009. However, only a small, narrow limits. The report on the White Bend proposed project impacts. An additional portion of the overall scatter area will Woodland remains is currently in progress site (11BR424) located along the valley be affected by the planned construction. and the initial suite of 14C assays are margin was subjected to recollection and scheduled for submission early in 2009. limited backhoe trenching. Most of these sites will not be negatively affected by District 4 and 6 dredging or failed to produce evidence District 6 for potentially significant deposits in the FAP 315/IL 336 Carthage to Macomb realigned path of the raised roadway, Segment, Hancock and Wetland Mitigation Bank, so no further work was undertaken. McDonough Counties Brown County However, two sites with potentially While fieldwork was completed in 2007 In the spring, ITARP personnel significant Black Sand and nineteenth for this multi-year, four-lane highway completed the reevaluation a series of century historic components, 11BR428 project (ITARP Project Log #03136), sites that were identified across a portion and 11BR429, were subsequently subjected processing, analysis, and reporting of of this large, IDOT-owned floodplain tract to formal Phase II testing. As a result of the multicomponent White Bend site during the original survey undertaken hand unit excavation and the placement (11HA938) continued in 2008. Basic lab by our offices in 2001 (ITARP Project of five machine-aided blocks, it was work associated with the deeply buried Log #01056). This was done to asses the determined that the densest parts of Archaic components was completed, and negative effects that might be caused by 11BR428 were located south and upslope the ongoing analysis revealed a Falling dredging a willow-lined slough, a former of the dredging impacts. No further

Machine excavations at the Excelsior site, ca. 1830–50 residential site, Brown County. 32 work was recommended FAP 315/IL 336 Borrow, details the results of the excavations at as part of the present Hancock County these two related Weaver variant sites. project. Much more time Additional data recovery and effort was expended Havana Bike Path Investigations, excavations were undertaken at evaluating the Excelsior Mason County site (11BR429), including the Late Woodland Weaver-age Buttons, ca. 1830–50, a gridded total surface Sartorial Splendor site (11HA949) in A narrow portion of the massive Excelsior site, Brown County. collection and metal the summer of 2008 in conjunction (12.5 ha) Rockwell Village site detector survey, because with an Illinois Route 336 borrow (11MN236) was tested in July as most of the scatter lies pit study (ITARP Project Log part of the survey and evaluation within the path of the #08143). Previous excavations at of a proposed recreational bike realigned roadway. This the site in 2007 documented 12 trail that will connect Riverfront work demonstrated that Weaver-age features; expansion Park and Veterans Park in Havana, the historic component of the borrow pit boundaries Illinois (ITARP Project Log #08092). dated primarily to the in 2008 necessitated additional The bike path route extends for pre-Civil War era (ca. 1830– archaeological investigations that approximately 2.3 miles and will be 50) and was areally extensive but revealed 25 Weaver-age pit facilities. located on both municipal roadways, discreet. The densest areas of surface The 37 features at Sartorial Splendor which will be widened, and a new material were subsequently subjected to are clustered in four discreet alignment extending through Park machine exposure (1,400 m2), resulting households that extend across the District property. The proposed in the identification of five substantial upland ridge. Similar to the nearby ROW was initially investigated by domestic features (rock-lined well and Sartorius site (11HA360), Sartorial excavating a series of eight-inch pits), two fencerow alignments, and a Splendor yielded quantities diameter, screened bucket auger series of larger posts or piers perhaps of grit and grog tempered tests down the center of the 5–7 representing a building location. No Weaver Plain ceramics, as well m wide alignment. The number of obvious prehistoric pits were encounter- as moderate amounts of deer positive tests that were encountered ed at this time. Since the sampled portions and fish bone. The remains from both within the previously mapped limits of the historic features produced good sites will add an upland dimension of 11MN236 precipitated a need for floral and faunal preservation and the to the growing Weaver settlement further site evaluation to determine occupation appeared to be short-term, and subsistence database of the the potential impacts from project- the site was recommended eligible for LaMoine River valley of west related construction. Eight widely listing on the NRHP in a concurrence central Illinois. Since the entire spaced 1 x 2 m screened hand units memo submitted to the IDOT. Once site area was excavated after were excavated, along with one 2 compliance was completed, the sampled receiving a concurrence from approximately 100 m machine- features were more fully excavated and the IDOT, the proposed borrow aided block placed where a cut an additional 900 m2 area was opened pit was cleared for use in a memo was proposed along the riverward near the western end of the scatter. and ASSR submitted to the lead escarpment of the high sandy These scraping activities produced agency. A report of investigations terrace the site occupies. Although three substantive “barnyard” features, is currently being prepared that urban growth and land-filling additional post molds, four probable Woodland-age prehistoric pits, and the plow-disturbed remains of an apparently isolated Early Woodland Black Sand vessel section. Unfortunately, none of these features produced robust assemblages or temporally specific diagnostics. However, since these excavations identified, evaluated, and removed all the potentially significant cultural resources that will be affected by the project, clearance was recommended in a summary memo submitted to IDOT. Archaeological Testing Short Reports are currently pending for

11BR424, 11BR428, and 11BR429. Fieldwork (above); projectile point illustrations (top, center), Sartorial Splendor site, Hancock County. 33 the IDOT. An Archaeological Testing Short Report is currently pending.

FAP 474/IL 104, Bridge over Illinois River (SN 069-0016), Morgan, Pike, and Brown Counties

This proposed bridge project involves removal and replacement of the Illinois River bridge at Meredosia, as well as the possible relocation of IL 104 east and west of the river (ITARP Project Log #08016). The five-mile-long project corridor encompasses 3,328 acres of Illinois River floodplain, including a large section of the village of Meredosia. Survey was initiated in 2008 and focused on the project corridor within Morgan County outside the village limits of Meredosia. A total of 770 acres were surveyed, resulting in the documentation of 33 archaeological sites and 77 nondiagnostic find spots. Based largely upon the exotic lithic materials recovered, a number of the sites appear to be small Middle Woodland scatters. Survey is scheduled to continue in 2009, as is the geomorphological investigation of selected floodplain areas.

TR 66 Bridge over Flower Creek (SN 085-4204), Schuyler County

A narrow portion of the Dobey site (11SC1134) was subjected to evaluation in November as part of this modest scale Local Roads bridge replacement project

activities have clearly compromised large portions of the site, Woodland- age midden deposits and associated pit features were encountered underneath these modern disturbances in five of the test units. Parts of ten prehistoric features that were mapped and sampled produced well-preserved ecofacts, variable amounts of Havana and Weaver ceramics, and an array of debitage and rough rock types. These investigations reaffirmed the site’s National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility and should provide important new information about the age, distribution, and economy of the site inhabitants. However, it is our opinion that the shallow impacts which are planned should have no real adverse affect on NRHP eligible resources, because they are safely buried beneath a half-meter or more of urban landfill deposits. Given this, cultural resources clearance was recommended for the proposed bike path project in a memo submitted to Testing at Rockwell Village site, Second Century B.C. to Fifth Century A.D., Mason County (top, left); Neither snow, nor rain, nor sleet . . . (above).

34 (ITARP Project The recovered The excavated material and floatation L o g # 0 8 0 0 5 ) . ceramics sug- samples are processed at the Macomb ITARP personnel gest most of lab. An ATSR is currently pending. discovered the the features are TR 283/Mansion Road Realignment site in March attributable to and Culvert Replacement, during auger W e a v e r - a g e Sangamon County testing under- o c c u p a t i o n , taken as part although some Phase II testing was undertaken at the of the Phase I thicker pottery Greenwood site (11SG1295) in October identification with a distinctive as part of this small-scale Local Roads survey. It is reddish paste improvement project (ITARP Project Log located near the was found in #03008). The site consists of a moderate eastern corp- the easternmost density scatter of early to mid-nineteenth orate limits of pits, suggesting century historic artifacts that occupy B i r m i n g h a m , these facilities the summit and slopes of a finger ridge Illinois, on a c o u l d d a t e situated along the Lick Creek bluff line scrub-covered slightly earlier. near Curran, Illinois. Evaluation was h i g h t e r r a c e Additionally, necessitated because the extreme southern remnant that these basins were margin of the scatter is scheduled for is adjacent to m u c h l a r g e r impact as a result of straightening and a b e d r o c k - i n d i a m e t e r shifting the existing road alignment to lined ford and and exhibited the north to remove a dangerous curve. b e n d i n t h e Mapping, Dobey site, Schuyler County. different fills A 2,100 m2 collection grid comprised LaMoine River. than the definite of 21 individual 10 x 10 m units was Approximately ten percent of the known Weaver pits, which primarily consisted initially established across the proposed 2 scatter limits (ca. 3000 m ) will be impacted of small but moderately deep cylindrical project area to facilitate a controlled metal as a result of realigning the bridge and steep-walled forms. Overall, the detector survey. The less heavily eroded approaches to improve visibility and prehistoric features exhibited good floral portions of this area were subsequently remove a precipitous curve in the road. and faunal preservation, with mussel shell subjected to machine aided plowzone Given the recovery of Late Woodland particularly well represented in some removal to look for intact Frontier ceramics and fire-cracked rock from several pits. Several reconstructable sections of period historic features. Although an auger tests, as well as mid to late nineteenth Weaver pottery vessels were also found. abundance of iron artifacts was found, no century historic material, the project- Since all of the potentially significant potentially significant historic facilities specific part of the site was subjected to project specific prehistoric remains were encountered in the 1,215 m2 area machine excavation to expose any related were identified and excavated, cultural that was subjected to machine scraping. subsurface deposits. Thirty prehistoric resources clearance was recommended The densest parts of this farmstead site and historic features were identified in for the project contingent upon strict clearly are located to the north beyond the the two machine blocks, which collectively adherence to the proposed ROW plans. proposed ROW limits. Given this, cultural examined 318 m2. The four excavated historic features consisted of rectangular post-molds or piers, some of which had been braced with stone. However, they cannot be associated with a particular span of time and do not clearly form a pattern denoting the presence of an identifiable structure. As such, the project specific historic remains do not appear to be eligible for listing on the NRHP. Twenty-seven terminal Middle Woodland to early Late Woodland pits ultimately were defined and excavated at the site, after receiving a concurrence per the NRHP eligibility of this component from the IDOT. Mowing and metal detecting at the Greenwood site, Sangamon County. 35 resources clearance was recommended for second only in size and complexity to the and Dr. Joseph Galloy, Assistant Division the project-specific portion of the site in a nearby Cahokia site (11S34/11MS2). Like Coordinator, along with six archaeologists, memo submitted to the IDOT in November. previous investigations for IDOT in East numerous crew chiefs, and a talented An ATSR is currently in progress. St. Louis, hundreds of remarkably well support staff. Charles Witty conducts preserved Mississippian residential and investigations for Statewide projects; ritual features have been discovered beneath Jeffrey Kruchten is project archaeologist for American Bottom Survey Division layers of fill and rubble from late nineteenth the New Bridge project; District 8 century and early twentieth century Patrick Durst conducts investigations for The American Bottom Survey Division r a i l y a r d s , the FAP 310 Project; Thomas Zych and (ABSD), in terms of annual workload and s t o c k y a r d s , Mathew Terry conduct investigations for staff size, is typically the largest and most and factories. various projects; and Julie Bukowski is a active division of ITARP. Investigations field supervisor, as well as a Human Skeletal In addition to covering for non-trans- Analyst. The ABSD operates out of three Statewide projects portation pro- facilities, the Belleville Lab, supervised by in IDOT Districts jects are also Brad Koldehoff and Tricia Wright, who 8, 9, and part of 7, p e r i o d i c a l l y also does administrative and collections ABSD personnel are undertaken by work; the Wood River Lab, supervised currently involved in two ABSD. Such in- by Joseph Galloy and Kelly complex multi-year vestigations are Arnold, who also conducts Special Projects— undertaken when ceramic analysis; and the extension of I-255 time allows and when the Godfrey Flot (FAP 310) from the state agencies or local Lab supervised Mississippi River bluff developers or municipalities line in Madison County request technical assistant, typically into the uplands of Jersey County, which for Phase III excavations. In 2008, two has involved Phase II and III excavations at such projects were conducted in the a series of prehistoric and historic sites, and uplands of St. Clair County, one involving the Mississippi River Bridge Project, which portions of the Pfeffer site (11S204), a includes a new bridge across the Mississippi Mississippian mound and town complex, River at St. Louis, and more importantly, and the other involving the Brennan Hynd the realignment of I-70 northward through (11S1492) and Ariana (11S1482) sites, two East St. Louis. The I-70 realignment and adjacent Late Woodland habitation areas. by Amanda Gifford. Mera Hertel works associated roadwork cuts through the East The ABSD staff, which routinely includes primarily in Belleville not only preparing St. Louis Mound Center (11S706), a large a seasonal crew of more than 30, is directed report graphics but also conducting Mississippian period mound and town site by Brad Koldehoff, Division Coordinator, myriad tasks, like training staff in digital photography and helping with ceramic analysis and archival research. In addition to their regular duties, ABSD personnel regularly participate in professional conferences and engage in volunteer research projects and public outreach activities.

FAS 2735/CH 3, Renken Road, IL 159 to Prairietown, Madison County

The historic atlas maps for the Renken Road, IL 159 to Prairietown, improvements (ITARP Project Log #08032) indicate a cemetery in the vicinity of the requested survey limits south of Renken Road. Fieldwork at Stockyards Tract of the East St. Louis Mound Center, St. Clair County (above); exotic wares, Thirteenth Century, A.D., East St. Louis Mound Center (top). The cemetery appears in

36 located less than one kilometer east of the Mississippi River along IL 3 on a ridge in the northern American Bottom floodplain (ITARP Project Log #08049). Pedestrian survey resulted in the recovery of a Late Woodland ceramic sherd, debitage and fire-cracked rock. Machine excavation at the site revealed one exterior pit and two reconstructed wall-trench structures oriented roughly north-south; unfortunately, historic land modifications and deep plowing destroyed the basins and upper portions of the wall trenches, and the presence of several buried gas pipelines within the project limits precluded the full excavation of the structures. Nonetheless, the excavations resulted in the identification of a Mississippian Moorehead phase household cluster. The ceramic assemblage places the occupation firmly in the Moorehead phase and most likely early due to the presence of thin, slipped sherds and well made Cahokia Headstone from Ridgely Cemetery, Nineteenth Century, Madison County. Cordmarked Jars. The site likely extends both the 1873 and 1892 Madison County over eight meters in length. Portions of outside of the project area to the north atlases; a church and other structures are the structure’s east and west foundation into a subdivision. Test excavations also illustrated. An initial field check in the walls were uncovered; these extend to the have mitigated project impacts to the cemetery locale failed to detect any visible south outside of the right-of-way into the site. An ATSR will be prepared. remains such as headstones; however, probable cemetery. The walls what appeared to be part of a foundation in were about 60 cm wide and 35 the ditch cut was present, as evidenced by cm in depth. No temporally cut sandstone blocks and brick fragments. diagnostic artifacts or Based on the presence of a cemetery on domestic refuse was nineteenth century maps and the existence encountered; numerous of a possible foundation remnant in the small fragments of brick, modern ditch, research was conducted at building stone, and plaster the Madison County Historical Museum were observed and a and Archival Library in Edwardsville, few square nails and which revealed a community located pieces of flat glass in the southeast quadrant of the IL 159 were recovered. The and Renken Road intersection that was foundation remains known as Ridgely. According to local could perhaps be histories, in ca. 1850 Ridgely consisted the remnants of one of a store run by Richard O'Bannon, of the three early two saloons, a post office (1847–67), a churches in the area. blacksmith shop and three churches. The lack of graves in Further inspection of a pasture adjacent the area examined to the project located fragmentary does not preclude the headstones in the cemetery area shown possibility of burials on 1873 and 1892 maps; this was recorded to the south outside as the Ridgely Cemetery site (11MS2307). the current project Subsurface investigations within the l i m i t s . C u l t u r a l existing right-of-way were undertaken resources clearance with the approval of IHPA. No grave shafts was recommended were observed but more of the foundation for this project. was excavated. The exposed foundation Robbins Road, was mapped and the area on top and to IL 3 to IL111, the east and west of the exposed profile Madison County in the ditch was stripped. Excavations indicated that the foundation was the The Auburn Sky Fieldwork at Auburn Sky site, Madison County (above); Cahokia Cordmarked rimsherd, remains of the north wall, which was site (11MS2300) is Thirteenth Century, Auburn Sky site, Madison County (top, right). 37 Zoomorphic effigy, Fourtheenth Century, Hoxie site, Cargill Elevator Road (Addendum A), excavation resulted Cook County. St. Clair County in the discovery of one pit feature The Cargill Road site (11S1770) was that extended the discovered during investigations for the site limits of Janey proposed widening and improvements to B. Goode to the Cargill Road (ITARP Project Log #08219), northeast; the feature was which began at the intersection of Cargill mapped in plan and fully excavated. site from 2000–03 Road and First Street in the Village of The extension is referred to as Area for an interstate Cahokia and proceeded to the Mississippi E; previous excavations in Areas highway expansion River Barge Facilities approximately one A-D located nearly 7,000 prehistoric p r o j e c t ( I T A R P mile to the northwest. Due to the project features, many of which date like this Project Log #95156). The site excavations area’s close proximity to the Old Cahokia feature to the Late Woodland period. revealed intensive occupations by Upper Courthouse (11S422), two excavation blocks With Village of Brooklyn and IHPA Mississippian groups associated with the (EBs) were placed in a grassy lot at 207 W. permission, a 190 m2 EB was placed in front of late Fisher and Huber phases spanning First St., across First Street from the Old the Brook Cemetery between the north edge of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Cahokia Courthouse and immediately Eagle Park Road and a culvert in front of the and extending into the sixteenth century. next to Dead Creek and Cargill Road. The cemetery. No grave shafts or human remains Cultural material from minor Archaic, EBs exposed the foundation/basement of were located, but four historic postmolds and Middle Woodland, and Late Woodland a mid-twentieth century residence filled in a single prehistoric pit feature were identified site occupations was also recovered. Our with brick, concrete, and refuse. However, a after removal of the plowzone. The posts, excavations revealed two areas of Upper thin, linear debris pile composed primarily given their loose cindery fill, lack of alignment, Mississippian group occupation. One of small- to medium-sized limestone (5–25 and close proximity to the existing roadway, area, termed the Fortified Village, consists cm) pieces was exposed below the topsoil appear to be the subsurface remnants of exclusively of a densely settled, but south of the basement and along the north road signs. The prehistoric pit produced Late limited duration, late Fisher community edge of First Street. The limestone dump Woodland ceramics and likely represents an surrounded by defensive works (a palisade layer contained a few scattered nails and extension of Late Woodland activities along and four ditches). In our approximately thus may be construction or remodeling the bank of Horseshoe Lake. Further work 200 m long but narrow project excavation debris. A seated liberty silver half-dollar was not recommended for either of the sites. corridor through this village, we excavated with an 1876 mintmark was recovered Ongoing 2008 Investigations— 84 basin structures and several hundred pit just above the limestone rubble layer. No and other features. This village is projected structure is shown on the early historic Special Projects to have encompassed approximately 11 atlases for this lot. The soil profiles acres and is unique in the Chicago area exposed in the lot indicate the area was District 1 for its size, defensive works, and basin prone to flooding. Investigations along Hoxie Farm structures. The other Upper Mississippian Cargill Road closer to the river revealed occupation occurred within what we term that the project corridor west of Dead The Hoxie Farm site (11CK4) is a large, the Main Occupation Area of the site. Creek is a recent landscape created from complex archaeological site located in This is where most of the occupation on Mississippi River sandbars. No further southern Cook County. ITARP personnel the site took place over the centuries of work was recommended in the project area. conducted extensive excavations at this Upper Mississippian occupation. Artifact FAU 9142/Eagle Park Road, Terminal Railroad to IL 203, Madison and St. Clair Counties

This project (ITARP Project Log #08075) calls for improvements to Eagle Park Road between the Terminal Railroad and IL 203, along the bank of Horseshoe Lake near the Village of Brooklyn, Illinois. The Brook Cemetery (11S1233) was previously recorded on the north side of Eagle Park Road. The Janey B. Goode site (11S1232) is located immediately southwest of the project’s western terminus. An excavation block (EB) was opened at the base of the berm on which Eagle Park Road is constructed, east of the Terminal Railroad track between the recorded site limits of Janey B. Goode to the southwest and the

Brook Cemetery to the northeast. This Huber phase longhouse structure, Hoxie Farm main occupation area, Cook County. 38 and feature density is high and midden deposits are present over much of it. Extensive looter activity has also taken place in this area, severely damaging the cultural resources. The ITARP investigations included the excavation of 1,508 numbered Upper Mississippian features in this area, primarily small pits. Twenty-six were burial features. Due to several factors such as the mixing of material from the various occupations through prehistoric digging activity, our limited database of late Fisher and early Huber phase ceramic assemblages, as well as our lack of understanding of the relationship between these two phases, we were only able to assign a small percentage (27.6%) of the Main Occupation Area features to a specific component. Late Fisher phase features (N=270, 17.9%) are over twice as numerous as Huber phase features (N=147, 9.7%), but Huber phase ceramic remains are predominant in the midden deposits. Most of the burial features are likely associated with the late Fisher phase occupation. The remaining features were assigned to a generic Upper Mississippian component. Unlike the Fortified Village area, structures were not common in the Main Occupation Stone foundation, mid-Nineteenth Century, No Danger site, Madison County. Area. Late Fisher phase structures were absent, but either complete or in association with an IDOT contract to demolish extant structures. substantial portions of three Huber phase structures were excavated. Numerous other parcels were investigated in relation to FAP 310 These structures differ greatly from the late Fisher phase structures. bridge projects in Madison County including crossings at Wenzel Whereas the latter are mostly small, approximately 6 m2, semi- Road, Humbert Road, Route 111/267 and the South Branch of subterranean single family households, the Huber structures are at Creek. This work resulted in the testing of nine previously least 10 m long by 3.5 m wide oval, multi-family longhouses built recorded sites and the delineation and/or testing of seven new sites. on the surface or perhaps within shallow basins, similar to Huber Of the seven new sites investigated, only five were subjected to phase structures from the Chicago area Oak Forest and Anker sites. Phase II testing. Two of them (11MS2316, 11MS2320) revealed only The ITARP Hoxie Farm site investigations represent a nondiagnostic prehistoric lithic concentrations within a plowzone significant addition to our Upper Mississippian era database for context. A third lithic concentration (11MS2315) produced an Early the southern Lake Michigan area. Floral and faunal assemblages Archaic end . Another site (11JY577) consisted of an intact have been extensively sampled and detailed analyses have deposit of potentially Archaic period chipped stone debris that been performed on the recovered lithic, ceramic, and copper failed to produce temporally diagnostic artifacts. The Herter site assemblages. Radiometric samples have aided our temporal (11MS2317) was identified through post-hole tests placed across placement of the site occupations. Drafts sections for the Fortified a residential property that overlooked the South Branch of Piasa Village area report are complete and analyses and report writing Creek. Numerous prehistoric lithics were recovered and subsequent are still being undertaken for the Main Occupation Area report. Phase II testing revealed four potentially Late Archaic subsurface pit features that were completely excavated. A Helton/McLean type District 8 projectile point was recovered from the site during machine stripping. The two new sites not tested, C. S. Olden (11MS2318) and Rebecca FAP 310, Madison County Godfrey & Son (11MS2319), were historic in nature. These sites were located adjacent to each other during pedestrian survey of During 2008, FAP-310 project fieldwork was focused on an agricultural field in Godfrey. Each produced materials from properties from the Godfrey region of northern Madison County ca. 1860–1900, supporting the presence of a structure at this to southern Jersey County. In total, seven parcels were investigated location on the 1861, 1873, and 1892 Madison County atlases. Phase II testing is planned for C. S. Olden in summer 2009. All of the revisited sites were subjected to Phase II testing. No artifacts were recovered from two of the sites (11MS805, 11MS1628) and five sites (11MS1040, 11MS1615, 11MS1616, 11MS1625, 11MS1626) produced only nondiagnostic prehistoric lithic concentrations discovered within plowzone contexts. Archival research indicated that the Down South site (11MS1624) represents a barn facility associated with the adjacent DeBaun/Waters farmstead (11MS2258). Investigations at the farmstead in 2007 revealed the presence of a ca. 1830–40 timber-framed dwelling. An illustration of the farm in the 1873 Madison County atlas depicts a large barn and at least one outbuilding in the vicinity of the Down South site. The site was investigated prior to the construction letting for the South Branch of Piasa Creek bridge. The area was first systematically divided into 10 m2 collection units, followed by pedestrian and metal detector surveys. Artifacts collected consisted primarily of post-ca. 1860 ceramics, metal and glass. Mechanical stripping was conducted Well, mid-Nineteenth Century, No Danger site, Madison County. 39 within the collection units with the highest FAP 998/I-70 Tri-Level Connection, deposits still exist largely undamaged by the concentrations of nineteenth century Exchange Avenue Extension, stockyards, which operated from 1873–1997. materials, resulting in the delineation of CSX RR to Packers Ave, Our Phase II results established the several fence lines, outbuilding remnants St. Clair County presence of a Lohmann phase residential and barn foundations, most of which were area. Previously, this component was only contaminated with twentieth century Phase II testing was undertaken in known from a unique discard deposit south artifacts. In addition, some features appear the fall of 2008 within the Stockyards of the stockyards along Interstate 70. Of to date to the twentieth century. All of Tract of the East St. Louis Mound Center particular interest was the recovery of non- the features were mapped and recorded. (11S706/5) in advance of the planned local ceramics, as fragments of at least three The No Danger site (11MS1636) is located extension of Exchange Avenue (ITARP Varney Red Filmed jars from southeastern in an agricultural field in Godfrey and was Project Log #08080), which is associated Missouri/northeastern Arkansas were investigated prior to utility adjustments with the realignment of I-70 for the New recovered from two Lohmann-phase along US 67. According to archival research, Mississippi River Bridge project. Phase II structure basins. In addition, an unusual the site area was the location of the Star Hotel investigations at the stockyards resulted engraved limestone-tempered body sherd in ca. 1861. Little other information about in the detection and documentation of was recovered. The engraved images, the hotel has been ascertained, but some intact late prehistoric cultural resources located on both sides of the sherd, are d o c u m e n t s c o m p r i s e d describe the o f c l a s s i c hotel as being Mississippian located farther s y m b o l i c to the south. motifs, in- A structure c l u d i n g a is depicted at birdman, and this location ceremonial on the 1861, maces. The 1873, 1892, and presence of 1906 Madison these non- County atlas- local vessels es. The site furthers the area was first n o t i o n o f divided into 10 the multi- m2 collection cultural/eth- units that were nic character subjected to the Missis- p e d e s t r i a n sippian pop- survey. The ulation in the large assembl- A m e r i c a n age of historic B o t t o m . artifacts col- S i m i l a r l y , lected was two unusual suggestive of a vessels were Stumpware, Stockyards Tract of the East St. Louis Mound Center, St. Clair County. ca. 1850–1900 r e c o v e r e d occupation of the property. Mechanical beneath about one meter of historic fill and from a Stirling phase pit. One is a Mitchell stripping was conducted in the units with pavement. A backhoe was used to remove Modified Lip Sanford Ware jar that the highest artifact densities, resulting in the historic layers and exposed a total of was imported from northwestern Iowa. the delineation of 170 posts (belonging 3656.3 m2 of subsoil in 32 excavation blocks Although contact between Cahokians and mostly to fence lines), three pits, one (EBs) along the proposed alignment. In Mill Creek culture peoples has long been brick fireplace, four cellars, one limestone all, 83 late prehistoric subsurface features documented, very few imported Mill Creek foundation, one well and one cistern. All were delineated in five of the EBs. Based vessels have been recovered in the American of the features were mapped and recorded primarily upon recovered ceramic vessel Bottom. The other unusual vessel was a and portions of each was excavated. These fragments, 16 features have been assigned to locally manufactured jar that has both Plains excavations demonstrated that one cellar one of two early Mississippian phases—nine (Mill Creek) and Caddoan characteristics. and the cistern were likely abandoned Lohmann phase structures and pits and This shell-tempered, dark-slipped, polished after ca. 1900. The brick fireplace, the pits seven Stirling phase structures and pits. The jar with a scalloped, cambered rim is also and two cellars were probably abandoned discovery and documentation of these intact engraved on the neck, shoulder, and lower sometime between ca. 1860 and 1890. The Mississippian deposits not only confirm body. Moreover, several Lohmann and Stirling limestone foundation, one cellar and the early accounts by Warren King Moorehead phase features produced great amounts of well contained very little material and and Charles Rau of similar discoveries cultural debris including numerous pieces may represent the original development in the stockyards prior to and during its of basalt debitage, which is indicative of the site, possibly around ca. 1850–60. development but also confirms that such specialized groundstone production.

40 Columbia Crossing Project, in the FAI-270 Site Reports Series in 1984. by the apparent homogeneous nature Monroe County If the features from the earlier community of Patrick material culture over a 150 are combined with those from the 2007 field year period. Report completion of the Field activities associated with the season, then the North Ridge community Patrick phase occupation is scheduled Columbia Crossing Project were completed would total 291 features, including 12 for 2009, and will hopefully represent during the fall of 2007. Phase III excavated keyhole structures, 4 small rectilinear post a major contribution to Late Woodland sites include Fish Lake, Power Line, structures, 2 large rectilinear structures, research throughout the Midwest. Deer, and the Ramsey Road section of 268 pits, 1 hearth, 1 fill area, and 52 The analysis of human remains Fish Lake. Analyses of nonstructural postmolds. recovered from the Fish Lake site the material assemblages The excavated portion (11MO608) has yielded new insights into from all four sites were of the Fish Lake site, late prehistoric mortuary and healing initiated during 2008. These from both ridges, therefore practices. Investigations on the southern are described separately below. includes 705 features, making ridge at the Fish Lake site in the summer of The most extensive site this site the second largest 2007 revealed 15 oval-shaped pit features investigations occurred at the excavated Late Woodland Patrick separated from the main habitation area Fish Lake site (11MO608). During phase occupation in the American by about 100 m. This isolated grouping the 2007 field excavations at least five Bottom. Since the terrace edge to the of shallow pits was designated the components were identified, west presently lies outside of Ramsey Road Section of the Fish Lake site including the Late Woodland the proposed right-of-way (11MO608-A). The pits did not contain Patrick, the Terminal Late it was not investigated domestic refuse, but rather, only scattered Woodland George Reeves, during either 1981–82 or fragments of human bone and teeth were the Terminal Late Woodland 2007. It is postulated that the discovered. Excavated in accordance Lindeman, the Mississippian Patrick occupation extends to with state law and in consultation with Lohmann, and the Mississippian the west to the terrace edge in the IHPA, fragmentary human remains Moorehead phases. The most both occupation areas and may representing 13 individuals were present extensive excavations were associated contain up to, if not more than, in 13 of the 15 pit features. Although with the Patrick phase. A total of 558 500 additional features. In poor preservation contributed to the Patrick phase features was defined during addition, other components fragmentary nature of the skeletons, analysis. A number of features may lie in this same area. evidence of re-excavation of the features, that were originally assigned to Separate analyses were and the extent of absent skeletal elements, the Patrick phase component conducted on the ceramics, suggests that postmortem processing and in the field were redefined as lithics, features, fauna and flora. extended mortuary practices occurred at indeterminate or re-assigned Virtually all of these analyses the site. Most individuals were oriented to other components based were completed in 2008. with the cranium towards the southeast primarily on ceramic contents Most of the materials or east. Identified burial positions include or the lack thereof. Analysis recovered from flexed, semi-flexed, and disarticulated. was initiated on the Patrick the 2007 investigations Few standard measurements and phase materials, features, mirror other Patrick as- observations of the human remains were fauna, and flora during spring of 2008. semblages in the A m e r i c a n possible, limiting demographic data The Patrick phase component actually Bottom, but because of the overall sizes to age only. Adults and juveniles are consists of two separate occupation areas, of the individual assemblages at Fish buried within the mortuary area; eight one associated with a north, east-west Lake, a much greater understanding of adults and five juveniles were identified. trending ridge, the other with a south, the breadth of diversity during this phase The juvenile burials are restricted to east-west trending ridge. A sterile swale is coming to light. Some of the nuances the northern cluster of features. Dental separates the two occupation areas. All of that we have discovered between the pathology including caries, calculus, the analyses were consistently separated two occupation areas are shedding more and linear enamel hypoplasias was into a North Ridge and South Ridge light on variation in settlement systemics identified in over half the population. occupation dichotomy. The North Ridge and material culture that may reflect Two unusual and important finds occupation exposed in 2007 consists changes through time, something that include a culturally modified incisor from of 144 features, including five keyhole has eluded past researchers frustrated one individual, and two modified pebbles structures, three small rectilinear post structures, part of a large rectilinear community post structure, one post screen, and 134 pits. The South Ridge occupation includes 414 features, including 11 keyhole structures, 11 small rectilinear post structures, 384 pits, and 8 isolated posts. The North Ridge occupation actually represents the western extension of a Patrick community that was excavated by the FAI-270 Project in 1981–82 and reported Modified pebbles, Eighth–Nineth Century, Fish Lake site, Monroe County (above); ceramic canid heads, Fish Lake site, Monroe County (top). continued on page 44 41 Public Outreach ITARP personnel participated in a wide array of public outreach activities throughout Illinois and as far afield as Missouri, Michigan, and even the Dominican Republic. These ranged from presentations to Cub Scouts about what archaeologists do to guest lectures to college students on a variety of topics, including warfare and bioarchaeology and historic frontier archaeology. ITARP staff made presentations to grade- through high-schoolers with the tools of their trade—trowels, screens, shovels, and orange vests—and artifacts. Slide presentations on various ITARP site investigations were given to civic organizations and senior citizen groups. Tours were conducted of Mississippian sites in the uplands of southwestern Illinois, effigy mounds in northern Illinois, and rock art in southern Illinois and Missouri. College students were exposed to lab procedures and the processing and analysis of archaeological materials during tours of ITARP facilities. Master Naturalists-in-training were introduced to paleoethnobotanical methods and the sorts of information gleaned from archaeobotanical remains. ITARP archaeologists were enthusiastic presenters and attendees at Illinois Association for the Advancement of Archaeology meetings and activities around the state. Hundreds of artifacts were examined and recorded at artifact identification events including the Preservation Emporium, sponsored by the Preservation Working Group at UIUC and Artifact Identification Day at Cahokia Mounds State Park; the public has been encouraged to bring in collections for recordation to expand the database of known Illinois sites. ITARP personnel helped with the installation of exhibits at the UIUC Krannert Art Museum, in its second year on display, the Cahokia Mounds Museum, and the Urbana Public library. ITARP personnel were featured in radio and television interviews and contributed to print as well as online magazines, Illinois Steward and Illinois Issues, respectively. ITARP involvement in the archaeology of Brooklyn, the nation’s first incorporated African-American town, and the restoration of the historic Brook Cemetery continued. Meetings were held with IHPA officials and members of the Historical Society of Brooklyn to discuss the cemetery’s rehabilitation with the help of local volunteers.

42 Public Outreach ITARP personnel participated in a wide array of public outreach activities throughout Illinois and as far afield as Missouri, Michigan, and even the Dominican Republic. These ranged from presentations to Cub Scouts about what archaeologists do to guest lectures to college students on a variety of topics, including warfare and bioarchaeology and historic frontier archaeology. ITARP staff made presentations to grade- through high-schoolers with the tools of their trade—trowels, screens, shovels, and orange vests—and artifacts. Slide presentations on various ITARP site investigations were given to civic organizations and senior citizen groups. Tours were conducted of Mississippian sites in the uplands of southwestern Illinois, effigy mounds in northern Illinois, and rock art in southern Illinois and Missouri. College students were exposed to lab procedures and the processing and analysis of archaeological materials during tours of ITARP facilities. Master Naturalists-in-training were introduced to paleoethnobotanical methods and the sorts of information gleaned from archaeobotanical remains. ITARP archaeologists were enthusiastic presenters and attendees at Illinois Association for the Advancement of Archaeology meetings and activities around the state. Hundreds of artifacts were examined and recorded at artifact identification events including the Preservation Emporium, sponsored by the Preservation Working Group at UIUC and Artifact Identification Day at Cahokia Mounds State Park; the public has been encouraged to bring in collections for recordation to expand the database of known Illinois sites. ITARP personnel helped with the installation of exhibits at the UIUC Krannert Art Museum, in its second year on display, the Cahokia Mounds Museum, and the Urbana Public library. ITARP personnel were featured in radio and television interviews and contributed to print as well as online magazines, Illinois Steward and Illinois Issues, respectively. ITARP involvement in the archaeology of Brooklyn, the nation’s first incorporated African-American town, and the restoration of the historic Brook Cemetery continued. Meetings were held with IHPA officials and members of the Historical Society of Brooklyn to discuss the cemetery’s rehabilitation with the help of local volunteers.

43 that were recovered from the burial of Conservation Foundation, the Illinois habitat restoration, bird-viewing stations, another individual. The modified incisor Department of Natural Resources, and informational kiosks, and hiking trails. was notched on the occlusal tooth edge the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. During 2008, ITARP-NISD work at these for decorative/social purposes, and also The project is focused on the broad goals sites included participation in meetings exhibits fracturing on the labial surface of compiling known information about and presentations to discuss restoration that reflects use of the tooth as a tool. Two local mound groups and using this data of prairie habitat at the John Chapman modified pebbles were found lying against as a point for working with private land site, assisting with remote sensing at the left tibia and femur of an individual. owners and county agencies to increase the Aiken Mounds that was conducted They are naturally thin diabase and knowledge, encourage preservation and by Mike Hargrave (U.S. Army Corps diorite pebbles that have been polished on assist with local economic development. of Engineers) and Jarrod Burkes (Ohio both faces. Each pebble has a thin notch Ultimately this information will be Valley Archaeology), consultation for or groove cut into the edge at one end. synthesized into an awareness-raising trail planning at the Reynick Mounds, Similarly shaped and modified pebbles document that will be publicly available. and local tours of these preserves. At the have been recovered from Late Woodland Increased knowledge about these annual IAS meeting the former owners of habitation contexts at the A. E. Harmon mound groups will stimulate both the Aiken Mounds, Dave and Pat Casper, and Reilley sites, and from Mississippian appreciation for their historic value and an along with Chris Kirkpatrick (Natural context at the Julien site, but this is the first understanding of how their preservation Resource Coordinator for JDCF and UIUC time they were found in burial context. can contribute to the county’s economy. Extension) were presented with the IAS The individual associated with the two The project’s work with JDCF has Public Service Award for their role in the pebbles suffered from systemic, chronic already resulted in the preservation of preservation of the Aiken Mound group. infection, particularly evident in the three impressive archaeological sites. lower extremities. The pebbles may have These include the John Chapman (11JD12) Pfeffer Site, St. Clair County been associated with healing practices. Mississippian village and mound ( In the main habitation area at Fish Preserve), the Aiken Mound group (11JD5) In the summer of 2008, salvage Lake, isolated human remains were with an intact effigy (Casper excavations were conducted at the Pfeffer recovered from three domestic features Bluff Preserve), and the Reynick Mounds site (11S204), an early Mississippian along with household refuse. A partial (11JD34, 11JD80, and 11JD81) that contain mound and town complex located 22 cranium was recovered from a Terminal a large bear effigy (Keough Slough Effigy km east of Cahokia Mounds along Silver Late Woodland structure basin, and a Preserve). All totaled, these preserves Creek. While part of the site is preserved frontal bone and an occipital fragment include 200 acres, which contain rock within residential areas in the city of were recovered from habitation pits. shelters, mussel shell middens, village Lebanon, numerous Mississippian and The presence of these isolated remains areas, and 53 Native American burial Late Woodland habitation features in an reflects postmortem processing and/or mounds. Two of these mounds are well- adjacent agricultural area were damaged curation of human remains within the preserved effigies, possibly the last intact and destroyed by a local developer. With habitation area. The frontal bone exhibits mounds of their kind in the state. All of oversight from IHPA, ABSD personal cutmarks over the right eye, consistent these properties are being converted into completed salvage data-recovery efforts with postmortem processing and soft publicly accessible parks with native with funding from the developer. In all 101 tissue removal. Along the coronal suture, the frontal bone is perforated from a compression fracture that would have also involved the parietal. The perforation was made postmortem when the bone was dry and was likely made by a stick or branch with a diameter of 2.6 cm.

University of Illinois

Public Engagement, Contracts, and Research

Public Engagement

Jo Daviess County Mound Project

The NISD office has been active in working on the Jo Daviess County Mound Project (JDCMP). This is a joint venture involving the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Jo Daviess Possible sweat lodge, Eleventh Century, Pfeffer site, St. Clair County. 44 R e s e a r c h P r o g r a m Illinois, and a special article on what continued collaboration is known about how the Indians used with Dr. Robert Reber of the prairies historically. In addition to the University of Illinois preparing articles for the Illinois Steward, Extension on several Dr. Reber has asked ITARP to participate projects. Dr. Reber is in the production of a handbook to be the editor of the Illinois used for training individuals enrolled Steward, a popular natural in the “Master Naturalist” program. history journal written Several ITARP specialists will contribute for the general public. to develop a chapter on the prehistory The journal, which brings and early history of Illinois (11,000 to the forefront interesting B.C.–A.D. 1850) from the standpoint of the features were discovered aspects of “prairie state” archaeologist. In addition to providing and excavated, the large majority of history, environment, and ecology, has an overview of how we attempt to which date to the Late Woodland Patrick been in existence for almost twenty reconstruct the past, the chapter phase and are cooking and storage years and reaches an audience of will be richly illustrated with pits. One pit held two intact discoidals. 2,500 through subscriptions, images of excavations in Twenty-one Mississippi features were including public libraries, progress and artifacts identified and excavated: 3 wall-trench high schools, colleges, unearthed by our staff. structures, 10 pits, 7 postmolds, and 1 scientists, and interested The theme will be on postpit. All of these, like those previously lay people concerned the significant impact excavated at the site by Dr. Timothy with our cultural and t h a t i n d i g e n o u s Pauketat and his UIUC field school natural heritage. ITARP’s p o p u l a t i o n s h a v e students, appear to date to the Lohmann first article, published in had on the landscape. and Stirling phases. While one of the 2008, was written by Brad A draft chapter was three structures appears to be a typical Koldehoff, American Bottom submitted to Dr. Reber at rectangular-shaped Lohmann phase Survey Division, and dealt with the end of the year and we domicile, similar to others found at the the Paleoindian occupation of Illinois. look forward to production of the site, the other two are wholly unique Planned future articles will include handbook next year. and represent the only examples of a discussion of the Archaic period of continued on page 47 their kind thus far discovered at the Pfeffer site. One is T-shaped, a possible temple or elite residence, and the other is circular, a possible sweat lodge. Both structures likely functioned as loci of ritual and/or public events. Similar structures across the region are found only at major ritual or administrative centers, such as the Pfeffer site. Comparable to what Pauketat and his students previously observed, Mississippian domestic refuse was limited. Relatively few artifacts were recovered from the Mississipppian features. Noteworthy among the artifacts recovered are a large unfinished celt and two finely crafted arrowpoints. In sum, data recovery efforts have added unique and important insights into the nature of the Mississippian occupation of the Pfeffer site. These efforts have also added substantial new information about the Late Woodland occupation at the site.

University of Illinois Extension

During 2008, the Illinois Dr. Robert Reber, UIUC Extension (left) and Brad Koldehoff (right) (above); Transportation Archaeological discoidal, A.D. 650–950, Pfeffer site, St. Clair County; (top, left); celt, Eleventh Century, Pfeffer site, St. Clair County (top, right). 45 The Brooklyn, Illinois Public Engagement Project

Brooklyn, IL is a generation of positive press coverage; and small town with 3) heritage-based community development, a nationally such as building an African-American s i g n i f i c a n t heritage museum and cultural center. past. Despite ITARP’s involvement with the first two r e p r e s s i v e goals enhances the public service mission l a w s m e a n t of the University, and promotes greater to discourage public understanding of Illinois history. Black settle- There were several activities for this ment in Illinois, project that took place in 2008. ITARP Brooklyn was organized a spring cemetery restoration founded in 1829 by free African Americans workshop that was led by Dawn Cobb and fugitive slaves as an attempt at Black self- (IHPA) and Dr. Hal Hassen (IDNR). The determination. On July 30, 1873 it became the town’s cemetery, which has fallen into first majority-black town in the United States to disrepair, was established in 1891 and incorporate. Brooklyn is also one of only a handful interments continued for at least 30–40 of nineteenth-century Black towns that have years. The workshop trained historical survived until the present day. Now home to 700 society members, local students, and other inhabitants, Brooklyn is situated alongside the volunteers to probe for buried gravestones Mississippi River one mile north of East St. Louis. and to properly clean and repair them. Also, Because of its close proximity to East St. Louis, with aid from IHPA, ITARP helped village Brooklyn once benefited from the meatpacking officials understand the cultural resources and manufacturing jobs that the city offered, but it compliance process so they could effectively investigations during the summer. The main goal was also economically devastated by the collapse enforce a historic preservation ordinance passed of this work was to assess the distribution and of those industries after the Second World War. integrity of nineteenth-century deposits in Almost half of Brooklyn’s population now lives support of a future nomination of the town below the poverty line, and a vice district anchored to the National Register of Historic Places. by adult entertainment is the town’s main source Another goal was to determine the location of revenue. Despite these discouraging realities, of the Freedom Village that was occupied there is a grass-roots effort underway to revitalize ca. 1830–45. The documentary evidence that this community, and archaeology, history, and we compiled and analyzed suggested that historic preservation lie at the center of this effort. the first Brooklynites settled on the highest A multifaceted archaeological and historical public patch of ground closest to the Mississippi engagement project has developed over the last two River, which falls within the northern part of years as an outgrowth of ITARP’s 2002–07 work town that was platted as “Upper Brooklyn.” at the adjacent Janey B. Goode site (11S1232). This From there the villagers could keep watch for project is a partnership between ITARP and the fugitive slaves and aid them on their journey people of Brooklyn, represented by the office of north on the Underground Railroad. ITARP Mayor Nathaniel O’Bannon III and the Historical worked with the Mayor’s office, HSOBI, and Society of Brooklyn, Illinois (HSOBI). The goals homeowners to obtain permission to survey for this project, as defined by HSOBI, include: (1) and test backyards and vacant lots in Upper historic preservation, such as cemetery restoration Brooklyn. About one-third of the 19 surveyed and saving historic documents and structures; lots contained pre-Civil War materials in the (2) increased recognition and appreciation of the A-horizon, which was usually buried beneath town’s history by both residents and outsiders, several layers of twentieth-century fill. An including eventual nomination of the town to in the spring. The ordinance’s first test case, area along Third Street yielded artifacts from the National Register of Historic Places and the involving the proposed demolition of one of the the 1830s and 1840s, and subsequent test unit town’s few remaining excavations there located a corner of a rectangular nineteenth century feature that appears to date to the 1830s and buildings, appears to have thus may belong to the Freedom Village. We had a successful outcome. intend to return to this area in 2009 to expose ITARP also assisted in and excavate the remainder of this feature. creating digital copies of This spring ITARP participated in a press two significant, previously conference called by the Mayor about the cemetery unknown documents that restoration and planned archaeological survey. recently came to light: This resulted in news pieces in the St. Louis ledgers containing City Post-Dispatch and on KSDK, NewsChannel 5. Council proceedings from Follow-up pieces about the results of the survey the early years of Black and testing also appeared in the Post-Dispatch control of city affairs. and in a University of Illinois press release. This Ranging from 1891–1905, positive media attention directed at Brooklyn has these records partially begun to draw the interest of others to the town. overlap the term of John For example, the Illinois State Museum requested Evans, Brooklyn’s first materials from the survey and testing to be African-American mayor. placed on display as part of the 2009 exhibit From ITARP also conducted Humble Beginnings: Lincoln’s Illinois 1830–1861. limited archaeological

46 Research brown, tan and black colored Coprolite Analysis— varieties. In Waste is a Terrible Thing addition, pos- to Mind Project sible muscle sinew was re- During 2007, approximately covered, as well 100 dog coprolite pieces from as some strands 39 pits from the Janey B. of vegetable Goode site were weighed and material. One photographed. In addition, of the samples about a dozen attributes were produced char- recorded for each piece. Some red plant re- of these attributes included mains that may interior and exterior color, represent maize shape, friability and hardness. remains. About The presence of any macro- 65 vials of fauna, such as fish bone and fluid from five scales were also recorded. This features have initial analysis represented been collected Stage 1 of a much longer and will await Processing the Janey B. Goode site dog coprolites. and detailed process aimed future analysis at reconstructing the nutritional/health One of the puzzles we have in regard to that will comprise Stage III analysis in 2009. levels of the Terminal Late Woodland the soaking process is why the fluid turns Non-ITARP personnel will conduct this dog population at Janey B. Goode. dark reddish brown. It is not from occult analysis. We are also hoping to conduct DNA Stage II analysis was initiated during blood. Stan Ambrose of the Anthropology analysis on future samples, as well as isotope the fall of 2008. This analysis involved Department at the University of Illinois analysis and SEM observations of the dog the rehydration of five feces samples thought that this color might come as a hair, to confirm our initial observation that and the collection of faunal remains reaction of the trisodium phosphate and the hairs are indeed from dog and not human. for identification and fluids for future humic acid trapped in the fecal material. potential parasite/fungi/bacterial analysis However, ph analysis indicates that the French Colonial Heritage Project and blood paneling. Following standard solution is highly basic. This is mostly due coprolite protocols each of the first two to the trisodium phosphate that is highly Three years ago, ITARP and the Sangamo samples was placed in a .5 percent solution basic itself. Yet, even soaking the feces Archaeological Center (Springfield) consisting of 400 ml of distilled water and in just distilled water produces a weakly established the French Colonial Heritage 20 g of trisodium phosphate. This solution basic reading. None of the tested samples Project, a research-based program designed was later reduced to 10 g/200 ml for the has tested acidic. Only the fluid turns to expand and summarize the understanding remaining samples. Trisodium phosphate reddish brown, not the fecal sample itself, of life in French communities during is a mild detergent that causes no harm to which maintains its tan to dull white color the eighteenth and early nineteenth micro-fauna; in fact, this chemical causes the throughout the process. For now it is not centuries using archaeological remains expansion of potential parasite and bacteria known what causes the fluid to give such a and documents from that period. This has structures facilitating their identification. deep reddish brown color. There is nothing included the reconsideration of previously The feces were submerged for about two in the literature about processing prehistoric excavated collections and new field weeks after which they were lightly stirred dog feces. Also surprising is that no foul- investigations. 2008 saw the completion of to release bony material from the fecal smelling gas is emitted during the bathing two research-based excavations under the matrix. At that point the entire broken down process. There are bubbles of trapped air direction of Robert Mazrim. The Duckhouse sample was passed through cheesecloth released during the first hours of bathing and Gammon sites are both located within overlying a 300-micrometer screen, which but these do not produce an odor. Finally, the colonial limits of the town of Cahokia, in turn overlay another vat that captured strictly speaking the feces is not actually and importantly, both were abandoned by the fluid. The microfauna that typically going through a rehydration process, as 1800. The Duckhouse site produced the well- consisted of fish bone and scale fragments described in the literature. It simply falls preserved remains of a post-on-sill dwelling were allowed to dry on the screen and were apart without absorbing water. Some feces and possible store then transferred to plastic vials and given fell apart within hours of soaking, others building. Nearby, to the project faunal analyst, Steve Kuehn, took more than 15 days to break down. the Gammon site for identification. The captured fluids were Initial results in 2008 include the p r o d u c e d t h e then pipetted into airtight 20 ml vials and identification of multiple fish species, but remains of a saved for future analysis. About 20 vials very little else. A surprising find in two of the White clay were collected for the first two specimens, samples was what appears to be individual pipe, Eighteenth Century, Gammon about 10 vials for the latter three samples. strands of dog hair, including reddish site, French Cahokia.

47 massive post-in-earth dwelling, as well Cemetery in East Carondelet, St. Clair Mueller-Keck as the largest sample of French domestic County. This large but neglected Paleoindian Complex artifacts yet recovered in Illinois. Both cemetery contains the grave of Jack sites will be featured in Robert Mazrim’s Jackson, a Civil War soldier in the 6th Representing large forthcoming summary volume of U.S. Colored Heavy Artillery. Nearby, Clovis campsites, the French domestic archaeology in Illinois. the Booker T. Washington Cemetery is Mueller (11S593) one of the largest African-American and Keck (11S1319) cemeteries in St. Clair County. With sites cover ad- Lost and Forgotten Cemeteries help from local and county authorities, jacent upland ridges in St. Clair Rural Illinois is dotted with small efforts of documentation and cleanup County. Field cemeteries dating to the nineteenth continue. In the uplands of St. Clair County near O’Fallon, David Badgley’s and laboratory gravesite was documented and cleaned. investigations Badgley, one of the first pioneer conducted by ministers in Illinois, is buried with his a v o c a t i o n a l family on his original 1814 homestead. archaeologists His legacy is one of promulgation and university of abolition in the American students, co- Bottom through the Baptist Church. ordinated by Brad Koldehoff and Dr. Daniel Amick (Loyola Illinois Fluted-Point University, Chicago), have Survey recovered and documented hundreds of Clovis chipped-stone artifacts including 40 Dating to the close Clovis points and hundreds of tools, most of the last Ice Age, of which are made from a single nonlocal C l o v i s , F o l s o m , raw material known as Attica chert. The and other types of source area for Attica chert is located fluted points are the 320 km to the northeast in Indiana along most diagnostic the Wabash Valley. Unfortunately, most artifacts of the earli- artifacts have been found in plowzone est known inhabit- context. Nonetheless, the Mueller-Keck ants of Illinois. artifact sample represents one of the largest T h e s e s t o n e Clovis assemblages in the Midcontinent spear points and and holds many clues to early land- Headstone for Jack Jackson, Civil War soldier in the associated toolkits 6th U.S. Colored Heavy Artillary. use patterns. In 2008, Koldehoff and hold important Amick received a grant from the Illinois and early twentieth century. With clues to settlement Association for the Advancement of the passage of time, many of these and subsistence Archaeology for artifact line drawings that cemeteries have fallen into disrepair strategies. Brad Koldehoff and will be used in forthcoming publications. and are no longer marked on maps Dr. Thomas Loebel (University of Illinois, or listed in state records. Some Chicago) are coordinating a systematic are family plots, while others are effort to record fluted-point discoveries Robert Reber Collection vestiges of defunct communities across Illinois. This effort relies, in large and congregations. Across all ITARP part, on public outreach activities to locate Unparalleled insights into divisions, when such cemeteries are and record fluted-point discoveries. The the prehistory of Illinois encountered in project areas, they are ultimate goal of the project is to develop a can be gained by recording recorded. In 2008, ABSD staff members, database for modeling land-use patterns. well-documented artifact especially Mera Hertel, continued collections gathered by working closely with local historical dedicated avocational Illinois Early Holocene Point Survey and genealogical societies to locate and archaeologists. Dr. R o b e r t R e b e r , a document lost and forgotten cemeteries Similar to the fluted-point survey, Brad managing editor of across the American Bottom region. Koldehoff continues recording regional The Illinois Steward This effort continues to clock numerous samples of early Holocene (Early Archaic) m a g a z i n e a n d a volunteer hours. One focus of this point types (e.g., Dalton, Thebes, and University of Illinois research has been the identification Kirk) from across Illinois. The ultimate E x t e n s i o n n u t r i t i o n and documentation of cemeteries goal of the project is to develop a database specialist and associate associated with early African-American for modeling land-use patterns. As with professor of nutrition, communities and congregations. Mera the fluted-point survey, this effort entails has for decades been has recently begun documenting the public outreach activities to locate and systematically recording abandoned and vandalized Flat Creek record well-documented collections.

48 and surface collecting archaeological cores made from Flint Ridge chert from At the Brennan Hynd site, 98 late sites in the headwaters area of the Middle Ohio, and two fragments of obsidian. prehistoric pit features were detected, Fork of the Vermilion River. His site mapped, and completely excavated. The collections are currently being recorded pits occur in small clusters spread across Contracts by a team of ITARP researchers led by two adjacent ridge lobes, and in the Brad Koldehoff and Madeleine Evans, northern area the pits are arranged around TRDS Private Development, who have logged many volunteer hours an open area. On the northern lobe there inventorying and photographing more St. Clair County is a grouping of 86 pits, and 12 pits are than 3,000 stone points and tools. Reber’s Phase III excavations were conducted grouped on the southern lobe. Twenty- efforts are especially important because in the spring of 2008 at the Brennan Hynd six percent of the reported site area falls little is known about the prehistory of these site (11S1492) and Ariana (11S1482) site within the project area on the east side headwater areas in east central Illinois. in Shiloh, St. Clair County for a private of the O’Fallon-Shiloh Road. However, development (ITARP Project Log #08083). it represents approximately 80 percent of the highest and most level sections of Harold Walter Collection Late Woodland occupations representing short-term encampments were identified the site area east of the O’Fallon-Shiloh In 1957 Harold Walter, a native of at each site. The handful of pit features Road, and all prehistoric features have Sidney, Illinois, took his well-organized at the Ariana site are likely related to the most likely been located and excavated. artifact collection from sites along the Salt larger occupation identified at Brennan Eighty-seven pits contained fragments Fork River in eastern Champaign County Hynd, located 260 m to the south. of Late Woodland Patrick phase pottery. to Elaine Bluhm at the University of Ten pit features were identified at the These features appear to be storage Illinois. Based on his information, Bluhm Ariana site. Similar to the Brennan Hynd and/or cooking pits that were also used recorded 13 sites, 11CH16 to 11CH28. site, the features occur in clusters of two periodically as trash receptacles. While In 2008, Mr. Walter, who now lives in or three pits. Nine of the pit features are artifacts are generally sparse, pits often held southern Illinois, brought his collection Late Woodland, with artifact types and one or two artifact-rich and/or charcoal- to the Belleville Lab because he wanted pit attributes comparable to the Brennan rich zones. Common artifact types include to learn more not only about his artifacts Hynd habitation pits. The other pit feature grit-tempered cordmarked sherds, chert but also about tools and debitage, w h a t B l u h m FCR, and occasional had recorded concentrations of in 1957. Brad subsistence re- Koldehoff, Julie mains. The Late Bukowski, and W o o d l a n d p i t M e r a H e r t e l c l u s t e r s l i k e l y with assistance r e p r e s e n t t h e from Wendy remnants of short- French in the term encampments. Urbana office Five habitation provided Mr. pits contained no W a l t e r w i t h diagnostic artifacts. the information Six oval shaped h e d e s i r e d . pit features were His visit also identified in the a f f o r d e d a n northern feature o p p o r t u n i t y c l u s t e r . T h e s e t o r e c o r d possible burial more detailed f e a t u r e s w e r e a n d c u r r e n t e x c a v a t e d i n i n f o r m a t i o n Dog burial, Ariana site, St. Clair County. accordance with about his site collections. For example, his at Ariana contained two articulated dog the Illinois Human Skeletal Remains collection contains a from site skeletons. The dogs were oriented in Protection Act, in consultation with the 11CH19 made from Galena chert and an opposite directions, with one cranium IHPA (Permit #HSRPA 2008-44). Poorly Agate Basin point from site 11CH18 made towards the east and the other towards the preserved and fragmentary human remains from Wyandotte chert. His materials from west. No diagnostic material was present representing four adult individuals were site 11CH16 are particularly fascinating with the dog burials. The proximity of the present in four of the features. The pits in that they contain rather unusual nearby existing farmstead suggests the were shallow and had been impacted by Middle Woodland lithic artifacts, at dog burials may be historic, although a plowing and erosion. Skeletal analysis was least for sites in Champaign County, few small prehistoric sherds (along with limited by the poor preservation, but dental including a cache of heat-treated numerous pebbles) were collected from pathologies including caries, calculus, and Burlington chert bifaces, several blade the stomach region of one of the dogs. linear enamel hypoplasias were identified.

49 The Urbana Conference on the Science and Archaeology Early Paleoindian Colonization of the North American Midcontinent

This invitational the Urbana ConferenCe on the c o n f e r e n c e Early PalEoindian Colonization and workshop, of thE north amEriCan midContinEnt o r g a n i z e d b y D a n i e l Amick (Loyola U n i v e r s i t y ) a n d T h o m a s E . E m e r s o n

Program and abstraCts (ITARP), and

SponSored by the Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program h o s t e d b y

organizerS t h e I l l i n o i s Daniel Amick (Loyola University Chicago) Thomas E. Emerson (ITARP, UIUC) Transportation april 25 & 26, 2008

Levis Faculty Center Archaeological University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Research Program, was organized to discuss perspectives on Late Pleistocene human occupation of the Midcontinent region and to debate their relevance for current anthropological models of New World colonization. Considerable progress in documenting the early archaeological record of this region has been accomplished in the past few decades, including accumulation of a robust record of Clovis occupation as well as identification of intriguing evidence that predates Clovis. Comparative evaluation of these adaptations within the changing environments adjacent to the Lauren tide ice sheet offers an exceptional framework for learning how early human groups in North America moved into frontier areas and coped with rapid environmental changes.

50 Science and Archaeology Symposium in Urbana

This one-day conference, held on the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign campus, hosted by ITARP and organized by Sarah Wisseman, Director of ATAM, took place on November 7, 2008.

In its broadest sense, archaeological science, or archaeometry, is the interface between archaeology and the natural and physical sciences. Th is interdisciplinary fi eld encompasses both the study of early technologies (flint knapping, ceramics, metal-working, weaving, basketry, etc.) and analyses of archaeological materials using modern instrumental techniques. Early archaeometric research was dominated by dating, structural, compositional, and provenance studies of primarily inorganic materials (e.g. stone, ceramics, and metals). As the field has grown, new applications in biochemistry, soil science, medicine, geophysical prospection, and computer imaging have attracted a host of new specialists in areas such as the reconstruction of early environments and diets by analyzing bones and teeth, tracing the migration of peoples via ancient DNA, textile analysis, site mapping, and digital enhancement of ancient writing. It is hoped that the conference will become a biannual event.

51 Section 106: Tribal Consultation Workshop

When major h i g h w a y Section 106 projects are Tribal Consultation Workshop being planned, c o n s u l t a t i o n Early Cahokia, Artist Rendering w i t h l o c a l communities, f e d e r a l l y r e c o g n i z e d Cahokia Today T r i b e s , a n d other interest groups is an important part Collinsville, Illinois November 5–6, 2008 of the Section

IllInoIs 106 compliance TransporTaTIon ITARP archaeologIcal research program p r o c e s s o f the National Historic Preservation Act. Over the past decade the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) have actively consulted on transportation projects with federally recognized tribes, such at the Illinois (Peoria), Ho- Chunk, Kickapoo, , and others that nearly two centuries ago ceded lands in Illinois to the federal government. There are, however, a number of tribes who believe they have ancestral connections to the state that did not historically cede lands. In November 2008, a two- day tribal consultation workshop was held in Collinsville to address issues of interest to these tribes. Invitations were made to over two dozen tribes. The workshop, which included a tour of Cahokia Mounds State Historic site, was sponsored by IDOT and FHWA, with ITARP staff providing much of the organizational and logistical support for the workshop. Participants in the workshop included staff from ITARP, IDOT, FHWA, and the Illinois State Historic Preservation Office, in addition to representatives from eight Tribes: Ho-Chunk, Iowa (of Kansas and Nebraska), Kaw, Kickapoo (of Kansas), Osage, Ponca, Prairie Band-Potawatomi, Osage, and Sac-Fox (of Oklahoma).

The workshop was successful in establishing better lines of communication and helping build personal relationships between tribal and agency representatives. It also led to the concurrence of all parties on the need for a formal agreement for Section 106 tribal consultation. A key part of the consultation process involved the delineation by each tribe of specific counties in the state where they have a historic interest. Once this was accomplished, IDOT, with technical assistance from ITARP, agreed to create a formal system of project notification for the tribes by January 2009. A web-based, interactive project notification system was developed by ITARP and its full implementation is currently underway. This system allows tribes to obtain project information as soon as it is available to IDOT engineers. Furthermore, it allows them to immediately transmit any concerns they might have to IDOT. Additionally, a draft joint programmatic agreement for tribal consultation is being developed by tribal and agency members to clarify the responsibilities and obligations of all parties. A follow up meeting is to be held in the summer of 2009.

52 Betzenhauser, Alleen Richard L. Fishel Site) for the Columbia Crossing Project. Archaeological 2008 Washausen Site Investigations. Illinois Antiquity, 43(2):8. 2008 The Booker Site and the Mississippian Occupation of the Testing Short Report No. 268. Illinois Transportation Sny Bottom in West Central Illinois. Illinois Archaeology Archaeological Research Program at the University of Birmingham, Robert and Thomas E. Emerson 20:108–28. Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 2008 A Ceramic “Red Goddess” Figurine from Aztalan. Manuscript submitted to The Wisconsin Archeologist. Fishel, Richard L. and David J. Nolan Kruchten, Jeffery D. 2007 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11MD771 (Chenoweth 2008 The Moorhead Phase Occupation at the St. Thomas Site: Branstner, Mark C. Site) for the FAP 315/IL 336, Carthage to Macomb Project. Rural Habitation in the Vicinity of the Mitchell Mound 2008a “Euro-American Cultural Overview” and “Appendix Archaeological Testing Short Report No. 227. Illinois Center. Illinois Archaeology 20:185–99. A–Summary of Recorded Historic Sites.” In Phase I Transportation Archaeological Research Program at the Archaeological Investigations of the Proposed FAP 318 (IL 29) University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Kruchten, Jeffery D. and Mark C. Branstner Corridor from Illinois Route 6 Peoria County, to Interstate 2007 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11HA399 (Cooper #1 2007 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11S69 (Faust Site) for 180, Bureau County, Illinois, edited by Richard L. Fishel. Site) for the FAP 315/IL 336, Carthage to Macomb Project. the FAI Route 64 St. Clair County Resurfacing and Bridge University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Archaeological Testing Short Report No. 249. Illinois Rehabilitation Project. Archaeological Testing Short Transportation Archaeological Research Program, Research Transportation Archaeological Research Program at the Report No. 256. Illinois Transportation Archaeological Reports 120. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Research Program, University of Illinois at Urbana- 2008 The Problem with Distorted, Flattened, Spent, and 2007 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11HA684 (Gregory #2 Champaign. Otherwise Mangled Lead Balls: A Simple Cure. Illinois Site) for the FAP 315/IL 336, Carthage to Macomb Project. Archaeology 20:168–84. Archaeological Testing Short Report No. 269. Illinois Kruchten, Jeffery D., Joseph M. Galloy, and 2008d Public Archaeology and Public Outreach: The Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program at the Timothy Pauketat Transportation Archaeological Research Program. Ohio University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 2008 Developer Destruction at Pfeffer Mound Site, May-June Valley Historical Archaeology 23:30–36. 2008. Illinois Antiquity 43:2. 2008e The Problem with Distorted, Flattened, Spent, and Fishel, Richard L., and Jason M. Titcomb Otherwise Mangled Lead Balls: A Simple Cure. Illinois 2008 An Example of the Application of PIMA Technology in Kuehn, Steven R. Archaeology 20:168–84. Sourcing Red Pipestone Artifacts from Northwest Iowa. 2008 Faunal Remains From the Plantz Site (47WN325), a Late Iowa Archeological Society Newsletter 58. In Press. Woodland Camp at Rush Lake, Winnebago County, Branstner, Mark, Christine Hand, Don Booth, Wisconsin. Illinois Archaeology 20:129–49. and Chris Fulton Fortier, Andrew C. 2008 Mastodon for Dinner? Applying Butchering Evidence 2008 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11MS923 (Bland 2008 The Archaeological Contexts and Themes of Middle in Assessing Human and Megafauna Interaction in Site) for the Village of Bethalto, Madison County, Illinois. Woodland Symbolic Representation in the American the Midwest. Paper presented at the 2008 Science Archaeological Testing Report No. 262. Illinois Bottom. Illinois Archaeology 20:1–47. and Archaeology Symposium, Ancient Technologies Transportation Archaeological Research Program, and Archaeological Materials, University of Illinois at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Griffin, Ryan and Jennifer Pearce Urbana-Champaign. 2008 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11WO483 for the CH 2008 Revisiting Faunal Exploitation at Fish Lake: An Braschler, Janet (editor) 5/Riverside Boulevard, CH 5, Orth Road, Loves Park Project. Examination of Recently Obtained Patrick Phase Faunal 2008 Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology. 33:2. Archaeological Testing Short Report No. 258. Illinois Material From the American Bottom. Paper presented Transportation Archaeological Research Program at the at the 2008 Midwest Archaeological Conference, Bukowski, Julie A. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 2008 Isolated Human Remains Recovered from the Habitation 2007 Archaeology Around Wisconsin: 2007. The Wisconsin Area of the Fish Lake Site, Monroe County, Illinois. Illinois Hargrave, Eve A. Archeologist 88(2):140–53. Transportation Archaeological Research Report No. 123. 2008 The Kaesberg-Schaudt Site (11R594) and the Late Woodland Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program Settlement in the Mary’s River Valley. Transportation Mazrim, Robert at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Archaeological Research Reports No. 13, Illinois 2008 More from the Illinois Frontier: Archaeological Studies of Transportation Archaeological Research Program, Nine Early-Nineteenth Century Sites in Rural Illinois. Bukowski, Julie A. Champaign. Junior author with Brian M. Butler, Mark J. Transportation Archaeological Bulletins, Number 2. 2008 The Ramsey Road Section of the Fish Lake Site, Monroe County, Wagner, Anne Cobry DiCosola, Heather A. Lapham, Sarah Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program Illinois. Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research J. Monteith, and Kathryn E. Parker. at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Report No. 121. Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program at the University of Illinois, Urbana- Hedman, Kristin M., B. Brandon Curry, Thomas M. Johnson, Nolan, David J. Champaign. Paul D. Fullagar, and Thomas E. Emerson 2008 Remembering the WPA Excavations at the Dickison 2009 Variation in Strontium Isotope Ratios of Archaeological Mound Group, Peoria County, Illinois. Illinois Antiquity Bukowski, Julie A. and Brad Koldehoff Fauna in the : A Preliminary 43(3): 16–18. 2008 Archaeological Investigations at the Deer Site, Monroe County, Study. Journal of Archaeological Sciences 36(1):64–73. [online 2008 Prehistoric Landscape Utilization in the Uplands of West Illinois. Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research publication in 2008] Central Illinois. Research Reports No. 98. Illinois Report No. 115. Illinois Transportation Archaeological Transportation Archaeological Research Program, Research Program at the University of Illinois, Urbana- Hedman, Kristin M., and Thomas E. Emerson University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Champaign. 2008 The Luthy Alps Site: AMS dates, Stable Isotopes, and 2008 Military Sites in Warsaw, Illinois: Fort Johnson, Maize Consumption in the Central Illinois River Valley Cantonment Davis, and Fort Edwards, 1816–24. In Edwards-Ring, Jennifer and David J. Nolan at the Late-Woodland—Mississippian Interface. Illinois Frontier Forts in Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 2007 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11HA351 for the FAP Antiquity 20:48–84. 1682–1862, edited by William E. Whittaker, University 315/IL 336, Carthage to Macomb Project. Archaeological of Iowa Press, Iowa City. In Press. Testing Short Report No. 264. Illinois Transportation Hickson, Robert N., Robert W. Moroe, and David J. Nolan Archaeological Research Program at the University of 2008 Bifurcated Base Projectile Point Assemblages from Two Nolan, David J., and Richard L. Fishel Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Sites in Jersey County, Illinois. Illinois Archaeology 20. 2008 Archaic Cultural Variation and Lifeways in West Central 2007 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11HA398 (Inkster Illinois. In Archaic Societies: Diversity and Complexity Site) for the FAP 315/IL 336, Carthage to Macomb Project. Koldehoff, Brad Across the Midcontinent, edited by Thomas E. Emerson, Archaeological Testing Short Report No. 252. Illinois 2008 Who Were Illinois’ First Pioneers? Solving a Really “Cold Dale L. McElrath, and Andrew Fortier. SUNY Press, New Transportation Archaeological Research Program at the Case.” The Illinois Steward 17:11–16. York. In Press. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 2007 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11HA414 (Christmas Tree Koldehoff, Brad and Daniel Amick Parker, Kathryn and Mary Simon Site) for the FAP 315/IL 336, Carthage to Macomb Project. 2008 Clovis Biface Technology at the Mueller-Keck Site 2008 Plants and Technology: Introductory Comments. Archaeological Testing Short Report No. 254. Illinois Complex, St. Clair County, Illinois. Illinois Antiquity Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 33(2):133–36. Transportation Archaeological Research Program at the 43:6–7. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Pauketat, Timothy R. and Thomas E. Emerson Koldehoff, Brad, Jenna T. Kuttruff, Brian M. Butler, and 2008 Star Performances and Cosmic Clutter. Cambridge Emerson, Kjersti E. and Thomas E. Emerson Marie S. Standifer Archaeological Journal, Vol. 18(01):78–85. 2008 The 1940 Fisher Site Excavations, Will County Illinois. 2008 The Kerr Canyon Textile and the Importance of Illinois Antiquity 43(3):13–15. Packrats (Neotoma floridana) in the Eastern Woodlands. Simon, Mary L. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 33:183–96. 2008 Review of Architectural Variability in the Southeast by Emerson, Thomas E., Susan M. Alt, and Timothy R. Pauketat Cameron H. Laquement. Illinois Archaeology 20. 2008 Locating American Indian Religion at Cahokia and Beyond. Koldehoff, Brad and Charles O. Witty In Religion, Archaeology, and the Material World, edited 2007 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11MO597 (King Landing Thompson, A. and Mary L. Simon by Lars Fogelin, pp. 216–36. Occasional Paper No. 36, Site) for the Columbia Crossing Project. Archaeological 2008 An Analysis of Textile Fragments from the Janey Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois Testing Short Report No. 266. Illinois Transportation B. Goode Site. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology University at Carbondale, Illinois. Archaeological Research Program at the University of 33(2):153–80. Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Emerson, Thomas E. and Timothy R. Pauketat 2007 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11MO600 (Lamear Site) for Witty, Charles O. 2008 Historical-Processual Archaeology and Culture Making: the Columbia Crossing Project. Archaeological Testing Short 2008 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11MS2105 (Farm Unpacking the Southern Cult and Mississippian Religion. Report No. 267. Illinois Transportation Archaeological Road Site) for the Crosstown Road, US 67 to IL 3 Project. Belief in the Past: Theoretical Approaches to the Archaeology Research Program at the University of Illinois at Urbana- Archaeological Testing Report No. 270. Illinois of Religion, edited by David S. Whitley and Kelley Hays- Champaign. Transportation Archaeological Research Program, Gilpin, pp. 167–88. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, CA. 2007 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11MO1070 (Gas Line University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 2008 Archaeological Investigations at Site 11MS2107 (Sinkhole Site) for the Crosstown Road, US 67 to IL 3 Project. Archaeological Testing Report No. 271. Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. w w w .itarp.illinois.edu