DOCSLIB.ORG

From a “Contagious” to a “Poisonous Yellow Peril”?: Japanese and Japanese Americans in Public Health and Agriculture, 1890S – 1950

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From a “Contagious” to a “Poisonous Yellow Peril”?: Japanese and Japanese Americans in Public Health and Agriculture, 1890S – 1950 From a “Contagious” to a “Poisonous Yellow Peril”?: Japanese and Japanese Americans in Public Health and Agriculture, 1890s – 1950 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Jeannie Natsuko Shinozuka IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Donna Gabaccia, Co-Advisor Ann Waltner, Co-Advisor May 2009 © Jeannie Natsuko Shinozuka 2009 Acknowledgements The act of writing this dissertation was not a solitary endeavor. There have been many, many individuals who have helped me along the way. I am deeply grateful to my dissertation committee: Donna Gabaccia, Ann Waltner, Rose Brewer, Kale Fajardo, and Malinda Alaine Lindquist. My co-advisors, Donna Gabaccia and Ann Waltner, deserve a great deal of gratitude since they shepherded this project from start to finish. Specifically, this study benefited from Ann Waltner’s expertise in East Asian history and Donna Gabaccia’s knowledge of Asian immigration and global history. I had the opportunity to work with a number of talented scholars during my undergraduate and early graduate training who have greatly influenced my intellectual formation. During the earliest stages of my undergraduate education at La Sierra University, my senior honors thesis mentor, Rennie B. Schoepflin, encouraged me in field of the history of medicine. Special thanks also to Cheryl Koos and the late Clark Davis for their support while at La Sierra. I have been fortunate to have had Marjorie Kagawa-Singer, Valerie Matsumoto, and Rachel Lee on my master’s thesis committee while at UCLA’s Asian American Studies Center. The guidance of Valerie Matsumoto in particular has been foundational in shaping my sense of professionalism and intellectual growth in more ways than she will ever know. I would also like to acknowledge the generous funding I have received while researching and writing this dissertation. I wish to thank the Historical Society of Southern California/John Randolph and Dora Haynes Foundation, The Huntington Library for the Evelyn S. Nation Fellowship in the History of Medicine, the University i of Minnesota for the Doctoral Dissertation Research Grant, the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, and the Graduate School at the University of Minnesota for the Diversity of Views and Experiences (DOVE) Summer Fellowship to assist me in completion of my research. Along the way, I also had the opportunity to conduct archival research at a number of different archives and would like to thank the following individuals for their assistance: William Greene at the National Archives in San Bruno, Marie Masumoto at the Japanese American National Museum, Tab Lewis at the National Archives in College Park, Paul Wormser at the National Archives in Laguna Niguel, Jessica Holada at the California State University, Northridge’s Special Collections and Archives, and Marilyn Crane at the Loma Linda University Archives. The people who have assisted me at the Huntington Library are too numerous to list here, but they among them are: Christopher Adde, Peter Blodgett, Alan Jutzi, Dan Lewis, Juan Gomez, Meredith Berbée, Catherine Wehrey, and Kate Henningsen. I was also privileged to have met Eliott Gorn, Michelle Nickerson, Lauri Ramey, Sianne Ngai, Cindy I-Fen Cheng, Danielle Coriale, Liz Hutter, and Kariann Yokota while in residence at the Huntington Library. Special thanks to Liz Hutter, who eventually became my dissertation partner and cheerleader at the University of Minnesota. I presented an early version of what is now chapter one at the annual American Association for the History of Medicine in Montreal and I would like to express my gratitude to Marta Hanson, Stephen Pemberton, and Karen Kruse Thomas for their support and critical feedback. An early version of chapter two was also presented at the ii Association for Asian American Studies in Atlanta, and I am grateful for the encouragement of my fellow co-panelists, in particular Eiichiro Azuma. I was also especially fortunate to have been mentored by a number of exceptional scholars over the years, including Noro Andriamanalina, Rose Brewer, Cindy Cheng, William Deverell, Rod Ferguson, Susan D. Jones, Troy Kaji, Valerie Matsumoto, Don Nakanishi, Jeani O’Brien, Jane Sato, Irene Suico Soriano, and Devra Weber. I would like to acknowledge the support of MJ Maynes during her tenure as chair of the History Department at the University of Minnesota. For their archival assistance during the very early stages of my dissertation research, I would like to express special thanks to Nayan Shah and Natalia Molina. Finally, this dissertation was written when sadly, Philip J. Pauly, passed away. However, I had the opportunity to meet Pauly at the History of Science Society’s annual conference and would like to acknowledge the encouragement and suggestions he made shortly before his passing. While at the University of Minnesota, I was blessed to have met wonderful colleagues, including Kelly Condit, M-Y Hsieh, Magnus Helgason, Anne Huebel, Mechelle Karels, Emily Murai, the Pierre-Louis Family, Johanna Leinonen, Amanda Nelson, Kim Park Nelson, Chantal Norrgard, Juliana Hu Pegues, Chanida Noy Phaengdara, Fang Qin, Mike Ryan, Mary Strasma, Jenny Tone-Pah-Hote, Andy Urban, Nancy Vang, Florence Mae Waldron, Catie Watson, Zhiguo Ye, and Liz Zanoni. Additionally, this dissertation was written while I was an active member of Más(s) Color. Writing this dissertation was also very much about community activism and I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Catie Watson for helping create safe spaces for graduate students of color. iii My family and friends helped sustain me during those long, arduous days and nights of reading and writing well before and during my study at the University of Minnesota. They include Ann Chao, the Hamamura Family, Cathy Horinouchi, the Sato Family, and Katie and Peter Seheult. Ann Chao, Fang Qin, Sandi K. Hamamura, and Jane Sato went above and beyond by letting me bounce off ideas and providing me with an audience. I would also like to thank my family for their support of my education. My mother in particular helped provide crucial funding during the long years it took for me to obtain my doctorate. And of course, I would like to acknowledge the support my Japanese American Seventh-Day Adventist community has provided me with all these years—spiritually, physically, and otherwise. Last, but not least, I thank God. iv Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my parents and my community for their enduring support. v Abstract In the late nineteenth century, increasing agricultural trade and mass Asian migration facilitated the transpacific exchanges of Japanese insect, plant, and human immigrants. This dissertation, “From a ‘Contagious’ to a ‘Poisonous Yellow Peril’?: Japanese and Japanese Americans in Public Health and Agriculture, 1890s – 1950,” challenges the nation-bound paradigm within the history of American public health and agriculture by examining how the “contagious and poisonous yellow peril” image applied first to Chinese immigrants was also imposed on plants, insects, bodies, and pathogens from Japan in the late nineteenth century. As Japanese and Japanese Americans in California resisted this stigmatization, early views of Japanese and Japanese American plants, insects, fishermen, and farmers as a “contagious yellow peril” evolved into a “poisonous yellow peril,” leading to their “quarantine” in the form of incarceration during World War II. Beginning at the turn of the twentieth century, this study examines the emergence of “biological nativism” and its correlative, “a contagious yellow peril” which soon expanded to include Japanese immigrants. Linking fears of diseased bodies to that of injurious insects from Japan, these earliest biotic exchanges occurred within a larger transpacific dialogue between health officials and agriculturalists. Throughout the 1910s, government officials increasingly monitored environmental dangers from East Asia and Mexico, as well as “infected” produce sold by Japanese fishermen and farmers within their borders. Fears of perils from Mexico and Japan led to a heightened awareness of biological attacks on “native” plants and bodies and the implementation of vi federal plant quarantine legislation. During the 1920s and 1930s, fears of a “contagious yellow peril” transformed into a “poisonous” menace in the form of the Japanese beetle pest and a rising second-generation Japanese American population. By World War II, government officers enacted a host of regulatory mechanisms in order to eradicate or at least control the beetle pest and prevent the sale of “poisoned” Japanese produce. Quarantine in the form of internment and the medical treatment of Japanese American prisoners helped transform them into viable citizen-subjects worthy of conservation. Yet health officials’ changing views of Japanese Americans was determined in relationship to their American Indian and Mexican counterparts. In weaving together stories that are often told separately—including American history, Asian history, public health history, environmental history, and Asian American studies—this study reveals how racial and state formation unfolded across larger transpacific exchanges during American empire-building. Examining the lives of Japanese and Japanese Americans through the lens of public health and agriculture reveals how some species can be included while others could not. vii Table of Contents Acknowledgements
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Curriculum Vitae (11/14)
    Curriculum Vitae (11/14) Nancy Foner 785 Park Avenue New York, New York 10021 (212) 288-1580 E-mail: [email protected] Education Ph.D. University of Chicago, Anthropology, 1971 Dissertation, “Social Change and Social Mobility in a Jamaican Rural Community” M.A. University of Chicago, Anthropology, 1968 Thesis: “Riots and Disturbances in Guyana: Some Implications for the Theory of Social Conflict” B.A. Brandeis University (cum laude), 1966 University College London, Social Anthropology, September 1964-June 1965 Professional Positions 2004-present Distinguished Professor of Sociology, Hunter College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York 2002-2004 Lillie and Nathan Ackerman Visiting Professor of Equality and Justice in America, School of Public Affairs, Baruch College, City University of New York 2003- 2004 Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, State University of New York, Purchase 1985- 2003 Professor of Anthropology, State University of New York, Purchase Visiting Scholar, Russell Sage Foundation, 1994-95 1977-1985 Associate Professor of Anthropology, State University of New York, Purchase 1973-1977 Assistant Professor of Anthropology, State University of New York, Purchase 1970-1973 Assistant Professor of Anthropology, York College, City University of New York 1 Professional Honors Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2011 Distinguished Career Award, International Migration Section, American Sociological Association, 2010 Plenary Event, “Honoring the Contributions of Nancy Foner,” Fifth annual conference on Race, Ethnicity, and Place, Binghamton University (SUNY), 2010 Elected to the Sociological Research Association, 2009 Presidential Award for Excellence in Scholarship, Hunter College CUNY, 2011 Theodore Saloutos Book Award of the Immigration and Ethnic History Society for From Ellis Island to JFK, 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • Liberty, Restriction, and the Remaking of Italians and Eastern European Jews
    "Liberty, Restriction, and the Remaking of Italians and Eastern European Jews, (1882-1965)" By Maddalena Marinari University of Kansas, 2009 B.A. Istituto Universitario Orientale Submitted to the Department of History and the Faculty of The Graduate School of the University Of Kansas in partial fulfillment of The requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy __________________________________________ Dr. Jeffrey Moran, Chair __________________________________________ Dr. Donna Gabaccia __________________________________________ Dr. Sheyda Jahanbani __________________________________________ Dr. Roberta Pergher __________________________________________ Dr. Ruben Flores Date Defended: 14 December 2009 The Dissertation Committee for Maddalena Marinari certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: "Liberty, Restriction, and the Remaking of Italians and Eastern European Jews, (1882-1965)" Committee: __________________________________________ Dr. Jeffrey Moran, Chair __________________________________________ Dr. Donna Gabaccia __________________________________________ Dr. Sheyda Jahanbani __________________________________________ Dr. Roberta Pergher __________________________________________ Dr. Ruben Flores Date Approved: 14 December 2009 2 Table of Contents Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………….3 Chapter 1: From Unwanted to Restricted (1890-1921) ………………………………………...17 Chapter 2: "The doors of America are worse than shut when they are half-way open:" The Fight against the Johnson-Reed Immigration
    [Show full text]
  • From Yellow Peril to Model Minority : ǂb Deconstruction of the Model Minority Myth and Implications for the Invisibility of Asian American Mental Health Needs
    Smith ScholarWorks Theses, Dissertations, and Projects 2017 From yellow peril to model minority : ǂb deconstruction of the model minority myth and implications for the invisibility of Asian American mental health needs Lynda Anne Moy Smith College Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses Part of the Social Work Commons Recommended Citation Moy, Lynda Anne, "From yellow peril to model minority : ǂb deconstruction of the model minority myth and implications for the invisibility of Asian American mental health needs" (2017). Masters Thesis, Smith College, Northampton, MA. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses/1909 This Masters Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Projects by an authorized administrator of Smith ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Lynda Anne Moy From Yellow Peril to Model Minority: Deconstruction of the Model Minority Myth and Implications for the Invisibility of Asian American Mental Health Needs ABSTRACT The model minority myth is a racial stereotype imposed upon Asian Americans, often depicting them as a successful and high-achieving monolithic group in the United States. This paper examines sociopolitical functions of the term “model minority” and implications for this broad and diverse racial group by reviewing existing literature and conducting an analysis of qualitative interviews with 12 Asian Americans. The findings of this study suggest that while the model minority myth appears to be a positive stereotype, it may lead Asian Americans to experience distress through (a.) a sense of confinement, (b.) treatment as foreigners, and (c.) erasure and invisibility of challenges around identity, racism and discrimination, immigrant and refugee experiences, mental health, and accessing culturally sensitive resources.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Acts of Being and Belonging: Shin-Issei Transnational Identity Negotiations Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/05v6t6rn Author Kameyama, Eri Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Acts of Being and Belonging: Shin-Issei Transnational Identity Negotiations A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Asian American Studies By Eri Kameyama 2012 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Acts of Being and Belonging: Shin-Issei Transnational Identity Negotiations By Eri Kameyama Master of Arts in Asian American Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2012 Professor Lane Ryo Hirabayashi, Chair ABSTRACT: The recent census shows that one-third of those who identified as Japanese-American in California were foreign-born, signaling a new-wave of immigration from Japan that is changing the composition of contemporary Japanese-America. However, there is little or no academic research in English that addresses this new immigrant population, known as Shin-Issei. This paper investigates how Shin-Issei who live their lives in a complex space between the two nation-states of Japan and the U.S. negotiate their ethnic identity by looking at how these newcomers find a sense of belonging in Southern California in racial, social, and legal terms. Through an ethnographic approach of in-depth interviews and participant observation with six individuals, this case-study expands the available literature on transnationalism by exploring how Shin-Issei negotiations of identities rely on a transnational understandings of national ideologies of belonging which is a less direct form of transnationalism and is a more psychological, symbolic, and emotional reconciliation of self, encompassed between two worlds.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT Stereotypes of Asians and Asian Americans in the U.S. Media
    ABSTRACT Stereotypes of Asians and Asian Americans in the U.S. Media: Appearance, Disappearance, and Assimilation Yueqin Yang, M.A. Mentor: Douglas R. Ferdon, Jr., Ph.D. This thesis commits to highlighting major stereotypes concerning Asians and Asian Americans found in the U.S. media, the “Yellow Peril,” the perpetual foreigner, the model minority, and problematic representations of gender and sexuality. In the U.S. media, Asians and Asian Americans are greatly underrepresented. Acting roles that are granted to them in television series, films, and shows usually consist of stereotyped characters. It is unacceptable to socialize such stereotypes, for the media play a significant role of education and social networking which help people understand themselves and their relation with others. Within the limited pages of the thesis, I devote to exploring such labels as the “Yellow Peril,” perpetual foreigner, the model minority, the emasculated Asian male and the hyper-sexualized Asian female in the U.S. media. In doing so I hope to promote awareness of such typecasts by white dominant culture and society to ethnic minorities in the U.S. Stereotypes of Asians and Asian Americans in the U.S. Media: Appearance, Disappearance, and Assimilation by Yueqin Yang, B.A. A Thesis Approved by the Department of American Studies ___________________________________ Douglas R. Ferdon, Jr., Ph.D., Chairperson Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Baylor University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Approved by the Thesis Committee ___________________________________ Douglas R. Ferdon, Jr., Ph.D., Chairperson ___________________________________ James M. SoRelle, Ph.D. ___________________________________ Xin Wang, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Nihonbashi: Edo's Contested Center Marcia Yonemoto
    , East Asian History NUMBERS 17/18· JUNE/DECEMBER 1999 Institute of Advanced Studies Australian National University 1 Editor Geremie R. Barme Assistant Editor Helen Lo Editorial Board Mark Elvin (Convenor) John Clark Andrew Fraser Helen Hardacre Colin Jeffcott W. ]. F. Jenner Lo Hui-min Gavan McCormack David Marr Tessa Morris-Suzuki Michael Underdown Design and Production Helen Lo Business Manager Marion Weeks Printed by Goanna Print, Fyshwick, ACT This double issue of East Asian History, 17/18, was printed in FebrualY 2000. Contributions to The Editor, East Asian History Division of Pacific and Asian History Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Phone +61 26249 3140 Fax +61 26249 5525 email [email protected] Subscription Enquiries to Subscriptions, East Asian History, at the above address Annual Subscription Australia A$45 Overseas US$45 (for two issues) iii CONTENTS 1 Whose Strange Stories? P'u Sung-ling (1640-1715), Herbert Giles (1845- 1935), and the Liao-chai chih-yi John Minford and To ng Man 49 Nihonbashi: Edo's Contested Center Marcia Yonemoto 71 Was Toregene Qatun Ogodei's "Sixth Empress"? 1. de Rachewiltz 77 Photography and Portraiture in Nineteenth-Century China Regine Thiriez 103 Sapajou Richard Rigby 131 Overcoming Risk: a Chinese Mining Company during the Nanjing Decade Ti m Wright 169 Garden and Museum: Shadows of Memory at Peking University Vera Schwarcz iv Cover calligraphy Yan Zhenqing M.c�J�n, Tang calligrapher and statesman Cover illustration Talisman-"Passport for wandering souls on the way to Hades," from Henri Dore, Researches into Chinese superstitions (Shanghai: T'usewei Printing Press, 1914-38) NIHONBASHI: EDO'S CONTESTED CENTER � Marcia Yonemoto As the Tokugawa 11&)II regime consolidated its military and political conquest Izushi [Pictorial sources from the Edo period] of Japan around the turn of the seventeenth century, it began the enormous (Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo, 1975), vol.4; project of remaking Edo rI p as its capital city.
    [Show full text]
  • Japonisme in Britain - a Source of Inspiration: J
    Japonisme in Britain - A Source of Inspiration: J. McN. Whistler, Mortimer Menpes, George Henry, E.A. Hornel and nineteenth century Japan. Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History of Art, University of Glasgow. By Ayako Ono vol. 1. © Ayako Ono 2001 ProQuest Number: 13818783 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 13818783 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346 GLASGOW UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 122%'Cop7 I Abstract Japan held a profound fascination for Western artists in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The influence of Japanese art is a phenomenon that is now called Japonisme , and it spread widely throughout Western art. It is quite hard to make a clear definition of Japonisme because of the breadth of the phenomenon, but it could be generally agreed that it is an attempt to understand and adapt the essential qualities of Japanese art. This thesis explores Japanese influences on British Art and will focus on four artists working in Britain: the American James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903), the Australian Mortimer Menpes (1855-1938), and two artists from the group known as the Glasgow Boys, George Henry (1858-1934) and Edward Atkinson Hornel (1864-1933).
    [Show full text]
  • The Plague of Hong Kong in 1894 Author(S)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by HKU Scholars Hub Colonialism versus Nationalism: The Plague of Hong Kong in Title 1894 Author(s) Lee, PT The Journal of Northeast Asian History, 2013, v. 10 n. 1, p. 97- Citation 128 Issued Date 2013 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10722/185180 Rights Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License Colonialism versus Nationalism: The Plague of Hong Kong in 1894 Pui-Tak Lee Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong The Journal of Northeast Asian History Volume 10 Number 1 (Summer 2013), 97-128 Copyright © 2013 by the Northeast Asian History Foundation. All Rights Reserved. No portion of the contents may be reproduced in any form without written permission of the Northeast Asian History Foundation. Colonialism versus Nationalism: The Plague of Hong Kong in 1894 Drawing upon different source materials, this paper examines the significance of the plague of Hong Kong in 1894 in two ways. Firstly, it shows the process by which the colonial power successfully implemented the public health policy in Hong Kong by collaborating with the local Chinese communities. Secondly, it demonstrates how the Chinese in Hong Kong responded to the colonial mandatory measures by resisting them or partially accepting them. This paper highlights the reactions of the Chinese towards the prevention measures implemented by the British, and the controversy about the effectiveness of Chinese and western medicine in safeguarding public health. Keywords: Hong Kong plague, colonialism, Aoyama-Kitasato-Yersin controversy, Tung Wah Hospital, Chinese and Western medicine Colonialism versus Nationalism: The Plague of Hong Kong in 1894 Pui-Tak Lee Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong I.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Transnational History Making: Japanese Immigrants on T
    Eiichiro Azuma | The Politics of Transnational History Making: Japanese Immigrants on t... Page 1 of 28 http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/89.4/azuma.html From The Journal of American History Vol. 89, Issue 4. Viewed December 3, 2003 15:52 EST Presented online in association with the History Cooperative. http://www.historycooperative.org The Politics of Transnational History Making: Japanese Immigrants on the Western 'Frontier,' 1927-1941 Eiichiro Azuma In 1927 Toga Yoichi, a Japanese immigrant in Oakland, California, published a chronological 1 history of what he characterized as 'Japanese development in America.' He explicated the meaning of that history thus: A great nation/race [minzoku] has a [proper] historical background; a nation/race disrespectful of history is doomed to self-destruction. It has been already 70 years since we, the Japanese, marked the first step on American soil. Now Issei [Japanese immigrants] are advancing in years, and the Nisei [the American- born Japanese] era is coming. I believe that it is worthy of having [the second generation] inherit the record of our [immigrant] struggle against oppression and hardships, despite which we have raised our children well and reached the point at which we are now. But, alas, we have very few treatises of our history [to leave behind]. Thirteen years later, a thirteen hundred-page masterpiece entitled Zaibei Nihonjinshi--Toga himself spearheaded the editing--completed that project of history writing.1 Not the work of trained academicians, this synthesis represented the collaboration of many Japanese immigrants, including the self-proclaimed historians who authored it, community leaders who provided subventions, and ordinary Issei residents who offered necessary information or purchased the product.
    [Show full text]
  • Before Pearl Harbor 29
    Part I Niseiand lssei Before PearlHarbor On Decemb er'7, 194L, Japan attacked and crippled the American fleet at Pearl Harbor. Ten weeks later, on February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 under which the War De- partment excluded from the West Coast everyone of Japanese ances- try-both American citizens and their alien parents who, despite long residence in the United States, were barred by federal law from be- coming American citizens. Driven from their homes and farms and "relocation businesses, very few had any choice but to go to centers"- Spartan, barrack-like camps in the inhospitable deserts and mountains of the interior. * *There is a continuing controversy over the contention that the camps "concentration were camps" and that any other term is a euphemism. The "concentration government documents of the time frequently use the term camps," but after World War II, with full realization of the atrocities committed by the Nazis in the death camps of Europe, that phrase came to have a very different meaning. The American relocation centers were bleak and bare, and life in them had many hardships, but they were not extermination camps, nor did the American government embrace a policy of torture or liquidation of the "concentration To use the phrase camps summons up images ethnic Japanese. "relo- ,and ideas which are inaccurate and unfair. The Commission has used "relocation cation centers" and camps," the usual term used during the war, not to gloss over the hardships of the camps, but in an effort to {ind an historically fair and accurate phrase.
    [Show full text]
  • Note to Users
    NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. ® UMI Your Roots wUI be Here, Away From Your Home: Migration of Greek Women to Montreal 1950-1980 Margarita Dounia Department of History McGill University, Montreal June 2004 .. A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree Master of Arts © Margarita Dounia 2004 Library and Bibliothèque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 0-494-06500-1 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 0-494-06500-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans loan, distribute and sell th es es le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, électronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • The White Slave Trade and the Yellow Peril: Anti-Chinese Rhetoric and Women's Moral Authority a Thesis Submitted to the Depart
    The White Slave Trade and the Yellow Peril: Anti-Chinese Rhetoric and Women’s Moral Authority A thesis submitted to the Department of History, Miami University, in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for Honors in History by Hannah E. Zmuda May 2021 Oxford, Ohio Abstract Despite the mid-to-late nineteenth and early twentieth century’s cultural preoccupation with white women’s sexual vulnerability, another phenomenon managed to take hold of public consciousness: “yellow slavery.” Yellow slavery was the variation of white slavery (known today as sex trafficking) that described the practice when Asian women were the victims. This thesis attempts to determine several of the reasons why Chinese women were included as victims in an otherwise exclusively white victim pool. One of the central reasons was the actual existence of the practice, which this thesis attempts to verify through the critical examination of found contracts and testimony of Chinese women. However, beyond just the existence of the practice of yellow slavery, many individuals used the sexual exploitation of Chinese women for their own cultural, religious, and political ends. Anti-Chinese agitators leveraged the image of the Chinese slave girl to frame anti-Chinese efforts as anti-slavery efforts, as well as to depict Chinese immigrants as incapable of assimilating into American culture and adhering to American ideals of freedom. Additionally, white missionaries created mission homes to shelter and protect the Chinese women and girls escaping white slavery. However, within these homes, the missionaries were then able to push their perceived cultural and religious superiority by pushing the home’s inmates into their ideals of Protestant, middle-class, white womanhood.
    [Show full text]