© Entomologica Fennica. 10 September 2019

Discovery of Xestophanopsis gen. n. from China and taxonomic revision of two species misplaced in Ceroptres Hartig, 1840 (, Cynipoidea: Cynipidae)

Juli Pujade-Villar, Yiping Wang*, Zhiwei Liu, Xuexin Chen, Junhua He & Mar Ferrer-Suay

Pujade-Villar, J., Wang, Y.*, Liu, Z., Chen, X., He, J. & Ferrer-Suay, M. 2019: Discovery of Xestophanopsis gen. n. from China and taxonomic revision of two species misplaced in Ceroptres Hartig, 1840 (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea: Cyni- pidae). — Entomol. Fennica 30: 126–137. https://doi.org/10.33338/ef.84149 In the present paper, we describe Xestophanopsis Pujade-Villar & Wang gen. n. to the tribe Diastrophini based on Ceroptres distinctus Wang, Liu & Chen, 2012 and transfer Ceroptres distinctus Wang, Liu & Chen, 2012 to Periclistus Foerster, 1869 as Periclistus setosus (Wang, Liu & Chen, 2012) comb. n. In addition, we report the first record of Periclistus capillatus Kovalev, 1968 from China, along with the first report and description of the male. Finally, we provide a taxonomic key to all Eastern Palaearctic species of the Periclistus. J. Pujade-Villar, Department of Biology, Barcelona University, Barce- lona 08028, Catalunya; E-mail: [email protected] Y. Wang, College of Forest and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agricultural and For- estry University, Lin’an 311300, China; *Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] Z. Liu, Eastern Illinois University, Department of Life Sciences, Charleston, Illi- nois, USA 61920, and Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Col- lege of Life Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China, 412006; E-mail: [email protected] X. Chen & J. He, Institute of Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotech- nology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; E-mail: xxchen@zju. edu.cn M. Ferrer-Suay, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA; E-mail: [email protected] Received 6 March 2016, accepted 22 June 2018

1. Introduction few unusual species appear to be seed gallers (Weld 1957, 1959, 1960, Ronquist & Liljeblad Gall wasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea: Cyni- 2001, Buffington & Morita 2009). Approxi- pidae) are endophytophagous herbivores whose mately 1,400 species are currently larvae develop in galls on vegetative organs of the known (Ronquist et al. 2015). host plants, either as gall-inducers, or as The family Cynipidae is currently grouped in- inhabitants of galls induced by other cynipids to 12 tribes based on a recent comprehensive phy- (Liljeblad & Ronquist 1998, Csóka et al. 2005, logenetic analysis using both morphological and Pénzes et al. 2009, Ronquist et al. 2015), while a molecular data (Ronquist et al. 2015). Several ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 30 • of Cynipidae of China 127 new tribes, including Diastrophini, have been mongolicus Belizin, 1973 from Mongolia, P. ca- erected according to the updated classification pillatus Belizin, 1968 from Russia (Primorskij scheme. Diastrophini is apparently a monophyle- Kraj), P.natalis Taketani & Yasumatsu, 1973 and tic lineage currently consisting of two genera of P. quinlani Taketani & Yasumatsu, 1973 from Ja- gall makers, Diastrophus Hartig, 1840 and Xes- pan, and P. qinghainensis Pujade-Villar, Wang, tophanes Foerster, 1869, previously included in Guo & Chen, 2016 from Qinghai Province of the tribe Aylacini, and two inquiline genera, Pe- China. The genus Synophromorpha has a Nearc- riclistus Foerster, 1869 and Synophromorpha tic and Eastern Palaearctic distribution with six Ashmead, 1903, previously included in the tribe described species (Abe et al. 2007), including . As is understood currently, all mem- two species from the Eastern Palaearctic: S. tobi- bers of the Diastrophini are associated with Rosa- asi Belizin, 1973 (from Tajikistan and Kyrgyz- ceae host plants. stan, with status uncertain) and S. taketanii Abe, Compared to the other gall wasps that induce 1998 from Japan (Abe et al. 2007). Of the six galls on herbaceous or bush host plants, members known species of Synophromorpha,fiveare of Diastrophus (on Rubus)andXestophanes (on known to be associated with Diastrophus galls Potentilla) differ in having a basal lobe on tarsal (Ronquist & Liljeblad 2001) while the remaining claws. Diastrophus is widely distributed in the species needs to be confirmed, although it is ex- Holarctic (Palaearctic and Nearctic) (Schick et al. pected to have similar host gall association (Abe 2003, Melika 2006, Abe et al. 2007) and Neo- 1998, Abe et al. 2007). In total, six inquilinous tropical areas (Nieves-Aldrey et al. 2013). The 18 species in the tribe Diastrophini are known from currently known species of the genus all induce the Eastern Palaearctic. galls on host plants in the family Rosaceae The genus Ceroptres Hartig, 1840 is the sing- (Potentilla, Fragaria and Rubus), with one ex- le member of the tribe Ceroptresini established by ception, D. smilacis Ashmead, 1896, which in- Ronquist et al. (2015) and is diagnosed by two duces galls on the monocotyledonous Smilax morphological features: (i) presence of two raised (Smilaceae) (Ashmead 1896, Schick et al. 2003). vertical carinae on the lower face and (ii) metaso- The genus Xestophanes is endemic to Europe in mal tergite 2 free (not fused with metasomal tergi- the Western Palaearctic and consists of only two te 3) and small (ratio of median length of metaso- known species (Nieves-Aldrey 1994, 2001, mal tergite 2 to median length of metasomal tergi- Melika 2006). Both Xestophanes species are te 3 < 1.0). Ceroptres consists of about 24 known known to induce galls on Potentilla (Rosaceae), species and has a Holarctic distribution (Ronquist but were also reported to induce galls on et al. 2015). All Ceroptres species with a host re- Sibbaldia (Rosaceae) (Belizin 1959), although cord are associated with cryptic cynipid galls on the latter host record needs to be confirmed (Abe Quercus (Ronquist et al. 2015). In Eastern Palae- et al. 2007). arctic, a total of five species have been reported, The inquilinous members of Diastrophini, including Ceroptres setosus Wang, Liu & Chen, Periclistus and Synophromorpha,differfrom 2012 and Ceroptres distinctus Wang, Liu & other Palaearctic inquiline genera (except Cerop- Chen, 2012 (Wang et al. 2012). tres) in having the metasomal tergite I reduced to In a recent effort of systematic survey of the a dorsal crescent-shaped scale. Periclistus has a Eastern Palaearctic cynipid not be- Holarctic distribution with 15 known species longing to Synergini, especially from mainland (Penzés et al. 2012, Pujade-Villar et al. 2016). All China, we came to the conclusion that the re- known species of the genus Periclistus are associ- cently described Ceroptres setosus and C. dis- ated with galls induced by and Liebe- tinctus (Wang et al. 2012) were erroneously lia (Cynipidae: ) on rose hosts, ex- placed based on misinterpretation of key diagnos- cept one Nearctic species, P. smilacis Ashmead tic features, and that the former should be trans- 1896, which was reared from galls of Diastro- ferredtothePericlistus while the latter represents phus smilacis in Florida, USA. In the Eastern Pa- a new genus in the tribe Diastrophini. In the pres- laearctic, five species of the genus are known up ent paper, we report the discovery of the new ge- to date (Pujade-Villar et al. 2016), which are P. nus, make taxonomic corrections and provide full 128 Pujade-Villar et al. • ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 30 redescriptions of both Ceroptres setosus and Ce- Material examined. 3$, see Xestophanopsis roptres distinctus. In addition, we report the first distinctus (Wang, Liu & Chen, 2012) comb. n. record of Periclistus capillatus Kovalev, 1968 below. from China and describe the male of the species Diagnosis. Xestophanopsis gen. n. differs for the first time. Finally, we provide an updated from Diastrophus and Xestophanes in having 10 taxonomic key to all Periclistus species known very long flagellomeres (11 and shorter in Dia- from the Eastern Palaearctic region. strophus and Xestophanes), F1 shorter than F2 (equal or longer in Diastrophus and Xestopha- 2. Materials and methods nes), radial cell very long, at least 4.0 times as long as broad (at most 3.5 times as long as wide in We follow Liljeblad and Ronquist (1998) and Diastrophus and Xestophanes). It further differs Melika (2006) for morphological terminology, from Xestophanes in having a strong tarsal tooth Ronquist and Nordlander (1989) for abbrevia- (tarsal tooth weak in Xestophanes) and from Dia- tions of forewing venation, and Harris (1979) for strophus in having metasomal tergite II and III fu- cuticular surface terminology. The measurements sed (tergite II and III not fused in Diastrophus) and abbreviations used include: F1–F12, first and and radial cell partially closed along the margin subsequent flagellomeres; POL, post-ocellar dis- (opened in Diastrophus). Xestophanopsis gen. n. tance; OOL, the distance between the inner mar- differs from Synophromorha and Periclistus (in- gins of the posterior ocelli; ocellar-ocular dis- quilinous genera) in having a smooth scutum tance measured as the distance from the outer without piliferous punctures, with very short and edge of the posterior ocellus to the inner margin very superficial notauli (scutum, if smooth, with of the compound eye and LOL, the distance be- piliferous punctures in Periclistus and notauli tween lateral and frontal ocelli. The length of the complete and strong, forming deep grooves in Sy- radial cell is measured from the conjunction of R1 nophromorpha). In addition, the new genus also with 2r to the marginal end of Rs or its projection differs from Periclistus in having strong facial ca- when the vein does not reach wing margin. The rinae (with delicate facial carinae in Periclistus). width of the radial cell is measured from the ante- Finally, the new genus differs from all Diastro- rior margin of forewing to the conjunction of Rs phini genera by female F2 being slightly curved with 2r. and flagellomeres very long. All pictures were taken using a digital camera Despription. Lower face with strong radiating (Q-Imaging, Micropublisher 3.3 RTV) attached carinae starting from clypeus, reaching to com- to a Leica MZ APO stereomicroscope (Wetzlar, pound eyes and antennal sockets. Medial eleva- Germany) and processed using the software Syn- ted area almost smooth, relatively strongly raised. optics AutoMontage version 5.0. Clypeus subquadrangular, slightly projected over All type specimens and other examined mate- mandibles. Frons, vertex and occiput smooth and rials are deposited in the Hymenoptera Collection shiny. Antenna with 10 long flagellomeres; F1 of ZAFU (Hymenoptera Collection in Zhejiang A shorter than F2; F2 slightly curved (Fig. 1b). Pro- & F University) and UB (University of Barce- notum dorsally long, smooth and shiny, laterally lona, JP-V coll.). In addition, the type of P. ca- with dense white setae; submedial pronotal dep- pillatus deposited in ZIN (Zoological Institute of ressions deep, transversal, and separated medial- the Russian Academy Sciences, Sant Petersburg, ly; pronotal plate laterally well delimited throug- Russia) was also examined. hout to scutum, alutaceous, shiny, with some se- tae. Scutum smooth and shiny; notauli incomple- 3. Taxonomy te, very superficial in anterior half; median meso- scutal line absent, or represented by a very short, 3.1. Xestophanopsis Pujade-Villar barely detectable triangle; antero-median parallel &Wanggen.n. lines absent; parapsidal lines present. Mesopleu- ron smooth and shiny. Scutellum rugose-reticula- Type species: Ceroptres distinctus Wang, Liu & te and punctate; scutellar foveae present. Fore- Chen, 2012. Present designation. wing pubescent, margin with short cilia; radial ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 30 • Taxonomy of Cynipidae of China 129

Fig. 1. Xestophnopsis distinctus comb. n. female. – a. Habitus. – b. Antenna and details of first segments, F2: curvature marked by arrow. – c. Head and mesosoma. – d. Propodeum. – e. Metasoma. e previously published in Wang et al. (2012). 130 Pujade-Villar et al. • ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 30 cell long, R1 reaching to wing margin and distally ventrally, not emarginated medially; anterior slightly curved laterad. Tarsal claws with a strong tentorial pits distinct and small; epistomal sulcus basal lobe. Metasoma without punctures; first and clypeo-pleurostomal lines indistinct. Trans- metasomal tergite short, crescent-shaped and facial distance 0.75 times as long as height of eye; smooth; tergites II and III of females fused with a diameter of antennal torulus 1.5 times as long as dense patch of white setae antero-laterally; ven- distance between them. Inner margins of eyes tral spine of hypopygium short. parallel. Frons, vertex and occiput smooth with Etymology. The name of the new genus refers sparse setae; lateral frontal carina absent. POL: to its morphological similarities to the Western LOL: OOL = 4: 3: 2 and lateral ocellus as wide as Palaearctic genus Xestophanes Foerster, 1869. OOL. Gender is masculine. Antenna (Fig. 1b). 12-segmented, slightly Xestophanopsis distinctus (Wang, Liu & longer than head plus mesosoma; pedicel 1.5 Chen, 2012) comb. n. times as long as broad; F1 1.7 times as long as Type material (deposited in ZAFU). Holo- pedicel and around 0.6 times as long as F2; F2 type. $, China: Zhejiang, Tianmushan, Xian- slightly curved; relative lengths of antennal seg- rending (119°34’E, 30°26’N), 20.VI.1999, Zhao ments: 6: 4: 8: 13(× 2.8): 19: 14: 13: 12: 11(× 3.6): Ming-shui leg., Malaise trap, No. 996127. Para- 11: 10: 21. Placodeal sensilla F2–F10. types. 1$, same labels as the holotype, No. Mesosoma (Figs. 1c, d, 2d–f). 1.2 times as 996124; the paratype No. 995985 is not Cerop- long as high in lateral view. Pronotum pubescent, tres distinctus (see comments below). without lateral carina; submedian pronotal pits Additional material. 1$, same data as Holo- present, transversal, separated by a wide median type (not type material, deposited in JP-V coll. carina. Mesoscutum largely smooth and shiny, UB), No. 996123 (see comments below). very sparsely setose without punctures. Notauli Redescription. Length. Female: 2.1–2.2 mm, shallowly impressed posteriorly and absent male unknown. antero-medially. Anteromedian parallel lines ab- Colour. Head largely bright-brown except sent, barely visible; median mesoscutal line ab- mandibles dark yellow basal-medially, maxillar sent; parapsidal lines present and very short, al- and labial palps pale yellow; antenna dark yellow most absent. Scutellum slightly wider than long, basally and pale brown medio-distally; pronotum rugose-reticulate, densely setose, setae longer lat- dark yellow; mesoscutum and mesopleuron yel- erally and posteriorly; scutellar foveae smooth lowish brown, mesopleural triangle and tegulae and shiny, separated by a wide median carina. dark yellow; legs yellowish; metasoma pale yel- Mesopleuron smooth and shiny, densely pubes- low basally and dark yellow apically; wing mem- cent in lower portion; metapleural sulcus reach- brane pale grey and veins of fore wing dark yel- ing mesopleuron in upper three-fourths of its low. height in lateral view. Propodeum alutaceous, Head (Figs 1c, 2b, d). Alutaceous, almost shiny, pubescent; lateral propodeal carinae dis- smooth, with sparse silver setae. Head slightly tinct, straight, slightly convergent posteriorly; narrower than mesosoma, 1.2 times as broad as area between two lateral carinae alutaceous, dull, high in front view and 2.0 times as broad as long with dense setae. in dorsal view. Gena not expanded behind eye, al- Forewing (Fig. 2a, c). Wing margin ciliated; most smooth with sparse setae, and without pili- surface mostly densely setose, sparsely setose in ferous punctures. Malar space about 1/4 times as basal portion; radial cell partially opened, 4.0–4.2 long as height of eye. Lower face with sparse sil- times as long as wide, areolet distinct. VeinRs+M ver setae, medial raised area weakly alutaceous, well-marked, less marked before reaching to half almost smooth, without striae, bordered by two of basal vein. carinae from ventral margin of antennal sockets, Legs. Tarsal claws with a basal lobe and tooth. and laterally with strong striae irradiating from Metasoma (Fig. 1d, e). Shorter than head and clypeus, reaching eye and ventral margin of mesosoma combined, as long as its maximum antennal sockets. Clypeus slightly subquadrate, height in lateral view. First metasomal tergite alutaceous with ventral margin slightly curved short, crescent-shaped and smooth; second and ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 30 • Taxonomy of Cynipidae of China 131

Fig. 2. Xestophnopsis distinctus comb. n. female. – a. Wings. – b. Head, frontal view. – c. Details of radial cell, ending of marginal vein shown by arrow. – d. Head and mesosoma, dorsal view. – e. Scutum. – f. Scutellum. a previously published in Wang et al. (2012). third metasomal tergites fused, with a patch of pu- Comments. One specimen (No. 995985, para- bescence antero-laterally; subsequent metasomal type in the original type series) was reported as tergites with few scattered setae and small punc- male in the original description. However, it was tures. Hypopygium with very minute dense punc- found to be a female of a different species. An- tures, ventral ridge with white setae, prominent other specimen (No. 996123) was apparently er- part of ventral spine of hypopygium short, as long roneously labeled as a paratype because it was not as broad. included in the original description (the specimen Host. Unknown. is now deposited in the JP-V coll.). 132 Pujade-Villar et al. • ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 30

3.2. Periclistus Foerster, 1869 1.2–1.3 times as broad as high in front view and 2.0 times as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena 3.2.1. Periclistus setosus (Wang, Liu & Chen, with setiferous punctures, not expanded behind 2012) comb. n. eye. Malar space around 0.3 times as long as Ceroptres setosus Wang, Liu & Chen, 2012 height of eye. Lower face delicately coriaceous, Type material. Holotype. $, China: Longwang with sparse white setae and dense delicate striae Mountain (119°24’E, 30°23’N), Anji (Zhejiang irradiating from clypeus, reaching eye and ven- Province), 25.VI.1996, Jun-hua He leg., No. tral margin of antennal sockets; medial raised 962775. Paratypes. 4$, China: Shumuyuan, area weakly coriaceous without striae, bordered Shenzhou (Fujian Province), 11.IV.1991, Tang by two carinae from ventral margin of antennal Yu-qing leg., Malaise trap, No. 20009978; sockets. Clypeus slightly subquadrate, aluta- Hangzhou (Zhejiang Province), 19.V.1995, Jun- ceous, ventral margin without medial incision; hua He leg., No. 966136; Hangzhou (Zhejiang anterior tentorial pits small and distinct; epi- Province), 24.V.1980, Jun-hua He leg., No. stomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal lines in- 801525; Fatou, Deqing (Zhejiang Province), distinct. Transfacial distance around 0.75 times as 27.V.1996, Junhua He leg., No. 954479. All type long as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus material deposited in ZAFU. around 1.5 times distance between them. Inner Diagnosis. The species is morphologically si- margins of eyes parallel. Frons, vertex and occi- milar to all other Eastern Palaearctic Periclistus put smooth sparsely finely punctate with setae; species (P. qinghainensis, P. capillatus, P. natalis lateral frontal carina absent. POL: LOL: OOL = and P. quinlani) in having the mesopleuron enti- 4: 3: 2 and lateral ocellus as wide as OOL. rely smooth and shiny, without striae, and meso- Antenna (Fig. 3e). 12-segmented, slightly scutum smooth or alutaceous and shiny, sparsely longer than head and mesosoma combined; finely punctate with setae. Periclistus setosus dif- pedicel subquadrate, 1.4 times as long as wide; F1 fers from P.qinghainensis and P.capillatus in ha- 1.9 times as long as pedicel and equal to length of ving complete notauli (absent in P. qinghainensis F2; relative lengths of antennal segments from F1 and incomplete in P. capillatus), from P. capilla- to F10 are: 11: 11: 11: 10: 9: 9: 8: 7: 6: 17. tus by having F1 equal to F2, frons and vertex Mesosoma (Fig. 3b–d). 1.3 times as long as with fine piliferous punctures and smooth and high in lateral view. Pronotum pubescent, without shiny scutum (in P. capillatus F1 slightly shorter lateral carina, submedian pronotal depressions than F2, fronts and vertex without fine piliferous narrow, transversal, separated by a wide median punctures, and scutum partially alutaceous and carina. Mesoscutum with setigerous punctures. dull). Periclistus setosus differs from the two Ja- Notauli complete, deeply impressed, narrow an- panese species (P. natalis and P. quinlani)inha- teriorly and relatively broadened posteriorly. ving a short and partially open radial cell, radial Anteromedian parallel lines present and weakly cell 3.0 times as long as wide (4.0 times as long as impressed, extending posteriorly to 1/4 of entire wide and completely open in P. natalis and P. length of mesoscutum; median mesoscutal line quinlani). present in posterior 1/3 of mesoscutum; para- Redescription. Length of female 1.8–2.0 mm, psidal lines present in posterior 1/3 of mesoscu- male unknown. tum. Scutellum slightly wider than long, rugose, Colour. Head largely black with slight reddish with long dense setae; scutellar foveae smooth tint, except for mandibles yellowish brown, and shiny, separated by a narrow median carina. maxillary and labial palps pale yellow; scapus Mesopleuron smooth and shiny, pubescent only and pedicel pale yellow, flagellomeres dark yel- in lower portion; metapleural sulcus reaching me- low; mesosoma bright black, tegulae brown; legs sopleuron in upper three-fifths of its height in lat- pale yellow except coxa dark yellow; metasoma eral view; metapleuron and propodeum pubes- blackish brown; wing membrane pale grey and cent; lateral propodeal carinae distinct, straight veins of fore wing dark yellow. and slightly convergent posteriorly; median Head (Fig. 3a). Alutaceous with sparse white propodeal area coriaceous, lateral propodeal ar- setae. Head slightly narrower than mesosoma, eas with dense setae. ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 30 • Taxonomy of Cynipidae of China 133

Fig. 3. Periclistus setosus comb. n. female. – a. Head, dorsal view. – b. Body, lateral view. – c, d. Me- sosoma. – e. First segments of antenna. – f. Forewing, ending of marginal vein shown by arrow. a, b and f previously published in Wang et al. (2012).

Forewing (Fig. 3f). Margin ciliated; surface Legs. Tarsal claws with small basal lobe and densely setose except for sparsely setose basal por- tooth. tion; radial cell partially opened, around 3.0 times Metasoma (Fig. 3b). Shorter than head and as long as broad, areolet distinct. Vein Rs+M well- mesosoma combined, as long as its maximum marked, except pale for proximal 1/4, reaching height in lateral view. First metasomal tergite basal vein slightly posterior from middle. short, crescent-shaped and smooth; second and 134 Pujade-Villar et al. • ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 30

Fig. 4. Periclistus capillatus. – a. Radial cell, ending of marginal vein shown by arrow. – b. First segments of fe- male antenna. – c. First segments of male antenna. third metasomal tergites fused, with a patch of pu- Yun leg., No. 981572 (deposited in ZAFU). bescence anterolaterally; subsequent metasomal Comments. This species was originally de- tergites with scattered setae and small punctures, scribed based on a single female collected in the each small puncture bearing a very fine seta, ven- Far East of Russia. According to Pujade-Villar et tral ridge with white setae, prominent part of ven- al. (2016), the main diagnostic characters for this tral spine of hypopygium short, at most as long as species include: black head and mesosoma, red- broad. dish brown metasoma, testaceous antennae and Host. Unknown. legs; 12-segmented antenna, F1 slightly shorter Comments. The new combination of P.setosus than F2 (Fig. 4b); frons and vertex smooth with- is well justified. Periclistus is a Holarctic genus out piliferous fine punctures, mesoscutum aluta- and all Periclistus species with a host record are ceous to smooth with piliferous fine punctures inquilines of Diplolepidini galls on Rosa. A single and sparse pubescence; notauli and median species of the genus has been previously reported mesocutal sulcus present posteriorly, short, from China (Pujade-Villar et al. 2016). Periclistus nearly absent in anterior 3/4 to 2/3 of scutum; me- setosus share the same set of morphological fea- sopleuron smooth; radial cell open (Fig. 4a) but tures characteristic of the Eastern Palaearctic spe- partially closed (R1 distinctly projected toward cies of the genus (see diagnosis above), suggesting anterior margin of forewing), 3.0–3.3 times as that these species may share a common origin and long as broad; areolet visible; metasomal tergites diversified within the region, although formal fused (T2+T3) and smooth, with an anterolateral phylogenetic analysis is needed before such a con- patch of white setae; subsequent segments gla- clusion is even tentatively proposed. brous with micropunctures. The male is similar to the female except for the following characters: 3.2.2. Periclistus capillatus Kovalev, 1968 antenna 14-segmented, F1 slightly shorter than Type material. 1$, with the following labels: F2, curved and expanded apically and basally “Kedrovaya pad’ [Nature Reserve] Primorie [= (Fig. 4c); antennal formula is 4: 3: 5: 6: 5: 5: 4.5: Primorskiy kray] O. Kovalev 17 V 60”. Depos- 4: 4: 3.5: 3: 3: 2.5: 4.5; POL: LOL: OOL is 4: 2.5: itedinZIN. 2, and lateral ocellus as wide as OOL; radial cell Additional material. 1$, with the Saphonecus 3.2 times as long as broad. label, Baiyun Mountain, Songxian (Henan Pro- First record from China. vince), 19.VII.1996, Cai Ping leg., No. 972990 (deposited UB, JP-V coll.); 1#, with the 3.2.3. Taxonomic key to Eastern Palaearctic Synergus chinensis label, Luanchuan (Henan species of Periclistus Foerster, 1869 Province), 12.VII.1996, Cai Ping leg., No. The known species of Periclistus in the Eastern 974554; 1$, with the Saphonecus label Zhouzhi, Palaearctic can be identified using the following Houzhenzi (Shaanxi Province), 2-3.VI.1998, Ma taxonomic key. ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 30 • Taxonomy of Cynipidae of China 135

1. Radial cell long, around 4.0 times as long as pleurostomal lines are absent, the gular sulci are wide, opened; forewing with small clouded indistinct, the female antenna is 12-segmented, macula posterior to anterior margin near apex the longitudinal ridge on F1 of male antenna is of radial cell 2 present, the pronotum is medially long medially, – Radial cell short, around 3.0 times as long as the pronotal plate is distinct, its lateral margins wide, and partially closed or closed, but if are entirely marked, almost reaching the posterior closed, the marginal vein very inconspicuous; margin of the pronotum, the mesoscutum and the forewing hyaline 3 mesopleuron are glabrous (Diastrophus, Xesto- 2. Notaular pits present anteriorly, weakly im- phanes and Xesthophanopsis gen. n.)orsculp- pressed; metasoma reddish-brown. [Distribu- tured with piliferous punctures (Periclistus and tion: Japan] P.natalis Synophromorpha), the metatarsal claws are – Notaular pits absent; metasoma blackish strongly bent apically and expanded to a lobe or brown. [Distribution: Japan] P.quinlani tooth basally, the claws have long subapical seta, 3. Notauli completely absent. [Distribution: the abdominal terga 3–8 are either free in both China] P.qinghainensis sexes (Diastrophus) or 3+4 fused in females and – Notauli present, complete or incomplete 4 free in males (Xestophanes, Periclistus and 4. Frons and vertex without punctures. F1 Synophromorpha) and, finally, the sternal part of shorter than F2. Radial cell open, R1 present the petiolar annulus (the ventral marginal flange along wing margin along at least the proximal of petiole) is present and distinctly projecting. half of radial cell, sometimes inconspicuously The Diastrophini tribe includes both gall- closed. Scutum anteriorly weakly alutaceous forming and inquilinous genera, being all associ- and with fine piliferous punctures, especially ated with host plants in Rosaceae family, and it is between anterior parallel lines; notauli in- uncertain as to whether Xestophanopsis distinctus complete or very weakly impressed anteri- comp. n. is a gall-maker or an inquiline species. orly. Metasoma reddish-brown. [Distribu- Nonetheless, the new genus shares more morpho- tion: Far East and China] P.capillatus logical similarities with the gall making genera of – Frons and vertex with fine piliferous punc- the tribe, especially Xestophanes, and does not tures. F1 as long as F2. Radial cell partially seem to be closely related to the known inquili- open, R1 shortly projected along wing margin nous genera. For example, Synophromorpha has a of radial cell. Scutum smooth between complete and very strongly impressed notauli setiferous points, shiny; notauli complete. while Xestophanopsis gen. n. has an incomplete Metasoma blackish brown. [Distribution: and posteriorly very superficial notauli, although China] P.setosus the both genera have the lower face with strong striae irradiating from the clypeus, reaching the eye and the ventral margin of the antennal sockets. 4. Discussion Some Eastern Palaearctic species of Periclistus have a smooth mesoscutum with short and super- All the specimens examined in the present study ficial notauli as in Xestophanopsis gen. n., but in were collected using Malaise traps, and therefore these cases the scutum has strong piliferous fine do not allow to elucidate the biology of the spe- punctures (absent in Xestophanopsis gen. n.)and cies they represent. Information on the hosts, both the irradiating carinae in the lower face are dense gall making host and plant host, is very important and delicate (not dense and strong as in in the identification of cynipid inquilines, and Xestophanopsis gen. n.). consequently, identification of specimens col- Cynipids as herb gallers are mostly unknown lected by Malaise traps can sometimes be very in the Eastern Palaearctic (Abe et al. 2007). With- difficult. in the gall making genera in Diastrophini, Species The species included in the present study fall of Xestophanes are exclusively associated with well within the tribe Diastrophini according to herbaceous species of Potentilla while those of Ronquist et al. (2015), displaying the characteris- Diastrophus form galls on Rubus spp., Potentilla tic features of the tribe, including that the clypeo- spp., Fragaria virginiana Duchesne and Smilax 136 Pujade-Villar et al. • ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 30 sp. (Schick et al. 2003). All the plant species used References by species of Diastrophus, except one, belong to the rose family, of which nearly half are herba- Abe, Y. 1998: Palaearctic occurrence of the genus Syno- ceous. It is therefore highly likely that Xesto- phromorpha (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) confirmed on the basis of a new species from Japan. — Entomologi- phanopsis gen. n. is a gall-forming taxon associ- ca scandinavica 29: 25–28. doi: https://doi.org/ ated with Rosaceae and perhaps also with its her- 10.1163/187631298X00168 baceous species, given the fact that it is morpho- Abe, Y., Melika, G. & Stone, G. N. 2007: The diversity and logically more similar to the herb-galling Xesto- phylogeography of cynipid gallwasps (Hymenoptera: phanes. Cynipidae) of the Oriental and Eastern Palaearctic Re- It is a long-held belief that thorough studies on gions, and their associated communities. — Oriental 41: 169–212. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/003 the Eastern Palaearctic cynipids would yield 05316.2007.10417504 probably some of the richest cynipid faunas. The Ashmead, W. H. 1896: Descriptions of new parasitic Hy- discovery of Xestophanopsis gen. n., in the tribe menoptera. — Transactions of the American Entomo- Diastrophini, and its possible host association logical Society 23: 179–234. certainly add new evidence to support this asser- Belizin, V.I. 1959: Gall wasps of the tribe Aylaxini(Hyme- noptera, Cynipoidea) new for the fauna of the U. S. S. tion. Similarly, several new genera in the tribe R. — Entomologicheskoye Obozreniye 38: 662 74. Phanacidini have been recently described from [In Russian.] the Eastern Palaearctic (Asiocynips Kovalev, Bozsó, M., Tang, C. T., Pénzes, Z., Yang, M. 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