THE PLACE OIl CATHOLIC CULTURE IN THE

Dl!."Vhl..OPMENT 0)' EAkLY INDIANA

By Sister Mary Certrude Schuckman, S.P.

A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University in Partial Fulfillment of the Require­ ments for the Degree of Master of Arts

Milwaukee, Wisconsin January, 1952 PREFACE

Recogaition of tbe lelislative assistance afforded territorial Indi­ ana and continued throup the inceptive phase of atatehood to the JIliddle of the nineteenth century is meticulously recorded in textbooks, mono­ graphs, and ltate reports. Occasional Mention or secondary acknowledg­ ment of the vitalizing influence of the Catholic Church durin« this peri­ od of development is unbiasedly proffered by some authors, but a minute survey of her beneficent service is not recorded. The purpose of the present study is to a.certain by _ana of c_par­ ison the mea lure of influence exerted by Catholic and civic groups in the acquisition of the dearee of culture embodied in educational facilities, literary endeavors, and benevolent organizations. The period chosen gives aaple evidence of tae Iradual intelration of old world and colonial American culture which ..de Indiana one of the first centers of civilization in the middlewest. The writer is sincerely grateful to Reverend Mother Marie Helene, Superior General of the Sister. of Providence, who bas permitted this in­ vestigation and shown a personal interest in its coapilation. She wishes also to thank Reverend Raphael N. Hamilton, S.J., for his direction and critical asaiatance, and Doctors Herbert W. Rice and Frank L. Kle.ent for their e.uraination of the manuscript. .she is also indebted to James J. Creen, aasiatant archivist of the University of Notre Dame, for bia cour­ teous belp in making AVAilable various collections of IIW1Uscripts; to the staffs of Indiana State Library, tbe Vincennes Public Library, and the Carnegie Public Library, washin&ton, Indiana; to Sister Camilla, librari­ an 01 St. Mary-of-the-woods Colleie; to I~everend Placidua Kempf, O.S.B., librarian of St. Meinrad Abbey; to die Very Reverend Monsignor Paul A. Deery who ,ranted access to the Old Cathedral library of Vincennes; to

Doctor Leo ~. Dowling of Indiana University, to Sister Mary Alvire, S.P., and to Mrs. ~illiam E. Hinnette for help in obtaining materials. Table of Contents

Preface ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2

Introduction •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5

Chapter I

Cultural Pro&resa in Territorial Indiana, 1800-1815 ••••••••••••• 7

Cbapter II

Cultural Pro&ress in tbe State of Indiana, 1816-1840 ••••••••••• 37

Chapter III

Cultural Progress in the State of Indiana, 1841-1855 ••••••••••• 65

Bibliography ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 85

The purpose of this study is, therefore, to make a comparison of the lHthods used by ('.atholie, ~rotestant .. and civil croups fr_ 1800 to 1855 and to show what these different croups aeeOlilplished in a cultural way. The term culture as used in these pages is synonymous with civilisation.. or the degrees of intellectual refinement acquired from the influence of religion and the study of the arts, sciences .. and ,overnment. I 8

repl.,. nUl plotveaq••• tnet., borde.. ed wI* ~...... be .wel1- iJa&a, ..... Hlfried ch.... tow... 1a tbe .'.hr. I. nett ...... u..... lei..... 11 alMl plealure-lori.. pI.pl. u,.. tOf' dle ellJo)'llUt of lit. 1 rather tIwl the acquiaiUoa of wealth or lucla. 1a c.tra.e, a aod'l'Il 'ioarapael' 01 Wil1iaa K_.., teama. dtaclairaa a ViDC ..... that was a brial:at torch of culare blauna ia the wild......

II_ adtItu that .1 tbe capital cit)' .1 the INlckwcHl. it •••f hiltorica1 ueS .t.... t.e&lc iapol"tUCe, a "CiOll of areat AlBertcaa po•• ltd.1i" •• , ,.t, ita 1., h.ua•• aDd rutted .treet. coa.tlta,e. a raaabaokle towa ,..•••• - I", neither worth HI' 4ipity...... few of 1,. tudlle. Che ..1 va. ret.d.M4i, be ..,.., a ...a.laace of the * ...... rat1...,... * ,an.... • t ....,... cal",", IMt ...... , ladae•• aM th. 'arlel.. t habit•• , 4 til_ ..tift ...... , •• character.'" the _jorit, of the iahabitaau. c..... tn._,...,. to thia decad.... va. taut "..'9&1... of ia'.... mac •• , the whltea aIld 1841a... Buept lor tboae 'w wblte... bad 01-. to the c.a- t_ and laDpa,' .t tbell' , ....,.tIle .... , the 101'Ml' CNltunl 1atl.eAft of the IT... had bee_ but a ...... Uo 'ftditiOll, u.d •• territorial la- S habitants 01 1800 , ...... , .... 'fWltable faca1al1• • t the ......

'ather n.ae' ud toud lb. erraUc aM iapnYlcl•• , .. 1a 1792 1M had H,. Id. alailt..,. .... tIIa. v.tauate41 II)' thei.. appa.... ' iadift...... , 11e kbored fer ...... oae-balt ,_.. 8 to laproft tlleir ...1&1 •• well .a UleJ.r lp1ritual cead1U.. la that --daal, aUrt tiM he .... • ault1'''' the lira' territorial Hhool., ....." .... aaricaltwe aa4

J Cau..... , ... "IMn It sa CCiSl If !,.,.,.. 4.1. (11...... J_a, Yll'iW., A..... 1Nl~ta., fF.'" .., !!ani"'. Me "'" .. """ 5 »orodlr· l • c.._1, WIllJ.e!!tJa lard,",. ! 'tlitlllllfitlrMU. (~1., 1.20), II, 9

6 p~tecl • aimple tON ot manufacturing. Seareely had hi. phn. take. aha,. when he was recalled to 8altiDaore, but i' 1. to bi. ,lory an4 that of the Catbollc church that the L1I1ted Stat•• ,overDment r"oauzed the worth of hie experiment. It was President \;iaai1baton who, d•• irou8 of tartnertng the polic7 ot the Christian civilisatioR of the Indian and collisant of the lafluenoe exerted ~y Catholic priests on the frontier, 7 roque.ted ••other pr1eat to "pl.. him. 'Ib.a it waa that the intrepid Jo•• PraIl.t. MYe., .,... with a 8mtad State. cOMi.uoa as •••• 10...,. 8 to the btU.... ,· CODtimMd the Itd.tial work .f naaet.

Deftted priaril" to tile Il1teHn. of tb. lad.iaa, IiYet attempted to

81 ..at. their 11nq to a d...... COOltlMll'l .....t. with the c1riliution of til. tr_tier whit... Tovard thi' ad he rniftd rell,ioul , ..a.tic •• , .ata""

111b.. achool., and provided eYer)' pe•• lltl.e .... to ovvcoae the a'el"1al 9 baDcU.•• ,. att.... ' .. their ...,... r1tlled coadltl... 1.0I'cla fit 1\1.. ._.. co...... DOt e:dUlt. hence, tbe ....ult. of bis Itrivin,. are a ..tter .f ceajeetun. A tl"&ftler of ae day baa lett UI a &1111, •• • t his culttared p .....onaUty and d•• crU ••• hla a ...... a poll."', IM1'1l8d, .,ell-w.d. ,enU... 10 an, ...,. kill4 aa4 toleraat toward al1.8 that characteristic wid_ Juul ••pec1allr !mpre•• ed b1a wa. the aelf-sacritlclna ettort• • t the prie.t 11 tor the adYallc.... t aIld edueAtl. ef hia flock. &1rel, such. cOllll8ll4atia

, "..... J. Ale"".. , " Biard' W Ct!bollc C!!!£t! " •• DiM.' ,t YW!9MI, (lIMUau.poU.,lii1, • 7 HeJ'llall J. Alerd1na, lb- US" 21 'm WUM. (rGl"t IN,..., lto7), 16. • ...... K. Sal... .ta w .., ... be. ~ ...., (at. Me1ancl, laUau. ItA), 168. . 9 DAl., 171 .. 10 C. YolMr, '.~!'5t .~ ~ ... I!!!~'. ('&1'1., 1103), •• p., cited Ii 4!!ifi!tile .,8t. He1ara~d1.... , 19l1), 111. II !W.. 10

fr. & ...... e&Chollc 18 bi.P pru•• i_Mel. JllcAny, however, atwihlte. bat aMll ...... to ta. prie.t'. labor•• 1. that tr..... 1U.oaal periK whea .." ...ricall "w. beau to doeju'e the .....opeaa WI_e., illv.t'. i'reach w ..eli ... \HU wel"e .... Miataiaa, 01It of ,lace &a4 e ...lped to a_aUty. Ue ••teDd. taat tile .iP' ud ODe­ half year .paa of ai.e". ai•• loaary activit, repr•• enta i • ..aller acope tile whole .'01'7 of the I"elaU•• _weeD earU.e.. 'iac.... aad later ladi.....

11ft' vita•• NG the c.iwI&. of YiM... e. fro. na 4ec:lla1e& 'nnoll vill.. e to la an Aaerioaa tr_tier '.w. It S1.e ta. pncl...... r. of "".1'. nat.t ... 11.. , daD "ok. 'e the 1ato .eftatellatA •••mr, .. lt i. a tact tilat 'tM 'erritft'1 .f lacli.na iaact Ib.&nd. ca. Mufih of &;.alhoUc ould.ftUoa fer ...... ,...ft... ,. ih f.,..tlO8. II th. Catholic oIuu'ca atW... &Mat partial ...... , 1t baG at

1eut .i.aa.\I&lIrate4 tbe .ethocl. ",.. wa.t.c.b vi.. lepalaU.•• o11l4 _11el an eaclur1aa& '"..... liv ..... OB July.... 1800, WiaM T.rri tfl7, 1ac11l4.lB& tile ...._. .tate' ., la41a.u, UU.o1., Wi ..ou1a, UtI JUg... ta .....tt1ciall,. Ut. beilt&. finc... e, v&' 1t' cI.,1.pate4 oapital, .... b,. 0 ....,. .t ...... 1 __ Jolua .wau, Willi.. H• ...., Harri•• ita ...... 1._,. ,...,.., ...... 'iratatu, a ••.,t04 the peaitloa with tall naliuUoa .t .. iap.cU... harOIaip'.

Lif. OIl ... froaUer pe.', in all ita .,,..,, .a t..u1i.,. to hla. A, a J'OUth .f ei&a\eea .e laael "_ Jl'UtM a ..-1.&1_ •• Baaip ia the 'ir.,

Uld.teel Statea .eahMmt by a..ral Waafdllltea aad .tati0ae4 at Port Waab.iaa- toll. 1M following year h...... Ai..... "'O" to 0eJtaI'al AntaGIJT Wa1M, u4 later a. l.1fttewmt t ....' at the batCl. 01 'allen !1IIbera. Ill' ..nic.

12 'Ih... T. McAvoy, the Ca!9t'&c Church 1! IJ4ltM, (New York, 1940), 101. 11

1n a c1:vic capacity begaD in 1799 when be vaa elected to tODlres. by the firat terri tor1al assembly. l)auon acknowled,e. Ooveraor Harrison t. pre­ requisite. by the statement: "He knew both the cQuntry opened by Wayne 'a 1l victory and the point of view of lir,inia ADd Kentucky frontiersmen."

His as.iped post held little that was attractive. Vincennes vas not only almost inaccesaible, but by va, of reputation most despicable. ~Iar., can say Doth1n& ,Md of the Vincennes of 1800. labelin& it ollly vi th the 14 notoriety of it. drunken brawls and Indian fi&bt.. Yet, despite the ap- parent deieaerac" the or,anisation ot thia land into a territory had ac­ celerated ita population, wealth, ADd ,eneral proareaa. According; to Cauthorn, VlneelUle. 111 1800 "oatH a center that attracted the Itcream of the en.r,.Ue, aapirin&, &ad. eul.tivated 1M. fr. all the older states of 11 the Union."

It was ..n of such caliber who early took advantage of the democratic prerolativea &ranted tiuul ia til. act orpniaing; the territory_ By ita pro­ vi.ioDa the iababitaats vere ,tven the privi1e,. of a le&!.lative asaeablr to supplant the rule of lovernora and judge.. whenever they ahould duire Ii it. ID the aummer of 1S04 therefore, petitions for this caanae vere preunted, and. followia, a _jority vote of ll8 free-hold.... 1D. SoptOlllber, 17 Harrison procldJaed the re-.isioa OIl nec_ber 5, 1804.

A. 10.erDor Harrison ranked &I one of the beat eve.. sent out bJ ta,

II frocIerio L. 'AXHII, Hi'~m of the Aaeri.O!1l ,....'l.r. tle.tea, 1924), 121. 14 Lolall £.&are" tl;h!gr1 01 IDdiua. (DaTtOD, Ohio, 1922), ls175. 15 Cauthorn, A n1.tm .f .... CiJ]' .f '!eo''''', .T. 16 Baa...,., Hlstoa .f Wk.. " 1.180. 1T WIt.. W. Wool ••, 1aal,1 W...... Jac.b P• .0.., ..... I!ftIU" JOIl[Ml ,I 1_1... 'f.rri~rt. 1800-1!16~ (I_lanapoUa,· 19(0), 3:125. 12

United States. In education and tritining he 'WaS above the pioneer, but in d.ocratic ideal. he was one of them. ,U though .eriou. en ticism was lev­ .led a&ainst hia for his inaUiuration of a type of Spoils System in the ap- 18 pOitltment of judie, durin, his early years.. still he was at no tbte guilty or the methods of the low politician. In the creation ., the "'inner circle" to administer the affairs of the capital and knox COUllty, he had selected

Virginians of learning anti attainrl'lent. with their sUPl'ort he or&an1zed the courts and representative aSlemblies, enacted and enforced the laws, es~,b- li.,hed inatitutioDI of leamin" organised and trained the 'enlto,.,,'. 1I11i­ tia, and in &eneral prolided for the ma.inteDance and advancement of the new­ ly or&anized territory. FJL. ,reateat work duriD& the early day. of bis governorship, and one

Ilot to his di.cred1t, wal the clearaaee of the Ind.ian holdill&s 1n the INbllc 20 domain., The Indiana ot 1800 val 011 the ...'hole tor the IllCliau aad of them. It wal neceslary then in the interests of pro&re •• that a aeri.. of treat! •• be _de if the i.ud&rants were to make permanent and prosperous settlement•• theretore, ill conformity with the policy of tbeUnited ~tate8 loyernllf'nt 111 recop.1dnc the right of occup<cy of the Indian by negotiating treatie. of purchase, Harrison sought to appeale the inerea81na demand. of the white

8ettlerB and. tIte priori ties of the sange. It i. ot CQIJIlOil a&reemoat that in Ids Indian dealinaa he was preeminently fair, ftft'er resort.iD& to fraud, treachel7, or the subtle 1r1trtpe pttllible in Mlotiatiou betveen the su­ perior white and the intellec~uul,. retarded NY"'.. Proof of thia fact 1.

18 &H.rey, !!$.story of 1!cUp!, 1:176. 19 &l.laon &ree, ttGeftl"ftOr Harri.... ucl cia. fre&tJ of 'ert W&JIle, 1801J" 111 the l!!!!.t,ea -DIU! of !&,S!I2. 11 • .111 (DeceMber J I'll). 20 Panon, !,IatS!2 g{ She __"can Froa.$ie[. 162. 13

n evinced in his etforts to keep liquor and the sa~&e apart. The widespread abuse ot the liquor traffic was the principal hindrance to the atteapted civilisation of the red ~n. Recognition of the impedi- ment caused Harrison to make a concentrated ettort for its eradication. Less than six months atter his arrival in Vincennes, be issued a proclama- tioD forbiddiR& the sale of liquor to the Indiana. By this .eans he hoped to curb the practice which was the initial transaction in all the business clealiD&a of the deprayed traders of the irontier. At the sae tiIle he sought alao t. pre'ftnt the consequent incarceration of the drink-crazed Indiana who when under the influence of liquor aa.aulted whites, destroyed property, and bee... in leneral civic nuisances. In his numerous memorials to the President, Harrison pleaded for a _ans to check the whiskey placue. Ia 1805 he urged tile Territorial Legis- lature to adopt some aeasure to preYeftt drunkennesa &moDi the Indiana, ex­ posina; eu.tin& coadition. in. .at grapbic terms: tou are witne •• to the abuaes; you haTe . aeen our towns crowded vi th furiou. and druDken savage.; our streets floviq with their blood.; their ana. aDd clothJ.Rg har­ tered tor the liquor that de.troys thea, and their .Iserable WOMen and children en­ durin, allot the extreMities of cold and bunceI'. So destructive has the pro,re•• • t int_peranee been iUlOn& th., tha~2 whole 'filla,•• have been swept avay.

In another att_pt to combat the ruination of the Indian b. s&id:

I baYe witne.sed the evils caused 'by liq­ uor ..ona the Indians. It i. tbe horror of horrors. There i. no eriale nor int..,.

21 Baree, -Co'Yemor Harrison arul the Treaty of 'ort wayne, 1809," in the Indiapa Ha,asine of Hi.t0Et, l1s355. 22 Gayle Thornhrougb and Dorotby Ribar, eel •• , Journals ot the ~n.eral "a, ..bll ot Indiana Territoa. 1805-181~, (Indianapoiis, 1950), 41. 14

that the,. clo not perpetrato in th.ir ex­ ce..... A _th.r throw. ber ehild l.nto the fire; no••• are bitt.n off. Iti. another bell --11& ttl_ duribl th.ir 01'-23 ,iea, which _It be s.en to be credited.

It was Harrison's belief that failure to pa •• effectual law. to pre- vent the aale of liquor to the savage was a IIOral defeat for the govern- ment. H. ureed his constitutents therefore to proTide these protections, and .tre•• ed the expediency of an act which vould be "cORsi.tent with the 24 Ipirit of Chriltianity and the principle. of republicaDi... " Thul it val that by exertiJli e'f'ery uau ill hia power to prevent out­ raaes again.tt tae lnclian, by punishing tho.e who perpetrated crimes against th., and still aore by provicl1ng ample annuities for their su.pport, Jiar­ rilon tried to ameliorate the wretched con4itiOll that wu thei.r.. The

_a,ure of Ids .ucces., like that of fla&et and Ri'f'et' a, cannot .,. acte- quat.ly veiaAecl. Althouah society ill ,eneral benefited by the 1l0ru es­ tablished, the effortI expeued on the Indian were for the lIOat part waate'. Either the rac. taile. to cGaprebend the way. of ci'f'il1zation, or ha'f'ina 25 know tb_ oral,. OIl an iDferior level refused their refilliDi beDefi ta.

Society in the territorial day. of IndiaD& vas aD adailtture .f the na­ tive .a.... 'e, French Canadians, aDd. the Vir,im planter interspersed with those undesirable eleaent. atteHu.t CD .wry type of aigrat1oD. That this last &rouP

••• compoa. of the backva.1l 1n the tid. of ai&ration, the inert, the do-l••• , th.

23 Jacob P. Dwm., Indiana. f !ed.ptiOD IE!! 81aye[1, (Bo.ton, 1905), 123.

24 Loco laarey, ed., HetH'•• aDd. Letter, of WAli.. !!urI Harrison, < (Iadianapolia, 1922), 11155. 25 Baree, "Go'f'el"llor Han-i.on and. the treaty of Fort: Wayne, 1809," Irtdie !fee_ye of M11tory, 11:359. 15

ae t er-4o-well., the fl0l181'1", the Illite... ate, the,roaic ')'lie, the Wao~ .1Id til. llIUIOral.

4.lct DO' attaiD ., ucend.euc,1 detl"1IIental to the ,I'OIIlOtiOll .f the ,.val wltar. aa4 tbe oultivatioa of a peneptiJUe cult.. e w•• due to wi.e le&1a­ latlem u4 o.-,.,.. t law .aton_t. In order tbat the dean' of 01.11- 1l&tl_ already 1ntroducect llato tbe "Ud...... Mould eDdure, protoctioa v.a a vital _oe.. it1; hoac_, the dl.col"ll1a& la,,_latun of JulJ 29, 1805, fOlWllatecl tke fira' all-eIlCMpala1og code of ori.ad.Ml law ia ca. terri...,. lea ODIlctaeirt. de&! t lor the aoat Jart v'th ra1aor ottena... aor.. thiem &ad cattl..... U.lDc were peoalised by tiM. or a ,nacriMd __hr of 21 hab•• , ~.. pUt, of p"olane lhtur1Dg b.t.... a _&1I,rate 01" oOBlJ'e- 28 ,aU. a... ble4 for paWe ww.b1p v.... ."oj"' to 4 $.10 fl... By 1801 _" ,triaa_t ,".I.lou wen lnoluclet1 in the co.. The 29 doath peult7 w.a. affixed to uealO8, 1IIUI'd.'1', anOD, .. ta...... taU ... 'la., ot $300 or 39 ..... et the lag were ...1aaecl to luUpton of 30 riota, forler. y .... tiMd dould. tbe IVII tlI4I1 ba4 defrauded .. -Ht 1. a the pUle..,. Dot .....1.., tbIw bean." The bipU.t wu to be ttwhipped .. lab 0" her bare back aot 1••• tlwi 100 DOl" .... thaa 200 .tri,.., "ell lald oa ••• (ud.) til..... t .... be ...... 1Id'auaou aacl laoapa'ble of 110141111 .u U1 0 ...... 1 .. , c1Y1l 01' ...Uta.,.." Sa. Draconl.·iu wa. e'ri.cI_t17 .. Yita1 issue It .iYili_ti.... pert..... tie ... Il.... ,. _ ..... troad_.

• J-' A. w.o4 ....., ·WlaIaa ...... " .. ill .... I ..' .. I!fIJ.tJlK It ""MI. 27,11 (.... , 1Nl). 27 ...... " .'S!!Z Ie IMMM. ltl...... 28 rnDCl. I., PIaU... , ed•• 1M ... " lRM,p, hrd!!rz. (Iadi_,.u., l'll}, D.ua. at .DY., UaUa-W. 30 .D.Y., 221231. l1 1"•• , 22.141. 32 -.Di!l., 221247-2-48. 16

'.rbap. the beat Indicatloa ot legislation of cultural t.pert ... th. pro'fi.l...... for the reaulatlOll of _rrla,e. ' "e ...... ta vere aet at 17 for the _Ie aad 14 years tor the taale, Publlcatla.f ..... at a pu~lic concourse for the apace of at least ttlteca days vas likewi.. re­ quired, III the e.eat that oral pultlicaU•• was tapeaat'le, • writt. stat_nt beariD& the aea1 .f the Jud.,e ot tile tiatrtct was ~ M attlxM in a public place. In lin 01 el the.... tis .. that of ••evi. a U.c... 33 fr.. the clerk for a swa ot 08. d.llar was 4..... suftiel.. ,. Divorce proceet!1a&s v.r. ala. prond.d. ca.... for vldeh the .ec .... WAS aranted were lia'e. _er adultery, lapet..,., ext....-. e ....1t1, ete. It i. intereat11l1 to aot. that ... in that peri04 of ••ft.IlCiq cldUla­ tioft on the trontler, courtl were In.tructe. to ake rea... b1. ,...'fi.t... .u tor all_Dr. £Dactaent. of .celal iaport In this perted were haphaaal"d. aM luf­ fectual, but at least they were atteapted. lMpriaoned clebtora were p •• a .... of honorable dischar,e, aad 10M proYialeaa we... acte fer tb, ,..... tlcUen .ad care of orpbau" lacona1at...,. vaa metet, how.. r, 1a ,.... aittlDa tile aploitatioa of bor- aM &irIs in Wat..... appl'eftUeelb1pe. A ••ri •• of act. In neopiti_ of .la• ...,. weft aloo pa...... ,. them in- cOld.D& ...tera could leptlMtely .... eemtraet. with their .la... fer lUe-loIl& lenio•• TUM act. "'" _del...... ,....,. A..... t ia- 31 I..... e... ,hoed OIl the la4t.au I.tnt.a, .&utll.r endu.e of tile a4ft.1lO8 of cultve 11 tOlUMl at tid. tl.- 18 til. prodaiOll 1M' f..-J. edlJcatl... Ia IBM c.are .....4 put" tile '.roo­ rit• .., a ''''1, .f lud to ...... f.,...... '1_1 ,....,. ... , aM la

33 .bil""., TIle kg If I!4lw !!£d.Mn:. 221Ul. 34 ))li., 221323. 35 Eaa,." a&.!orl e( ~''II' 11198. 17 c.,Uaace with the &rut the t'errJ.torbJ. Legisl&ture of .....ber I', .Ji 1806. pus.... act illCo"pol"at1oa & Ulliv.... itl1a the '.1T1t..,. The introd.uctory puagrapha of tbe Act of lacorpQratiOll .t the Univer­ sity exeffipl1ty the desires which the leaders of the day bad tor the intel­ lectual advancement of tbe frOl1tiersmen. Recopisin& le.mill&. to be the "ablest advocate of genuine liberty, the best lupporter of rational reli­ giOlls, and the source of the 0111,. solid and iIlperiahable glory, which ma- 31 tiona can acquire" they souiht to establiah .. aeans which WOlIld enahle overy citizen to acquire the knowled,e requisite tor the fulfillMent of his spiritual, temporal and political righta.

By tJae charter &ranted the UDivera1ty in Sept_bel', 1801, Viacenn •• was d.aipated as it. locatlOil and the IWlie of VillConaes \Jniv.... i'J va. in.cribed. A board of tNs'-e. with (lovernor Harrison a. pre.id.eat was appoiDted and directed to establish ud prod4e a faoulty tor & school JI of llberal art. and .science.. the· faculty, which va. t. cORsi.t of the Presidat aDd tour protessors, waa en&ac" to teach "Latin, Oneil, 'renca,

En&l:1sh, _til_tiCI, naturai philosophy. lo&ic, rhetoric, &ACi ••t and II modem hiltOl'1, and the law. of aature &r&4 nati8IUI." A bulldin& site for the proposed unlverait,r val purchased iD February,

1807. Actual construction ot the buildlD& va.. 'beaun in 1808, but tile entire structure wal not e.,teu uatU 1820. 'file fizlaBe141 ata.. ot the 1ut!tutS.OIl reat.. in the hut. of tho tn.,.... Acti.q ill ..

3i Philbrick, TbtLfWI ot 194I,!! Tsrr&t!£l, 22:118. 31 ali. J8 DAt., U.178-l?j 39 !ili., 221180. 18

• ...,....,. _pad., .,. weft aatllorlncl to ..u parta of .... 1...... ' 40 , .... .,.... U.-1 ......

the ....trpt ... neel.... aot1ficatiOll of the opeain, .f the Val...... al.', ...... f ...... rip.i .. papera wldell ael.,erti..ad tel' -,ebelara- at a tldtioa rata of $16 per , ..... tor 1It&11u, taU., ldatol'7, C...... ))hJ', .... _*.. t101, aDII • jal' portioR .t tbe tuel, not to e~e.d ODe .... per MIl.hr, aM $10,... ,..... t ... ' ..each. 41 4t t1M lilli.. rait,'. u;p••• eclu.o&t108 of t.be 1AcU.aa va. u.,..", ia fact, .....,...... wu _pl.,... to iacl.. tau t. Uk. adY&.Dt&&. tit tile 42 o,penni" tia. attoned.. Tller. 1. ,..om, ".w ..... , of 'alT oa.. WI.•• hari»& .nilecl ld.Deli 01 the .,pertuit1 - • ".001, ao 'oubt, WI 43 ip.oraaca 4...... "...ciati_ of value••

I. accord.a.AGe with the cUrter the UUt... were 1uU'UC"" to _ talJli.. I.•• "a. I.. t.t..auc .. pel'ai.tkCi &A iaat.iC1atioa tor the ._cat.1_ at t ...l... .A...... 1' .oAoo1 ia wAJ.cb the J'1&d.i ..tary .... b.rudM. fit .. l.u&taa,•• were t.o be uqb.t wu al.. te be • .rpn1ae4. ~OJ'.or kJ'rl.-

...fia the firat .. t.teMpt. t.0 G• .,81o, tA1a ...... aellool ..a a ".par... , of tile UniT..... 1", bat the pnJ4tOtwu .baad..... by ~. tn.te.. 11l til. 4. "1'18& rJ l807. the cu.... ar ala. _ell.daM a 110"&17 wiUck wu to .. c.uuctad. f. ta. HDefi t of tao ""'ata u4 prot.... I'. &ad u ho... '-ba boo.. aM

40 Howa.rd R. Buntne, -"P!.r lI1a'...,. of ftne...... hd .... l"Itty,· ...... MJ ...... '" It !I!...,.•• aU .. 12lO Uue, 1.31). 41 Ibi9,_ 29:116. 42 P1atl1wlck, The J..aw 1'1M'... 'el"l"i!f!T. 22,112 • ..., Ju1a •• LeftriDc, !l!!!d! lacIl'I" (lew 'erk, 19lO), 4». 4. Pldlbrick, The Lawa o! tndip3. Ten-Hoa, 22:183 45 luraa"o, • ....17 Iiatol7 of ,I...... VDi ••nt_,· 114M" Haiatilt It ¥i.59rl. 29:117. ::- !• 20 va .....aId. .... AaNI tol. a' '5 each -,.,..It1. la ....t., 0 .. ill ncb 10 book.- a. dae Pnl1d., aa4 41 ....'01' ...... ,..... tor a6l1.11_ ... at dle _1•• 4I.tend.aecl ,, __• Witbla ... _til .t 't. oqui.. ". the •.,..,. ..u..te4 .7 .barebo1de..... 1t.enN ...... ttt1 .. to ...... as ..., Mote. a. til.,. 0VMCl ...... To laf.... rd ttl.l.... 11 .. tioa • twat,- tl.... eeat t:lae va. 1nt.. _ ..,.. who ,.rat,,,, a Ubrary book "to lte 51 ..... O1lt ., lll. 9WIl Ilou ..... !a ...... • t a ,.1' tite U ....., HcalIaM 313 ...,. well ..lee," ••1 ...... , .at_ ar8 .ull a_i1<lo. II. aut 1eeatt.. , ...ri. ... to the war .t lila baa ...... 1' be__ tend.aed. c.a.... alatal.. tbat t.UewiDa •• , ...... ,.,.. ... tor tile wa .. it va ...... 111 •• Barrl- Sl ... aaaaioa. !h. a4tiU.. • t • ablori,U.. ~ ..... a"U.. wi. periedtoal., ,..pblet., ...,.,...... 0 ...... ' pric. 118'&' wa. ad• .., &1 .... at.. , 1. 1114. fu1:IIer 4eYel.,...t ., • libra..,. i. ao' ....1'4 .. S... DtU tH t ...... Ua of llUllaaa .. a .tate. " tvclae.. pnot *' territorial Wlau ...... 1 ...... t. eY1d._t :I.. til. tan tlaa, t1ae ..ttel' .1 __tiM VU .. the ...... • , ,....UAll,. ''M..,...... a.l, tr. tile dae .f til, oqui.. tt_ .t tM r,rr1101'ia1 Lec1a­ !a"'.... lIle ...... tor educaU... l eDa.-.ta 4atu to tile ONiu.e• • f 1785 aM 1"7. ., tile t ...... , Me ...... ue et laa4 ta ... ' .....1', 14 called lect1_ 16, ft... e.ernct to.. tM .uat.... 1 .f pftlle ....1 ••

50 Joe litell.ll, -!h. Old ftac.... .u.bnr7,h 1a the IMiyt !ea- dJ! It !i"on. JlaM>-J4l ( ...... 1'2.1). S1 D&4. 12 ea._... ,,, Hil!tn !( .. stl " 'AM!!!'I, 27_ 13 'a.,ett A. Cottoa, ....,'. "J"U'., (lndlaDA,.11., 190"), "21. 54 DU.,I". 21

'be tid"' articlela tile OI'dluaee of Jul.,. 1.1, 1m, ....lfl ... that ......

Ucla, ..rallt,. ... kaowl .... he..... e.e,I&I'7" ,. ,_d , ...... t aad. tbe happlae., of ....11l41, school, ud the ...... f edueaUa .1Ia11 fore...... IS .._raced ...

The.. C...,.•• lonal act. ..t a precede.t tor ,,"equest 1e&1,1&tlO8, bat 1a nallt,. accoapllahe4 11ttle. the tint eOllCerted 110.... ' t_reI educatl_1 ele.. lepraeat wa, a a_YeIltl_ at ,t._•• , In Dec"".r, 1802. Mao. til. petitl... to eoBares, formalated. "" 1t. "'.1'" _I a reque.t f.1" • ...... ot Iud for the ..pport .f ...... ri.. aad .e.... 1. .f 1_1"dIIa. I .....,.. •• Cottere •• pu." Oft March 26, 180<4, a I •• which ,re'rid.. OM entire tevullip i. ttl. tllNe 1&114 cU..tria.. of Devoit, Yl ...... , aacl 16 Ka.kalkia .... and f.r • ---17 .f 1...... the 11nt ICbGel. of the ,.rrito,.,. were .on ,rialtl". III the ....1,. 1800', a hall...... ,.tt1er, leeated w:ttiWl a radius of 'daree all...... tl- ated a .e"l... t...... taatU.... per... va••• uall,. cle.. lpated to lutnact til. cllilclra 1a th. -3 1' •• - h'we. 1101 aM 1110 lt vaa ..... wi•• to ,re... t the olatlel .... Ina • .,..ure t. ,..,1\1. attack. by.ladtau or vUeI aal_l, 01\ their wa,. to ... t .... a ."i&uted ••tt .. pl.c. " pJ'O'riclla, ·cil'01l1atiltc teachers. 1t the •• 'NU.,.•• peat a ....t __ third ef the cia,. vith a taU, 1•• 'n.'lll1 the ddldreD, aM ..e ... 01 ....- 1.ted" to • -1Pt.er1ac IteuHllolci. ., 1815 .Uare. ot a 1eeaUf;J wen ...... 'lna at tb. ao,t centrall,lMateel It_, where .,. COM.eI th.lr .7 1 ..... 1a tile ·1.... • lei1' at UM I' • •1 ......

51 ....,. S. C-aer, ed., __t ••t _ri... au.".!Z, (In tort, 1'.'), In. 16 t!Ml! It q..."•• , 'CoDcres., 1 ...lioe, ~, lZU-1IIl. 57 Ceckna, n..., "'m " IwY:ua, <4.t. 22

All.".•• f lNlldiu. weN uuU... t.,. •• hoo1a. Ia Martl_YiU• ...... wero appJ"Opriate4 4uri.a& til. teaperatlt ...... 18 " ..a,. the tir.t .chool v•• 1.. , .. i ... IMr•• 1d.l1 aM pre.ldeel .Ter .,. a ..,tlat aial..... At wa,...'f'Ule a .chool, re.trlct.. to ule atud_t., va. taqlat ,,. a ...... d.red U.Ulle.. ill a 'blaok""h ahop. 'emapa the ...t wd.qae .t peda,o,­ ical lutituh. vaa 11 .cheol bou .. iD Waahiaa'ea OOUDt)' cOMtruC'" .tttl H pert _le. for p... 'ectioa 1a lacU.aa attack••

Al ...... pi...... l'c1.latan. 0.. _1 ...... tl .. 1 .,.... tal" reaobi. ill ".pe, it. lIIpnetlcalJ.t7 ...... tt. d.f•• t. The ...... l v •• to be It...... die '''_ vat.... it,. 1ta apex, with preparatol"1 cOIIra •• • app11e4 .., COUll.,. ..._ri... la .....,. tbe Mtbod vu ..ell_t, ,. lIIId lack of ,...... ,.teat haellen ...... Ita lamtalde tail...... 1M..., .ttl"1_,...... taU.... of til. eu11 .,.•• aoe 0111,. to lu.ttlc1ead.. at

1ac_ ... 1Mlttet...... ter. aat to the .p1r.1.t of the '1...... Ute wIIl_ 1M. 1a De .,. c...... wi.... ela•• te ...... the MIl.. ! .,... t_ ...... t •• The '1...... , k. a.. r., ftft .ot ..." ....tad. .... ; til., "'1)' W .. attraeU. ter a.,.... tlt.at ..lt1lor c1aeriaJaM th.ir to tdeala "I' at...,... to t... tam ••i ••o or pIail.... ,..,.. ".pt.. o.ftnor lam•• '. tate.... , 1. tIM ••taW .... , ot , ...

• ctloe1..... tile atteat... f •• la...... t. &clop' Mall. t.r ....tt .... 1 f ...... ra ... , th.... vu ...... leatdati.. DO" _l1tM ,","" ill die .naW..... ' .t e_ ...... 1. dlaI'.I.a& th_ ter1'lterlal periN • ....er _uta"'''' e_tri_u. to pi..... 4Nltare ... tile ...pap ....

58 IAv.riaa, ti!'!r1c IM&w. nO-211. H VUlt.. H. WtIl, !la, g'!!D " til! "'5! Of 011., 1897), Ja1l7. ,_lat, (''''a .. ,... iO Loaa. BlareI', "!be Pl...... Arilt"rae1,· in the Jed". -BRIt If 1U.d!!Z, 13127" (lap...... , 1.17). 23

ViM.. e. ho14. the ti.tiM_•• f "la, tho puWeaU_ ...'er ., tile 61 "flrat aH 1.... t-11,... .f '1...... aewa.,.,-r. Ul"tIl ., Obi•• • Wl til tho _"..0_t1_ of Go...... r Harri.aoa, a.apaper ,.\11cat1.... iurod•• ed 1D 'iaeeme, 11l 1803 by IU.hu Stout, a prillter - tIM 1!fl!!tR 21'.'S! of fn.IIktort. 1Il a boat 8upp11ocl by the ,oyomor, the , ... prta­ tel' traaaported typ. _ad. a weeden pre.. deWJt the Ohio ...., the Wa." to Viacena••• The paper aupp17v&a traa,ferre4 ...,1aa4 'r pack bor••• fII... alai ....." ....unci a ,..., hence the first 1.... of til. MAY! Of-­ .t!!.! di4 DOt appear _,11 Jul,. ,n, 1804. '8 a weekly It was publi..... u­ til 18Gi. .,... toUowllt& a 41aaatroul fire, Ita publication va.. DOt n­ IRJIIetl uUl. 1801, wIlea 1t a,pearecl a. the Jie.!t.m Sua, the title it re- 62 ta1.. 4 utU 1111. 1. , ...raJ. the early jotll"Ul. of tho We.t vere tar t .... "..tentl....

KaIlJ v.... priat.e4 •• brow wappiDl paper ricll _, aftt1able Uqu14 .f aD iDdeliW.o ..tve. III eM ianaace the ,ria.r', 1_ was ...., .., ... eM

1... va...... , adracul.... l,., it Mt artiatleal11, naB .tt .. a .i.. .. 6J aUl. OM .140 .t tbe paper ft•• Ull ... tor the first pri.tiD&, ...... it. """I'D __ ..... aNai...,. the Beat 1.... va. recertled .. tbe .....,.... the Ie&MM "!f5" ... VIJ!!li! 1M "ere, however, of bJ.&Ilv oaliber. flle7 were a '....-eel_ tollo with 12-P01at .1H t7PO aacl ,riated ell a balMS lot prell.

'or yean .. Miat...... f a aw• ....t vaa ...... 1......

61 aalJb L. a.., 1M "'''''... If "U!!g fnt!UJ:. (1_ lOI'k, 1.16), lin. set .... 62 o.ol"le I. Gre.e, 1J1.toa !t S4 'I!!!!!!. aM 1M! 90gb: IIM­ Ill' (Ob ....., I'll), 1,474. 63 iU.H.Mth K..... bi., 8Ja41ua'. '1.. a, ..... pape.. ,. 1. til. 1atiH! Heas" of llnerz, 111121 u-, 1.31). 64 ....,. W. Pucell, -, ,...,.,. of 1a.. 17 lew.,.,... ill ..... JIAWl. W.... ra Stat.a," in the 1M1w"liP' !lII-'tu, 201355-356 (he... ,., 1'24). 24 ot vb1ch perha,. oal.7 50 ..t 01 a peaalblo 8000 Hltlo.. a could I'HCI the lD&Uah 1...... , a .....1"1'tl_ Uat of 100 JII&1ia& ...... ve. the __ 65- ot oiNUlau.. Publ1ahe1'. 'truc&led ooutud1 with d.4'l~_t .... acr1..... , aD iaadequate ftpply ot paper aDd iJIk, &ad the ure1iable -'1 cI.ll.. rt., Upoll which de,.aded their .uppl)" ot ...,.. SurYiwl A... t in.tuM' clepeadeel _ ,OWl"UMllt patroaae. .Nidl.. were proYld.e4 '" federal aad terrihrial IcrNmaeata tor the ,...-l,atl_ of tneil" -...t­ __ta, .... ttl. protfered .,.ce rate. tor edltia& the law la .erial rorm prov1de4 at 1.8' a ct.f.la1te .ovee .f ....,.... The CflllpeDaatioD, •• Mati... 1a a letter of J .... Matiacm or he..... 20, 180.3, w. at the rate of tlft, Milts pe.. pac-. Local. prlaten ....., ... 'tie4 fo,. the apptl.aCMD.t u Diatrict ,ri.,.... i.U.• Stout vaa puted .... o,U..... h...... ' bia prJ.atbc ,...•• to

,iDee•••• He BOt oral' ....ecl hi. ,.per CO tIM cIt ...... t1. of .... law., Mat 111 1804 ,..btl...... f tiM f .....' ...IIdl.U...... the t...au ...... 66 • 1.11..,... 'VOl... ot the law. ,..... 111 180~ •

.bide t .... the pahllcatlea ., lawa, tile .....Ita ... va. tbe no...... verkecl Mel... of the printed .....,.. )lattan of local latereat, ...,. to.. all .....1eaal ..,1_ of a urrta,o ...... ,. 01' ttlo "port of a tUe,

GOcapleei aD ~, lWt." .,ao.. Hel' of the ear17 pi..... aw.. papen ...... a poUUoal ,eU.,., ,",.riDe te operate oatho ~a1

••1 ••f allec1aaoe to deMeratio 1.cl.aiI. JiltJ.. Stou~ aoquaiMo' tbe rea"'" ot .. prlacipl•• pYe1"81aa the lracl1_ easette ...taU .. tbat

6S CbaritT~, ft•• OW YN I !HI ia IMi ... (I.uaaapol.l., 1.16). U7. 66 Ieu&l •• c. IIIMDrtri., 8!he .... ., • Pl'iater ia 1acU..... 'oni­ tOI7," 1a the IMHPI lfIM"at " MlHa. J21lS (Mareb, 19l6). .L...... a • 26

tbe finer aa4 ""'.1' thiDca, the lar,er Ot&t- 1.. an« til. wide,. hope.... 9

PanUel to the•• cmd .....r. of the cltl... of the 'laoene. area

&lid tlte _rt..... ct.ats 01 the gait_ Stato. IOwnaeat to Myelo, territorial latiaaa va. the eoatlaue4 .tri'ring of the Cathellc Chvoh to bt oal,. u ... tile ...... t. of tho Catholic eiYlllutioa which had b4Hm .0 palutaklaa17 ••tabllahecl wi tit the .,.i&1_1 ..'U.ra, but all. to retd.a .a' ...... of Ctllture which ,.ther. napt and Rlftt hael lDculeatM.

WIl_ la 1808 the ... of ...... towa va. • ...ted, the tlra' at,er waf placed oa the brow ef daat .... _etiot Jo.e,.. nalet. The eoatimted ro- tia1.a& ,l'OOe.. 01 the troaUer could DO' haft ...... pl.eel J.D acre eoape­ teat baael.. 1Iaai.... M. year. et .....1 ... .,. labon pre'li.. to 1800 lle he.

"Itored the ...... rat. aDd dilapidated 'inee.... to & cleeree of Ckri.tl_ clnul&tloa :bapluUCl there " the earl,. Jeaul.ta. Jtec:alcit..... t pari.

1.a.... wen iA4oced. by b1a to ,..tun to tile1r ...uatou. cluU •• , net tlse eJuareh, aacU,. -&leo,.d .... 1a .... of re,.l.. , •• rellOftted. Th ...... hi. 181'..... tal1t7 the tin' .chool 1a the territ..., was opaecl, aM a Catho- 10 110 prie.t bec ... ·IDd1... '. tl ...t teacher." Ia Ita lac.ptloa the IOh ..l

.trow to .upp1,. the aere rwtiMata of l.am.. , hut iJa ltroa4eat_, to ,he ..... of the enl F'.1 t, It dft'el.0pe4 lato what would aov I>e d ••l ...t" aa I ....trial Art. Scaool. r .... the haM. 01 tile 1II• .,... a'-1e nalet .... al.. th_ fl... at f ..... • t a ..lal ..nt_ '8 tile .tate. Halrl", hi, ...... • ove•• th••• ot hi, poor oo_mitT, ...... to .... "'1'11108 of hi. c:lotld. to... tke tldl,e.' aacI hi, 1ta... tor aece'a&r7 o"'or'a for tbe .ick cIariaa the 1'8'Ya&•• of the aaallpox .ple1ate 1- 1793, nalet _WI_ th_ Chrl.ttaa

'9 Oreen, _'Pi_ IBa BaEO'.' 8. Mt! aM '&MI' 97-98. 10 AlenliDa, A ••tm !f CIte 2!tI:ldJ.! QIau£!l! Y til! ""... of '&u!!!'I, 7o-n. 27

11 cDult, pracUced 1B tIM I:te.aeftleat 1ut1~cl... of the preseAt da1. n ..., ....usa a.reuaN Del aciDllatH cae luabitallta of Viace... to

..." ....1.'1_ of ciri.llzaUoa, 1t .. eu.1aecl for bi•• ucc ••• or, Jos.ph ,.... 1. 11... " to atteapt ...1aUa .. iaproftMet DO", the Ind.:1au populatiOll. la worki.q tOf' 'lbe Ntee..... t of tao aatlve Ind.1&n, be &1.0 achi.Ted tho reclallatlO1l of II.liU1Y of the white.. Truly, iU..ot becaae ill tb.e short periocl

01 hi. IdalatI'J the aoGe.. a'Ult& WIu... 1u the 11te of tile tow of 'ia- e...... Ia Ill•• pirleual nala h. proaote4 "ell&iOU8 iaatruc:t1oA, rectified _rria, •• , .. to ... en.a. eratia.teci the iJaoral1t1•• euau.dere4 D1 the .....i •••s. ot 11quor. 11...... iau attri._te W lUa the e.tabliahaeat of tlY fln' Hplar achool 1a eM Sta~ of lad1_. the ..bool, located ia the , ...."".1'1, was ceo""" \)1 • Mr. Hack..... with ratAer Ri:nt .ctia& 72 •• htor. ft.. eclvcaUoa of JoAaa Cleve, s,... Harris.. , the ,o.emor'. '., u" that .t tAo .ou .t •• terr1torial JuGa .. va. .'aJ.&ad to tile tvtel.aa. ot 'CAe prl•• t. AU ill til. , ...rao .. " plaaa for eatabllahia& • coll... ,

Rl.et' • .....n ... weI'. to be uUUIed fu1:tl... 1a tM Lat1a departaat. '3

hide_ that tao CatboUc pri•• t .. the fl"ODUer wu couluncl 01 ci.10 •• vell ... Q1riual ~ 1, touaci 1D the detail•• f a letter of 1.1"". p...... 1a •• Cath..... l LiIb"u7 .f YJ.ace.aua dated MaHh 26, lfi01. a.a.pioa of Jai. poo.. people 1D .....,. u:t...a. t1, e.peci&lly 1a clo­ tMdi., tau.. laad bolcliql tna .. a'tVioiov..... :1C&8 ,,'tl...... &IUd.._ to , .....,.... hi. iIIJe"rl.... c ...... ,...,....1 •• , he &44.re ••• De teUoviq U ..e. to 0...... 1' ""1'.. 11 ...

'1 Alel'di...;\ .I'W " se. 91 ••». Clm.I'CD. J.a !It! D1!!.,! I' D ....." 71-72. 72 McAvoy, The C!!!ollc 9ml! ia 00", 10'. 73 lW.., 100. 28

Slr 1 tNt, t. ,...... 11..., tile 1 ..... to e. poa. .... cou1deratl0111 ot pulitllc: utura Nt... JHI' .,... I ".1m ,... J...... upon thea. At the a.ta'11ahata' or the Town of Vin­ e_.a, the klq of France ,ranted to the c_reb. .1\\ '.. to the pri•• t latruated vi tb the .pir1mal care of tid. co",r.. atiOll -aree­ abl, to the ruler preacribed b, the Roaan eatolic church a tract of land tour acre• ...... ,...,. acna 1.... the title .f this ceacetaiOll aaYiDc .eftr bee. coafUmed by writell, I ....pectfully a"le to your E.xeel­ leacy ., be, 1'JU tbe lawtul coafiratioll of this laad. I ..at obae.... 1ft that it is in ...... ner tile patr1a.,- of tbe poor treaeb people ha'fiDi _'ftr h1re4 it _re tho two "hel• • t IDCl1.. c ...., or ... bulle! wheat, or trequelltl, ... trillln, vorka. HaD7 .f tile•• poor .... wiI. th... 7ur. paat 11.. plalntitully .}lOIl the IIldian trade, bei_ BOW ~... r1 'NCl ~ tb1..... ou ...., ce.i,.. to Imow wheth ... tile,. cu petlti_ tor lome acrea ot laad with ... pre_bilit, of heiDi heard, fI to whOll the petitt_ is to .,. directed.

!he el.olill& paracraph .f the l.tter 8\1&1.'" that lIot onl,. vaa hia solici­ tude applied to the welfare fII hi. neck, but that he had _ ...leva ....1"8 tor tile well beiq 0' the clue atate. It lapU•• a arutal truat aacl pel"­ teet aooo...... tv •• the repre.e.tatl... f the Catholic church aad tile hlP­ e.t oidl authority 011 the tl'Ol1uert

I .. just iIIo~" of .... hoatile cU.. po.iu .. , ,., eftD beala1a&s of War bewe. the tribes of Vabaala " the put­ watalaJ. 1 recpaeate4 .f .ellan who .e"e. Me llear the Indiu Tribe., '0 bri.. to ., boae ..e .f the aut co.... • ielered ladiY1cluala a. fast as pof.1hle, ill oreter t.o be Nt.tv tat.... " ft 1 will lift you notice of all. With due ,.e.peot. 1 have the ko... ra to be t.... lAetl...,., w.. !he a.et .bt..,. very h. aervt • J. Fr. Ri.... t

,...... cript letter 1a Catbe4ral. UbraJ'J, 'lIIe__ , JaIli... 29

Following the death of Rivet in 1804, Vinceanes lapsed a,ain into a period of letharlT. No resident pastor was appointed until tifteen years later, and the work of the missionaries once more vent into decline. Four priests, Fathers OliVier, Badin, Nerinckz, and Fl.,et, managed during theae years to giTe a spasmodic ministry to the settlement, but neglect coupled with the struagle for livelihood and the ever present Indian vartare pre- vented further advancement of cultural interests. Cognizant of this retro- gression and anxious no doubt for the influence of the Black Robes to quell the risina tide of war with the Indians, Harrison a trove to obtain a gov- 7S erument subsidy for a successor of Rivet. The keenneas of Bi.hop Carroll's

regret in baviD&. no pri.eat to supply was made all the IIlOre poignant by tite knowledge ot the ,rowing number of Protestant .octs upon the frontier.

Baptists, ~akers. Presbyterians, Shakers a.~ the indefatilible Methodist Circuit Riders all too quickly ,ained a hearin& and diSCipleship among the Indian tribes and white frontieraeen.

The methods adopted b,. these groups were ",ost prbdtive. SOlIe 1ft of the early ministers, David Rice, founder of Transylvania Vniversity and Bishop Asbury of Asbury University were men of intellectual attainment, but the greater muaber were religious campaiper., zealou. but uncultured - some of the most succe.sful eYen borderina on illiteracy. Tne vocational guidance afforded in thos. days was rooted more in emotional fervor than religious conviction. Even the forma11,. ordained judged tbe success of

their revivals by the vehemence of the discour.e. and the arousing of the congrelation to a delree of frenzy which culminated in trancea. seizures of jerking, Ihoutine, and barkinc. The success of these Protestant sects,

7S Godecker, Bilton B[!!te de R-r, 115. 30

Ru.t ..1atal .. , va8 "1. ta...... atio to tlaei.. iate11.ctual a't:a1JaeIlt., l' aM 1. 4lreot nue to thei..... tloaal appeal.·

.pU.". aad. ' ....b7t.riaa. coa"''' fo.. tin' ,lace 1a till...... 11s- i ...f til. f ....U.... !'he ••ttl ... t OR 811..... en. 1. cla1M4 ., the f ...... to lIa... Itad the ti... , ...,uiSH obarch la the .....i' • ..,.. Ita eoa- ....'aU •• c.. l.d.q 01 ...... 1.17••• _ nttic1_t,1, eol...... 71 b7 1804 to proYi4. tIla erectl_ .f the 11nt olluroh.

TIl. ltV"... IDdl_ CJaveIl" ...... ill 1801 1a a bara, ... aact ....

IIalt .u...... •, Viae.... , ..4111a1.tered. to)" a...... 1 B• ••It .... _, va. ta. ialtial Pre."".ri.. c1\urGla 1a t.... terri,• ..,.. It 1.,. o1d.a to tJae ...the .. • , W1lllaa • ....,. llarri.... OM ., iu cUrter __

Hr•• fo .. li... t ....i ••t lIia1.t... , '-81 t'Ilenatoa Icott, ... arrtnd ira '1M.... la 1802 i. aconti'" til. "acid.. • t a .clloel,. ill til... ttle- • at, ,*t P .... 1. DO ...or4 .f lta ".'lalte loeatlea • •• ...... , .f ,oapel teacbiq .. the tnDU'" va. the _to•• • t

...... t roUala•• n'ri'tal 1. 'ea'"*,, ia 1100. Illa _thedi"a, .a' to be _M_ ., .tIlar ••,.,,,11_, pl.... til••• aftl'do •• f .... vild...... ia ...... • , tho... , •••,..11 ...... C1.rcNt.t Illd..... the Mtllaod, Uta...... , ... .". l1a1aop rraaei. As....." pro..... a .",.rIt ., ad.a1.,.,. •• p.... la1ae4 tile e..pel ,. lar-a.... tpo~t. ot e1YUiutloa. ru. reli- Il- 0...,...... lt1...... ,. lacl.. _ YiaitaU...... rotaU_.t ...... ,. .... tl... " 'fin... , or ,_ vitlda the co.,lae• • , ",.b- ....,..t1ft ...... - .rl••• .,.. ... til. aal:fttloa ., aU _. !be f1 ..., ••U ... 81redt 1a

76 auk, 1M YSID'" ., !M !ltM1. W•• !tn rr.'l'E. 1146. " 11110, !!vi g"Kl .1 .. 1Mb .t lell,., a121'1. 71 J. H...... I'd, -a.teh .1 Iar17 , ....""ari .. 0Iav0Il 1a 1a41a.. ,· 1. tb.e JD41!M !fMt!W of ...,,,,. 2laaoo (I...... ,., 1.2S). 31

Indiana, orpnized in lS07, was known as the Silver Creek Circuit. A third circuit in 1809 included Vincennes. It is of interest that upon the occa- alon of the first Protestant sermon in Vincennes in 1810 the congregation comprised a few government officials, a few En,lish speaking settlers, two or three Indian., and the governor. Although HarrisoD and his wife were communicants of the Presbyterian Church, he toatered an all-embracing type 79 of Christianity which gave universal approbation to all creeds.

The circuit riders vere of the uneducated. BraYi", the wilderness and the bigoted i&noraoce of the frontier, armed with a Bible, hymn book, a discipline, and according to tAe!r meaDS a copy of Wesleyts Se~ons or

'letcber', AEP!&l, they conducted camp meeting. in the fields and meadows.

These latheringa were well attended, if ilot for aoul aaviog purposes at lust tor the social life the)" afforded. In .at aectioDI attendance at them vas the only vacation pro'dded the frontier... n. In the winter cabins of aettlera and barrooms were utilized as ••etina houses. 10 the use of the latter tho landlord was charaed with the aa1atelUlnce of order. It is to the credit of the circuit rider's influence that the owner's con""ion was often attained, and tbe tavern ultimately became a permanent place of worship. Eventually 101 cabin ...tiDg house. were erected fashioned of 80 clapboard roofa and lacking even priMitive adorDaent.

In the eyes ot .aD)" a frontiersman, hovever, these circuit riders held a bigb place. Harrison declared them to be a body of men who zealously dis­ charged the duties of their calling. To their methods of ,ainin, recruits h1 "seeking out the victims of viee in abodes ot Misery and wretchedness"

79 Willi•• W. Sweet, Circuit Rider Day. in Indiana, (Indianapolia, 19l&), 8-9.

80 Ibid., 41-48. 32

81 lle ...... _tiaced pr&1a.. III ...craat Baare, .ecla...... 11' lIlId.a,.rial ••cu •• cI.,..... upon the uerti• • t ph,..1.. 1 ,...,.•• i. auW.u1a& the 82 "riel" ruttiaa .tore iIltrod_lac h1a to the Werel of the ....r4.

In coapari.oa witb. the ..t!lod. tapl." "" the Catholic prie.t 1t i. IMll woader ta.. that catholic1_ va. label" a. a ...... elT iat.llectual 83 1'.11&1_.

S-ppl_ntal7 to th••• ,"t•• tant IJ"W." were ~. au.r. aM Bappito•• f". ,..... 1', ott1e1al.l7 .... a. 'fIl. 0111," soot•• of ..11 ..... 1'. la CUIa' '. SeeolllCl C.... , IliaratM Ir.l-.t1lOk7 ... OIdo to .....n IacI1au..... aplto the iapUoaU_ of tIlo"" all...... titlo, til.,. wero laard-werkiaa f ...." vbo qui.t17 pracUe.. _ell' nl1c1oa ill Ute c..,1... of ,.0 naiatic 'f'il­ laco" 'ocillaI' t4t tho.. 11'f'1a& 111 Aak.rtowIl, tIle1r oridMl ••ttl __ ill bdla.. , vu CIte pracUce .f eellkcT. Ibe IJ'O'l' beara -u. 111,.... ill th. lal.t.1T of tho tOlTit• ..,. atac• ..,. adb...... to the ro1i&1'" '8Mt WI. could...... -ri.. o 1••• pertec' tIau the cell_.. atato tlMir oult .... 84 ...... edlact•

.\ Iiailar ~.j .Uc ....., were the lappit... V.or tIM 1ea4.... 1' of 0.01',. lapp, tid.• OerMa ..., alarat.. t..- 'uuTlft1d& t.a 1814 ,. llIdia.. . "'of... l ...... therlaad., thel.. firat ....aftr. v .... tIH .....cU ... f a ..... aDCl pdlic •••1. 'al' auperior to the ihak... tho, la.... to til. ' .....1' • .., a

.ll.... that W&I ... arcb1tMtt&n.1 .anal .f tis. peri... It. lat.rior va. cell-

atnacteel of tile ...t val_t, ca.rry, ... "''''1'&' vood dlat •• IlKIla ..

11 J- I. 1I1•• rt, • ...Dods.. t.a "'tltw.tel'll Iadiua,· 18 tit. 1M,.. !Y!B!! .t ry..I!£t. 1,.132 u-, 1.11). 82 1Iarq, "UBl " I*W, 111.4. U 1M...... JlaJD.&N, Dt fUn of ..riM! C!5M1I." •• (hw tork, lNO), 161-162 • ... IarlewlJ.acll." ... , , .... ft. ltD _",11 !rtDba. (Iadl.... apo11a, 1916), 11. 33 f .....u PI'OCl-_. It J.a aa1cl taac ... "'"t7 ot •••411100 .liclt.ct froa

All 1a&lJ.* , ....ttl ... the c_t tht h. coalcl • ...roel11aa&ia. ll1uelf ta the vila of laU... whil. valid,. thnqh tAl 1 ...... ou41aa alal••• Dd 85 ~ tM .tately collODD&d •• of tid, Cat.aWal.... U,.k. duu-ch."

It 1. tne tftat tiae RapplM ••ttl .... t at .....oal. aai UtAt of wko.. - 'ova _ .. tile tllaUaeUoa .f W .. tile blrthpl.... of two .c aaa ...t ridel,. kMwa on."d.Uc .....1auh aYer vi" 111 u... Vatted Stat... They ,aYe to t.mt.rlal ladiu& .... to lta .arl, .tat_" 4&,. aa lDt..... tll1l tMat ...... aful mel..... ' ia ...... t1 •• ut•• Hovlver, 1a the vorcl •

• t naaet'" Yi8l," cae a.ttl.... t ill 1619 1t 1. t.o b. "laael1tM that 8. __ w ... .,. aacl .....17 w.. va.'eel - obJecta-to _, th. 1e<-of .. Ii .....1,. ~ aa",". H Ita diuel"tioa withia • tfltl cleca4•• is coanllc- iII& ....., that • ciYilia. soc1eq- dU••• oc1&tecl troll .0" relipo.. pr1Mi.pl•• 0tUld .., ......

It __I 01.... *_ntore t .....tu4eat .1 1:.be ri•• aIl4l p...... sa 01 al.... 1a 1841...... t nUa1-, .. _tt... vilat lta d.i...... Ule4 I • ...u.u, ...... , tb...... tial tact.... iD u.. oalw.. alacl .. __ ca.IroaU.r.

Ttl. cal..... at Qia pv1. llke all tki.rt&a pi... er Mt with coaatl••• cU.tfi4hllUe.. ' ...... t ... ten'itOl"1al periH It. ".aao. v .... al)J.ct t. 111r1d.ac aM aiaiatet' ...... ta ., t11e 1Iad.1aa "pri_iDa.. r .... 1802 tb.... were _ ...... W ....u.a ...... &ri ••• 1. loll."l.,. t1M polle, .f ta•

., ...... s.. __ , ...... t .. e~tJlI&Id.a tla. Wi_ tiel•• to tM laad. 1& ta.

18414111. Terri....,., knol_... ,oUate4 •••1'1. ••• f pvcba..... eat1... 1'81'111-

-d.Itc with tlle tre&t7 of 'ert V.,.. .. sap...... 11, 1809, the Valt" itate.

8. LiMle", I_1M y ie.... lug TtfUWP, 243. 86 Mattla J. Spald1q, l'!!!4j.gt JOII. 'lagt, (1..fti.Yi11t, llll} , U4. 34

aeq,dzede, t;:h1. to akat 2,900,000 aGree .1 laIl4 direotly aortb. ., '1a­ oeaae8.

TH•• t .....d. .. were repaUated. by the abor1&1ae. _ tile &rou4 tbat;

the IadJ.aa. a8 a uU.. owu4 "e eoU aA4 ...1rl&le trlM therefore llael the riPt to 41e,.•• 01 .., pareel of lt •• It pl_"'. file vaUe.... tr_ 1.1 to 180• ." which .eftD 01 ttl_ _jor trlM' ltad rel.J.Dcpdallect 01&1_ to l"'a .... au. bonI..... f the 0IIi. 81"1' ...... tal__ til .f .a.

rt.,.... Valtuh a_ tAe ..aten beudaa7 of .... ~t&te ot Ohio" weI'•• e'" 88 tv' tit• ..u aacI ..lel. W.t ., ..." ••iU .. &ad .a' ,rota. &aMI w.'ter 1. oa.plalat. qa1ut the acnae.... ' • • 1 tile wAit•• vu taa. Aa••• V'&ITl .., , ...... AM'" ., 111. tw1a brother, LoIMt 'el.. , wllea. , ... 1a "..,...tlac Aak... doctriM. acco"'''' Ida tile UU. "TIle Pr.... t, .. , ..... plaueel a"".' ••at .... ra.,. ot all tM vlH. ,. t .. a ulwet tr.' aptut ,he ..t.&nat wiU.u.. Ap1ut dle1r ..1a1aed t ...... t cralt, .tat._-""" ..,...1... ru... , aM .._,eel ••,.....t;val powva .....:1 ....a ow.:1pcl to pi, .:1 ..411' ..taiU... cU.pI_o, or val'.

-.0... of ... 1Acr".:1a&l7 laead.ll att1A4• ., ttl. Sba... Pro,...t 80t oal;y ...taNH the fI'OII"U' ., , ... umtol7 Inat pr...... a ,1.... &1 .tate .t &1...... the lMallltaat.. .,. 1101 th.... r app"IIleuJ._ v .... tvthe.. au...... " u. c ....traU • • f tJar•• _jor t.nH ...... l ....nlli' of til. Pro"'a, at. 1'1"......

AI ...... pa .... DO ....t .1 ..rn ...... llarrl...... tile two obl.t. a...... til• .ta'-ace ., ,..... til. 11&:1". PnpIa.', t.tpS...

87 Ian., "00 ...... "'1T1.0Il &DIl th. tr.at, 01 'OI't W.,.., 1101,· I,."" Hyt"" .t 1Ii.!gn, 1113.'. II J" J. lill_, A R.ton !( 1!fI!M, UacI' •••poll., 11•• ), 418-41 •• 35

an appealiag caDdor &Dd .irlpUcit,., denied oorud:"aac. with the Britlall. Un-

11ke hi. Ma, tecuueh vas a ...allst 'With a .lqlt aill ... totall:y iJlO&p­ able of reall_tag the foIl, of hla hostl1ity to the ,0.. mBeDt .f the Ualted States. The aster stroke of hi. arrolance was eviaeed at the conl.react of

1810 wh.n in direct contaapt of the , ...rnor', wi.hes tbat he appear with a .tipalat•• fev atte.daDt., he catapalted lato the ..at1B& four bUDd .... full,. 89 a!'fled and "ocally defiaat warriors.

the acitatiOll ,rev between 1810 au the foUovla& year. Out 011 the

frinae of the pion•• r ••ttl .... '. ODe outfall after anoth.r wa. perpetrated. lw1l1 te. ot the territOI7 were cOIlatantly barraa.". Jr_ tbe 0.... .ft... . of hor.e .teallq the I.cli." adftnced to the stea1i.. of .... and cbUdr.. .

Aa the t...,.r of the aa...... va. ,radHllyaal.a... d, at.... iti •• iller... ed.

Had t~eh·. dream of a co.pl.ta ce.spirac,. 8&tar:1.ali.ed, hi.tol7

Il1cht ha.. had. a far diff.reat .tory to tall. At l.aat tw tribes .f tha

.outh, tba Choetawa aad Chickaaawa, ..... ~ r,.da loyal to tha Ua:1C_

Stat•• , aDd. their Wl".... _at haft ra.lat'. to tbe aei&h_r1D& Creek. a.d s-iD.l... MaiJltaWaa that tbe Cileotawa had. .. cau.. for re",..,. a,aia.t tb. whitea, ru ....taba, th.ir cld,ftaia, chaIIpioaM th••• ri ... C&ua.. Ia dJ.awuU.. M. Wibe f..- joW. forces with Tee_ell.. be P"" the tollowta, eaumeratioD of the ..taal beaeflt. aDA the cultural adY8Dtaa.s

the vblte. bad aftorded th_ z

Tb ••• white ....le ... IN,. our .lrlu, oar eom, our cottea, .r ••rplu. , ...... theT ,1.... in tair ..haRl' th.ir rich cloth, tIlei.. pu, .elr tool•••• It i. true we ha.. "frieaded th_. lMat who vill dellY that we haft beell .....&I1t1,. nelp­ rooatecl ••• th.,. haft __.. .,a4. uti. helped

81 Onea, WUli.. !ltpa M!n1..e. !11! I4t.... '1'._, US. 36

us i8 the production of our crops; the, haw takea ..., 01 ... "'... , lab tad.. hOlllea to ~each th_ .Belul thinal.. and ,.,. thea tor tIad.r WOI'k vtdl.l...... ' they are te.aebilJ& our chlldiBD to read ... w1,. I ...... 'bookl.

Onttf""" AI the••• ut .. ,. were, ...... _ ..... _ ...... , trtead1,. te.... vi. __ l&sti_ kaew tbat 1t va. 1an'1taltl. Ga' *.,. be uh...... Cenalal7 .... 1M..... W.... ja.u.ft.. ill their dMl... to pre- Hne ••ir 1aacl., "' the ..... -.1.,... " ..11" 1e&c1...... etb1oa11,...... 'lit.... pel ...... • t thet...... va • ..,101'" Itr tll. Allerioua, _ ...... , ...... t&li&t'_ ...... M ...... ,. a...... AlleI'1_ .....

• e...... til. ten'ltol7'...... to ...... a .....1t111&t1oa or f..-_' • ...,...... , ...... 1 ...... , .,.. .t , ...... at .. ot.ftlluti_. Vi"''' aptalli• • t ...... tIM pi..... va. p .... til• ."...... ,...... ch MI' t ...... u ..... " of a IIlchr 1... 1. 'I'b...... of G1'fi11 ..Uoa will...... ftrlD& the _ .... • t wart... wu ...... t ...... ill 1115. Ie ...... of _tit o1'd.c ... nli&1-• .....,. la,. .... eltuo... ,...... a cal...... • taa.

10 J. WM1e,. Whi ...., .,...... Pta.b ...... ,· ia ,be '!!Ill. l!tetMt " ag.'!!rr, 1e,321 (Dec...... , 1.21). 37

Chapter II

c.1canl ...... la .. ftat•• , I_tau.. 181i-1Ml

The ClU•• tiOD of statehood vaa up,....,at ill th. IdIlda .f th_ , ...... itants ot the IDdlaaa Tel'1"'1to". who the War of 1112 wok... 1:. ..,..t­ edl, .,.tw.en JaBuary 1, 1812, ud ".brual')" 1, 1815, CODIN •••••• t ...... 1 pal. their petitloa. But.e elaae... of • popalace widob tt, Dee..... , 1815 'Ws veU .yer the 60,(.'00 _rgt. of the 1101 ttl.. at OnUauc:e we ... ROt to be ip,orecl; heace, the,. followed 1a the aprt.q of 1816 e_.rte4 eea- 2 aresllonal action tend.Bat1»& I" the IMbliq Ad ot Iadlua.

By Conan.aional arut the IleY _tate waa th. recipte.t ot aotewertbr' pfts. oatensibly tor i.Dterul. ~ta. MloD& the ...... ted .....t. one especially - tbe l1beral •••1gnMmt of pu1Dli.c luda tor ectucatiGM1 purpOHS - ead..loned adftRCeHflt of the .tate. III a.ttll11 .al<1e iectl_ 16 in each townabip tor the u .. of public .oboe1., aM .. eaUn , ...... , a. the nucleus of a sB1aary of leamiDc, the crouadwork for pabllc ...... cation vaa lald. " When b, loaie41 aequeace CAe .state C.ad:tud._ .. drawn up, Article 1.1 pl"OYid:ed the ..ua or aupportial ... iIlad.""tl... ., leamlq fro. the proceeda of la1ld aale., aad plac" the .....tt_ of daB a,.stea of tree education ill the hand. 01 til. Gautnl ;\aaeabl, ..raDIit

••• to provide by law tor .. , ••n1 .,.... ot ....'1_ .....t .. ill • Nplar pa- datia , ... towubi.p acnool to a Stato

1 Leaan iaarey, maton ef l.d:lt!!!h (iHlJ'OD, Ohio, 19~), lIZ4,. a AeP!l, of CWlin!!t 1<4 Ooa,cre •• , 1 leaaloa, eolUllll 1'''3, n.p. 3 -Ibid. 38

V..... r.l'" vb.reb ~u1'1011 .ball be anU. aDd equl17 .,.. to all ••

fit. ala .t the tr... r • • t till. tlnt Coa.ti.tl.. va. hlp. flte 1a­ ltW .~.,. tak_ by th.ir toreManr. ill ~rritorial u.. were ~o _I' tnit ill a .tat. replete wi. eft,.,. &4.aau&. that th•• __ teel MIl coU. reali... fIy,~ Ua. period t ... 1816 uUl the ...... ea • .,. va. to .... of trial aM '1'1'01" MY baft M. aat101,.teel, _t it 1a DO vi•••••• 1' .... til. 1a their ,...,...... rlMatat1.. ,...... all ...... , IuNeftr, that Ch. i.ealJ.... c __ ecllool 'J'lu., wld.eh could ha.... Mea tile laitll .t til. cul..-a1 .tra.tare of ...tate, va. 1IIptMIe4llt, ci..... taace •• till pre- w.llb& ia tile treatl_ ••e,l ___ •

1a the tir.t plac., tile •••ip&ted. fJecU .. 16 .f til. Cea&n ••1oaal.

'CMlIId., ••• ia ._ iut&aM1 a ".~ ... &l'&Ile ill a .,...•• 1, popalat_ 1',&1-, &ad the lIidlcUaa .f ...... 1. ill iHla'" plu•• Wftl. be .... p..... t .. J a ...... nli .... ,..e_. HIt...... , til.... __ , __e .t tn...... , ...

• 1 ther vll.t1lll., '1' ..s.a..... tllMll' "'appropriated t ...., tb. wetal lack

.f .-,lIt'" haC...... , ... luattleleat re..... , ....t .. l_rabl.. .. • tacl•• ill til..... UaU .. of tIa.... oatloul ,...... '0 ...... til...... t ...... terrea', th. -.ppealtl_ of the f ...... tt ...... t the ...,.- vb" tn. to tbdr aar1C11l ...al b.n",., ...ai ..... til. el_riq of ta. t .....t .... dae plaatlq .t • ...,...... iaportaat daaa til•• ultl_- I tl_ .t the iliaci • .. adtitieaal kudloa, w. 1a til. ,_ral1d.. of tM .ob.. l law widell

...... proft.1.. tor Rcb partleu1an u til. l ...tIl of t ..., coapal•• .,.

• C..tlh!1:y 'hlll' It IM.!.ga, IIUIl ... II1ltorical eo.l.Ii_, (Iadiaaapol18, 1'16, 4. 5 llarey, 1I1'!2rt .f 1acU!M. 1 a3ae. i J1Ilia I. L'.'riaI, !l."r1. Ipfl!!!!, (Iw J.rk, 1.10), 421. 39 att...... , dJ.sci,lbtal"1' code, tl'UllCf, ourricu1... , and ualfel'll test"ok••

SohN1. o,... ated. fo.. twe or th...... tIla or "..- a. 10q aa til. U.tI'lct 1 .,n. to aa1Il'cala th_ or the plut1q of the crop•• i4 ae. 1a_n_. laetteotu.l leatal.t1_ of 1824 wtead of .....q1q the ulatl., .1.. - d.on o_plJ._t. utt... a Itill IlOre b)' elahoratlaa the .,.at.. with the I laol.ua1_ .t naral eclaoola, .....'1 ••Iaari.a, .u • a.t. 11.....,.. Th. apa•• l".,I1& ...... a .....aitl, lNt .iM. t ..... w, •.u1 lie pre- ftai_ for operati.-l co.t. lt 1Ia.... _n ....,1. of til. 01',_"eadOM1 tlWlltl.rt.... f tho ',,"e. I. faot, atl1 I'M 18«) ' ...e ... ft' ...... of '.,port for .u0I1.... pt fl'. til. f1ae. lIIpue4 18 U. l'I.pe.d.... • ouU••• a4 tIM...., pa14 ia ._ruea. of aUital7 ••m. •• ..,. ...oi­ ODt1.. '''Joe''ra. • t ••plt ... lack of _'.rlal aid, til••• ain for ...... tl ...... at 1.a.t tU" e_U•• to a'taU *... 1 .... et til. _1, proYi." ..... - uri... ft. nwt va. lanit&bl.. 1'M ..Iaoel. wer ...., ... tn. 80.. e __ tor u ...... , tultloa f ••• penltt" oat, the well...... o to 10 .....11. Th. mieal ...... , of tile perlH • .,1'1'" a ...... t 1McI,. ruaat. ill a,. f .... fl.,. to twatJ-tb.... at k1ad.... ~ .. , tl.... tarJ, &ad htall ..1Iool1..,.1.. '!'b. uul faalty 0_' .... •t a priMipal ... 11 a ••,.taIlt.

1 J-' II. lllart, Pj Iad1_ B!H!l' ... tb. !r!! WIl. !In YOrkd H Da- (Claobaati, •••• , 3•• • Walter J. Wakefield, -Couat, a.1Mri•• 111 ladl·•• ,- 1a tho bU- lIyyiM tl It.t!m. 11 ,1.. 14. U•• , 1915). • BU· 10 lA.. rlac, .1.!!r1c l!dl... 422. 11 Mlcla&el ...... , -1&1"17 8clteo1 ••f rnaJrll. Ceu.,..· ia tU IadlYl Mal• .,. .f !V.'~n, 26.W (Sept..... , 1.30). 40

ae ceaUaued lDetf.ctiftDeu of 80110011.&1.1ati08 cau.... acb ••- ceedilll 1 ....1'1&01' to .tH.. for a ..... of f ...... i .. the c __ ac... l ...... t. Prni01l' to 1821 thell' aiu ..-ill...... ly sua.au.... lb. loftl"llor el•• , of that ,...., J .... B. 1ta7, a"..,ted to rentAll•• Q. ar.... by ...lllatll11 It al a ..au of ..,pre'.iIIa 'fie. aIIfl lamalcatia&

1.... t,." bat hi. legi.la"", va. a. lacapabl... prn1...... 1. f1art1ler- 12 1111 tAo aeo ••....,...... of tuado...

Dae to th... apparently .lrlaurMutalU. outacle. tile 14.all... f ...e- ••001 .tate of lacliaaa reu1.ed aD Ulit.nte .tat.. AI 1a'... 1134 .tatilt1cl .hoved 01&1,. OM child 111 flft of .chool ac. va. able '0 rea4 11 ... write. The ",ItUc Khoo1 .,..... llaY1a& tau.. M. 1."1.. '0 pracUcal1,. Ut• ...... of a loat ca... , popular educad-a .. pert..... nl.. ate4 to ,ri­ ftte _terprl••• aa4 rel.1&i'" ,....,.. It •• the. that the _ ....., ...... 1 •• , priw.t. aDd '-'-prift,e, Catholic aad ...... t&Dt, H,U their .'tn&Il. for m.t... . Prift" Ichool. l1li4 ... th•• .,.m..1oa of tt1u.... t teacher. a'...... ia II&D)' .f the 1 ..41 .. towu. I. ,tao.... a printe Mardi.. aohMl ..

0 .... 'by a Ni .. "004 111 lUI. It off..... 41 ...... i. tile pnctle&l arts & 1.. • evilll, ar111II&, a" .aU.• work. A ....Uoaal...... 1 f.,. ,.... 1ati•• va ••,.... 1. eor,•• ill 1120. It va. c..... ted It,. a eertata Iuri., Tarltoa, _111Mr, f..- BalttaoN, ... pl...... 111 her ••"rti ..... t -. careful att..... ac. to the lutnctioa ... ..-.l .....~. of ••••

12 , ...... ,. JftI'IIl. (1121), 28. 13 , ••••tt A. c.ttM, 1l!!&t1. 11 1!41t-. tl8d1aaapoll., 1104), 11. 14 laarq, ...." .t h4l!H. 1.283. 41

.-,.ted, to ...... • ...'111, wriUai, aact plaia .eviq at $2 per 15 quarter wltll ...., • .". at ... to.-4 tIM carneal•• ael1&1 __ ..._,...... priaaril), NlpoIlaUtl. tor •• &ed...... a __n.a of .. pe.. lod ..... ttl. Protea'CUta tile "'.a'rter1au .... to the ten ill aot 01117' .ataW,lahlDlairl.' lcaluri•• , but 1a pr.... 1a& t .... til. rata .t tladr lIiala.e... qualit1ed teach.rl for til.. It vaa til•••• ir. '&0 pro"i4. &D eel"catH lliailtrr to ml..... tb..... M {por- an.... of the IacU.a.a of 1816 tbat preapted ttl.... ,taUi. thur fir.t 16 acbool of ...1..,. at Charleatova, Wtua. lilappl".-17 to lt, ...... Coll... 111 1121 ud WaM.b Colle,. ill 1832 ve.. e ...... 'lbel.. .eG1ll.u ta­

.tltate, Icuwa a. Martia' • .loa'"" va. op'" ill Wa.h1a&t_ COUIltJ ill 17 181•• III tbe ..me,. part .t ttle .tat. the Bapd..ta .....m .... a aclloel for ladl. dlll...... f tile fort Va,... a..... It va. Ialwa aa til...... ,. ••11_ .... .,., ta.... t .., a Jfr • ....ta-..,. .. t ...... 1.r .f •• tiM ..... port. tbat 1t v •• colMl.. ," .. the .Ln.... rt • .,..... , ... ,lao '"...... ot "'- ltud__ ... eudellt. lie va••• ,.laU,. iIIpre..... wi til the ,..... f ...... e" • ••• two Mr. of .. rot.... at ... triM •• bad Mea two wub 18 18 till. MIlool [aadJ ...... ,.U1a& 1a WI'U of fou,let...... • A Jifaaul La.r IUd...... ill 183. at Praald18, x.uaaa, val cla.1ae4 ..,. the It IapUI'. to ... tile fin, .f It. kill. 1a tile .tate.

15 Qr.arl.. NHr•• , ·Old Cel')'doa, It 1a the l!cila.pa !fytBy !f 111'­ !!J:.t, 13,33-U (MaNIt, 1.11). 16 J.... A. W...... , .,1..... t ....bJt.r1au,· 18 t1M I""M *p.l. It Dltoa. 22.365 (Dec_bel', 1126). 17 Di!. 18 n.u •• You, ". J08I'II&l of a four to fort Va,.e .... ttle W­ Jac.at Coatrr, 11l the ,..1' laZO, It clte4 :18 Lia41q, IpfJIP A' ,ee 1q "rk kim", (Iad1_,.u., 1116), 110. l' 1Mrt, Mhool. of I!!IlMt. lI1-1a,. 42

la a4c1itl_ to the.eeducatiOMl. eaterpn••• val a famou. e.xperiaent c0a4uctod. at lev llanaoIl1. Iadiau.. h 1825 the forMr Ia,p!te 40111d1t of 30,000 acre. at Haraaonie, lIldiua, va. purchased. by Robert Owen .. an Ic&lish -.autacturer of Scetla:ad. .. vbe .ou&ht to' establlsh a -aew moral vor14" 'ba.ed

011 co.Rllli.t1c theory. Contrary.. however, to the bppite tbeoq of eeele­ .ia.tical autOCl'aq. Owea', principles tostered.; 1D4u.trial equal!t,., co­ O'perative .Iocieties, ceawait,. owaer.bip, labor legisla.tion, and a wdver- 20 .&1 oclucaCioul .y.tea.

Cae of Oven', early a•• 04:i.a~s val W1111 .. .K&clure 'Of Philad.elphia who eAtenai.cd. ad:.. aaced. ed.ueatioaal daeor!.1 aac1 vas d ..irou. of Pl"Ovi.8& tbem. An advoeate 0'1 the , ••talos.i_ .)".tea O'f teachirl&, he planned to aaake lew IJaraoIv' the center of eclucation in the Vuitecl 'tates. YOI' thi. purpose he &atDered there a d1at1DpishCKl &rOUP .f intellectuals includ.- 1D&: 'ft&oIIu:iay, the -'ather of AIlorican ZoolOQ',· John Qbappleamitll, a taaoua U&l'a'ftl', Charle, Le.... aD4 Oeor&e 11"OO.t, ,0010&1.t., and Joseph n leef aDd. MadaM lreta&eat, prof•• ,ora tl"ai.u4 1D tite 'e,talo.sian 1,.lt... tal. ,""P la.,. to tbe *cl1are oSohool the pre.ti&e of a IIOIt thoroup cur­ r1culu1a 111 pracUoal. uta aacl the ac1 ..as. It wa. evUenUy tA. fir.t school to ,roff. cla•••• 1a 1abontel'1' .ciellCe. .. 70UD& entlNal•• t ef tile eolOIl7 ".scribed. a elu. ill ~a1olOQ in which the teacher "di.aootl ,,1&, ud dOC'." Ito wa likew1" latrJ.&ud, b7 & Pret••• or 'ld~uepal who ...... lUI lOhoolnKa, v1U.ch i. Ukew1 •• ILl' eaUII& I'OOID, eon.... nth _elet_, 22 etc., .tc., .0 tilat 1t look, .n like a .... ta.a a acho4tlrooa. It

20 Arthur 'ata'brook, "the rully lIi.torr of Itobert Oven,· ia til• •""!' "'!IM tI 111"'7. 11.63-61 (NIU'cb, 1m). n Elisabeth s. hneh1e, 8The Haraoai., MoYeaat ill lIuIi&M,· 1a tile Mana Mae.iDe of ".!taa 1•• 1M U.. , 1.23). %: Villt.. C. ,ela_ t. h1a _, """1710, 1U7, cs. ... 1a J..iIIAq, I.,. II SeRa :v larlx 1'JVOle[la 45. 43

Of primary 1mportance, however, were the many innovations in educa- tion introduced by Haclure. His most t.portant venture was the establish­ ment of an industrial school. It was his contention that at an early ag. cluldren should be surrendered to the schools aDd "clothed, fed, sheltered, and educated at public expense. If In logical sequence, of course, the labor of the child paid for his maintenance, thus relieving the public of the 23 burden of financing the SChools. Under a siMilar arran&ement he organised the New Hal"JlOny Infant School, a forerunner of the first kindergarten 24 school in the United States. Altbough Owen's community ceased to function in 1826, the settlement was not entirely effaced, nor ita contribution to the state lost. Undoubt­ edly, Indiana was the richer for the car,o of culture deposited at New Harmony froa Haclure's famous "Boatload of Knowle4,e," vhicb introduced the refinement a of leaming and the social graces of the East to the western wild.rneal. Each of its passeDiers left tor posterity a rich deposit ot

.ome cultural worth. In ita MU.euM were houled the remarkable specimens of thOMaS Say, while the coLlection. of its scientific library early ri- valed that of New York. Within ita boundaries the first wou.nls literary 25 club in the Vnited States waa foraed. .h1le the accOBpllshments of these Jew Hal"llOnists are in theuel't'e' worthy of reeocnition, the laurels or achievement lIlUst be tendered, with certain re.enations, to Owen and Maclure, who net only advocated the doctrine of wdveraal elementary edu- cation but sucees.fully promoted it at public expense. Assuredly, wbile it lasted it .upplied a Utopia tor his followers and unquestionably

23 Denehie, "The Hal'llonist Movement in I.diana, It Indiana HaeaiAe of HistorY. 191198. 2~ Charity Dye, ed., ODee Vpon a Ti •• in Indiana, (Indianapolis, 1916), 129. 25 Lev.riag, Historic Indiana, 254-256. ... . ~ .-1==-= "

i•

-i -• ..i 46

....17 abort tiM buUt ••" .... to ...... "'pel ...... t ...... cured Siatera f .... I.to., to •••llt iD tIle·~a"".u_ ad ....titl_- J5 tiOil .f ..,. aaul ..... the ¥bla.... their .... ,...... Al'Uloqll the achool w.a oftatuall,. 01...... te til. 1.. et IU"...- " tH ,. American, J'reaeh, aM lrialt r..ut•• t.a the ..... , it •• tbe f .....t1 .. • 1 Cathollc .4ucatiOll ill the .0"""" pal1 of ...... t ...... f .)6 Catholic tan.ac. b. the Ve.,. n. leh•• l • t 'ia.e...... t til. Old Iadlaa •••1 .. 1a til. aorth.1"Il part of the .tat...... the eal.y _uria, ....W-l .....ta of the Catholic cburcb III Xadlua atil 18M. At '0'" V.,.. 1a 1833 ... ,nta1D1 la the CathoUe reUal- .,.. ,1wll ..,. a Hr...... ,.... i ...... Ga' ke enaa,ed 1a the work tor au _th., 1M' BO .a.. faeta .. the ,...joet an 3'1 available. Altbou,ch ':laeeDDu va_ caai..... the aael_ .f Cath.elid._ la

IlIdlaaa 1Il11M, alMat tile _tin ltat... "" tIaa, U. late...,...... with OatbeUo ..ttl ... _ each of wIll_ vaa ill 'I'U'lou a..,... f 4lne1.,.. aea.. •• a OOlllequ.... f til. ,...j... ecl lateraa1 _ ...... , ...... ' the " ••t, Ulouucl•• f 0e1'llUl ... Iri. Oath.U...... la ...... tntc- U. of til. Waba.h &all Brie Cual ••ttl .. at ten .,...... ,....

ShelbJvlUe .... LawreIIc.1Nrl we ....iaUa .. aettl_ta f ...... ,:1.,... H I.a railroad ....tNotl... I. iutu'O the .,...... f cattaolloi_ 1. tho W.at •• ".11 ...... lta ,...... u .. "'.... , ...... d. ... f ..."0- pal ...... 4 .....t1al. After prol...... pMt,..... , ......

35 'attaer lad1a to ..., Pvce1l, April. ll, lUl, Iotn .... Ardd..... l6 ...... , a. M!IstU' IM!tJ ftIt.e &I ., 'a.. "''''. 3S•• l? a.... nacI CIIa1a1_ f ...... , ...... erick ...., *, 26. leU, ...... t.NId..... » a.tar .. 111.... W ...... MS£8 Indt tlt ....., (It. lie"", IMi_. 1.11). 1K. 47

0"101'1 m, Oft Har " 1834, coDtil'MCl the ••taM' ..... ' of a ... a. Via­ tennea au appoiDted 'ather 81ao1l WUll.. 0a1tr1e1 INte 4. a...,. itl 3. biahop.

The aew diocese, which COIIpr1ae4 tile whole of tile atat. of IlMUaaa artel part of nliAoia, wal •••titute of practically ~ tbat c ..atituted a dioc.... The iDbahitaats 01 the epiacopal 01", reali"', ...... , that the well-bowD doctor of thee1..,. t..- Mar7laad vould .... tW ..... of iapro~na ed.lt1D& ccmditiODl. fhat they ....e aftriei... for ..,. 4......

01 culture aIId refiaeaent that Jd.&bt 'be aecved ... '- reaU.•• 'na aa editorial of the caSholic TtlMral!! which sta-', -W. 1-. tor ldalelf aud ht..... 1_bl. 111>nl'1 801'011.. th.... "1aiu, ... hi. area' aid ia .... valley .f the Hi ••i ••ippi."

One of Inte'. fl.. ,t c ...... va_ tile ...... n .....' fit tIM lOool 1D 'ince_e.. lIaft.. _. for rean iaU-eel,. u.ooiated vith tile f __ datioll .t Motile .. Set_ at s.d.t...... , he naturally ...... to da_ tor tea.. n_ lUe d•• l .... wen 1pore4. lie aecnared. theretO", ill 1135 the "tun 0' tile Si.ter•• f CIaarlty ...... th tor a IUpu!at" ,eu of .errice. It va. at ttd. jtaDOtvre that the ..... M", decl... to ..cab- lilh u llUSopoadeat ro1lal._ f .....Uoa la'i.IaoeaItea; theretore, ill 1836. with the a ••i.tuce ., two Sieten l0aae4 '" tile Ca , I mit, at "sa... *. 41 _ e.tabli.hed 'the ttSi.t.... of Ohuity of Viao..... - OM. apia 'i...

oenM. boa.-4 • aobool Went. it. youth ...... DOt eal,. 1a ...... a"- but 1a .. va.r1otl of ...... iAolwl1. ,oo&ftPll7. Id• ....,.., 1a&l11h an-r, ad. dae on·... tal _aDObe. of -.aaic, aeedlevork, ...

,,,pal3:..Ji!:,J:R2t'Jf:~=.'I!£' ...... 29, 1831 (npriat" 40 QI*'U, 'tltIruIt...... t I, 11M. 4 !l!! .nilUS!", 9MhtJ&. '~"'II, (Ialdaen, 1838). 103. 48

art. Ibe __ool ...,.. CO ...... at ...... ,'_ ...., ••f .88 pel' ,.....; 4a cia,. eobo1an WN oha ..... $la. ucoN1a& to the "'abop·. plan, the onter of the IIMatera ot tbariq of Vi...... wa. to lMt a tui_ ot ...... tIl aad "'atNr& o__ s­ tie., but, whea tid. plan wa. 1I0t f'ouud to be f ..aible, the Slatera of 4l Huaretb vi tb4rew. Propert1 tor 'ttIe DOW Cath.Uc school, reDaIII4 St • ....,t. '.ale Scbool. &lid .... Che d1recUoa of ... SUM,.a ot QaarJ.t, .f ~,. J ...... va. ,...... MfI 1a *7. 1838. Clue•• Mpa .. tint: ...... , 1. Ie,... 44 M... The ....1 ...11 .. otlle... of til. perl" sa •..., ...... Aa ...... acri.'bed "" ..... it v.. ,1... t_ .. a tiM ,....,.n,. wl* .,.u... ,ant. 45 ud...... !b4a pt'1aeipal INU.... witWA ...... va...... iIlt... boantlaa aM .., ackoel, aad .... ~_ • .., at .. tar .. of tae c..... Val •••J.pe4 for tile t .... e-.o1 t .. _e. WAth1a .....,. .h.... U. Ute lop' , .... IGIaool ...... all ...ua.t of 10 .....W- 46 lar Kheol ter &11'1. wu .,... !be ,.~. me Selaool v.a tiauHfl bJ ...... u as wll a. 0... 011 •• ., .... of ..._al tWa fM' ta.' al_ aokaewl"" Au .... 1a ...... 11:7 lNt aiel ut ...." " t ...... tal ••tne1a. l1ahop In...... IIao tal.. vUl talc. plao.... W...... ,. tor oar Fr•• School which Oft acet of the ."..111_ .f til. ,..,1. we will haft

42 The "'"polity C.l!u:tl&c 4!eMc, (1638), 103 • ..., BNwa, Mat• .,. ,t "- M'!!.!:' .f Pro!i.... !t ..iIlt "n:ot-!ht­ Wood" 48. 44 CaSh,l!! Alaa!,c, (18l9). 133. 45 I1tho, Inte to Mother R... White, MaT 26, 1838, copy t. lotft D.ute " ..obi ..... 4b Qtthalis ~ea9, (18J9), IJ3. 49

to ke.p 'r.... te ,... that or the .....ft.

It W.I ill til... Catholio tNe lOhoe11 tbat til_ ' .....uea of popular eduoatJ.oa 1Il ek_ ...,. val laid. Justl" thent.... , baa Brute .. reoo&- ala. I.. the ..,..... " of the eckteatioaal 8,&tem of Indiana. His school" which .....teel tho•• of \ha pre... ' school '7.t- 1)J tveat,. years, were tho i.c.. u ...... u ..,04 the adYOCates of .. ltate COBtIlOIl sohool to tor,a ahead tOWU'Cl tile .ttaiMut of their ,081. Inly, G. lJIpetu for the ..... catiOMl a4.. _ of the coaalq deca4_ ....ted fit. Ue adld.rd.stra1:1... hauds of the fir.t bishop ot Iltdiua.

Another echacational YeBtu ... of 'the seal... Brute waa the foundi.. ot

Aft eeol.at•• t1cal a_1M..,. alMl • college for aecmlar .tlIdeats. fte..-1- nary, know u St. Char1 •• , 1. which Brute aerwcl •• aM of the ,l"Of... on, 48 va. 0.tab1i... ill 183'1. rr- it the Itakop h.... to realiu 1Ii•• i .... rio to,. hl. ...t diocese, whicb a' tile '1IIe of hi, o.secrattoa he cIe- 49 scribed •• • -enat1. tea blue' wi t!lout prie.ts. It

The co11e,o, St. Gabriel'a, was conducted by tho ludia' 'athe.. a.

RUllOI' ot itl ••tabli,_at va. nod... witb uebuti_. by the citi .... of Vinc.JUles. the ed1 tor of tho Westem ,.. wrote t • [Taw] ..inat popu­ larlt' ~ Brut.] •• a leaned &114 ,ood ... at., •• ua the tulle.' ...... 50 aace that hi. la_ra ",111 net be t"""dlil\I.-

47 ....., ..... to ...... , Nay 16, lUI, .". ill ...... Archive•• 48 Theodore Ma,..I'd, the S!Orr of Meri@! CathoAio!a. (lev York, 1949), 210, Cbarl. G. Her..... , Rna. aulp101_ in .. v.u.tee ita... ,· 1a ••tori!!l ."m' .... h!A!!, (lev York, 1117), 10117. 9Je ....Uo AletIlS, (1819), • 49 B1lhop Brute to Rt. Re.". Dand R••• , Harch 4, lSJS, Notre u.. Arch1vea. 50 WI'hE!! Sye 1M @tp!ftl AtJDrUW. itptea'Mr 11, 1836. 50

11 The c.U.. e wa ••pe ... Oct.b.1' 2, 1831. Xu eov••• f .'twlJ, tor wtd.oIa ...,.... t teaclter., ...,. .f vIl_ ve" ,nirlacU of luropeu .oIl•• 1., 12 _ ..ICM all tIatt bl'IACllI. et cl••• ical .....U... Studeats of aU ... • .usatl... v.... acc.pt" 'but eau, witbeut eatriq__ t of lU,erty ef coa.el.... , wa. "qui"" to att.. die ...11&1 ... __"1 ••• • t tile .chMl. Ace ...... to .... 9!!Il!lJ.t !lMM. Go aDMal ta1Uoa rate for boanl.... 53 va. $100. ., .eIao1a... wel'l .barpel $, per .-!'t... Ira atl't'UlC'. Ie adtiU. to Ge .cbool. a' 'lac...... 1 .tIl.r Qatllolle ....- ..t•• u4 11--..1'7 .....1. were .,.... at tlWt tille. Ia 1830 It. MaI'1'1 of Bla. OU Ii.... St. 'ehr'. a' .Noat1-17 v.re ,..... Iotll VII'" CtllllGctM \t, tile al...... 11'...... tIa, , ....kJ. A' tile tiM of hi, t1l'" cU ...... rieitatia ...... t .... I -,,_I ., as ....111'1 aM , board.... • a' It. P... r'., b., tI.. t. luutficl.. , PA'l'OMIo tile ...... 1 54 td.l" t. ,ant.. be,... 1au. A' 1•• ,t I"..,...... ,cJaMl, wen '1'"," -1a& taa • .,'I •• pate of ....,., .. a' '1ft .... uotIl.r at haun1l•• III til. c...... antl... ,. a' ..,.... aM ... Al .... tile tlarl'tr ••,tl .... II .... a 1.. calda a. a .... a Suad&, ...... MIaH1 dv", .... weir. rae ea ....uo ca..... M jutituw', ,read .t he.. earl, ...... la tht li.1. 01 ....."oa. Wi'bM' buefl' ., ..., ••111 ..... aDill lr- ".,..Un of oneel, .. , ...... aacI-.1atala...... U-'. .,1'-

51 9!JI!!Ue :U!!N'. (lU8), 102. n ..... I'. PW.... CalUtr, PaU!@ wm II Mbt. It tertfei' iaJai1lM, ,. 1'1, ..,.1a1i.... iUiOa the.i., ~t33, 1a f7 Of St. • ...,...t-.a.-v .... , ladi... . Q Catlatll! Al"I" (1131), 102. N ...... h ..ell ... a... , ...... 1' 13, IBM, I.tre .... Arch1.,.•• $1.hr ... Salo.ta ...... , ",ta e( Ct!pctJ.1c IcI!etl.. ie 1MH!t. (Walhlllata, 1.11), 20. 55 OM_... , !l.!!n If kJhtlU N!f!!18 ill 1Jd1uta, 20. i r Ii: ! I r I ~ I f ~ 1 ! r i ~ t Ii! ~. I f I ! ~ I i r if! f t f ; Iff I I i I r I ~ ~ I f i I ! : "=i ~ i I f ~ I iIi ~ , ~ I a'" .. ~ ... i;l r.[

! fie t ! I! I e f I ! I i f ~ f I :

1C~ i · i .. IE! = I C I. ,= fC =8 £ 11 , c I . i · i .. r I ~ I ( ! ,. ~; I ~ ~ I: i ~ · l ~ f ~ ~ p ~ f ~ i J I f~ I ~ ( : I 1, J.: J ! I I ~! - - I .. f 0 ..:'. 11 .. I

Ii I I Ii ... & r if! i. = It . c f l f i = ! ~ ! 1 If! : r 5 ~ i ! ~ i r I·! f i, : i ~ t i f I I I I ~ : I i I I [ i ~...

53

..... beca••• bi.... had Dot 1M_ vri.tten s.. _ •• ben:La J. .. deple­ tiOll, how.. r .. the COn.tioD c.-aUe4 pri.cel... ffi••• of *Hl.p.oa1 tna'i.es, biblcal c_ntarie., ,rinted ill the tl" ••tb aeaftl7. a rJ.t.ae­ _lUlled collectiOll ill ...... 1anpa.a.. et ,4 CzlUS!l Hi!i!! ,f I!!- " ... §jl'iIt9!U, prlDttKl ill 16~; unulcrlpt copl•• • 1 early ))lopaphi." aD il1".tl"&'" 81b1. elated 1523, ad • ..,eral dictiOJl&ne. and ,8ocr&phl.8 of the 1600'. c.".~. riCh til... rUut 'reach ...... of 'the newl, 41 ...... 64 Merica.

Of a ..1'ft1. .. .tate tbat coul4 Itot ..... aD appreprlaUOIl tv ita 65 0WIl 11bnl"1 _ttl 1825 .... aothllta ,_parable to tl'MJ _p1tlceet collec- tlOll of Ih tiret Catbolic bieep. 1Ioa... oa the C&Cbe4nl ...... at Vlao.... , 1. va•• 'cely eloqunt .f the C6Chollc culture that .u.1at.. the lrowtb .1 tile atate of ladla .... It til. c_ people tiel ae' Uft __ a. oI1ilwarl•• , .., ael

...... to aenpapere. Altb.... the pel'lod1cal• • t tbe d.... were BOt repn_tatl.. of a ....t ct..... of c1dtur., .tlll .y were to .. oltl- z.. of the W•• , a .8&111 of keepilJa .bread with the ,...... •• 1 ...... • t tlte ...te ... coaatal 01 tie.. fbe 10.... ' of tile IDdlaaa IIftspaper. .till l.t, _eh to be cte.lnd.. Their DeV' con." wldeh v•• .on .. 1,•• 0 __ apS.cuous b,. 1\1 .baeace, va. 001_ boml4 with po.. , ....,., aM ....- torial. of Wert.,. aeri'_ and ..ltlta41nou a4.. rU .... t.. 1a taet, 't 1. to the lat'." that th, Id.... rt .. tv.DI tor _ 1DterpretaUoa of the 66 11t. ot the people of tM periocl.

64 'If!tI!I.!H Ceend,l, April 204, lM9, 30 (Bicea_l1Dial ec:U.t1_). i5 Willi.. H. Coekrua, r1... [ DAMn If I.U",I, (o-Ida" ct.,., 1101), N6. 4It6 J. H. latter, -latIlaM -..,.,." laJt..l860,· ill •• '''',. !!Nt:: VII. It BeMa, 12:326 (Sept.ber, 1926). 54

the ladt...... ,.pa,... ..W_d. .. .,.... BOt _ tlle 1M..... aul after 1835. Idtto" ,...i.. 4, ... ,.-.1e of coptlrc vlda tIM i ..utficieuie. of paper allcl bk • ."pU•• , the delayed IIdI ••nio., ad tIM eft.. a ..... dant deliDcpl8ftt 1U'b.CriM.... Alth01lP tit. lubHl'iption rat•• were ...... ablT set at $3 vith aaple reduction for p&)11Hent in advance, "editor ...... t1Jwed to tiDel it Mcelaa..,. to accept a wiele ftriety .r c...oditt•• as pa,...l1t fer ••'bllOrlptlonl. S1p1fioaat of w.. tJpe of tnu&cU_ va. a plea publlataec1 1D tll. La.,...... ". 'aJd.!4!! .f 18331 Weed! Woo411 Cold tJpel ... fnlq n.., ...... al uaeoat.... ld. c.,.ld._ aa old ac.... pe'MJ'Q'. Tho.. wtao haft ,....1.... , weed .Dd ...... who wia te aru1 t_eel.... f the prinl... ., au­ iaa ,.,... , 1a tid...... w.. vUcl. aft aft •• ct that tao roaclI are toleran" tall". (8

Seotarlao ltevapaperl _cla their iald.8l a"..n80. t. ,be late 1120'1. 6t Betwe. 1826 .. 1850 !he Christly Bapti!' olnNla'e. wielely. Of ...... cU..t or1&1D va. tJae We'gE! \J!rll!&e ,~,!!ag which ."...... ia 18U. 10 auk _ti... It as the OII1J ' ..ote.tu, periodical .t .....riac aerit. !be Catholic. of IIldhaa 414 DOt ',..01' a perlodieal _ftac thi. decad.; ., tb.,. had UCI.. to 80M of tb. 1 ..41., CattaoUe ,.pen ., tM ..,,: ....., tealaDd'. 2al!d Stat,. lIeldlpr. fJeftjallia va.'. Cat... l'e A.!I!!!au ... n liahop Femdclr' a CaQo11c 1"1...... the•• ,.,.... weN ••ed aa a IIHl_

61 IPMt. J9J!I!!A. (lDdJaapoli.), Ja-rr 3. 1829. 61 ,.,.. ..all..... (l.awnMe"'ah), JM1t&&7 11, 18M. W) ''''''''' !I'sa tI '"•••• Iti,... 70 Ralph L. RUlle, !I!! "UgM£! .f tta- !MAl W!,t.Q! ".".,,1.£. (lev tfWk, 1t26), 1.158. n Apolu.n.. w. ~. Ct'~f i'tudy Deul ..., II the UNtetl S!a5M. (..., • ~ -- _..\ 'ft'" 'JIle Rima. pi 'm w.... fraepS. !{ B.IiEl. vvn· -.nAh ... 07 ...... 1 • ••••• 55

of _.0&0lJ.• at1_ by U ...1 ... ')i,shop. to " .. to their scattered pa­ ri,hi.er. , ..."' .. , expluatieu of the "'erd of Oed. ot .,.lal lBt..... ' to the Oatholic "oo,ier were the articles ill the 2!thollc Tole,op an_,. lloosly siped ""lncenne,." the article., v1dch appeared in serial tOrll. were the reault 01 Bishop Brute'. earnest d.,ire to preserve 1n authe.tlc detal1 the chroaicle of Ind1ana's early hia,or,y.

The 1ot11l& state _de .... 11a11t att..,ts to aclftQce Hyond the Mdiocre in the literary sphere. )\1 pi1'1111 poets oOlltrlbute4 w.rt. r"lete 1a 100&1 color but o"',rvt.•• Ht outstandiD&. Ruk _epa eb_ a.i4. A' .. ...,1.. of the u.tnM1y .eDftIltieul trappiaa' cbrac'er1.tlc of ...t freIltler 12 poetry.- Of ••..,i.t •• or ....11.tl, there v•• DODI. the ploa.., ...14 but cODt_t 1d.II.tl.t with ..uenhip 1a cl"bs vh1ch .peasored act!"""t!•• 01 cultural iaport. Oae of .... wu the 1Ib,.neal ... Alatlqurla Sco:l.e., of Vi..... vIalcll .,....re4 .... lu.t 'raul'" eel1ee':I._ of raft 'book. aacJ ,,"ian' 0' bJ. • ....s.o i ...... ' I. I.uau. ttl flDdt ... were dep"ltd ill the Vtll..... Vlliwral", aa4 la.... tran...... t. tile State fllll"rd.,. at lloca1lt1tOll. " If 1830 a State lIlatorioal see1." was forud aad beart1- 11 ador... .,. the Oenera1 "--17. Al.*"&h It aoc.w.ate4 a lar,e aM prioel••• 0011 ...1oa, CIa. proJ_' .0Oft faU. due '0 lack of , ...neat 14 hoast., for Ita fladina••

Publio 4•• , •• 011 relJ.&1...... political ....'lou were .. of .... f., 41.. or.10 •• :1.11 ...t of tbe ..11-01"&111 ... tevaI dura& the ...1, part of the pert... The ee,ie. 41 ..u.I. vere ut of a v.lib., aatuft but luf­ f1oientl,...... 1'. to pro.... ,ao.p.t.

72 auk, lb.. "tHaW' d: W Hi.4:!!'UFI "."I1K, 1.348. 13 Ooor,. O. Or..... H:I.,.toa of Cld '!PS!!!!l, (Cblca&o, 1911), 471. ,. 1Mny, ••hrf " lJd'w, 11327_ 56

Dramatic societies be&An to function in the late 18201s. l)urin& that year the C-omuuanity DrUtatic Club of New lianaoll1 ,ave its first perfonaaace of Pocahontas, a play written by Robert nale Owen, the son of the founder 15 of the New Haraony colony. Thespian societies existed in Indianapolis 10 and Logansport in 1839. In Vincennes a Literary Dramatic SOciety took on the nature of a civic enterprise. Accordin& to "A Vincennes Vlay Bill of l839,a its proceeds from the T[!Iedy of Sersraa were applied to the 71 purchase of a tire eD&ine for the villale. The iDDate appreciation aDd craYing for culture that found its satis­ taction in the debating societies and in draMatic art souaht another out­ let in the crude art of the day. There was little of aesthetic value iD the work of the earl, so-called artists of the state. Moat of the. vere in realit, nothing more than wandering painters whose livelihood depeoded on the versatility of their brush. To their videly scattered patrons, the, proffered senices varyioa from s1&a paintioa for public houses or stores to the delineation of a favorite ancestor or a landscape. P'ew artllts of aerit appeared during this period. The first acknowled&ed artist ot the ltate was Christopher Harrison who specialized in vater 18 color scenes. Georg. winter, a resident of tolanlport, won recognition 19 during the 1830's for his Indian portraits. Da&uerrotyp1n& became the fad in 1832, and althouch scientifically speakiDi the proce•• ed picture

1S LeYer1D&, Historic Indiana, 254-2Sb. 10 kate H. Rabb, eel., J\ Tour Thrmh Indiana in 1840, (Hew York, 1920), 161-219. 17 Ibid., plate opposite 341. 18 Mary Q. Burnet, Art and Artists of Indiana, (}lew York, 1921), 8. 19 Geor,e~. Cottman, "Forerunners of Indiana Art," in tho Indiana Ma&!zlne of History, 15:18 (Harch 1919). 57

80 was not art, yet to many it bad the signiticance of an art production.

Panoramic painting CUle into vogue in 1830' when John Banvard of New Harmony durina a 400-day cruise down the Mississippi painted on three

Idles of canvas a view of 1200 lliles of landscape from the mouth of the Hissouri River to New Orleans. wben the canvas was displayed on two re- volving cylinders with a running commentary by the artist, it set the fashion throuahout the United ~tates tor panoramic pictures called by such euphonious names as dioramic, elydoraDlic, dramoramic, and cyclo- 81 rallie.

While these lIinor acc~pli.hments bore witness to the steady advance of civilisation into the west, another contribution to the cultural in- fluence of the arts was found in the field of architecture. Cenerally speaking, the term architecture could not be applied to the type of build­ ing construction that the towns of the period exemplified. In their simple structure utility and practicality superseded artistry and design. But the one building that escaped that austerity vas the church. Not many of the various denominational houses of worship that belan to dot the landscape during tile 1820's and early JO's were testimonials ot art, but those of Catholic endeavor had at least a 1I0dicum of artistic design. There was not lIuch of the artistic about the little log hut surmounted by a cross which dominated the Vincennes horizon since 1702. To the

Reverend Leo Champomier, its first permanent pastor, it was in 1823 a bal- 82 lowed hOTel of ruinl. Nevertheless, if the Church were to continue her

80 Burnet, Art and Artists of Indiana, b3. 81 Ibid., 34-37. 82 Father Champomier to 'ather Badin, January b, 182&, in the Annales de l'Association de la Propaaation de 1a Foi, (Lyons, 182&), 3:227. 58 leadership 8NOD& the pioneers, a suitable place of worship was a neeessity_

Therefore, by ofticial annOtmceJllent Catholic. 8ad Protestanta were invi'ted to asaist in the cooperative enterprise of rebuilding the church, and financial aid was becged froftl neigbbori.q And diau.nt parish.s_ In 1821 83 the partially coatpleted brick church was opened. Ita description bears vitnel8 to architectural beauty:

Our church. is now one of the tineat brick buildina8 in this POI"ttOll of the \feat, per­ haps the best builc.U1li in the State of 18- d.iaDa. It 1, built \ApOD the aodel of the cathedral a.t Bardatwo; leagtb 115 ft., breadth &0 tt., with f1ft lar,e circular headed windows on each side. a splendid coraiee aad unbroken root •••• l. front there an three cates of entrance, with a tine window o.... r each; all fonti.. a beautiful fronti.pi.ce •••• Tbe interior i. a8 yet in an iapertect .tate; tb. fioor 18 laid, but the sanctuary unflni.bed •••• Tbe IaDCtuar,y i.s of tbe ••-circular tOI'll vi t:h a door OIl 84 etther side leading to .aall private chapels.

El,bt yean later Brute paid tribute to ita .tructure, but the g­ treme poyerty of hi. newly created dioce.e prevented further cemplettOD of the atill unfinished inte"ior. Hi. r • .,ret was e'rident i.n a. letter to

."ather R•• e:

w. haft a churcb or Cathedral too &ralld for Vlncena•••.••• It is 1ft need of plaster for the ceillna, A stove ••• but to fintah aD4 deco",e it I carmot at thi. tlate live thw&ht.

A poor wooden altar, aix beautiful candlestick. and a. Cl'Ucifi.x. of French

83 Oodeck.r, 81MB 8rute "e R!!!r, lS1-185. 84 lINted States Catbgl.19 H1tgll!ny, 9:70, cited in Si!J2!l Brut! de .6.!!!!£, 186. 8S aNt.e to R.a., March 4, 1835, Hotre Daao Archive•• 86 Heber.aan, "the sulpiciana in the United Statea," HistoriSal Records and sty,,!,., 10 s57. 59 workmanship cOIlpr1sed the furnishings of the sanctuary. To the bare walls

Drute affixed small paintings: one of St. francis Xavier to honor the

pa tron of the church, and one of Our Lady and one of St. Joseph to mark 8b the spot where he intended later to erect two altars. ,\n organ had also

been installed. The discovery of it so astounded Brute that in a post-

script of a letter to }lother Rose be "Tote: Oddity 1 1 forgan de Vinceunes is a ha.nd orlan with a suit [? ] of pelS and. a let of popular tunes!!!! u Dimancbe a Yes­ pre. a la benediction, for Mator piea~e l'organist. lave U8 the Marseillai.e!8

Impoverished as this Cathedral was in 1834, it was to its people at

least a s.blance of that Old world culture SOllO of them had at one t16ie known. An edifice worthy of the name was at laat realised by Brute in

1838. To coaplete the splendor of the Cathedral of Vincemles a steeple was added in order, as tbe bisbop quaintly explained:

••• and go, and tell the skies, not a lie, a. the tall column in London, but tbe true love of V1Dcermes for the bonor of God.SS

There was nothing in the other churches of the state to coapar. with

the Cathedral at Vincennea. Of the twenty-aeven churches ill the dioceae at the time of Brute's death a1.at all followed the same fonw1& in con-

struction. Tbe oldeat pariah, ~t. Peter, at Mont,u.ery, was typical of

the various ata,.. of churcb construction on the frontier. In 1820 the

first rude 101 church 16 x 20 feet was erected; In 1823 it was replaced with a hewed-log structure. Six years later a frame edifice was built and finally an enduring one of brick was constructed by French carpenters,

87 Brute to Mother Roae, NoYellber 13, 1834, Notre Dame Archives. S8 Brute to Reverend M. Shaw, August, 1838, cited in J .... R. Bayley, MerIoira of the &abt RevereM $imon Wm. Gabriel Brut!, (Nev York, 1861), 80. 60

89 some of whom were imported to assist in its erection. To the pioneer the best was none too lOod for the dwellilll place of the Lord, so he "tore down and built better" until the temple vas worthy of the Lord of the universe. Among the Protestant sects the erection of churches was a much slower process. Since the Word of the Lord could be dispersed from a convenient tree stump in the meadow or a platform in the town hall, formal construc-

tion of churches vas not engaged in until almost the middle of the century. The circuit rider, Isaac Reed, in 1826, described a Methodist meeting house 90 in the woods outside New Albany as a "frame covered in." fiowever, they were the first Protestant group to erect a house of worship in Vincennes. 91 Creene describes it as a "modern church" built in 1828. No matter what name was inscribed above the doorway of the Protestant

church, and no matter what material was used in the building, they invari­ ably followed the same pattern in structure. from the simple log huts 92 which the Presbyterian missionary scouts were assigned to "plant," to 93 the substantial brick of the oldest Baptist church at Brookville, the

completed church contained little else than stout seats, a choir platfo~, and a pulpit. The radiating influence of these Christian churches found ita sphere in works of philaatrophy. In the essentially Christian environment of the territorial days neighborly kindness had adequately cared for the ill, the

89 Charles Blanchard, ed., History of the Catholic Church in Indi­ ...... ana, (Logansport, 1898), 1:310 • 90 Isaac Reed, The Christian Traveler,(1828), cited in Lindley, Indiana as Seen by Early Travelers, 413. 91 Creene, History of Old Vincennes, 419. 92 Dye, Some Torch Bearers in Indiana, 01. 93 Levering, Historic Indiana, 178-180. i1 blind, the indigent; but, growth into statehood necessitated the care of the unfortunates to broaden in scope. The duty of caring for them was ac- knowledged by the state in her Constitution of 1816, but she was slow to put into practice the charity prescribed. Dy the proTisions of Article II, Section 4, the General Assembly was charged to provide one or .ore farms to be utilised a.asylums for those who "by reason of age, infinaity, or other misfortunes" had a claim upon

"the aid and beneficience of society." These far.s were to be operated on such principles that the inmates were to "find .-ployment and every reason- able comfort and lose by tbeir usefulness the degrading sense of depen- 94 dence. " Until the asylums were built general "tarmin& out tt of paupers and attendant abuses endured until 1831. Then when pressure vas made to bear a general poor asylum law was enacted, which placed the care of the poor in the immediate hands of each county. Organised asylums as cooper- 9S ative enterprises finally appeared after 1835. The atteapt of the General Assembly of 181b to formulate a penal code based on "principles of reformation and not vindictive justice II brought little result. The inadequate housing ot state criminals vas a cryinc 90 need until the opening of the ~tate Prison at JeffersoDville in 1821.

That prison became 80 notorious for wismanagement and cruelty that ita humani ta.rian object was practically lost sight of. ..ith contended the

"prisoners were treated as brutes, starved, driven, Oo&&ed, inhumanly

94 Charles Kettleborough, Constitution Makin& in Indiana, (Indian­ apolis, 1910), 1:114. 95 Alexander Johnson, "A State Aged 100" in The Survel, lb:1l? (April-September, 1916).

90 Logan Ksarey, {~vernorst Hessages and Letters, (Indianapolis, 1924), 3:151. 02 punished in a hundred waysn and that it was but a "school for the gradua- 91 tioD of criminals." 3ince it vas the only pr!son in the state for a number of years, its disgrace was all the more intensified.

Unfortunately, not even the advance to statehood witnessed improved le&181&tioo for the mentally ill. Definite provision for tbem did not occur until 18.25. Previous to that time the insane were characterized as

"insane property owners and insane paupers" and were legislated for 1.0 the~r proper categories -- the former being placed under a suitable guardi­ an and the latter falUled out. In 1825 Ii loS cabin to be used as a refuge for the insane val constructed on ~quare No. .22 of tbe Congressional land 98 grant now known as Indianapolis. AlthoUftb it was popularly designated at the time as the "crazy house, II its operation as a hospital rather titan. a place of conlin_ent for criminals was indication of SOBle social pro- 99 ,ress.

Organized cbarities on a smal1 scale beean in the 1830 decade. 1832 wi tnessed the state foundati on of the Marion County Infinnary and the organization of the Indianapolis Benevolent Society. The latter vas the first atte&!1pt of the churches of the city to cood\lct a form of social 100 service.

Hever slow to sdvance the cause of Christlike benevolence, the

Catholic C1:turch on her part practiced throu,b her missionaries even in territorial day. the charity ahe advocated. The initial attempt .ade

91 williaaa H. Smith, The History of the State of Indiana, (Indian­ apolis, 1891), 6J4-635. 98 ,t:velyn C. Adams, "The Crowilli Concept of Social Responsibility," in the Indiana Mal.zine of History, 32:3 (March, 1930). 99 Johnson, ".1\ State Aied 100," Tbe 5llrvey, 3b:111.

100 .satart, .schools of Indiana" lb~lb1. 63 by the Sisters of Charity of VincelUlea in the care of a fev orphans in

1826 was followed by a similar experiment on a larger scale by'ather

Stephen S. Badin. In 1831 he purchased land at St. Marle-des-Lacs and 101 established tbe first orphan &aylum in the state. The followina year he made application to the $tate Legislature for the incorporation of 102 St. Joseph Orphan Asylum. As stated in the Preamble of the Bill, it was Father Badin's intention to establish the orphanage for children of any denord.nation or description and endow it with 300 acres or land. The universality of bis pw'pofSe was also evident in his request that the state legalize the institution wbich would be "beneficial to Society in ,eneral, 103 and to orphana in particular." \t'i thin two years the Le,isla ture honored

Badin's petition, and he was able to write Bishop Purcell: " ••• the Legisl. of Ind. bas ,ranted l8e a charter to e.tablish St. Joseph Orpban Atylum - 104 Soli Deo honor fI &l oria. .\men. It

Mystery surrounds tbe extent ot the endeavor, for there are DO lources to tell UI when and wby the work wall discontinued. On July 31,

1835, Badin transferred his land. and buildina. to ai.bop Brute. At the time of the transaction be reque.ted that the property be used tor an or­ phan asylum or saae otber religiou8 project. Although it was not in God'. plan that his cheri.hed wish for an orphanage materialize, yet the coming decade vas to reward hi. sacrifice aDd witne.s the establishment of a lasting lIom.ent of Christian endeavor - Notre Dame University.

101 rather Badin to the Propagation of tbe Faith, December 12, 1831, in Annale. de l·... ociation de la Propa&!tion de 1. fui, 0:110, cited in Hope, Motre Daae One Hundred Year., {Notre Dame, 1943), 40.

102 'a~ler Badin to Gen. John Tipton, December 29, 1832, in American Catholic Historical Researchea, (Philadelphia, 1908), 4:2b, (new aerie.).

103 ...... Ibid • 104 Badin to Purcell, September 22, 1834, Notre Dame Archives. 64

With each succesaiTe ata,e of its intellectual and social development the young state accepted a challenge to a maturity of progressiveness. If she were in the next few years to attain the pinnacle of her envisioned educational system, she would need a champion such as Brute. If her chari­ table institutions were to be inclusive of the needs of her citisens, the zeal of a Badin was essential. Only in leaders cospareble to them would her future areatness be realized. 6S

Chapter HI

Cultural Progress in the State of Indiana, 1841-1855

UrOD the

HailaDdiere became Bishop of Vincennes. His appoln~nt as Coadjutor with ri!bt of succession to the .!joe of Vincennes had been _de known to ni. some weeka preYious while tourina France in an etfort to secure priests, sisters, and necesaary funds for the Indiana adasion. Tile announeement from the Vicar Ceneral of the diocese: "Our &ood father-Sishop Brute 1 ia no more-be died this &ucrnin& at half pil.st one" occasioned his con- secration in Paris in ,\ugust an

The Bishop elect, haYing labored in the young diocese since ita creation aDd haYing served as Vicar (;eneral since lSJb, knew well tbe pressir~ needs of his di~ese. He had been in perfect aceord with Bishop

Brute'. educational system; hence, one ot bis first cares was to develop tbe plans inaugurated by bis predecessor. ~hile in Wrope be had not only sccured &itts ot sacerdotal Yestments, sacred •••••18, books, and inter- ested the Council of the Society for the Propagation of the }"aith in sup- plying funds for the Indiana miasion, but be had also recruited seyeral 2 religious to assist in the educational work there.

It was througft his efforts that tbe Ludists a,reed to send a ,roup of priests to supplement the faculty of .;:it. Charles Seminary and jt. Gabriel'a

I Simon .'. LaLumiere to His hop Hailandiere, June 2b, 1839, in Notre lJame Archivell. 2 H. Atording, A History of the Catholic Church in the Diocese of Vincennes, (lndiana.polis, 1883), lb9. 60

College in Vincennes. He obtained also the promise of assistance from two religious orders, the Brothers of the Holy Cross, then known as dle Brothers of St. Joseph, from Le Mans, and the Sisters of Providence of 3 Hui11e, to establish houses and open schools within the diocese. Five Sisters of f'rovidence with the valiant Mother Theodore Guerin as their .:ruperior arrived at the spot chosen for them by the Dishop, Saint Mary-of-the-Woods near Terre Haute, on October 22, 1840. There in the

.idst of a deep forest in all ordinary pioneer farm house they est.. blished the lIotherhouse of the ;jisters of Providence in America, and in the "pretty tvO-ltory brick house" intended for their convent their first "pendonnatll 4 or boarding scbool. In it Protestants as well as Catholics early availed themselves of the opportunity of convent education. The opening of their boarding school on July 7, 1841 introduced in the state a system of edu- cation that was thorough and progressive, for its basis lay in the capable hands of teacbers trained and experienced in SOlIe of the best schools in t~rance.

Devoted primarily to the education of &irls, the Sisters concerned themselves with the establishment of an Academy. Almost parallel with its foundation, however, was the opelUn& of a free school for the poor in the district. When the free school eventually became an individual enter- prise, designated as the village school, the missionary work of the Com- 5 lIIWlity was inaugurated.

The first ~ssion undertaken by the Sisters of Providence was at

3 Alerding, A History of the Catholic Church in the Diocese of Vincennes, 170. 4 Sister Mary Borromeo Brown, History of the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-tbe-\wooda, (Chicago, 1949), 86.

5 Anne Brown, "RerRiniscences, It in the Aurora, 45:309 (October, 1915). 67

Jasper, Indiana in 1842. Ja.sper, a typical settlement of immigrants em- ployed in the railroad and caual building of the period, wa.s unique in its origin. nrute wrote of this aettlell1ent in 1636: 11 Ll bilve found:J a large beginning of Genuan Catholics [who] have taken lands (or more tha.n one tJ hundred fwdlies, who daily arrive there." He immediately milde an effort to l,rocure for them priests who were fiiluliar with the German language. r1 youn,g Croatian, Reverend Joseph Kundek, offered his lfervices and begall at once to encoura&e the fo~tioD or a colony on the vast acres or land purchased with the help of ttle Vicuna Leopoldine Society. Through letters, advertisetnents in {;erman periodical s, a.nd personal contacts wi ttl prospec- tive 1mm1,rant8 he created a acries of typical German colonies. the first of these yas the town 01 Ferdinand or,anized in 1839. im advertisement in the Cinc1nna.ti w&hrheitsfreund describifll: it as a town of 4C families yith a Cerman catholic church caused many to leave the Cincinnati area 7 and settle in the southern Indiana country side. In 1844 two more settle- ments were made at fulda and Cele.tine. In le8s than six ye

It wall not surprising then that the indefatii1ble Kundek Itave his first attention to the education of his Cerman chUdrcm. 6y July, lB42, he had not only built a aubstantial brick church at Jasper, but at the

b Siab0J" Brute tu 'ather .(o'rancois, .septeaber 18, 1838, i.u Notre Dame Archive ••

7 Joaepb A. Thie, 1'('J8rman Catholic Activity in the llolted jtat.a 70 Years ;\10," in tbe Recorda of tbe t'Wlerlcan Historical .-..ociet! '?,f l'hi1a­ dell)h!!, 20:97, (1909). This article consists of extracts translated from the Cincinnati wahrheitstreund, the first Cerman Catholic nevspaperpub­ Iiahed in the United States, 1831-1841.

8 Francis Scheper, "Tyo Pioneer Indiana f'rieBts, It in Mid-America, ' 12:b8-73, (July 1929-193b). This article was translated from the ori&­ inal German by Monsignor Uolweek in Pastoral Blatt. 68 cost of much labor had also constructed a convent. His appeal for teachers brou,ht three Sisters of Providence to conduct'a school that surpassed the ordinary schools of tbe period, for in this completely Catholic cOlrmnmi,ty he bad little trouble in obtaining from the county financial support for 9 his school.

further e"panlion of the Sisters of Providence wi thin the next five years included schools in Vincennes, Madison, and Fort ~ayne. In Vin­ cione. they replaced the .':iisters of Charity at the ,jt. Mary' s "emale 10 School. A school in Madison, an "ecole Payante lt known as St. Anne's Academy, was accepted in 1844. A tree scbool was also established. At the time Madison was a stronghold of the NatiYists. Their intolerance of Sisters' Ichools which, accordiD& to them, were deSigned to "thrw Protcus- tant parents off their g,uard ••• and induce 80me cot them:J to commit the cultivation of the intellect and the formation of the views and hearts of their children to the ••• servants of Rome," iulpeded for a time the prog- resl of the institution. Prejudice against the school was excessive, the

Sisters were frequently subjected to insult, and their school t • reputa- tion endangered by the malicious tales concocted by their enemies. Never- theless, St. Anne'. AcadC.t1Jy ilnd parochial school continued to ,row, and eventually it gained the patronage of Protestants as ....ell as Catholics 11 of the city.

9 Letter of HoUleI' Theodore Guerin, July 28, 1844, cited in ~ister Laurence Conner, A History of tbe }i'frat Hfty Years of the .sisters of Providence in tbe linited States, p. 19, unpublished mastel"s thesis, dated 1933, in library of ,st. Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana. 10 Brown, History of the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-ot-the­ ~, 2b3. 11 Madison Courier, August 9, 1845, cited in Brown, History of the Sisters of Providence of Saint *rx-of-the-\\'oods, lub. 69

In the northern part of the state the rapid growth of fort wayne, following the cOfIp1etion of the Wabash and Erie Canal of 1841, caused the pastor, 'ather Julius Benoit, to seek the benefits of education for the children of his parish. Having purchased property for a school and a convent, he requested teachers from :saint Mary-of-the-\\Iooos. The offer, which included "the best house in the diocese, large enough for 40 boar- ders, n enabled the Sisters of ProTidence to inaugurate the first of'gallized system of educat.ion in that part of the state. The school opened in September, 1840, with an "all-A,merican" faculty of three for an enrollment 12 of French-Canadian, German-Catholic, and American-Protestant students.

Mcouraged by the success of the St. Augustine Academy, Benoit in the following year secured Brothers of the Holy Cross to open a school for 13 boys. A typical Catholic academy of the day was St. Vincent Academy opened by the Sisters of Providence in Terre Haute in 1848. It was a day school for young ladies. The curriculum, ~lich was in keeping with the advances of education in the period, included three divisions: At three dollars per quarter the First Class received instruction in the elements of or- thography, reading, writing, arithmetic, and needlework; the Second Class for an increased tuition of one dollar was taught in addition history, georgrapn), and letter writing; the Third Class at six dollars per quarter was coached in ancient and modern history, c0l4position, and "all tbe branches which constitute a thorough JID&;lish education." For those dedr- inc instruction in the "accomplishments" ,&I'rencn, Gernum, piano les80ns

12 Father Benoit to Motller Theodore, NOTember 14, 1845, cited in Brown, Historz of the Sisters of ProTidence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, 538. 13 John L. Morris, "Rt. Rev. Julius Benoit," in the Illinois Catholic Historical Review, 7:312 (April, 1925). 70 with the use of the instrument, drawing and painting in water colors and 14 oil, and lessons in the making of artificial flowers were offered. These schools which were thoul.ht of as "finishing schools" were most popu- lar in the 185U's.

Although the Sisters 0.( Providence were devoted primarily to educa- tion, the Co.munity engaged in other works of charity. In 1849 they opened a girls' orphanage at Vincennes, and three years later at the ur- gent request of Bishop de St. Palais they 8S1W1led the care of the boys' 15 asylum in the same city. These establisrunents, to wldch Mother Theodore gave the services of the Sisters gratis, fulfilled a need occasioned by the cholera epidemic which ravaged the state in 1849 and left many orphans in its wake. At Madison when the schools were closed due to the epidemic the .:)istenl_ following the counsels of Mother Theodore: "If the plague makes great ravages in your city ••• arm yourselves with courage and devote yourselves to the care of your stricken brethren," cared for the sick in 1& their hOllIes. In 1851 the Community made a further venture in the benevo- lent field and laid the foundations for the future by establishing in

Indianapolis for the free treatment of Hoosier pioneers a "tiny, inade- 18 quate, cabin-sized hospital." Until 1852 the tiisters of Providence were the only religious order of

14 Brown, Hi.torl of the Sisters of Providence of ~int Marl-of-the­ woods, 507.

15 ~,592-594. 1& Mother Theodore Guerin to the ~isters at Madison, March 2, 1849, cited in Coaner, A History of tbe first Viftl Years of the ~lstera of Providence in the United States, 38. 17 Brown_ Hi»torl of the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the­ ~, 553-554. 18 The IndianaQolis Times, May 22, 1950, 13. 11 women engaged in educational and charitable work in Indiana. In 18S5 this pioneer teaclung order had sixteen establishments in the state. It was they and the Brothers of Holy Cross who blazed the trail for systematized education throughout the state. The Brothers of the Holy Cross came to Indiana the year after the arrival of the Sisters of Providence. UIJon their arrival their .:.)uperior, Father E..dward .sorin" was offered a piece of property at I"rancisville, four odies from Vincennes. The I4'Cation was undesirable for a school; there- fore, in its place Bishop de la Hailandiere offered land in one of the oldt'st missions in the diocese--St. J)eter's. The little settlement boasted a "frame church in good repair ••• two log shanties ••• onc answerin& for a kitchen and the other used as a school" and a population of thirty- 19 tive Catholic families. ~ithin a year ~orin ostablished a novitiate there, built a school for the children of the locality, and served the 20 nearby parishes of ~t. Peter's, ~t. Mary's, and Mt. Pleasant. The school which was advertised as a "School for Young Hen" of any religious profession offered a "sound, correct, and practical ~ngllsh education for 21 $18 per quarter, payable in advance." The aucceS8 of the school at St. Peter's and another four miles to the southeast caused Sorin to contemplate the eatablisbment of a college. His attempts, however, were foiled by the Bishop of believed St. Gabriel's sufficient for the locality. Sorin's repeated requests caused the Bishop to offer him the property in northern Indiana whicb had been transferred

19 Chronicle. of Notre Dame du Lac, translated by J. M. Tookey, 21, (Manuscript copy in Notre Dame Archives). 20 ,lrtbur J. Hope, Notre name One Hundred Years, (Notre Dame, 1943), 26. 21 Catholic Almanac, 1843, 79-80. 72 to Bishop Brute by Father Badin in 183b. The deeding of the property carried with it a two-fold stipulation: Badin" expressed desire that the land be used for an orphanage or another charitable purpose was to be adhered to; Hailandiere made the building of a college requisite for the retention of the lake property.

The Ste-Marie-das-Lacs of Badin's time was in a sad state of repair when Sorin and his Brothers took over the property. Nevertheless, with the combined efferts of the poor Catholics of South Send trees were felled and a building 46 x 20 ft. was prepared, one part to be used as a chapel, 22 the other for housing accommodations. In July, 1843, four ~isters of the

Holy Cross eaae in answer to a request for domestic help, a great necessity 23 in the college. The central portion of the proposed four-and-a-half story college was completed in June, 1844. Its walls had not reached the third story when a member of the Legislature, John B. Defree., a Methodist, offered to 00- tain from the State Legislature two charters: one for a University and another to incorporate the Hanual Labor SChool of the Brothera. By the charter granted to the University it had:

••• full power and authority to confer and 'rant ••••uch degree. and diplomas in the liberal arts and .cience., and in lav and medicine as are usually conferred and gran­ ted in other universities of tbe United States.24

The charter granted to the Manual Labor SChool gave recoanition• to a charitable vork engaled in by the Brothers trom the be&inning of th~

22 Chronicles of Notre Dame du Lac, 4b. 23 Ibid. , 5l. 24 Bulletin of the University of Notre Dame, 35:4b, (1939-1940). 73

Notre Dame foundation. In 1844 the school began to acquire orphans. They were considered a distinct class in the institution with a sp.ciali.zed curriculum and faculty. TIlis school was the first legally constituted 25 Catholic trade school established in the United States. The primitive educational and disciplinary system used by Sorin in the early day. of the college did not encourage sufficient enrollmer't; but the early adoption of methods used at St. Louis University soon equip- ped the school with a theatre or lecture hall, a museum, a rudimentary science laboratory, and an armory. The church built at this time was the largest Catbolic church in northern Indiana. It was distin,ui~led for its Creek style of architecture, its elliptical tribune and sanctuary, 2b and a belfry which housed a oW-pound bell imported from France. The colle,e at Notre Dame was a success from the first. On the other hand, the institute for boys, St. Cabriel's, at Vin- cennea, did not prosper. The debts accruing to the institution, together with its small patronage, hampered its progress. Although it had accommo­ dation. for 100 boarders in the building fomerly knoW'll as the University of Vincennes, a corp. of professors from the most distinguished colleges 27 in Europe, and a state charter with full collegiate powers, it was for the ~udi8t. a financial loss. In 1848 it was purchased by nishop Bazin, and the secular college and seminary were amal,amated. Operatin& on the new basis, it gained a fair lIIeasure of success. Accordin& to its Pro- spectus the "culture of the mind was promoted by solid and extensive

25 Hope, Notre Dame One Hundred Years, bl.

2b Ibidt • 67-75. 27 Catholic Almanac, 1842, lOS. 74 courses of studies embracing Greek, Latin, English, Cerman, and French languages, rhetoric, history, geography, natural and moral philosophy, 28 mathematics, and the other branches usually taught. II with every educational advantage at their command the Catholic and Protestant young mart of the 1840's had ample opportunity of an education provided, of course, his financial position permitted. The private scbools of the period could do little toward the education of the citizens en masse, but they gave to the state a cultural tone that she on her part was in- capable of foatering. Although the work of these three pioneer religious orders 1.n Indiana was recognized a8 a testimonial of zeal and advancement in the cause of education, their contributions alone were inadequate for the over-all needs of the period. The ever increasing influx ot iwaigrants between

1840 and 1855 accelerated tbe growth of the Catholic population and de- manded a corresponding increase of parochial benetits. The Panic of 1837 caused many people to seek rehabilitation in the ~est. In southern lndi- ana Evansville, New Albany, and Madison became thrivilll. Catholic towns. £ach town sponsored buildin& procrams for religious, educational and civic purposes. The Gel'JlUln Catholics distinguished themselves in the construc­ tion of fine churches. Ooe ot' these, which lI1&ht well be designated an edifice, was Holy Trinity Church!n Evansville. It lacked none of the essentials of equipment. There were altars, pew., an organ, and a pair of bella. A ..,nificent oil painting of the Assumption, a gift of the 29 King of Bavaria, was placed over the hi&b altar.

28 Prospectus, St. Gabriel College, January 18, 1848, Notre Dame Archives. 29 AleNing, A History of the Catholic Church in the Diocese ot Vincennea, 279. 75

The national background of these early Cath\.= ic church builders was reflected in the customs aDd languages, German, French, or l.tlg1ish, used in their ceremonies. The fusion of the four cultures, Cerman, French, Englhh, and Irish gave a distinct character to the later development of the state.

~I}lile the Catholic Church was experiencing this period of expansion and develo~ftt, the state's parallel atte*pta continued to be unsatis- factory. By the middle 40's the educational 5ystem of Indiana appeared to be in a state of atrophy. Other than the existence of a number of pri- vate and sectarian schools for those who could pay tuition, the public at large had no educational means except from the few "pauper public schools."

By 1843 even the seminaries of learning ceas~ to fUBction; the private schools remained tne lone educational survivors in the state. Indiana of the 40's had gained a reputation of illiteracy which surpassed th.tt of 30 any s tate north of the Mason-Dixon line. The 1850 d.ecade witnessed a revival of academies and seminaries which offered courses of study in the higher brackets, but they continued to de- pend almost exclusiTely upon tuition and private donations. The most out- standing among these schools were the Northeastern Literary Institute, a

Bapti~t foundation of 1850, and the Bloomington Female College and Academy established b1 the Methodists in 1855. In curriculums they evinced a de­ velopment on a high intellectual plane. Classical languages, philosophy, hieher mathematics, with electives in the physical and social sciences 31 were ordinarily offered. However, they vere by their very nature reserved

30 Fassett A. Cotton, iducation in Indiana, (Indianafolis, 19(4), 178. 31 John R. Thomas, "The Academies of Indiana," in the Indiana Maga­ dne of Histo[l. 30:139 (June, 1934). 16 for those of their resf'Cctive religions vbo vere financially able to share their benetits.

Another private attempt of the period WdS the establishment of the first medical school in the state. This initial step for the formation of the Indiana Medical College was made by a ,roup of physicians in La 32 Porte. The &rcwth of the school was remarkable, and its reputation rated it one of the best insU tutions in the \test in 1831; however, lack 33 of endowment caused its dissolution ten years later.

The continued sta.&nation from 1825 on to the middle of the century had its basis in the Ita.te's inability to legislate monetary support for her school i. She could accOlltPlish nothing until her people were convinced of the necessity of an educational system. The people in general were not in favor of tax-supported schools. According to their mental capacity, reU,ious conviction, or political adherence, they contended that leiis-

lation for free schools was "too advanced, ft impractical, visionary - a

benefit of the indolent at the expense of the industrious. They argued

that the ccouon school would be .. detrillent to the private and parochial schools in which lUOIley and "vested rights" had been established. They be-

Hove

do the free school was renounced because it tended to make education too conaoo. It waa their opinion that it would break down long-establ1shed

32 L. G. Zerfas, "Medical f4ucatioo in Indiana as Influenced by f.:arly Indiana Graduates in Medicine fromtranaylvtllnia University," in the Indiana ~~gazine of Histofl, 30:139 ,June, 1934). 33 Murray N. Hadley, "Medical Educational Institutions in Indiana," in the Indiana. Hagadne of History. 21:309 (Becember, 1931). 71

34 and very desirable soci&l barriers.

from such re'lsoning there could be little hope for the successful operation of tbe "general system of CUUCn den whereitl tui tien shall be gratis and equally open to all" provisioned by the first constitution of the state. A constructive educatioJ.i, of the m< uea was therefore a vital necessl ty. Two leaders, Governor' wili tCOII.lb and Caleb Hills, a l)rofcssor of \\abash College, be;;an a campaign in the interest of tbe liitate schools in Ib44. Mills advocated that the state should provide free education for every child sufficient to enable him to be an intelligent citizen.

His first step was to prepare teachers tQ educate the common people, and for that purpose he founded habash I-w.nual l..abor College and .'leruinary for teacllers. This was the answer to an evident need, for even ill 1844 a sur- vcr showed incOllpetent teachin8 staffa in four out of every five SChools 35 in the state.

In 184b Mills championed a scheme for carrying out his campaign.

By publishing a series of six~phlet8 addressed to the Legislature of

Indi.ana and anonymously signed "one of the People" he kept the issue be- fore the public for four years in succession. In each J.ublication he prepareti an array of statistical evidence as factual ai'gtil!l0flts tor the Jo suprort of cOIRon schools. His work effected greater agitation for free schools. ComrllOl'l school conv.sntions were orlani~ed; circular letters

\fere issued espousing the cause; and newspar.ers in every 'county began

34 Ellwood f. Cubberley, Public Wucatioo in the United .,tate., lBo.ton, 1934), lub. -

35 Lo#an Esarey, ~istory of Indiana, (Dayton, Ohio, 1922), 2:b80.

3b Charity Dye, ~ Torch Bearers of Indiana, (Indianapolis, 1917), 34-35. 78 publishing arguments in its fayor. Although tbe campaign awoke a general sentiment throuahout the state for the scbools, 'yet tne fact that they were:

••• to be free, poor and rich jumbled to­ ,ether; common, devoted to readinc, writ­ ing, and arithmetic; non-sectarian, vilere children of inCidels 1Ili.o&1ed with thoae of Christian parenta&e; and laat and worst, to be paid for by ~ll whether the payer had children or not

,aye to the Yoter Major or miDor concern. At the end of the 1847 seasion of the Oerteral A••• bly the House passed the school bill; the Senate de­ cided to a.81&1' the matter to a reCerendwn. In tbe electlon of 1848 39 18,523 cltisea8 or a majority of Ib,03b favored free schools.

l<;ven thou&h free sebools bad thus been endorsed by the voters, the legislatora of 1848 did little or nothiDi in the matter of legislation. However, the Legislature of tbe following year _powered the people to call a convention to draft A DeW constitution, and by that new docWilent the actual establishment of a free-school 8ystem was authorized. When in 1852 it went into operation, le&al status was ,iYen to the state 8YS- 40 tem oC free education. Th~ iaw was very liberal. It ellbodied the pr1n- ciple that the property of the state should educate the children of the state, and that tbe cammon schools should be opened to pupils without charge. It designated cities and towns to be school corporations totally independent of the townships in which they were situated, and furthermore, empowered them to establisb their own tax-supported grade schools at~

37 Julia H. Leverin&, Historic Indiana, (~ew lork, 1910), 435. 38 Esarq, History of Indiana, 2:b67. 39 LeveriDg, Historic Indianp, 435. 40 1:i.aarey, Hiatorz of Indiana, 2:b90. 79 appoint school trustees to supervise them. In the event that the local tax was too mealer to supply necessary funds, assistance from the state 41 funds vere authorized. Under the new school lelislation progress was slow. Esarey contends that the law of 1852 was far in advance of the conditions in Indiana, for the state had neither officers nor teachers to carry it into effect, nor 42 money to pay either. Some efforts at improvement came in the adoption of 43 uniform textbooks, the acceptance of women teachers trained in the nor- mal institutes, and the introduction of a new method of discipline in sub- 44 stitution for the former birch-wielding tyranny.

Included in the new educational plan was a provision for the forma- tion of a free public library in every township of the state. By a small tax the state raised $273,000 and supplied the townships vith an avera,e of about 320 volumes each. Many of these were combined with what was left of the Haclure libraries. However, these libraries were short-lived, for a,ain no provision vas made for maintenance, repair, purchase of new 45 books, or perMllent locations. The efforts of the promoters of free education had barely overcome the first barriers when force. of opposition, primarily found in those who opposed the necessary taxation, caused the Supreme Court of Indiana to repudiate the local taxation laws. In a decision of December 12, 1854,

41 williaa H. Smith, History of the State of Indiana, (Indianapolis, 1897), 525. 42 Esarey, History of Indiana, 2:708. 43 Journal, (Indianapolis), Noyember Ie, 1853, 3. 44 Esarey, Historr of Indiana, 2s699. 45 Cotton, Education in Indiana, 431. 80 it was held that the law authoridDi the collection of school taus, in so far as it authorized tile assesament of a local tax, was unconstitution- ale The decision was based on the clause of the Constitution which for- bade the General Assembly to enact local or special laws in certain enu- merated cas.s. Public reaction was vehement. Esarey records the senti- ments of the day in an excerpt frORl. the Madison Banner:

One of two things is clearly d.-onstrated. OUr constitution is a prodl&iously sense­ less and impracticable instrument and its ..kers were donkeys of unequivocal ear­ .arks, or the su~reme court of Indiana is a very incompetent set of interpreters.4b The SUpreMe Court further haapered the pro&ress of the common school systea in de.yin, the right of cities and towna to act as school corpora­ tions empowered to levy taxes and build school houses. As a result of these pronouncements the educ~tioDal sy.tea was invalid. Tax payers were under the iapression that taxes had been abolished and so refused to pay their taxes. Aa late as 1854 .chool house construction was abandoned, and at least 3,500 district. were without buildin& accommodations of any 47 kind. In SOIM townships there was nothing available but a

••• few old, leaky, dilapidated 101 cabins, wholly unfit tor use even in summer, and In the winter worae than nothing.48

The court decisions and the deprivation of taxes completely para­ lyzed the state educational program. The citlzinery could bl.1.t rely upon private institutioAs to continue the education of ita youth.

The urlent needs of this time were provided tor in part by the prov­ idential arriYal of three new reli&1ous teaching orders. At the request

46 ~arey, History of Indiana, 2:701. 47 Ibid" 21704. 48 State ~Rerintendeat'a Report, January 19, 1853, 4. 81 of Father Francis J. Rudolf, a Franciscan Order in Vienna sent two volun- teers to America. Only one of them persevered in her desire, but she wi til three American postulants established the Sisters of St. Francis at Olden­ ~9 burg in 1851. After five months of instruction under a seminarian, J. H. Probst, they opened the Oldenburg village school. The follovin£ year the Sisters passed the requisite state examinationa to qualify them as public school teacheral, and their village school becaDle a district public school. In 1852 they opened a boarding school for girl., and two years later as­ sumed the charle of eleven children orphaned in the cholera epidemic. The Community'. first mission houses were opened in 1855, and soon the whitevater region of Indiana was bearing the fruits of the Sister's min­ ~ istry. In 1853 after repeated requests from Father Kundek of Jasper, Bene- dictines froa the Maria Einaiedeln in ~vit:erland established a aonastery five miles south of Ferdinand. In 1854 they opened the school at St.

Meinrad's and almost imaediately were assigned to parish work in the 51 counties of Spencer, Warwick, and Dubois. In 1852 they received as re- emits seven young lien from WUerttenber&, Germany, to begin their 1II0nas- tic training. The work of the Benedictine. proved 10 successful that they were entrusted by St. Palai. with the establishment of a dioscean 52 seminary.

49 "In a Village of Spires," in The Indiana Catholic and Recor4, (Indianapolis), Centennial-~ilver Jubilee edition, August 30, 1935, 32- 33. SO S. Mary Carol Schroeder, The Catholic Church in the Diocese of Vincennes, 1851-1877, (Washington, D.C., 1946), 132-133.

51 Peter Behrman, "The ~tory of St. Meinrad Abbey," in The Grail, 10s~89-492 (March, 1929). 52 Ibid., 10:496. 8%

The year 1855 witnessed the transfer of Father Sorin's group of SIa­ tel's of the Holy Cross fl'Ol'8 Bertrand, Htchi&an,' to the diocese of Indiana.

Tbe Sisters who had been refused lodging in the atate by Kailandiere for ten years commuted fra. Bertrand and later from Mishawaka to Notre Dame to render dOliestic aernet'! at the college. In 1855 Father Sorin recetve

Ou April 24, 1855, the cornerstone of the acad.." St. Mary of tbe IMMaC­ ulate COJlCept1on, was laid and before the end of the year sixty boarders S5 were in atten.d.uce. This scbool wbich had been &ranted a charter by the state of Hichi&an in February, 1855, before its transfer to Indiana, 8008 50 silnalised itself in the educational progress of northern IDdiana.

In the eclucatioaa1 field dlU'1ng tid. period the state yielded first place to prl'Yate and religious endeavor; in the reala of beDevolence ahe inaugurated .everal nev .nterpri.... Her initiatory step. toward an 1m- proved legislation tor tbe atate'. defective. were taken in the early

40 t •• Governor James Whitcoaab ia 1842 awakened the public cO'lscieace to

53 Cbroplcl.s of ~Otre name du Lac, 221-224. 54 Schroeder, The Catholic Church in the D!ocese of Vincennea, 1857- 1877, 135.

55 Sister Mary neanore, OIl the li_'. K11hwaX, (Nft· York, 1931), 197-203.

56 Anna~. McAllister, ,laae An the wilderness, (PattersoD, N.J., 1944), 12b. 83 the miserable condition of the insane. Lectures were sponsored cn the treatment and care 01 the mentally ill, and reports from county sheriffs reyealed the number and condition 01 the state's inaane. As a result a special tax was leyied and the first hospital for the insane was completed 57 in Indianapolis in 1847.

The first etfort of the Legislature 011 behalt of the blind was m.ade in 1847. The Institute for them was from ita inception operated as a school with a curriculum comparable to the elementary schools of the 58 period. At the time the tax was leyied to provide funds for the asylum for the insane a small tax vas alao included to procure sufficient funds for the erection of an institute for the education 01 the deal and duJIlb. In 1844 the Legislature took over a school for the education of the deaf and dumb operated since 1843 by William Willard, a deaf mute. In 18S0 the state erected a permanent building with aaple facilities for agricul- 59 tural and industrial education for the mutes. In 1851 the state made a short-lived atteMpt to care for orphans in the corporation known .s the Indianapolis widows and Orphans Asyluw, but ® nothing of its future activity ia known. In this particular field of cbaritable endeavor the Catholic Church alone excelled.

The period from 1840 to 1855 aight well be called a transitional one for the state of Indiana. The increase of her population, the expansion

57 Esarey, Historx of Indiana, 2:493; w. S. Raymond, State of Indiana, (Indianapo1i" 1879), 299. 58 Ida H. MCCarty, "Indiana'. Blind," in the Indiana Ma&azine of Historl, 191291 (September, 1923); Esarey, History of Indiana, 2&493. 59 Smith, History of the State of Indiana, 630. bO Alexander Johnson, "A State Aced 100," in The Survex, 30:100 (April-Septeaber, 191&). 84 of her cultivated land, and the cultural development of her city and ur­ ban dwellers bore witness to her transformation' from a pioneer state to the full stature of a corporate state. In the territorial period, in the first day a of statehood, and in the transitional stage to full development the indomitable leadership ot the Catholic Church with characteristic efficiency had influenced and given a reaarkable impetus to the cultural growth of Indiana. 85

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Annales de l'Association de 14 Propagation de la Foi, Lyons, lS2~, y. 3; 1833, Y. 6; 1835, Y. 8. Annales de l'Association de la Propacation de 1& Foi, Paris, 1828, v. 3 Annal. of £op&resl, 8 Cong. 1 .sess. (1804); 14 Con,. 1 .sea •• (1816). Bayley, Ja.ea R., (ed.) Ue.oirs of the Rt. Hey. Simon w•• Gabriel Urute, New York, 18Gl. Catholic Almanac, Baltt.ore, 1833, 1838, 1839, 1842, 1843. Commager, Henry S., (ed.) Docuaenta of American Histoa, New Jork, 1949. Constitution of 1810 of Indiana, Indianapolis, 1916.

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Prospectus, St. Gabriel College, (1848). Ori.ginal in Notre Dame Ar­ chives. Rabb, Kate M., A Tour Through Indiana in 1840, New York, 1920. Spalding, Hartin J., Benedict Joseph Flaget, Louisville, 1852. State Superintendent's Report, january 19, 1853. The Metropolitan Catholic Almanac, 8alti'lore, (1838). ThornbroUih, Gaylor and Riber, Dorotby, (eds.) journals of the General AsaeMbly of Indiana TerritorY, 1805-1815, Indianapolis, 1950. woolen, William We, Howe, Daniel w., Dunn, Jacob P., {eds.} Executive Journal of Indiana Territory. l800-l8lb, Indianapolis, 1900. v. 3.

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Alerdir~, Her.an. J., Tbe Diocese of 'ort Wazpe, 'ort Wayne, 1907. Bauqartner, Apollinaris W., C&tl101ic Journali_. A "tudy of Its Develop­ ment in tbe United States, 1189-1930, New lork, 1931.

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