Largest Male Lion on Record
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Reconstruction of Phylogenetic History to Resolve the Subspecies Anomaly of Pantherine Cats
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/082891; this version posted October 24, 2016. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Title: Reconstruction of phylogenetic history to resolve the subspecies anomaly of Pantherine cats Authors: Ranajit Das1, Priyanka Upadhyai2 1Manipal Centre for Natural Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India 2Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India Email address: [email protected] Running title: Mitogenome phylogeny of Pantherine cats Abstract All charismatic big cats including tiger (Panthera tigris), lion (Panthera leo), leopard (Panthera pardus), snow leopard (Panthera uncial), and jaguar (Panthera onca) are grouped into the subfamily Pantherinae. Several mitogenomic approaches have been employed to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the Pantherine cats but the phylogeny has remained largely unresolved till date. One of the major reasons for the difficulty in resolving the phylogenetic tree of Pantherine cats is the small sample size. While previous studies included only 5-10 samples, we have used 43 publically available taxa to reconstruct Pantherine phylogenetic history. Complete mtDNA sequences were used from all individuals excluding the control region (15,489bp). A Bayesian MCMC approach was employed to investigate the divergence times among different Pantherine clades. Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogeny generated a dendrogram: Neofelis nebulosa (Panthera tigris (Panthera onca (Panthera uncia (Panthera leo, Panthera pardus)))), grouping lions with leopards and placing snow leopards as an outgroup to this clade. -
North African Lion Fact Sheet
North African Lion Fact Sheet Common Name: North African Lion, Barbary Lion Scientific Name: Panthera leo leo Wild Status: Extinct Habitat: Forests, hills, mountains, plains Country: Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Libya Shelter: Forests Life Span: Unknown Size: 10ft long Details Present in Roman history and Biblical tales, the Barbary Lion had a reputation as an enormous and vicious creature with a giant mane. Much of their personality and history are, however, exaggerated. This overblown persona made them targets for human hunters, looking to keep their ever expanding territories safe, leading to the extinction of the Barbary Lions. In the wild, they were social mammals who lived in prides, much like the lions of today. They resided in mountainous and hilly areas and often took shelter in forests. Being carnivorous predators, they relied on instinct and teamwork to take down prey such as gazelles. Their fate has often been tied to that of humans who had the ability to catch and control them. The decline of Barbary Lions remains to this day a curious topic for researchers, with efforts being made to locate the purest specimens. Cool Facts • Lions were used as tax payments or lavish gifts. This caused royal families of Morocco to house many Barbary Lions, which eventually made their way to zoos across the world. • These lions are believed to have gone extinct in the 20th century. This would make them one of the most recent extinctions • They are said to have fought gladiators in the Roman empire. The lions present in the Bible are also believed to be Barbary Lions • Many zoos have claimed to have "the last Barbary Lion", however DNA testing has shown these lions are often mixed with other species • Not limited to deserts and savannas, they were often found in forests near mountains • The last Barbary Lion is thought to have been shot in 1942, although some may have survived until the 1960s Taxonomic Breakdown Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Suborder: Feliformia Family: Felidae Subfamily: Pantherinae Genus: Panthera Species: P. -
A Lionkeeper Looks at Aslan by Tim Stoffel
A lionkeeper looks at Aslan By Tim Stoffel ABSTRACT The recent release of `The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe' as a movie is creating a tremendous interest in C.S. Lewis's `Chronicles of Narnia', and most notably, in the great lion Aslan. Most material written on Aslan has to deal with his his position as a type of Jesus Christ in these quasi- allegorical tales. This paper first compares Aslan to a physical lion, showing similarities and differences. (It also shows that C.S. Lewis apparently knew a considerable amount about lions). Second, some thoughts are given on the forms that Jesus Christ may assume, and why it is not far- fetched to consider our Lord as a lion. The use of Aslan as a name of Christ is also discussed, and the paper concludes with some thought on how to use this special name. Aslan the lion, the principal character in all seven of C.S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia, is one of the most celebrated characters in all of literature. Aslan gained this fame by being essentially Jesus Christ in the land of Narnia. As such, Aslan is imbued with god-like power in all he says and does. This becomes the central theme and unifying factor in all of the Chronicles. Very much has been written on the spiritual significance of Aslan, and his role of Christ and God in the world of Narnia. But, very little has been written on Aslan as a literal lion. Besides the enormous spiritual significance of the lion as a `spiritual' animal, it is also obvious that Lewis knew a great deal about lions as real animals. -
Panthera Leo
PANTHERA LEO Gene preservation program SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION • Domain: Eukaryota • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Chordata • Subphylum: Vertebrata • Superclass: Tetrapoda • Class: Mammalia • Subclass: Trechnotheria • Infraclass: Zatheria • Order: Carnivora • Suborder: Feliformia • Family: Felidae • Genus: Panthera • Species: Panthera leo • Subspecies: P. l. krugeri Gene preservation Panthera Leo Rev 08.docx Page 1 of 8 Introduction As far back as 2002, Zwahili made the decision to re-introduce as many of the original mammal and plant species as possible. This included the replanting of 680 Bushveld trees to date as well as the establishment of sustainable antelope herds as could be found before the immediate intervention of man on the environment. As a patron, you have demonstrated the same intention and we applaud your contribution to our efforts. Several specific programs were developed after much research and effort. One of these was the re-establishment of Lion. Having secured a permit in 2008 for Panthera Leo, it would take 6 years of research and hard work before this program finally came to fruition. Critical was management’s insistence on ethical values, which dictated that, the correct or as close to correct gene must first be found. In 2014, such a specimen was found with corresponding and possible husbandry potential. Our gene preservation program was finally in the starting blocks. Obviously, any gene preservation program will produce off spring, some desirable and some not. The objective to warrant Panthera Leo as close as possible to the original profile as found a hundred years ago in the Springbok Flats was a daunting task. The fact is that scientific validation would be a laborious process, be very costly and take dedication beyond belief. -
Genetic Diversity of Barbary Lion Based on Genealogic Analysis
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica Online (Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Sciences,... Acta fytotechn zootechn, 21, 2018(3): 113–118 http://www.acta.fapz.uniag.sk Original Paper Genetic diversity of Barbary lion based on genealogic analysis Kristína Lehocká, Jana Hanusová, Ondrej Kadlečík Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding Biology, Nitra, Slovakia Article Details: Received: 2018-09-10 | Accepted: 2018-10-17 | Available online: 2018-09-31 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2018.21.03.113-118 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License The aim of this study was to evaluate the state of genetic diversity in population of Barbary lion based on the genealogical analysis. Currently, this lion subspecies does not occur in the wild, and its population is considered to be critically endangered. The pedigree file consisted of 545 animals, while the reference population included 445 individuals. Alongside pedigree completeness, the parameters derived from common ancestor were used to analyse the state of genetic diversity in target population. The completeness of pedigree data had significantly decreasing tendency with increasing generations. The pedigree completeness index was the highest in the first generation (68%). The average value of the inbreeding coefficient was very similar in the reference population and the pedigree file (F = 0.05). Across generations, the trend of inbreeding increase was positive mainly due to the long-term use of specific lines and families for mating. -
Zeitschrift Für Säugetierkunde)
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Mammalian Biology (früher Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde) Jahr/Year: 1969 Band/Volume: 35 Autor(en)/Author(s): Mazak Vratislav Artikel/Article: The Barbary Lion, Panthera leo leo (Linnaeus, 1758); some systematic notes, and an interim list of the specimens preserved in European museums 34-45 © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ 34 y. Mazak Literatur Crandall, L. S. (1964): Management of Wild Mammals in Captivity. The University of Chi- cago Press, Chicago. Goss, D. J. (1960): Breeding notes on the Hippopotamus and Giraffe at Cleveland Zoo. I. Zoo Yearbook 2, 90. KiRCHSHOFER, R. (1962): Beobachtungen bei der Geburt eines Zwergschimpansen (Pan paniscus Schwarz 1929) und einige Bemerkungen zum Paarungsverhalten. Z. f. T. 19, (5), 597— 606. — (1963): Das Verhalten der Giraffengazelle, Elenantilope und des Flachlandtapirs bei der Geburt; einige Bemerkungen zur Vermehrungsrate und Generationsfolge dieser Arten im Frankfurter Zoo. Z. f. T. 20, (2), 143—159. — (1968): Notizen über zwei Bastarde zwischen Otaria hyronia (de Blainville) und Zalophus californianus (Lesson). Z. Säugetierkunde 33 (1), 45 — 49. PiENAAR, U. DE V., Van Wyk, P., and Fairall, N. (1966): An Experimental Cropping Scheme of Hippopotami in the Liteba River of the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 9, 1 — 33. Slijper, E. J. (1960): Die Geburt der Säugetiere. Handbuch der Zoologie 9, (9), 1 — 108. Teuscher, R. (1937): Anatomische Untersuchungen über die Fruchthüllen des Zwergflußpfer- des {Choeropsis liheriensis Morton), Z. f. Anat. Entwicklgsch. 107 (5), 555 — 573. Anschrift der Verfasserin: Dr. Rosl Kirchshofer, 6 Frankfurt, Zoologischer Garten, Alfred- Brehm-Platz 16 The Barbary Lion, Panthera leo leo (Linnaeus, 1758); some systematic notes, and an interim list of the specimens preserved in European museums Von Vratislav Mazak Institute of Systematic Zoology, Charles University, Prague and C. -
AZA Animal Care Manual
LION (Panthera leo) CARE MANUAL CREATED BY THE AZA LION SPECIES SURVIVAL PLAN® IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE Association of Zoos and Aquariums 1 AZA FELID TAXON ADVISORY GROUP Lion (Panthera leo) Care Manual Lion (Panthera leo) Care Manual Published by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in association with the AZA Animal Welfare Committee Formal Citation: AZA Lion Species Survival Plan (2012). Lion Care Manual. Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Silver Spring, MD. p. 143. Authors and Significant contributors: Hollie Colahan, Editor, Denver Zoo, AZA Lion SSP Coordinator Cheri Asa, Ph.D, St. Louis Zoo Christy Azzarello-Dole, Brookfield Zoo Sally Boutelle, St. Louis Zoo Mike Briggs, DVM, APCRO, AZA Lion SSP Veterinary Advisor Kelly Cox, Knoxville Zoo Liz Kellerman, Abilene Zoo Suzan Murray, DVM, Smithsonian’s National Zoo, AZA Lion SSP Veterinary Advisor Lisa New, Knoxville Zoo Budhan Pukazhenthi, Ph.D, Smithsonian’s National Zoo, AZA Lion SSP Reproductive Advisor Sarah Putman, Smithsonian’s National Zoo Kibby Treiber, Fort Worth Zoo, AZA Lion SSP Nutrition Advisor Ann Ward, Ph.D, Fort Worth Zoo, AZA Lion SSP Nutrition Advisor Contributors to earlier Husbandry Manual and Standardized Guidelines drafts: Dominic Calderisi, Lincoln Park Zoo Brent Day, Little Rock Zoo Pat Thomas, Ph.D, Bronx Zoo Tarren Wagener, Fort Worth Zoo Megan Wilson, Ph.D, Zoo Atlanta Reviewers: Christy Azzarello-Dole, Brookfield Zoo Joe Christman, Disney’s Animal Kingdom, SSP Management Group Karen Dunn, Tulsa Zoo, SSP Management Group Norah Fletchall, Indianapolis Zoo, -
Template for Animal Care Manuals
LION (Panthera leo) CARE MANUAL CREATED BY THE AZA LION SPECIES SURVIVAL PLAN® IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE Association of Zoos and Aquariums 1 AZA FELID TAXON ADVISORY GROUP Lion (Panthera leo) Care Manual Lion (Panthera leo) Care Manual Published by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in association with the AZA Animal Welfare Committee Formal Citation: AZA Lion Species Survival Plan (2012). Lion Care Manual. Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Silver Spring, MD. p. 143. Authors and Significant contributors: Hollie Colahan, Editor, Denver Zoo, AZA Lion SSP Coordinator Cheri Asa, Ph.D, St. Louis Zoo Christy Azzarello-Dole, Brookfield Zoo Sally Boutelle, St. Louis Zoo Mike Briggs, DVM, APCRO, AZA Lion SSP Veterinary Advisor Kelly Cox, Knoxville Zoo Liz Kellerman, Abilene Zoo Suzan Murray, DVM, Smithsonian’s National Zoo, AZA Lion SSP Veterinary Advisor Lisa New, Knoxville Zoo Budhan Pukazhenthi, Ph.D, Smithsonian’s National Zoo, AZA Lion SSP Reproductive Advisor Sarah Putman, Smithsonian’s National Zoo Kibby Treiber, Fort Worth Zoo, AZA Lion SSP Nutrition Advisor Ann Ward, Ph.D, Fort Worth Zoo, AZA Lion SSP Nutrition Advisor Contributors to earlier Husbandry Manual and Standardized Guidelines drafts: Dominic Calderisi, Lincoln Park Zoo Brent Day, Little Rock Zoo Pat Thomas, Ph.D, Bronx Zoo Tarren Wagener, Fort Worth Zoo Megan Wilson, Ph.D, Zoo Atlanta Reviewers: Christy Azzarello-Dole, Brookfield Zoo Joe Christman, Disney’s Animal Kingdom, SSP Management Group Karen Dunn, Tulsa Zoo, SSP Management Group Norah Fletchall, Indianapolis Zoo, -
Extinct in the Wild Poster.Indd
A Few African Species Extinctin the Wild Flickr.com John Gerrard Keulemans/Wikipedia.com John Gerrard Danny Barron/Flickr.com Danny Giant Tortoise Egyptian Barbary Sheep Seychelles Parakeet (Extinct) Cylindraspis Ammotragus lervia ornata Psittacula wardi Mauritius, Seychelles Eygpt Seychelles Giant tortoises were considered extremely The native range of the Egyptian Barbary sheep The Seychelles parakeet was endemic to Mahé valuable by early mariners for food as they could was the arid hills east of Cairo, Egypt, and the and Silhouette, two islands in the Seychelles John and Karen Hollingsworth, US Fish and Wildlife Service Wildlife and John and Karen Hollingsworth, US Fish Flickr.com G. Reclos/MCH survive for months in captivity without food and rugged terrain bordering both sides of the group. This small, primarily green parrot was Barbary Lion Pinstripe Dambo West African Black Rhino (Extinct) water. Their fl esh and oil was considered a cure Nile River in southern Egypt. It is thought that already rare when it was fi rst described by for scurvy. Sadly, thousands were wastefully the Egyptian Barbary sheep probably became Europeans in the 1860s. The Seychelles parakeet Panthera leo leo Paretroplus menarambo Diceros bicornis longipes harvested, with many specimens being left to extinct in the wild in the 1970s or 1980s. The was fi nally driven to extinction in 1906, largely North Africa Madagascar Central West Africa rot after their valuable liver and oil had been species does survive, however, in captive due to the clearing of its forest habitat for removed. Most sub-species became extinct in breeding programmes. coconut plantations and eradication eff orts to The Barbary (also called Atlas or Nubian) lion The pinstripe dambo was endemic to a Among two of Africa’s most threatened rhinoceros the early years of the 18th century. -
Examining the Extinction of the Barbary Lion and Its Implications for Felid Conservation
Examining the Extinction of the Barbary Lion and Its Implications for Felid Conservation Simon A. Black1*, Amina Fellous2, Nobuyuki Yamaguchi3, David L. Roberts1 1 Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom, 2 Agence Nationale pour la Conservation de la Nature, Algiers, Algeria, 3 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Qatar, Doha, Qatar Abstract Estimations of species extinction dates are rarely definitive, yet declarations of extinction or extirpation are important as they define when conservation efforts may cease. Erroneous declarations of extinctions not only destabilize conservation efforts but also corrode local community support. Mismatches in perceptions by the scientific and local communities risk undermining sensitive, but important partnerships. We examine observations relating to the decline and extinction of Barbary lions in North Africa. Whilst the extinction predates the era of the scientific conservation movement, the decline is relatively well documented in historical records. Recently unearthed accounts suggest Barbary lions survived later than previously assumed. We use probabilistic methods to estimate a more recent extinction date for the subspecies. The evidence presented for a much later persistence of lions in North Africa, including generations when sightings were nil, suggests caution when considering felid populations as extinct in the wild. The case raises the possibility that captive animals descended from the Moroccan royal collection are closer contemporaries to wild Barbary lions. Furthermore, our results highlight the vulnerability of very small lion populations and the significance of continued conservation of remnant lion populations in Central and West Africa. Citation: Black SA, Fellous A, Yamaguchi N, Roberts DL (2013) Examining the Extinction of the Barbary Lion and Its Implications for Felid Conservation. -
De Waal HO. 2004. Bibliography of the Larger African Predators And
de Waal HO. 2004. Bibliography of the larger African predators and related topics on their habitat and prey species Bloemfontein South Africa: University of the Free State; Report nr ALPRU African Large Predator Research Unit. Keywords: 1Afr/Acinonyx jubatus/bibliography/caracal/Caracal caracal/Carnivora/cheetah/habitat/ Leopard/Leptailurus serval/lion/literature/Panthera leo/Panthera pardus/predator/prey/serval Abstract: An extended bibliography of the larger African predators with 34 articles concerning cheetahs. Bibliography of the larger African predators and related topics on their habitat and prey species Compiled and edited by HO de Waal University of the Free State Bloemfontein South Africa March 2004 ALPRU March 2004 2 DISCLAIMER The reader or user uses the content and material contained in this Bibliography at his or her own risk and the reader or user assumes full responsibility and risk of loss resulting from its use. The reader or user acknowledges and accepts that although every reasonable care has been taken to verify the content and material, the editor cannot evaluate and verify all the facts contained in this Bibliography. Deviations or errors may occur due to various reasons beyond the control of the editor. The editor hereby disclaims himself against any claims for damage or loss, including direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, special or punitive damages, which the reader or user may suffer as a consequence of the content of this Bibliography or any omissions, irrespective of the cause of action or the degree -
The Evolutionary History of Extinct and Living Lions
The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions Marc de Manuela,1, Ross Barnettb,1, Marcela Sandoval-Velascob, Nobuyuki Yamaguchic,2, Filipe Garrett Vieirab, M. Lisandra Zepeda Mendozab,d, Shiping Liue, Michael D. Martinf, Mikkel-Holger S. Sindingb, Sarah S. T. Makb, Christian Carøeb, Shanlin Liub,e, Chunxue Guoe, Jiao Zhenge,g, Grant Zazulah, Gennady Baryshnikovi, Eduardo Eizirikj,k,l, Klaus-Peter Koepflim, Warren E. Johnsonm,n,o, Agostinho Antunesp,q, Thomas Sicheritz-Pontenb,r, Shyam Gopalakrishnanb, Greger Larsons, Huanming Yange,t, Stephen J. O’Brienu,v,2, Anders J. Hansenw, Guojie Zhange,x,y, Tomas Marques-Boneta,z,aa,bb,2, and M. Thomas P. Gilbertb,f,2 aInstitute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; bSection for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark; cInstitute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; dSchool of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; eBGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China; fNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) University Museum, 7012 Trondheim, Norway; gBGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518083 Shenzhen, China; hYukon Palaeontology Program, Department of Tourism and Culture, Government of Yukon, Y1A 2C6 Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada; iZoological Institute,