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Home Based Enterprises in Traditional Settlements of Kathmandu Valley (Study of Textile Enterprises in Thaiba) Nisha Shrestha

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Home Based Enterprises in Traditional Settlements of Kathmandu Valley (Study of Textile Enterprises in Thaiba) Nisha Shrestha Proceedings of IOE Graduate Conference, 2016 pp. 233–238 Home Based Enterprises in Traditional Settlements of Kathmandu Valley (Study of Textile Enterprises in Thaiba) Nisha Shrestha Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University Corresponding Email: [email protected] Abstract Kathmandu Valley comprises of not only larger cities like Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur but also consists of numerous small towns and villages which are scattered. Thaiba also reveals an excellent example of the unique clustered traditional Newari settlement of Malla period. Textile has always been an option for secondary occupation since Malla Period in Thaiba apart from agriculture. These Home Base enterprises have been major source of absorbing large numbers of workforce and for generating income. The purpose of this study was to find out the contribution of home based enterprises (HBEs) in house hold economy and its role in providing economic opportunities to poor migrants and identify the problems and issues related. Finally the growth potential of HBEs and their role in urban development was examined in the study. Both qualitative (in-depth interviews) and quantitative (with the aid of questionnaire) research methodology was utilized in this study. The results and findings indicate that all big enterprises have developed from small family businesses and are inherited. The enterprises are labor intensive. Employment size is a major criterion to define these enterprises. Most of the lower income groups of people are engaged in these types of enterprises and hence are benefited through employment and income generation.And these are providing direct and indirect contribution to national economy. In spite of its crucial role for providing employment and livelihoods to both urban and rural poor, its economic importance is rarely recognized either in national poverty reduction strategies or in city governance initiatives. Most of the problems lie with marketing management, loans, credit, corruption, large scale rampant smuggling of Indian and Chinese textiles, insufficient trained manpower. With the proper management strategies and policies, rules and regulations, co-ordination between different line agencies, these enterprises can be developed and encouraged, which further helps in urban development. Keywords Home Based Enterprises (HBEs), inherited, economic opportunities, labor intensive, urban development 1. Introduction Rapid urbanization is dominant phenomenon in developing countries around the world which has been Kathmandu Valley comprises of not only larger cities observed in Nepal from 1970s onward. Migration is one like Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur but also consists of the key forces behind urbanization. Opportunities of numerous small towns and villages which are seem to be concentrated at few particular locations scattered. The valley’s radius of roughly 15 kilometers including Kathmandu Valley. Various push and pull is dotted with numerous small towns and village factors in social, political, economic and other grounds settlements. Sankhu, Thimi and Kirtipur were exert pressure for the migration from rural to urban developed as larger settlements with population of more areas [7]. People prefer to migrate to the city center to than 5,000 each, whereas the settlements in Chapagaun, grasp better opportunities which has also resulted Pharping, Harisiddhi, Thaiba, Lubhoo, Shanagaun, chaotic urban environment exhibiting by so many Bungamati, Khokana and Satungal were developed as undesirable urban elements like squatter settlements, smaller villages. These settlements were prominent slums, traffic congestion, environmental problems etc. traditional settlements and were popular for specific Since the living cost is very high in the city core and the non-farm roles (Home Based) apart from agriculture. people who are not willing to squat prefer off-farm job Home Based Enterprises in Traditional Settlements of Kathmandu Valley (Study of Textile Enterprises in Thaiba) opportunities like Home Based enterprises (HBEs) the Thaiba VDC which includes Thaiba and Badegaun. available in the traditional settlements of the valley. Thaiba consists of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 wards of the VDC. These settlements are capable of providing job opportunities to the rural poor migrants at suitable locations minimizing the travel cost. Therefore, Home Based Enterprises continues to make an important contribution to production and employment in the city. Home based enterprises are either service oriented or product oriented. 2. Home-based Enterprises - Theoretical Discussion A home-based enterprise (HBE) is not just – a small business in a small structure, but a family operation in a dwelling, a “functional and organizational unit of production, generative reproduction, and consumption Figure 3.1: Location of Thaiba within the social formation of the ganze Haus,” as an economic historian has put it (Brunner, 1968, pages 103- 3.1 Textile Home Based Enterprises in Thaiba 127, cited in Medick, 1976, page 297; see also Chayanov, 925/1966) [13]. Thaiba is also an agrarian society like most of the traditional settlements. But the agriculture works is only From the literatures, it is clear that Rapid and seasonal so, the people have acquired secondary uncontrolled migration from rural to urban areas results occupation i.e. textile. Handlooms were used for informal labour market. Home based enterprises as a weaving the clothes (Khadi, Patashi, Dhaka etc.) by part of informal sector vary widely in size, location, using cotton thread (Charkha were used to make thread gender participation and sector of activity, but most are out of cotton) since the Malla period. Most of the single person, owning- operating unit, or small units people started to involve in textile business during the engaging family members. They may also be called as time when there was a boom of textile industries in livelihood enterprises as they provide employment Lubhoo. Most of the people in the beginning use to opportunities in the absence of more profitable bring raw materials from Lubhoo and sell the final alternatives. The skills are generally transferred from products to Lubhoo itself. Therefore, we can say that generation to generation and so mostly they are home with the development of textile in Lubhoo, Thaiba also based than organization-based. These enterprises have started to involve in this business economically as the been a driving force for economic growth, job creation secondary and primary profession apart from and poverty reduction in different developing countries. agriculture. With the passage of time and development, Some literature term this aspect as ’work-life balance’ ( handlooms were replaced by semi-automatic looms in simple term balance between the work and (family) which were capable of producing the cotton textile life; in case of women along with work, they can clothes which were used to make bed sheets, curtains, provide more time to look after family/household shirt, pants etc. affairs). Table 1: Textile Industry in the Year 2059 to 2069 BS 3. Introduction to Study Area: Thaiba Year No. of textile industry No. of looms 2059 91 1414 Thaiba is a village development committee in Lalitpur 2069 41 1102 District in the Bagmati Zone of central Nepal. Thaiba Source: Nepal Kapada Udhyog Sangha - Edited by Author, Field Survey lies in the east of Lalitpur district and is about 7 km (2012) from Lagankhel. There are altogether 9 wards within 234 Proceedings of IOE Graduate Conference, 2016 3.2 Socio-Economic Role of Textile which now are mostly formalized or in the verge of Enterprises in Thaiba formalization. Since, the enterprises have expanded their scale; the occupation is mostly done in mass form These enterprises account the large proportion of and has impacts on whole community as well as in the employment in Thaiba. According to the survey, there nation. One of the objectives is to know what kind of are 41 textile weaving enterprises, which have been contribution these enterprises are making in the whole giving employment opportunities to the 460 no. of community of the area and what can be the expectation workers which includes both local and migrant (male from them in future. and female). The enterprises have potential means of improving backward and forward linkages. Generally, By the analysis of the available information, the the sector is playing important socioeconomic roles and multiplier effect of these enterprises in the community showing positive performance changes. Employment and country as whole has been shown in table2. opportunities are given to the people who would As from Table2, it is clear that these types of otherwise have been unemployed because of lack of enterprises have significant contributions in urban skills and education. Main roles of the sector include: economy therefore, it highlights the need of planning source of employment and income for large number of interventions for improving their current situation. people; capacity to change local resources in to output and expanding local economic base, and facilitating sectors linkage. 4. Analysis and Findings Home Based Enterprises in Thaiba can be defined as the 3.3 Potential Effect of the Enterprises enterprises that are age old household occupation apart Table 2: Potential of Enterprises from agriculture that includes: own account enterprises, labor intensive with informal employers and Enterprise in Description nonregistration of the enterprises
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