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Conservation Genetics and the Ctenosaura Palearis Clade

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Conservation Genetics and the Ctenosaura Palearis Clade University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2010 Conservation genetics and the Ctenosaura palearis clade Stesha Ann Pasachnik [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Pasachnik, Stesha Ann, "Conservation genetics and the Ctenosaura palearis clade. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2010. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/840 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Stesha Ann Pasachnik entitled "Conservation genetics and the Ctenosaura palearis clade." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Arthur C. Echternacht, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Benjamin M. Fitzpatrick, Sally Horn, James Fordyce Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Stesha Ann Pasachnik entitled “Conservation genetics and the Ctenosaura palearis clade.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Arthur C. Echternacht, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Benjamin Fitzpatrick James Fordyce Sally Horn Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) Conservation Genetics and the Ctenosaura palearis clade A Dissertation Presented for The Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Stesha Ann Pasachnik August 2010 Copyright © 2010 by Stesha Ann Pasachnik All rights reserved. ii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the protection of the world’s biodiversity and to the people who have given and continue to give their lives to protect threatened areas and the species that inhabit them. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study would not have been possible without the help of many thoughtful and inspiring individuals. I have had the opportunity to work with so many wonderful people throughout this research and during the time leading up to my graduate career. Had it not been for my family, friends and mentors I would not have had the ability and courage to begin and complete this process. A special thanks is needed for my dear friend and mentor John Iverson who showed me the amazing world of herpetology and conservation as a career, and to my mother for showing me the importance of nature throughout my early years. Without this guidance I know I would not have pursued this path. While in graduate school, I was lucky enough to have greats friends and lab mates, in particular; Sarah Duncan, Christen Bossu, Jason Jones, Lara Souza, Melissa Cregger, Clara Pregitzer, Jamie Call, Matt Niemiller, and Graham Reynolds. My major professor, Sandy Echternacht, made this entire project possible. He has been a great inspiration in the field and has had faith in my abilities and me since the beginning of this project. One of the first things that he told me was that he is a hands off advisor. At first I didn’t completely understand this but through time it has become clear to me that this takes a great amount of confidence in a student and now gives me a great amount of pride in my work. In 1968 Sandy was the first to document a population of C. melanosterna on the mainland on Honduras. This same population has become not only the focus of part of my dissertation but also the focus of many side projects. This connection was not immediately apparent but seems to have been a little bit of fate. iv Ben Fitzpatrick must be given a great amount of thanks for his role, though unofficial, as co-advisor. Without his guidance and expertise I would not have been able to critically evaluate the threats that face the focal species of this research from a molecular genetics perspective. My committee members Jim Fordyce and Sally Horn have provided much insight into this research and have been extremely supportive throughout this process. There are not enough thanks I can give to all of the amazing volunteers who helped me in the field. Among these are Dennis Baulechner, Edoardo Antunez Pineda, Jeffery Corneil, Gilberto Salazar, Paola Coti, Daniel Ariano, Corey Shaffer, Jeff Liechty, Wendy Naira, Melissa Issis Medina, Sammy Nuñez, and Hadas Grushka. In addition to these individuals there are numerous local guides who helped throughout this process in immense ways. Without the help of The Bay Island Foundation (formally the Iguana Research and Breeding Station) and its incredibly helpful staff, Organización Zootropic, the Overseas Research Station on Roatan and David Evans, the Cayos Cochinos Foundation, the many offices of AFE-COHDEFOR (now ICF) and CONAP I would not have been able to work within the various areas of Honduras and Guatemala. Jimena Castillo and Monica Sofia Perez, of the Bay Islands Foundation, have been instrumental during this research. I am greatly indebted to them and cannot express enough gratitude to them for their cooperation and aid. Funding from Sigma Xi, the International Iguana Foundation, The US Department of the Interior CAFTA-DR program, The International Reptile v Conservation Foundation, and the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville made this work possible. vi ABSTRACT We are now in the midst of a mass extinction crisis. The top threats to biodiversity include habitat destruction, pollution, over-harvesting, and invasive species. The field of conservation genetics seeks to understand these threats and devise management plans to preserve taxa with the ability to cope with environmental change. Preserving genetic variation and the processes in which variation is created and maintained is vital to long-term conservation goals. Limited conservation resources are cause for the prioritization of taxa and areas. Nine basic methods of prioritization have been developed. Differences in these methods, result in highly variable target maps however, many list Mesoamerica, in which the highest diversity of iguanids confined to a single genus, Ctenosaura, occur. Though ctenosaurs are the most diverse genus of iguanas, have the most Redlisted species, lack protection and are in danger of extinction, they have been overlooked. The Ctenosaura palearis complex occurs in central Mesoamerica and is made up of four endangered species. In order to aid in the conservation of this biodiversity, a multi-scale molecular evaluation of this complex was performed. I first used a species tree approach to elucidate the relationships between the focal species, showing that these species have gone through recent and rapid speciation, resulting in four closely related endemics. Thus, the nominal groupings should be upheld and given individual protection. Second, I evaluated the degree to which gene flow from the widely distributed congener threatens the genetic distinctiveness of the endemic C. bakeri. Low levels of introgression indicated no current threat. Hybridization could increase if habitat vii destruction or changes in relative abundance increase the probability of interbreeding. Continued monitoring of this situation is justified. Third, I used a variety of population genetic techniques to elucidate the genetic structure within and among populations of C. melanosterna. These results indicate that the populations in the Valle de Aguán and Cayos Cochinos are not interchangeable. Thus protection of both areas is necessary, and extreme caution should be used when implementing breeding and translocation programs. Local conservation efforts may be evaluated and developed using this information. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 Literature Cited ................................................................................................. 5 PART I. GENE TREES, SPECIES AND SPECIES TREES WITHIN THE CTENOSAURA PALEARIS CLADE ........................................7 Abstract............................................................................................................. 8 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 9 Methods.......................................................................................................... 15 Results............................................................................................................ 26 Discussion ...................................................................................................... 30 Literature Cited ..............................................................................................
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