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1 BURMA COUNTRY READER TABLE of CONTENTS Jerome BURMA COUNTRY READER TABLE OF CONTENTS Jerome Holloway 1947-1949 Vice Consul, Rangoon Edwin Webb Mar in 1950-1051 Consular Officer, Rangoon Joseph A. Mendenhall 1955-1957 Economic Officer, Office of Sou heas Asian Affairs, Washing on DC Ar hur W. Hummel, Jr. 1957-1961 ,ublic Affairs Officer, -S.S, Rangoon /enne h A. 0uen her 1951-1959 Rangoon -ni2ersi y, Rangoon Cliff 3ors er 1951-1960 .nforma ion Officer, -S.S, Rangoon Mor on Smi h 1951-1963 ,ublic Affairs Officer, -S.S, Rangoon Mor on .. Abramowi 5 1959 Temporary Du y, Economic Officer, Rangoon Jac7 Shellenberger 1959-1962 9ranch ,ublic Affairs Officer, -S.S, Moulmein John R. O:9rien 1960-1962 ,ublic Affairs Officer, -S.S, Rangoon Rober Mar7 Ward 1961 Assis an Des7 Officer, -SA.D, Washing on, DC 0eorge M. 9arbis 1961-1963 Analys for Thailand and 9urma, 9ureau of .n elligence and Research, Washing on DC Rober S. S e2en 1962-1964 Economic Officer, Rangoon Ralph J. /a rosh 1962-1965 ,oli ical Officer, Rangoon Ru h McLendon 1962-1966 ,oli ical/Consular Officer, Rangoon Henry 9yroade 1963-1969 Ambassador, 9urma John A. Lacey 1965-1966 9urma-Cambodia Des7 Officer, Washing on DC 1 Cliff Sou hard 1966-1969 ,ublic Affairs Officer, -S.S, Rangoon Edward C. .ngraham 1967-1970 ,oli ical Counselor, Rangoon Ar hur W. Hummel Jr. 1961-1971 Ambassador, 9urma Rober J. Mar ens 1969-1970 ,oli ical = Economic Officer, Rangoon 0. Eugene Mar in 1969-1971 Consular Officer, Rangoon 1971-1973 9urma Des7 Officer, Washing on DC Edwin Webb Mar in 1971-1973 Ambassador, 9urma John A. Lacey 1972-1975 Depu y Chief of Mission, Rangoon James A. /lems ine 1973-1976 Thailand-9urma Des7 Officer, Washing on DC 3ran7 ,. Coward 1973-1971 Cul ural Affairs Officer, -S.S, Rangoon Richard M. 0ibson 1974-1975 Vice Consul, Rangoon 1975-1977 Thailand-9urma Des7 Officer, Washing on DC Da2id L. Osborn 1974-1977 Ambassador, 9urma James R. 9ulling on 1975-1976 ,rincipal Officer, Mandalay 1976-1971 ,oli ical/Economic Counselor, Rangoon Rober E. 3ri s 1976-1979 Eas Asian Affairs, Country Direc or, Washing on, DC Daniel A. O:Donahue 1913-1917 Ambassador, 9urma Aloysius M. O:Neill 1916-1911 Chief Consular Officer, Rangoon Vic or L. Tomse h 1916-1919 Direc or of Office of Thailand-9urma Affairs, Eas Asia and ,acific 9ureau, Washing on DC William Veale 1916-1990 ,oli ical Officer, Rangoon 3ran7lin E. Huffman 1917-1919 Assis an ,ublic Affairs Officer, -S.S, Rangoon 2 Marilyn A. Meyers 1994 3S., 9urmese Language Training, Washing on DC 1994-1996 Chief of Mission (Charge d:Affaires ad in erim), 9urma Marie Therese Huh ala 1996-1991 Direc or, Office of 9urma, Cambodia, Laos and Vie nam Affairs, Washing on, DC JEROME K. HOLLOWAY Vice Consul Ran oon (1947-1949) Jerome K. Holloway was born in Pennsylvania in 1923. He received his bachelor's degree from Catholic niversity in 1947 and his master's from the niversity of Michigan in 1959. He served in the S Navy during (orld (ar II. He joined the Foreign Service in 1947. His overseas posts include Rangoon. Shanghai. Bremen. Hong Kong. 0o1yo. Stoc1holm. and 2sa1a3Kobe. Mr. Holloway was interviewed by Charles Stuart Kennedy on June 14. 1989. 67 8our first post was what. Rangoon9 HOLLOWAA: Rangoon. 67 8ou served there from when to when9 HOLLOWAA: 3rom he la e summer of C47 un il he spring of C49, when . wen o China. 67 (hat was the situation in Rangoon when you got there9 HOLLOWAA: Well, i was s ill a 9ri ish colony. .ndependence had been promised, and he agreemen on i was signed in he summer of C47 be ween ,rime Minis er A lee and - Nu-- Tha7in Nu as he was called hen--who was he successor of Aung San. The wee7 before . was assigned o Rangoon, he prime minis er and he entire cabine were assassina ed. 67 2h. my :od. 8ou mean. sort of a local thing9 HOLLOWAA: Well, i was a power s ruggle be ween hose who had eDercised wha poli ical power he 9urmese did eDercise in pre-war 9urma and hose who came af er. Aung San and his group had originally been allies of he Japanese and hen hey urned on he Japanese. The assassina ion, . ha2e since disco2ered in reading he papers of 0eneral Sir Huber Ran5, who was he las 9ri ish 0o2ernor of 9urma, his papers are in he .ndia library on 9lac7 3lyers Road in London, ha 9ri ish officers had sold he guns o he group ha did he assassina ion. So ha he 9urmese Denophobia was no wi hou a cer ain amoun of founda ion. 3 67 (hat were American interests in Burma at the time9 HOLLOWAA: As far as . could piece i ou , here were only wo. One was, we wan ed o see 9urma independen . .f you recall, decoloni5a ion was a large par of our World War .. and pos - World War .. policy. And we e2en as7ed he 9ri ish, a one ime, EDo you really in end o go hrough wi h hisFE Tha was . guess our firs in eres .Our second in eres was already, . can remember people saying EWell, we donC wan a communis s a e on he .ndian Ocean.E . ne2er could Gui e unders and-- 67 I mean. that was sort of the word that went around. HOLLOWAA: The dis ressing hing was ha we really did ha2e no policy, and we followed a personnel policy ha made us suspicious o he 9urmese. AouC2e undoub edly read ha one of he big complain s which diploma ic his orians correc ly ma7e abou he 3oreign Ser2ice is ha when he era of decoloni5a ion came in, we had no one who was rained in languages or he cul ures, because hese pos s had all been ou pos s of he European na ions. 67 And Burma was a particularly handy one because it was English3spea1ing. HOLLOWAA: Saigon and Hanoi were 3rench-spea7ing. And 9a a2ia was Du ch-spea7ing, DHa7ar a. So wha we did was ry o assign o 9urma, eDcep for ano her young officer and ., he had been a para rooper, firs lieu enan , hey ried o find people who had some 9urmese bac7ground. Well, his mean people who had been associa ed wi h he missionaries, or i mean , in he case of one officer, he had been an Eagle sGuadron pilo in he RA3, an American flying for he RA3, who hey la er ransferred o our Air 3orce, and ser2ed in 9urma. Ano her officer had been a colonel, or lieu enan colonel, who had de2eloped a grea affini y for one of he ribal groups in nor hern 9urma. One of he -S.S officers was he widow of a missionary. Our number-one economic and poli ical officer had been a missionary eacher a Judson College, which is an American 9ap is mission college, par of Rangoon -ni2ersi y. 67 (ell. you're describing to me what I consider a remar1able staff. 1nowing the Foreign Service personnel system. I mean. most of our posts anywhere just don't have that effort. (hy this effort for Burma9 HOLLOWAA: Well, . suppose, one of he reasons, . suspec , was ha he people bac7 on he des7s, one of hem Ed Dahl had been a business man in 9urma before he war, and he o her one was John /a y of Ohio -ni2ersi y, of course one of he mos eminen scholars on 9urma. -nfor una ely, i was a disas er. 67 Really9 HOLLOWAA: These people were associa ed wi h he 9urmese of he pre-war power eli e, and here were 2ery few of hem. The group ha had a7en o2er, Aung San, and hen his successor Tha7in Nu, were young, radical. As . said, hey had sided wi h he Japanese and hen had 4 swi ched bac7 o he 9ri ish. They loo7ed upon his s aff as a bunch of TroHan horses. These were colonialis s. These were iden ified wi h he old order. And he place where i came up mos ludicrously was af er . had lef . The 9urmese had na ionali5ed he .rrawaddy Wa er Transpor I ha was, hey ran he ships up and down he .rrawaddy Ri2er and he Rangoon Ri2er. And he Gues ion of compensa ion-- he 9ri ish owners wan ed compensa ion. And in he compensa ion hearings, he 9ri ish were sor of Guo ing our eDper on some hings he had wri en before he war on he .rrawaddy ranspor hing. We, in effec , became in2ol2ed, o he 9urmese mind, in he poli ics of he ribes. As you 7now, re2ol s bro7e ou in 9urma wi hin hree mon hs of independence, and heyCre s ill going on oday, for y years la er, he same re2ol s are going on. And i seemed o he 9urmese ha we were dabbling in heir affairs. We werenC J 67 (ell. I suppose what you're doing is you're pointing out a problem that often the expert. or the person who 1nows an area. becomes fascinated with certain groups or certain things and they tend. even if they're under the. now dubbed the Foreign Service officer. they 1eep going. And I thin1 tribal politics always gets33it's very easy to get enmeshed in this and I mean. in a way we did this in Vietnam. where many of our people got entranced with the Montagnards and also in Laos.
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