Reported Incidences of Parasitic Infections in Marine Mammals from 1892 to 1978

Home , Arctocephalus forsteri, Caspian seal, Corynosoma australe, Diphyllobothrium, Echinophthiriidae, Echinorhynchus

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9-18-2013

John R. Felix Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, [email protected]

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This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Zea E-Books at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Zea E-Books by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Reported Incidences of Parasitic Infections in Marine Mammals from 1892 to 1978

John R. Felix The role of parasites in the lives and deaths of marine mammals has been scrutinized by biologists for decades, but the scientific literature prior to 1978 has been difficult to acquire and time-consuming to search. Now this new and extensive bibliography gives researchers a convenient resource for reviewing the classical literature on parasites of marine mammals so that historical infection prevalence and geographical distribution can be easily and properly assessed. This book contains detailed information about accepted (or suspected) taxonomic synonyms and geographical information about the host and/or parasite, covering the parasite groups Acanthocephala, Acarina, Anoplura, Cestoda, Nematoda, and Trematoda, and the host orders Pinnipedia (seals, sea lions, walruses), Cetacea (whales, dolphins), and Carnivora (sea otters).

Reported Incidences of Parasitic Infections in Marine Mammals from 1892 to 1978 is a comprehensive list of parasites reported from marine mammals, based on the scientific literature published between the late 1800’s and 1978, including sources of information, geographical locations of the host/parasite, and possible synonyms suggested by the original sources. It provides a valuable resource for stranding response personnel, aquatic animal veterinarians, marine biologists, and professional parasitologists, and is a critical aid to our further understanding of the intriguing interactions between the marine mammals and their underwater “passengers.”

John R. Felix is Deputy Director of the Municipal Services Division at the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection and a lecturer in the Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences at Northeastern University. He has earned degrees from the University of Massachusetts (Amherst), San Diego State University, and Harvard University.

Cover photo: Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), by M. Herko, OAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP), NOAA Photo Library.

Zea Books Lincoln, Nebraska Reported Incidences of Parasitic Infections in Marine Mammals from 1892 to 1978

John R. Felix

isbn 978-1-60962-042-4 paperback isbn 978-1-60962-043-1 ebook

Set in Palatino Linotype types. Design and composition by Paul Royster.

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Acknowledgments 5 Introduction ...... 7 Acanthocephala ...... 9 Acarina ...... 25 Anoplura ...... 30 Cestoda 33 Nematoda ...... 66 Trematoda ...... 100 Host/Parasite Listing Pinnipedia ...... 119 Cetacea ...... 129 Carnivora ...... 139 Bibliography 140 About the Author ...... 149

3 4 Acknowledgments

I would like to acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr. Sea Rogers Williams VMD, of the National Marine Life Center for providing the descriptive narratives of each of the categories of parasites presented in this bibliography. I also thank Dr. Williams for his valuable comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of this manuscript. I also wish to express my sincere gratitude to Mary Sears of Harvard University’s Ernst Mayr Library for her unwavering assistance in helping me track down many of the unwonted reference documents cited in the book. I also would like to thank Dr. Paul Royster and the Office of Scholarly Communication at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries for format suggestions, cover design, and ultimately agreeing to publish this unorthodox-style reference book. Finally, I would like to thank my wife Gayle for all her support (and patience) during the many years it took to complete this book.

J.R.F.

5 6 Introduction

A study of parasites from marine mammals is a fascinating endeavor used to assess animal and environmental heath, as well as document biodiversity, biogeography, marine biology, and basic taxonomic science. A wealth of information can be obtained from understanding the life cycle of marine parasites and their interactions with marine mammals; whose domain include all the seas of the world. The evolutionary history of parasites residing in animals that have returned to oceans is also instructive as to which parasites were carried along with their hosts, and which ones remained in the water and were able to capitalize on the host’s return. All marine mammals are protected by the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA). Consequently when these animals strand or beach themselves they are of interest for either rehabilitation or scientific study. The investigation of parasites from these events can be hindered by a lack of identification, training, or understanding of the parasites encoun- tered by stranding response personnel. The role these parasites play in the health of their host and in stranding events is complicated and has been scrutinized by stranding biologists for decades. Most, if not all, marine mammal will have parasites, but only in select cases will their infestations have played a role in the stranding event, although they will always provide information on the travels and natural history of their host. In order to separate which parasite infestations influence stranding events or are health concerns, their specific identity must be known. The first step in this endeavor is to review what has been reported in the scientific literature. This data is divided among the primary taxonomic literature from the 1800-1900’s, and the basic biology and biomedical literature to the present day. Unfortunately even modern and powerful databases are often skewed to either the basic biology or biomedical literature, and may not index the classical information, and thus a comprehensive search can be time-consuming. In addition, the primary literature can be difficult to obtain and comes in a multitude of lan- guages, much of which has never been translated to English. Previous attempts to review the parasites of marine mammals are instructive but are not complete, in need of updat- ing due to rapid increase in the description of new parasites and improved understanding of the evolutional history of the parasites themselves (Dailey and Brownell, 1972), or lim- ited to particular hosts (Baylis, 1932), (Delyamure, 1955), (Tomilin, 1957), (King, 1964) or parasite taxons (Price, 1932). Using these lists and other published literature to gain a bet- ter understanding of infection prevalence and geographical distribution of marine mam-

7 mal parasites is sometimes difficult since the published lists and literature frequently do not contain detail information about accepted (or suspected) taxonomic synonyms and geographical information about the host and/or parasite. This document presents an updated and more complete checklist of reported parasites from marine mammals based on literature published between the late 1800’s and 1978. Over the past 35 years, published accounts of marine mammal parasitic infections tend to be more readily available and complete. The format used to present this information is different than previously published checklists. The information presented in the main checklist is supported by appendices denoting the source of information, geographical location of the host/parasite (if known), and possible synonyms the original sources opine for the various parasites. Occasion- ally, additional information is presented in brief “Remarks”. In many cases, the same incident of parasitic infection and/or species synonym is noted by more than one investigator. In such cases, the incident information and/or synonyms are repeated since this may suggest the author agrees (or is at least accepting) the finding or opinion of the original investigator. With the advent of molecular techniques, global efforts to “barcode” all species, and the addition of newly described species, the state of marine mammal parasitology is in the mist of a flurry of scientific study, but it is from within this cloud that we attempt to provide a resource for stranding response personnel, aquatic animal veterinarians, marine biologists, and professional parasitologists to aid our understanding of these intriguing interactions.

8 w 9

Acanthocephala

Thorny-headed worms or acanthlocephalins are common in seal intestines and found occasionally in dolphins and whales. Their barbed attachment organ, called a proboscis, can penetrate the intestine causing peritonitis and severe disease. There are no known chemotherapeutics that are effective against these parasites. Coryno- soma from seals, and occasionally dolphins, and Bolbosoma from whales are typical examples and, with one exception (Echinorhynchus) the only two genera represented in marine mammals. Their life cycle involves marine invertebrates and often a fish parentic host. Fish eating birds can also be infected, and infections in humans are very rare and likely come from ingestion of intermediate hosts.

Bolbosoma sp. Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and in the Sower- From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the whale Balae- by’s whale (Mesoplodon bidens). Information noptera velifera “ [? = B. physalus (sic)]”. In- regarding the geographical location of hosts formation regarding the geographical loca- was not provided by author. tion of hosts was not provided by author. From Beverley-Burton, 1978 - Found in the At- lantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhyn- Bolbosoma balaenae chus acutus) from Lingley Cove, Edmunds, Synonymy: Maine. From Delyamure, 1955 - Sipunculus lendix From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in Phipps, 1774; Echinorhynchus balaena Gme- the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the blue lin, 1790; Echinorhynchus Rudolphi, 1819; whale (Balaenoptera musculus), and in the Bolborhynchus porrigens Porta, 1906; Bolbo- humpback whale (Megaptera novaengliae). soma porrigens Porta, 1908. All hosts were from California. From Yamaguti, 1963 - Echinorhynchus mysticeti From Rice, 1963 - Found in the sei whale Ben., 1870. (Balaenoptera borealis), the blue whale (Balae- noptera musculus), and in the humpback Hosts and Locality: whale (Megaptera novaengliae). All hosts From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the were from the California coast. northern bottlenosed whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus), the piked whale (Balaenoptera acutorustrata), the sei whale (Balaenoptera bo- Bolbosoma aurantiacum realis), the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), Synonymy: the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus), the humpback whale (Megaptera novaengliae), From Baylis, 1932 - Echinorhynchus aurantiacus and in the Greenland right whale (Balaena Risso, 1826; Echinorhynchus annulatus Molin, mysticetus). Information regarding the geo- 1851; Echinorhynchus bifasciatus Lühe, 1904; graphical location of hosts was not provided (? sic) Echinorhynchus pellucidus Leuckart, by authors. See Remarks 1828; Echinorhynchus serrani Linton, 1901; Bolborhynchus aurantiacus Porta, 1907. From Dailey and Perrin, 1973 - Found in the long beaked dolphins (Stenella longirostris) From Delyamure, 1955 - Bolbosoma vasculosum. Acanthocephala 10 S

taken at Lat. 12° 51′ N, Long. 93° 18′ W.; ern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus). Geograph- Lat. 7° 11′ N, Long. 90° 32′ W.; Lat. Approx. ical distribution for both hosts includes the 8° 51′ N, Long. 107° 18′ W. (eastern Pacific Sea of Okhotsk (Tyuleni Island). Ocean). Also found in the Eastern Pacific From King, 1964 - Found in the northern fur spotted dolphin Stenella( graffmani) from the seal (Callorhinus ursinus) and in the Steller following locations: Lat. 12° 51′ N, Long. 93° sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Information 18′ W.; Lat. 7° 11′ N, Long. 90° 32′ W.; and regarding the geographical location of hosts Lat. 14° 30′ N, Long. 99°10′ W. was not provided by author. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus), the Green- Bolbosoma brevicolle land whale (Balaenoptera mysticetus), the Synonymy: fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), the piked whale (Balaenoptera acutorustrata), the hump- From Baylis, 1932 - Echinorhynchus brevicollis back whale (Megaptera nodosa), and the bot- Malm, 1867; Bolborhynchus brevicollis Porta, tlenosed whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus). 1908; Geographical distribution includes the At- From Delyamure, 1955 - Echinorhynchus brevi- lantic Ocean (Iceland), and the Tasman Sea collis Malm, 1867; Bolborhynchus brevicollis (near Sidney, Australia). Porta, 1908; Bolborhynchus brevicolle Porta, From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in an 1908. unidentified whale from Washington. Hosts and Locality: From Van Cleave, 1953 - Found in an “uniden- From Baylis, 1929 - Found in the fin whale tified whale” from Seattle, Washington in (Balaenoptera physalus) from Saldanha Bay, 1918. See Remarks. and in the blue whale (Balaenoptera muscu- Remarks: lus) from Durban and Saldanha Bay (South Africa and South Georgia). The specimen taken from an “unidentified whale” was examined by Van Cleave (1953). From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the piked whale It differed slightly from the description of (Balaenoptera acutorustrata), the sei whale B. balaenae accepted by other, including Van (Balaenoptera borealis), the blue whale (Balae- Cleave. However, Van Cleave did not feel noptera musculus), the fin whale (Balaenoptera the difference warranted the naming of a physalus), and in the sperm whale (Physe- new genus or species. ter catodon). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided Dailey and Brownell (1972) listing of this by author. parasite under the Greenland Right Whale (Balaena mysticetus) is referenced to Baylis From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in (1932). Baylis identifies this parasite as Bol- the sperm whale (Physeter catodon), the lit- bosoma porrigens. tle piked whale (Balaenoptera acutorustrata), the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), the blue whale Bolbosoma bobrovi (Balaenoptera musculus), and in the black right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). Informa- Hosts and Locality: tion regarding the geographical location of From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the hosts was not provided by authors. Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) and in From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sei the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus). whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the blue whale Information regarding the geographical lo- (Balaenoptera musculus), the fin whale (Balae- cation of hosts was not provided by authors. noptera physalus), the piked whale (Balae- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Steller noptera acutorustrata), the black right whale sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) and the north- (Eubalaena glacialis), and the sperm whale Bolbosoma brevicolle w 11

(Physeter catodon). Geographical distribu- sis) from Kapverden; the pilot whale (Globi- tion includes the North Atlantic Ocean, and cephalus melas) from south Australia; and in the coast of southern Africa and Georgia. the pilot whale (Globicephalus svineval). See Remarks. From Edmonds, 1957 - Found in the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) from Sal- Remarks: danha Bay, South Africa. Although Yamaguti (1963) lists the pilot whale (Globicephalus svineval) as a host of this parasite, Delyamure (1955) reports G. Bolbosoma capitatum svineval is synonymous with Globicephalus Synonymy: melas. From Baylis, 1932 - Echinorhynchus capitatus Linstow, 1880; Bolborhynchus capitatus Bolbosoma hamiltoni Porta, 1908; (? sic) Echinorhynchus vasculosus Rudolphi, 1819. Hosts and Locality: From Delyamure, 1955 - Echinorhynchus cap- From Baylis, 1929 - Found in the blue whale itatus Linstow, 1880; Bolbosoma capitatum (Balaenoptera musculus) and in the fin whale Porta, 1908. (Balaenoptera physalus) from the Atlantic Ocean (off southern Georgia). Hosts and Locality: From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the blue whale From Baylis, 1929 - Found in the slender- (Balaenoptera musculus) and the fin whale beaked dolphin (Steno bredanensis) from the (Balaenoptera physalus). Information regard- west coast of Africa (near Cape Verde). ing the geographical location of hosts not From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the pilot whale was provided by author. (Globicephala melaena), the sperm whale From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in (Physeter catodon), the false killer whale the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) and the (Pseudorca crassidens), and in the dolphin blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus). Infor- (Steno rostratus). Information regarding the mation regarding the geographical location geographical location of hosts was not pro- of hosts was not provided by authors. vided by author. From Yamaguti, 1963 - Found in the blue From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the whale (Balaenoptera musculus) and in the fin false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens), the whale (Balaenoptera physalus) from South sperm whale (Physeter catodon), and in the Georgia and the Ross Sea. North Atlantic pilot whale (Globicephala melaena). Information regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by Bolbosoma nipponicum authors. Hosts and Locality: From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sperm whale (Physeter catodon), the slender-beaked From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Kurile dolphin (Steno rostratus) [= Steno bredanensis], fur seal (Callorhynus ursinus curilensis), the the false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens), Okhotsk ringed seal (Phoca hispida okhoten- and the pilot whale (Globicephalus melas). sis), the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the Geographical distribution includes the Atlan- piked whale (Balaenoptera acutorustrata), and tic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Geo- graphical distribution includes the Pacific From Yamaguti, 1963 - Found in the pilot Ocean (near the Kurile Island region and whale (Globicephalus melas) and the false near the coast of Japan), and the Sea of Ok- killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) from the hotsk (Tyuleni Island). Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean; the slender-beaked dolphin (Steno bredanen- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in Acanthocephala 12 S

the ringed seal (Phoca hispida), the northern includes the Sea of Okhotsk, and the Pacific fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), the sei whale Ocean (Kurile Islands region). (Balaenoptera borealis), the fin whale (Balae- noptera physalus), and in the little piked whale (Balaenoptera acutorustrata). Informa- Bolbosoma porrigens tion regarding the geographical location of Synonymy: hosts was not provided by authors. From Delyamure, 1955 - Echinorhynchus balaena From King, 1964 - Found in the ringed seal Gmelin, 1790; Echinorhynchus porrigens Rudol- (Phoca hispida) and in the northern fur seal phi, 1814; Bolborhynchus porrigens Porta, 1906. (Callorhinus ursinus). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts was not Hosts and Locality: provided by author. From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the bowhead or From Yamaguti, 1939 - Found in the piked arctic right whale (Balaena mysticetus), the whale (Balaenoptera rostrata) from the piked whale (Balaenoptera acutorustrata), “Pacific”. the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus), and the From Yamaguti, 1963 - Found in the piked humpback whale (Megaptera nodosa). Infor- whale (Balaenoptera rostrata) [= Balaenoptera mation regarding the geographical location acutorostrata] from Japan; the piked whale of hosts was not provided by author. (Balaenoptera acutorustrata), the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the fin whale (Balae- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sei noptera physalus), the Okhotsk ringed seal whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the blue (Phoca hispida okhotensis), and the Kurile fur whale (Balaenoptera musculus), the Green- seal (Callorhynus ursinus curilensis) from the land whale (Balaenoptera mysticetus), the Kurile Island region. fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), the piked whale (Balaenoptera acutorustrata), the humpback whale (Megaptera nodosa), and the bot- Bolbosoma pellucidum tlenosed whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus). Geographical distribution includes the At- Synonymy: lantic Ocean (Iceland), and the Tasman Sea From Baylis, 1932- Echinorhynchus pelluci- (near Sidney, Australia). dus Leuckart, 1828; Bolborhynchus pellucidus From Johnston and Deland, 1929 - Found in a Porta, 1906. whale (“probably” Megaptera nodosa) that Hosts and Locality: washed up at Bondi, NSW. From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and in the Sower- Bolbosoma turbinella by’s whale (Mesoplodon bidens). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts Synonymy: was not provided by author. From Baylis, 1932 - Echinorhynchus turbinella Diesing, 1851; Echinorhynchus ruber Collett, 1886; Echinorhynchus porrigens of Kaiseer, Bolbosoma physeteris 1893; Bolborhynchus turbinella Porta, 1908; Hosts and Locality: Pomphorhynchus turbinella Leiper and Atkin- son, 1915. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the sperm whale (Physeter catodon). Information From Delyamure, 1955 - Echinorhynchus balae- regarding the geographical location of host nocephalus Owen, 1803; Echinorhynchus tur- was not provided by authors. binella Diesing, 1851; Echinorhynchus ruber Collett, 1866;Bolborhynchus turbinella porri- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sperm gens Porta, 1908; Pomphorhynchus (Diesing) whale (Physeter catodon) and in the killer Porta, by Leiper and Atkinson, 1915. See whale (Orca orca). Geographical distribution Remarks. Bolbosoma turbinella w 13

Hosts and Locality: Morisita, 1939, was probably Bolbosoma nipponcium. From Baylis, 1929 - Found in the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) from the Antarctic Unlike Delyamure (1955), Yamaguti (1963) Ocean (Durban, Saldanah Bay, and South concluded the Pomphorhynchus turbinella Georgia). specimen taken from a humpback whale (Megaptera novaengliae) from New Zealand From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the the sei whale by Leiper and Atkinson (1915) is taxonomi- (Balaenoptera borealis), the blue whale (Balae- cally different from Bolbosoma turbinella. He noptera musculus), the humpback whale references this claim to Meyer (1933). (Megaptera nodosa), and in the bottlenosed whale (Hyperoodon rostratus). Information Dailey and Brownell reference Baylis (1932) regarding the geographical location of hosts in their listing of Bolbosoma turbinella in the was not provided by author. northern bottlenosed whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus). Baylis notes the parasite was From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in found in Hyperoodon rostratus. Dailey and the black right whale (Eubalaena glacialis), Brownell also list Bolbosoma turbinella in the the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the fin black right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) and whale (Balaenoptera physalus), the blue list Delyamure (1955) as a source reference. whale (Balaenoptera musculus), the hump- Delyamure (1955) actually list this parasite back whale (Megaptera novaengliae), and in under the true right whale (Eubalaena glacia- the northern bottlenosed whale (Hyperoodon lis sieboldi). ampullatus). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. See Remarks. Bolbosoma vasculosum From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sei whale Synonymy: (Balaenoptera borealis), the blue whale (Balae- noptera musculus), the true right whale (Euba- From Delyamure, 1955 - Echinorhynchus vascu- laena glacialis sieboldi), the fin whale Balaenop( - losus Rudolphi, 1819; Echinorhynchus auran- tera physalus), the piked whale (Balaenoptera tiacus Risso, 1826; Echinorhynchus pellucidus acutorustrata), and the humpback whale Leuckart, 1828; Echinorhynchus annulatus (Megaptera novaengliae). Geographical dis- Molin, 1851; Echinorhynchus serrani Linton, tribution includes the Atlantic and Pacific 1888; Echinorhynchus bifasciatus Lühe, 1904; Oceans (northern and southern hemispheres); Bolbosoma aurantiacum (Risso, 1926) Van the Sea of Okhotsk; and New Zealand. Cleave, 1924. From Fukui and Morisita, 1939 - Found in the From Yamaguti, 1963 - Bolbosoma thunni Ha- sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) from Japan. rada, 1935. See Remarks. Hosts and Locality: From Harada, 1931 - Found in the sei whale From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in (Balaenoptera borealis) from the northern Pa- the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and cific (near Japan). in the Sowerby’s beaked whale (Mesoplo- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the don bidens). Information regarding the geo- sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) from British graphical location of hosts was not provided Columbia. by authors. From Margolis and Pike, 1955 - Found in the From Dailey and Perrin, 1973 - Found in the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) from British long beaked dolphins (Stenella longiros- Columbia. tris) and the Eastern Pacific spotted dolphin (Stenella graffmani). Both species of hosts Remarks: were taken from Lat. 12° 51′ N, Long. 93° 18′ Yamaguti (1939) believes the specimen iden- W.; Lat. 7° 11′ N, Long. 90° 32’W.; Lat. Ap- tified as Bolbosoma turbinella by Fukui and prox. 8° 51′ N, Long. 107° W. Acanthocephala 14 S

From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the common From Jellison and Neiland, 1965 - Found in the dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and in the Sow- sea otter Enhydra( lutris) from Alaska. erby’s whale (Mesoplodon bidens). Geograph- From Johnston and Deland, 1929 - Found in ical distribution includes the Atlantic Ocean the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and the Mediterranean Sea. from the Gulf St. Vincent, South Australia. From Van Cleave, 1953 - Found in the Sower- See Remarks. by’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon bidens) from From Johnston and Edmonds, 1953 - Found in the Atlantic coast of North America (spe- the seal Otaria forster (=? Arctocephalus dorif- cific geographical location not provided by erus) and in the leopard seal (Hydrurga lep- the original investigator, Leidy, 1890). Also tonyx) from the Auckland and Cambell Is- found in the common dolphin (Delphinus lands regions. delphis) from the Mediterranean Sea. See Remarks. From King, 1964 - Found in the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris), and in Remarks: the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauin- Van Cleave (1953) suggest that since no sex- slandi). Information regarding geograph- ual mature individuals of this parasite have ical location of hosts was not provided by been discovered since the species was first author. described over a century ago, the normal From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the definitive host has yet to be determined and ringed seal (Phoca hispida) from Alaska. B. vasculosus may be the immature stage of another species that matures in various From Matthews, 1937 - Found in the hump- whales. However, Yamaguti (1963) reports back whale (Megaptera novaengliae) [= Mega- that adult stages have been found in the ptera nodosa, Rice and Sheffer, 1968] from the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) as well Antarctic (Durban). as larval forms in a number of fish species. From Rausch, 1953 - Found in the sea otter (En- hydra lutris) from Amchitka (Alaska). See Remarks. Corynosoma sp. From Rausch and Locker, 1951- Found in the Hosts and Locality: sea otter Enhydra( lutris) from Amchitka, From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the common dol- Aleutian Islands (Alaska). phin (Delphinus delphis). Information regard- From Scheffer and Slipp, 1944 - Found in ing the geographical location of host was the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) from not provided by author. Washington. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in From Van Cleave, 1953 - Found in the ringed the gray whale (Eschrichtius gibbosus), the seal (Phoca hispida) from Payne Bay, Baf- La Plata or Franciscana dolphin (Pontopo- fin Island, Clyde River, and Point Barrow ria blainvillei), the common dolphin (Delphi- (Alaska); the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) nus delphis), the sea otter Enhydra( lutris), from Lake Harbour, and Baffin Island; the and in the northern elephant seal (Mirounga Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) from St. angustirostris). Information regarding geo- Paul Island (Alaska); a “spotted seal” from graphical location of hosts was not provided St. Lawrence Island (Alaska); and “uniden- by authors. tified seals” from St. Lawrence Island and From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the spotted Havre St. Pierre, Quebec. See Remarks. dolphin (Delphinus longirostris) [=? sic Del- From Young, 1939 - Found in the common dol- phinus delphis, Rice and Scheffer, 1968] from phin (Delphinus delphis) from Australia. the Pacific Ocean (Japan). Also found in the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) from Remarks: South Australia. Johnston and Deland (1929) noted the un- Corynosoma sp. w 15

identified parasite species found inDelphi - not provided by author. nus delphis “resembl[ed] C. strumosum” From Rennie, J. 1905-1906 - If Corynosoma ant- The unidentified species ofCorynosoma that arcticum = Echinorhynchus antarcticus, then was taken by Rausch (1953) from the sea ot- found in the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes ter (Enhydra lutris) was later identified as weddelli) from Scotia Bay, South Orkneys. Corynosoma strumosum by Schiller (1954). From Yamaguti, 1963 - Found in the Weddell Van Cleave (1953) also lists the sea otter En( - seal (Leptonychotes weddelli), the crab-eating hydra lutris) as a host of an unidentified Co- seal (Lobodon carcinophagus), and the leopard rynosoma sp. However, the parasite was later seal (Hydrurga leptonyx). All three host spe- identified as Corynosoma enhydri by Margo- cies were from Australia. lis and Dailey (1972).

Corynosoma australe Corynosoma alaskensis Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the South American sea lion (Otaria byronia), the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Infor- leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), and the mation regarding the geographical location Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea). Infor- of host was not provided by authors. mation regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. From Golvan, 1959 - Found in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from Hooper Bay, From Johnston, 1937e - Found in the Australian Alaska. sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) from Pearson Is- land. See Remarks. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from From Johnston and Deland, 1929 - Erroneously Alaska. reported to be found in the Australian hair seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) from Pearson Is- land, South Australia. See Remarks. Corynosoma antarcticum From Johnston and Edmonds, 1953 - Found in Synonymy: the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) and the Hooker’s sea lion (Otaria hookeri). Both hosts From Johnston and Best, 1937 - Echinorhyn- were from the Antartic (Auckland Islands chus antarcticum Rennie 1907; Corynosoma si- and Cambell Islands). pho Railliet and Henry, 1907; Corynosoma hamanni Leiper and Atkinson 1915. From King, 1964 - Found in the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), the Australian fur seal From Yamaguti, 1963 - Corynosoma hamanni (Arctocephalus doriferus), and the Australian Linstow, 1892; Corynosoma sipho Railliet and sea lion (Neophoca cinerea). Information re- Henry, 1907. garding the geographical location of hosts Hosts and Locality: was not provided by author. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Remarks: Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli). Infor- The original description of this parasite is mation regarding the geographical location found in the Johnston (1937e) paper. John- of host was not provided by authors. ston (1937e) originally described this para- From Johnston and Best, 1937 - Found in the site from the South Australian hair seal, in- Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) from correctly identified as Arctocephalus forsteri. the Antarctic. In a later paper (Johnston and Best, 1942), Johnston corrected this mistake and identi- From King, 1964 - Found in the Weddell seal fied the correct host as Neophoca cinerea. (Leptonychotes weddelli). Information regarding the geographical location of host was Acanthocephala 16 S

Corynosoma bullosum Hosts and Locality: Synonymy: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the beluga white whale (Delphinapterus leucas). From Delyamure, 1955 - Echinorhynchus bullo- Information regarding the geographical lo- sum Linstow, 1892. cation of host was not provided by authors. Hosts and Locality: From Van Cleave, 1953 - Found in the beluga From Baylis, 1929 - Found in the crab-eating white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) from the seal (Lobodon carcinophagus) from Palmer Ar- Gulf of St. Lawrence, Quebec, Canada. chipelago (between Anvers Island and Gra- Remarks: ham’s Land). Van Cleave (1953) re-identified some para- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the sites taken from the white whale (Delphin- hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), the crab- apterus leucas) as Corynosoma cameroni that eating seal (Lobodon carcinophagus), and in Lyster (1940) had originally identified as Co- the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leo- rynosoma strumosum. nina). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. Corynosoma cetaceum From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the crab-eat- Synonymy: ing seal (Lobodon carcinophagus), and in the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina). From Yamaguti, 1963 - Synonymous with Co- Geographical distribution includes the Ant- rynosoma sp. of Johnston and Deland, 1929. arctic (Graham’s Land, Anvers Land, and Hosts and Locality: other points). From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From Edmonds, 1955 - Found in the southern bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops( truncatus) and elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) from Heard in the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). Island and Macquarie Island (Antarctica). Information regarding the geographical lo- From Edmonds, 1957 - Found in the sea lion cation of hosts was not provided by authors. (Mirounga leonina) from Heard Island and From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the bottle- Crozet Islands (Antarctica). nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and in From Johnston and Edmonds, 1953 - Found the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). in the southern elephant seal (Mirounga le- Geographical distribution of the parasite is onina) from the Auckland and Cambell Is- Australia. lands region (Antarctica). From Johnston and Best, 1942 - Found in the From King, 1964 - Found in the crab-eating bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops( truncatus) seal (Lobodon carcinophagus), the hooded seal from Port Lincoln (South Australia) and (Cystophora cristata) and in the southern ele- in the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) phant seal (Mirounga leonina). Information from St. Vincent Gulf (South Australia). regarding geographical location of hosts From Yamaguti, 1963 - Found in the bottle- was not provided by author. nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the From Yamaguti, 1963 - Found in the crab-eat- common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). Both ing seal (Lobodon carcinophagus) from South host species were from Australia. Georgia and Graham’s Islands (Antarctica).

Corynosoma clavatum Corynosoma cameroni Synonymy: Synonymy: From Johnston and Best, 1942 - Polymorphus See Remarks clavatus Goss, 1940. Corynosoma clavatum w 17

Hosts and Locality: From Kenyon, 1969 - Found in the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) from Alaska. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) and in the leop- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the ard seal (Hydruga leptonyx). Information re- sea otter Enhydra( lutris) from Alaska. garding the geographical location of hosts From Schiller, 1954 - Found in the sea otter was not provided by authors. See Remarks. (Enhydra lutris) from Komandorskii Islands From Johnston and Best, 1942 - Found in the (Russia). seal Gypsophoca dorifera from Yorke Penin- sula (Australia). See Remarks. Corynosoma falcatum From King, 1964 - Found in the leopard seal (Hydruga leptonyx), and in the walrus (Odo- Hosts and Locality: benus rosmarus). Information regarding the From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the geographical location of hosts was not pro- gray seal (Halichoerus grypus). Information vided by author. regarding the geographical location of host Remarks: was not provided by authors. See Remarks. Dailey and Brownell (1972) list the leopard From King, 1964 - Found in the gray seal (Ha- seal (Hydruga leptonyx) as a host of C. cla- lichoerus grypus), and in the harbor seal (Ph- vatum and cite Johnston and Best (1942) as oca vitulina). Information regarding the geo- a source reference. However, no mention graphical location of hosts was not provided of this host/parasite relationship could be by author. found in the referenced paper. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in Rice and Scheffer (1968) equate Gypsophoca the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardi) from with Arctocephalus and briefly mention the Alaska. possible synonymy of Gypsophoca dorifera From Van Cleave, 1953 - Found in the gray seal with Arctocephalus tasmanicus. (Halichoerus grypus) from Unalaska (Alaska). See Remarks. Corynosoma curilensis Remarks: Hosts and Locality: Kruidenier (1954) claims the gray seal (Hal- ichoerus grypus) does not inhabit the Pacific From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the and the examined hosts were most likely sperm whale (Physeter catodon). Information harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardi). regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by authors. Dailey and Brownell (1972) also list the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) as a host of Coryno- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sperm soma falcatum and cite Van Cleave (1953) as whale (Physeter catodon) from the Sea of Ok- a source reference. However, no mention hotsk (Kurile Island region). of this host could be found in Van Cleave’s (1953) paper. Corynosoma enhydri Synonymy: Corynosoma hadweni From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Corynosoma Synonymy: macrosomum Neiland, 1962. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Corynosoma Hosts and Locality: wegeneri Heinze, 1934. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Hosts and Locality: sea otter Enhydra( lutris). Information re- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the garding the geographical location of host ringed seal (Phoca hispida), the gray seal (Ha- was not provided by authors. Acanthocephala 18 S

lichoerus grypus), and in the bearded seal Hosts and Locality: (Erignathus barbatus). Information regard- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the ing the geographical location of hosts was South American sea lion (Otaria byronia), the not provided by authors. leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), the Wed- From King, 1964 - Found in the bearded seal dell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli), the Ross (Erignathus barbatus), the gray seal (Hali- seal (Ommatophoca rossi), and in the crab-eat- choerus grypus), the leopard seal (Hydrurga ing seal (Lobodon carcinophagus). Informa- leptonyx), the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes tion regarding the geographical location of weddelli), the crab-eating seal (Lobodon carci- hosts was not provided by authors. nophagus), the Ross seal (Ommatophoca rossi), From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the leopard and “?” [sic] the South America sea lion seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), the Ross seal (Om- (Otaria byronia). Information regarding the matophoca rossi), and the Weddell seal (Lep- geographical location of hosts was not pro- tonychotes weddelli). Geographical distribu- vided by author. tion includes the South Shetlands and South From Neiland, 1962 - If C. hadweni = C. wege- Georgia area (Antarctica). Information re- neri, then found in the white whale (Delphi- garding specific geographical locations of napterus leucas) from Alaska. hosts was not provided by author. From Van Cleave, 1953 - Found in the gray seal From Edmonds, 1957 - Found in the Weddell (Halichoerus grypus) from Unalaska (Alaska) seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) from Antarctica [see Remarks]; the ringed seal (Phoca hispida) (Enderby Land). from Alaska (Clyde River, Baffin, Point Bar- From Holloway and Bier, 1967 - Found in the row, and Kotzebue); the bearded seal (Eri- Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) from gnathus barbatus) from Alaska (Point Bar- the Antarctic. row); a “spotted seal” from Alaska (St. Lawrence); unidentified seals from St. Law- From Johnston and Best, 1937 - If C. hammanni rence (Alaska) and seals (Phoca sp.) from = C. antarcticum, then found in the Weddell Alaska (Kotzebue and Unalakeet). seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) from the Antarc- tic (Commonwealth Bay and King George V Remarks: Land). Kruidenier (1954) claims that Van Cleave From King, 1964 - Found in the South Ameri- (1953) erroneously named the gray seal (Ha- can sea lion (Otaria bryonia). Information re- lichoerus grypus) as a host of this parasite; garding geographical location of host was and it was most likely harbor seals (Phoca vi- not provided by author. tulina richardi) that Van Cleave examined. This claim is supported by Margolis and From Leiper and Atkinson, 1915 - Found in the Dailey (1972). crab-eating seal (Lobodon carcinophagus) and the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) from the Antarctic. Corynosoma hamanni From Nikol and Holloway, 1968 - Found in the Synonymy: Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) from McMurdo Sound (Antarctica). From Delyamure, 1955 - Echinorhynchus hamanni Linstow, 1892; Echinorhynchus ant- From Yamaguti, 1963 - Found in the leopard arcticus Rennie, 1906; Corynosoma antarcticus seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) [= Ogmorhinus lep- Leiper and Atkinson, 1914. tonyx], the crab-eating seal (Lobodon carcinophagus), and the Ross seal (Ommatophoca From Gower, 1939 - Corynosoma strumosum. rossi). All hosts were from the Antarctic. From Johnston and Best, 1937 - Corynosoma antarcticus Rennie, 1907; Corynosoma sipho Railliet and Henry, 1907; Echinorhynchus antarcticus Rennie, 1906. Corynosoma macrosomum w 19

Corynosoma macrosomum seal (Phoca vitulina concolor) is an infrequent accidental host of this parasite. He further Synonymy: notes that intermediate hosts of this parasite From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Corynosoma include the halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglos- enhydri Morosov, 1940; and Corynosoma sp. sus) and the shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocepha- of Van Cleave, 1953. lus scorpius). See Remarks. Hosts and Locality: Corynosoma obtuscens From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Hosts and Locality: sea otter Enhydra( lutris). Information re- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the garding the geographical location of host California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). was not provided by authors. Information regarding the geographical lo- From Neiland, 1962 - Found in the sea otter cation of host was not provided by authors. (Enhydra lutris) from Hinchinbrook Island, From King, 1964 - Found in the California sea Prince William Sound, Alaska, and “appar- lion (Zalophus californianus). Information re- ently” [sic] a single specimen collected from garding the geographical location of host the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) by Van Cleave, was not provided by author. 1953, from Simeonof Island, Australia. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the Remarks: California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) This parasite was introduced by Neiland from California. (1962). However, according to Margolis and From Van Cleave, 1953 - Found in a California Dailey (1972), Jellison and Neiland (1965) sea lion (Zalophus californianus) that died at later recognized the parasite as a synonym the San Diego Zoo in 1943. See Remarks. of Corynosoma enhydri. Remarks: Van Cleave (1953) claims the intermediate Corynosoma magdaleni host of this parasite is the leopard grouper Hosts and Locality: (Mycteroperca pardalis), which inhabits the west coast of Mexico. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) and in the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus). Information re- Corynosoma osmeri garding the geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. Synonymy: From King, 1964 - Found in the harbor seal From Delyamure, 1955 - Corynosoma ambispini- (Phoca vitulina) and in the gray seal (Hali- gerum Harada, 1935. choerus grypus). Information regarding the From Van Cleave, 1953 - “appears” to be syn- geographical location of hosts was not pro- onymous with Corynosoma strumosum and vided by author. Corynosoma ambispinigerum Harada, 1935. From Montreuil, 1958 - Found in the gray seal Hosts and Locality: (Halichoerus grypus) from eastern Canada (Deadman Island, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Quebec). Also found in the Atlantic harbor California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). seal (Phoca vitulina concolor) from eastern Information regarding the geographical lo- Canada. See Remarks. cation of host was not provided by authors. Remarks: From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Califor- nia sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from the Montreuil (1958) claims the Atlantic harbor northern Pacific Ocean (waters of Japan). Acanthocephala 20 S

From King, 1964 - Found in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Information re- Corynosoma semerme garding the geographical location of host was not provided by author. Synonymy: Remarks: From Delyamure, 1955 - Echinorhynchus semerme Forssell, 1904; Echinorhynchus stru- Van Cleave (1953) claims the identification of mosum Rudolphi, 1802 (in part); Echinorhyn- this parasite in Japan is erroneous. A brief chus hystrix Bremser, 1824 (in part). historical account of this parasite is provided by Delyamure (1955). From Van Cleave, 1953 - Echinorhynchus gibber Olsson, 1893 (in part). From Yamaguti, 1958 - Echinorhynchus obovatus Corynosoma rauschi Olsson, 1893 (in part). Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in From Codero, 1933 - Found in the South Amer- the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauin- ican fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) from slandi). Information regarding the geo- Uruguay. See Remarks. graphical location of host was not provided by authors. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the South American sea lion (Otaria byronia), the From Golvan, 1959 - Found in the Hawaiian harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), the ringed seal monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) from (Phoca hispida), the bearded seal (Erignathus Midway Island. barbatus), the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus), the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus aus- Corynosoma reductum tralis), the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ur- Synonymy: sinus), and in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Information regarding the geo- From Van Cleave, 1953 - Echinorhynchas reduc- graphical location of hosts was not provided tus Linstow, 1905. by authors. See Remarks. Hosts and Locality: From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the hooded From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the seal (Cystophora cristata), the gray seal (Hal- ringed seal (Phoca hispida). Information re- ichoerus grypus), the common seal (Phoca vi- garding the geographical location of host tulina), the ringed seal (Phoca hispida), the was not provided by authors. Okhotsk ringed seal (Phoca hispida ochotensis), the walrus (Odobaenus (sic) rosmarus), From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the ringed and the finned porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). seal (Phoca hispida) from Russia (western Geographical distribution includes Eu- Taimyr). rope, Greenland, Canada, and USSR (Arc- From King, 1964 - Found in the ringed seal tic Ocean and Sea of Okhotsk). Information (Phoca hispida). Information regarding the regarding specific geographical location of geographical location of host was not pro- hosts was not provided by author. vided by author. From Fisher, 1952 - Found in the harbor seal From Van Cleave, 1953 - Found in the gray seal (Phoca vitulina) from the Fraser River in Brit- (Halichoerus grypus) from Alaska (Baffin -Is ish Columbia. land, Clyde River, and Point Barrow). From Johnston and Edmonds, 1953 - Found in Remarks: the New Zealand sea lion (Neophoca hookeri [= Otaria hookeri]) from the Antarctic (Auck- Van Cleave (1953) reports this parasite to be land and Cambell Island region). rare in occurrence. Corynosoma semerme w 21

From King, 1964 - Found in the bearded seal Corynosoma similis (Erignathus barbatus), the gray seal (Halichoe- Hosts and Locality: rus grypus), the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), the ringed seal (Phoca hispida), the hooded From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the seal (Cystophora cristata), the northern fur northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), and seal (Callorhinus ursinus), the South Amer- in the white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) ican fur seal (Arctocephalus australis), the from Alaska. walrus (Odobenus rosmarus), and the South America sea lion (Otaria byronia). Informa- tion regarding the geographical location of Corynosoma sipho hosts was not provided by author. Synonymy: From Lyster, 1940 - Found in the bearded seal From Yamaguti, 1963 - Corynosoma hamanni (Erignathus barbatus) from Canada (Lake Leiper and Atkinson, 1915; Corynosoma ant- Harbour). See Remarks. arcticum Johston and Best, 1937. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in Hosts and Locality: the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), the white whale (Delphinapterus leucas), the From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardi), and in Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli). Infor- “unidentified seals”. All hosts were from mation regarding the geographical location Alaska. of host was not provided by authors. From Neiland, 1962 - Found in the white From King, 1964 - Found in the Weddell seal whale [beluga] (Delphinapterus leucas) and in (Leptonychotes weddelli). Information regard- the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardi). Both ing the geographical location of host was hosts were from Alaska. not provided by author. From Van Cleave, 1953 - Found in the northern From Yamaguti, 1963 - Found in the Wed- fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) from Alaska dell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) from the (Pribilof Islands); the ringed seal (Phoca his- Antarctic. pida) from Point Barrow (Alaska); unidentified “spotted seals” from St. Lawrence -Is land (Alaska); America arctic and sub-arctic Corynosoma strumosum regions. Synonymy: Remarks: From Delyamure, 1955 - Echinorhynchus stru- Van Cleave (1953), examined the same mate- mosus Rudolphi, 1802 (in part); Echinorhyn- rial as Lyster (1940), and redefined the spec- chus hystrix Bremser, 1842 (in part); Echi- imens as Corynosoma validum. norhynchus ventricosus Rudolphi, 1809; Echinorhynchus gibbosus Rudolphi, 1819; Van Cleave (1953) seriously questions Codero’s Echinorhynchus straitus Villot, 1875; Echino- identification and doubts the occurrence rhynchus gibber Olsen, 1894 (in part). of C. semerme in the southern hemisphere. However, Johnston (1953) does record the From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Corynosoma New Zealand sea lion (Otaria hookeri) as a osmeri (Rudolphi, 1802), Lühe, 1904. host of this parasite. See Remarks. Dailey and Brownell (1972) also list the wal- Hosts and Locality: rus (Odobenus rosmarus) as a host of C. semerme and reference Cameron et al (1940) as From Ball, 1930 - Found in the harbour seal a source reference. However, no mention of (Phoca vitulina) from California and Am- this host could be found in the Cameron et chitka Island (Alaska). al (1940) paper. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the South American sea lion (Otaria byronia), Acanthocephala 22 S

the Kerguelen fur seal (Arctocephalus trop- the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata), and icalis), the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), the the California sea lion (Zalophus california- ringed seal (Phoca hispida), the Caspian seal nus). Information regarding the geograph- (Pusa caspica), the bearded seal (Erignathus ical location of hosts was not provided by barbatus), the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus), author. the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), the From Kurochkin, 1975 - Found in the Caspian hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), the north- seal (Pusa caspica) from the Caspian Sea. ern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), the sea otter (Enhydra lutris), the Steller sea lion (Eu- From Lyster, 1940 - Found in the bearded seal metopias jubata), the beluga white whale (Erignathus barbatus) from the Canadian re- (Delphinapterus leucas), and in the harbor gion (Cape Smith, Craig Harbor, Clyde porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Information River, Pond Inlet); the white whale (Delphin- regarding the geographical location of hosts apterus leucas) from the Gulf of St. Lawrence; was not provided by authors. See Remarks. and the ringed seal (Phoca hispida) from Cape Smith, Lake Harbour, Payne Bay, Stu- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sea lion part Bay, and Wolstenholme. See Remarks. (Eumetopias jubatus), the walrus (Odobae- nus (sic) rosmarus), the hooded seal (Cys- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in tophora cristata), the gray seal (Halichoerus the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), grypus), the common seal (Phoca vitulina), the white whale (Delphinapterus leucas), the the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina largha [= Ph- sea otter Enhydra( lutris), the Steller sea lion oca richardii], the ringed seal (Phoca hispida [= (Eumetopias jubatus), the harbour seal (Ph- Phoca foetida], the Okhotsk ringed seal (Ph- oca vitulina richardi), the California sea lion oca hispida ochotensis), the Caspian seal (Ph- (Zalophus californianus), a seal (Phoca sp.), oca caspica), the Greenland seal (Pagophoca and unidentified seals. Geographical distri- groenlandica), the bearded seal (Erignathus bution includes Alaska, British Columbia, barbatus), the porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), Washington, and California. and the white whale (Delphinapterus leucas). From Neiland, 1961 - Found in the northern Also found in cats, dogs, and birds. Geo- fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) from Valdez graphical distribution includes Europe, At- (Alaska). lantic coast, coast of Baltic Sea (Poland), Canada, and California. In USSR found From Railliet, 1899 - Found in the harbour along almost entire coast and northern is- seal (Phoca vitulina) from France (Gulf of lands (White Sea, Barents Sea, coast of No- Somme). vaya Zemyla, Hara Sea, Franz Josef Land, From Rausch, 1953 - Found in the sea otter(En - western Taimyr, and other points, Pacific hydra lutris) from Amchitka Island (Alaska). Ocean and Sea of Okhotsk (Kurile Islands, Sakhalin, Tyuleni Island), Caspian Sea, and From Scheffer and Slipp, 1944 - Found in Lake Ladoga. the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) from Washington. From Fisher, 1952 - Found in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) from the Fraser River in Brit- From Van Cleave, 1953 - Found in the Cal- ish Columbia. ifornia sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from California (Ventura County); the From King, 1964 - Found in the bearded seal ringed seal (Phoca hispida) from Point Bar- (Erignathus barbatus), the gray seal (Halichoe- row (Alaska); the northern fur seal (Cal- rus grypus), the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), lorhinus ursinus) from the Pribilof Islands the ringed seal (Phoca hispida), the Caspian (Alaska); the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) seal (Phoca caspica), the harp seal (Pagophilus from Unalaska (Alaska); the hooded seal groenlandicus), the hooded seal (Cystophora (Cystophora cristata) from Europe, the harp cristata), the northern fur seal (Callorhinus seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) from Europe; ursinus), the Kerguelen fur seal (Arctoceph- and “Unidentified seals” from Alaska. See alus tropicalis), the walrus (Odobenus rosma- Remarks. rus), South America sea lion (Otaria byronia), Corynosoma strumosum w 23

Remarks: from St. Lawrence Island; and in a seal (Ph- oca sp.) from Kotzebue (Alaska). Dailey and Brownell (1972) list the walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) as a host of C. stru- Remarks: mosum and give Van Cleave (1953) as a The parasite taken from the bearded seal source reference. However, no mention of (Erignathus barbatus) and identified by Lys- this host could be found in the Van Cleave ter (1940) as Corynosoma semerme was re- (1953) paper. identified by Van Cleave (1953) as being Co- Gower (1939) reports C. strumosum has been rynosoma validum. found in ducks from the North Sea. Kenyon (1962) notes that the “spotted seal” Kruidenier (1954) points out that Van referred to by Van Cleave (1953) may have Cleave (1953) erroneously listed Halichoerus been a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). Ken- grypus as a host of C. strumosum, and this yon further notes the Eskimos on Little Dio- host was almost certainly the harbor seal mede Island commonly refer to P. vitulina as (Phoca vitulina richardi). “spotted seals”. Van Cleave (1953), examined material which Lyster (1940) identified as C. strumosum Corynosoma villosum (taken from the white whale) and renamed the parasite Corynosoma cameroni. Similarly, Synonymy: material which Lyster (1940) identified as From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Corynosoma C. strumosum (from the bearded seal), Van sp. of Rausch and Locker, 1951, and Rausch, Cleave (1953) renamed Corynosoma hadweni. 1953. Hosts and Locality: Corynosoma validum From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Hosts and Locality: Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus), the sea otter (Enhydra lutris), the northern fur seal From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in (Callorhinus ursinus), and in the South Afri- the walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) and in the can fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus). Infor- bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus). Informa- mation regarding the geographical location tion regarding the geographical location of of hosts was not provided by authors. See hosts was not provided by authors. Remarks. From Kenyon, 1962 - Found in the walrus From King, 1964 - Found in the northern fur (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) from Little Di- seal (Callorhinus ursinus), the Steller sea lion omede Island (Alaska). (Eumetopias jubatus), and in the South Afri- From King, 1964 - Found in the bearded seal can fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus). Infor- (Erignathus barbatus), and in the walrus mation regarding the geographical location (Odobenus rosmarus). Information regarding of hosts was not provided by author. the geographical location of hosts was not From Margolis, 1956 - Found in the Steller sea provided by author. lion (Eumetopias jubatus). “Most” of the four From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the hosts examined were from Triangle Island bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), the wal- (the outermost of the Cape Scott islands that rus (Odobenus rosmarus), a seal (Phoca sp.) extend westward from the northern tip of and in an “unidentified seal”. All hosts Vancouver Island, Canada). were from Alaska. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the From Van Cleave, 1953 - Found in the pacific northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), the walrus (Odobenus divergens) from Alaska sea otter Enhydra( lutris), the Steller sea lion (Wainwright and St. Lawrence Island); the (Eumetopias jubatus), and in an “unidentified bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) from seal”. Hosts were from Alaska and British Alaska (Point Barrow); a “spotted seal” Columbia. Acanthocephala 24 S

From Van Cleave, 1953 - Found in the Steller Hosts and Locality: sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) from Alaska From King, 1964 - Found in the ringed seal (St. Lawrence, St. Paul, and the Aleutian Is- (Phoca hispida). Information regarding the lands); the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ur- geographical location of host was not pro- sinus) from the Pribilof Islands; and in the vided by author. sea otter Enhydra( lutris) from Amchitka Is- land (Alaska). From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the white whale (Delphinapterus leucas), the har- Remarks: bour seal (Phoca vitulina richardi), the ringed Dailey and Brownell (1972) also list the seal (Phoca hispida), a seal (Phoca sp.), and in South African fur seal (Arctocephalus pusil- “unidentified seals”. All hosts were from lus) as a host of C. villosum and reference Alaska. Van Cleave (1953) as a source reference. However, no mention of this host could be found in Van Cleave’s (1953) paper. Echinorhynchus sp. Hosts and Locality: Corynosoma wegeneri From Johnston and Deland, 1929 - Found in the dolphin D. forsteri [“Probably D. del- Synonymy: phis”] from the Australian seas. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Corynosoma hadweni Van Cleave 1953. w 25

Acarina

All kinds of surface mites and lice and other marine crustaceans cause various skin and shell infestations of marine mammals and sea turtles. Heavy lice infestations on phocids by Echinophhirius horridus has been associated with seal heartworm disease and the lice may be intermediate hosts of that nematode, but experimental evidence has not been conclusive. Whale ‘lice’ are actually amphipods mostly Cyamids. Nasal Halarachnidae arachnids, as known as mites, are found in phocids where intense infections have caused pathology. The shell and skin of sea turtles is rich in what is referred to as the epibiotia and represents a sub-specialty of sea turtle parasitology that examines barnacles, amphipods, and various crustations, most of which have a more commensal relationship with their host.

Demodex sp. From King, 1964 - Found in the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonia) and in the Wed- Hosts and Locality: dell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli). Informa- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the tion regarding the geographical location of California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). hosts was not provided by author. Information regarding the geographical lo- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the cation of host was not provided by authors. Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) and in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardi) from British Columbia and California. Dermacentor rosmari From Newell, 1947 - Found in the Weddell Hosts and Locality: seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) from Antarctica From King, 1964 - Found in the walrus (Odo- (South Orkney Islands, Orcades du Sud [61° benus rosmarus). Information regarding the S, 46° W]) and in the harbor seal (Phoca vit- geographical location of host was not pro- ulina richardi) from the west coast of North vided by author. America. Remarks: Halarachne sp. Newell (1947) noted that the distribution of the Halarachne is the North Atlantic, Pacific Hosts and Locality: coast of North America, South Orkneys “?” From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the [sic]; and “probably as widely distributed as southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonia) and Pinnipedia or at least Phocidae.” in the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. Halarachne americana From Ferris, 1942 - Found in the Steller sea Hosts and Locality: lion (Eumetopias jubata) from Pacific Grove, From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the California. Caribbean monk seal (Monachus tropicalis). From Fisher, 1952 - Found in the harbor seal Information regarding the geographical lo- (Phoca vitulina) from Gibson Islands (at cation of host was not provided by authors. the head of Grenville Channel) in British From King, 1964 - Found in the Caribbean Columbia. Acarina 26 S

monk seal (Monachus tropicalis). Informa- From Newell, 1947 - “Possibly” Halarachne hali- tion regarding the geographical location of choeri Scheffer and Slipp, 1944. host was not provided by author. Hosts and Locality: From Newell, 1947 - Found in the Caribbean From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the monk seal (Monachus tropicalis) from an un- northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustiros- identified zoo. tris) and in the sea otter (Enhydra lutris). In- Remarks: formation regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. Finnegan (1934) doubts this parasite could have the same geographical distribution From Doetschman, 1941 - Found in the Cali- as the Caribbean monk seal (West Indies, fornia harbor seal (Phoca richardi) and in the Coast of Yucatan to Florida and the Baha- northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustiros- mas). However, Newell (1947) feels the geo- tris) from the San Diego Zoo. graphical distribution of both the host and From Kenyon et al, 1965 - Found in the sea ot- parasite could coincide. ter (Enhydra lutris) from Alaska (Amchitka Newell (1947) discusses the possible taxo- Island) and the Seattle Zoo in Washington. nomic relationship between this parasite From King, 1964 - Found in the common seal and Halarachne miroungae. (Phoca vitulina) and in the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts Halarachne halichoeri was not provided by author. Synonymy: From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Halarachne northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustiros- otariae Ferris, 1925 (in part). tris), the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) and in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardi) from Hosts and Locality: Alaska, California (San Diego Zoo), and From King, 1964 - Found in the gray seal (Hal- Baja California. ichoerus grypus). Information regarding the From Newell, 1947 - Found in the northern el- geographical location of host was not pro- ephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) from vided by author. Guadalupe Island, off Baja California (29° From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in N, 118° W), and in the harbor seal (Phoca vit- the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardi) from ulina richardi) from California (Pacific Grove Washington and California. (36° 28′ N, 122° W) and Washington (47° 15′ N, 122° 30′ W). From Newell, 1947 - Found in the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) from Ireland to the Bal- Remarks: tic Sea. Newell (1947) discusses the possible tax- From Scheffer and Slipp, 1944 - Found in the onomic relationship of this parasite harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardi) from the with Halarachne halichoeri and Halarachne state of Washington. americana. Remarks: Newell (1947) discusses the possible taxo- Halarachne reflexa nomic relationship between this parasite Synonymy: and Halarachne miroungae. See Remarks. Hosts and Locality: Halarachne miroungae From Tubb, 1937 - Found in the Tasmanian sea Synonymy: bear (Arctocephalus tasmanicus) from Lady Halarachne reflexa w 27

Julia Percy Island in South Australia. the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata), the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), and Remarks: in the California sea lion (Zalophus california- In their listing of parasites of the Tasma- nus) from Alaska, Oregon, and California. nian fur seal (Arctocephalus tasmanicus), Dai- From Newell, 1947 - Found in the Steller sea ley and Brownell (1972) refer to this parasite lion (Eumetopias jubata) from the Bering Sea as “Orthohalarachne reflexa” and cite Tubb and in the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursi- (1937) as a source reference. However, Tubb nus cynocephalus) [= Callorhinus ursinus] from (1937) uses the genus “Halarachne” rather the Bering Sea and Oregon. Geographical than “Orthohalarachne”. distribution includes the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea (57° 5′ N, 170°25′ W) to De- poe Bay, Oregon (44° 50′ N, 124° 5′ W). Lorryia leptonychotes Remarks: Hosts and Locality: Dailey and Brownell (1972) also list the From Johnston, 1937d - Found among cestodes South African fur seal (Arctocephalus pusil- from a Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) lus) as a host to this parasite and give New- from Commonwealth Bay, King George V ell (1947) as a source reference. Although Land (Antarctica) no mention of this host could be found in the Newell (1947) paper, King (1964) does list Arctocephalus pusillus as a host of Ortho- Orthohalarchne attenuata halarchne attenuate. Synonymy: Oudemans (1926) noted a specimen of this From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Halarachne parasite was taken from a seal pup from St. attenuata Banks, 1910. Paul Island. However, Newell (1947) points out that Oudemans incorrectly assumed the From Newell, 1947 - Halarachne attenuata island to be located in the Indian Ocean in- Banks, 1910. stead of the Bering Sea. Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Orthohalarchne diminuata Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata). Infor- mation regarding the geographical location Synonymy: of host was not provided by authors. See From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Halarachne Remarks. diminuata Doetschman, 1944. From Dailey and Hill, 1970 - Found in the From Newell, 1947 - Halarachne diminuata northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) and Doetschman, 1944. the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from southern California (Alamitos Bay Hosts and Locality: to Ãno Nuevo Island). From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From Keyes, 1965 - Found in the northern fur California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). seal (Callorhinus ursinus) from the Pribilof Information regarding the geographical lo- Islands, Alaska. cation of host was not provided by authors. See Remarks. From King, 1964 - Found in the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata), the South African From Dailey and Hill, 1970 - Found in the Cali- fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus), and in the fornia sea lion (Zalophus californianus) and in northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus). In- the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata). Both formation regarding the geographical loca- hosts were taken from locations in south- tion of hosts was not provided by author. ern to central California (Alamitos Bay to Nuevo Island). From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in Acarina 28 S

From Doetschman, 1944a - Found in the Cali- ical location of hosts was not provided by fornia sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from author. the California coast. From Newell, 1947 - Found in the South Amer- From Keyes, 1965 - Found in the northern fur ican sea lion (Otaria byronia) from the Falk- seal (Callorhinus ursinus) from the Pribilof land Islands (52° S, 60° W). Islands. From King, 1964 - Found in the California sea Orthohalarchne reflexa lion (Zalophus californianus), the South Af- rican fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus) and in Hosts and Locality: the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus). From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Information regarding the geographical lo- Tasmanian fur seal (Arctocephalus tasmani- cation of hosts was not provided by author. cus). Information regarding the geograph- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in ical location of host was not provided by the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata), the authors. northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) and From King, 1964 - Found in the Tasmanian fur in the California sea lion (Zalophus califor- seal (Arctocephalus tasmanicus). Information nianus) from Alaska, British Columbia, and regarding the geographical location of host California. was not provided by author. From Newell, 1947 - Found in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from Califor- nia and the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ur- Orthohalarchne rosmari sinus) from St. Paul Island in the Bering Sea Synonymy: (57° 5′ N, 170° 25′ W). From Newell, 1947 - Halarachne rosmari. Remarks: Hosts and Locality: Dailey and Brownell (1972) also list the South African fur seal (Arctocephalus pusil- From Newell, 1947 - The specimen, taken from lus) as a host to this parasite and give New- a walrus (Odobenus rosmarus), was examined ell (1947) as a source reference. However, at the Hamburg Zoo seven years after cap- no mention of this host could be found in ture in Franz-Joseph Land (81° N, 60° E). the Newell (1947) paper. Remarks: Newell (1947) feels the validity of this spe- Orthohalarchne megellanica cies depends on the accuracy of the original description provided by Oudemans (1916). Synonymy: From Newell, 1947 - Halarachne megellanica Finnegan, 1934. Orthohalarchne zalophi Hosts and Locality: Synonymy: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Halarachne South American sea lion (Otaria byronia) and zalophi Oudemanss, 1916; Halarachne otariae in the South American fur seal (Arctoceph- Steding, 1923. alus australis). Information regarding the From Newell, 1947 - Halarachne zalophi Oude- geographical location of hosts was not pro- manss, 1916; Halarachne otariae Steding, vided by authors. 1923. From King, 1964 - Found in the South Ameri- Hosts and Locality: can fur seal (Arctocephalus australis), and in the South American sea lion (Otaria byro- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the nia). Information regarding the geograph- Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata). Informa- Orthohalarchne zalophi w 29

tion regarding the geographical location of California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) host was not provided by authors. from California and the Göttinggen Zoo in Germany. From Doetschman, 1941- If Orthohalarchne zalophi = Halarachne zalophi, then found in 70% From Newell, 1947 - Found in the Steller sea of the 74 California sea lions (Zalophus cal- lion (Eumetopias jubata) from St. Paul Island ifornianus), Steller sea lion (Eumetopias ju- (Alaska, Bering Sea) and the San Diego Zoo. bata), California harbor seals (Phoca richardi) Also found in the California sea lion (Zalo- and elephant seals (Mirounga angustiros- phus californianus) from Pacific Grove, Cali- tris) that were examined from the San Di- fornia (36° 36′ N, 122° W). ego Zoo. From King, 1964 - Found the California sea Raphignathus johnstoni lion (Zalophus californianus) and in a captive (zoo) Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata). In- Hosts and Locality: formation regarding the geographical loca- From Womersley, 1937 - Found in the Weddell tion of hosts was not provided by author. seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) from Common- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found the wealth Bay and King George V Land. Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) and in the 30 S

Anoplura

Anoplura or sucking lice (as opposed to chewing lice) are blood-feeding ectoparasites of mammals. The species of the family Echinophthiriidae are medium-to-large lice and are parasites of aquatic carnivores in the Pinnipedia (seals, walruses, and sea lions) and Mustelidae (river otters).

Antarctophthirius callorhini From King, 1964 - Found on the Ross seal (Om- matophoca rossi). Information regarding the Synonymy: geographical location of host was not pro- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Haematopi- vided by author. nus callorhini Osborn, 1899; Antarctophthirus monachus Kellogg and Ferris, 1915. Antarctophthirius microchir Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From King, 1964 - Found on the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus). Information re- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found on garding the geographical location of host the South American sea lion (Otaria byro- was not provided by author. nia), the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), the Australian sea lion (Neophoca From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found on cinerea), the New Zealand sea lion (Phocarc- the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) tos hookeri), and on the Steller’s sea lion (Eu- from Alaska. metopias jubata). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. Antarctophthirius lobodontis From Doetschman, 1944b - Found on the Cal- Hosts and Locality: ifornia sea lion (Zalophus californianus), the From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found on Steller’s sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) and the the crab-eating seal (Lobodon carcinophagus). harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardii). All Information regarding the geographical lo- hosts were from the San Diego Zoological cation of host was not provided by authors. Hospital. From King, 1964 - Found on the crab-eating From Enderlein, 1906 - Found on the New Zea- seal (Lobodon carcinophagus). Information re- land sea lion (Neophoca hookeri) [= Phocarctos garding the geographical location of host hookeri] from the Auckland Islands. was not provided by author. From Ferris, 1916 - Found on the Steller sea From Murray et al, 1965 - Found on the crab- lion (Eumetopias jubata) from the west coast eating seal (Lobodon carcinophagus) from of North America (California to Alaska), Antarctica. and on the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from the California coast. From Jellison, 1952 - Found on the Steller sea Antarctophthirius mawsoni lion (Eumetopias jubata) from St. Paul Island Hosts and Locality: (Pribilof), Alaska. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found on From King, 1964 - Found on the California sea the Ross seal (Ommatophoca rossi). Informa- lion (Zalophus californianus), the Steller sea tion regarding the geographical location of lion (Eumetopias jubata), the South American host was not provided by authors. sea lion (Otaria byronia), the Australian sea Antarctophthirius microchir w 31

lion (Neophoca cinerea) and the New Zealand the walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) from St. sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri). Information re- Lawrence Island (Bering Sea). garding the geographical location of hosts From Weber, 1950 - Found on the walrus (Odo- was not provided by author. benus rosmarus) from Alaska (Point Barrow). From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found on See Remarks. the Steller’s sea lion (Eumetopias jubata), the Remarks: harbour seal (Phoca vitulina richardii), and the California sea lion (Zalophus california- Weber (1950) notes this parasite has also nus) in Alaska, British Columbia and Cali- been found on walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) fornia (wild and captive animals). from Greenland and Spitzbergen. Remarks: Dailey and Brownell (1972) also list the Echinophthiriidae sp. South American sea lion (Otaria byronia) and Hosts and Locality: the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) as host of A. microchir and cite Enderlein (1906) From Fisher, 1952 - Found on the harbor seal as a source reference. However, no mention (Phoca vitulina) from the Skeena River area of these hosts could be found in the Ender- of British Columbia (Ecstall River and Gib- lein (1906) paper. son Islands).

Antarctophthirius ogmorhini Echinophthirius fluctus Hosts and Locality: Synonymy: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found on From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Proechi- the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) and the nophthirius fluctus Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli). Infor- Hosts and Locality: mation regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. From Barabash-Nikiforov, 1935 - Found on the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) from the Com- From Enderlein, 1906 - Found on the leopard mander Islands. seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) from Victorialand (Antarctica). From King, 1964 - Found on the leopard seal Echinophthirius horridus (Hydrurga leptonyx), and on the Weddell seal Hosts and Locality: (Leptonychotes weddelli). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts was From Ass, 1935 - Found on the Baikal seal not provided by author. (Pusa sibirica) from Lake Baikal. From Murray et al, 1965 - Found on the Wed- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found on dell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) from the the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), the Baikal Antarctic. seal (Pusa sibirica), the bearded seal (Erigna- thus barbatus), the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus), the harp seal (Phoca groenlandica), the Antarctophthirius trichechi hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), and the ringed seal (Pusa hispida). Information re- Hosts and Locality: garding the geographical location of hosts From King, 1964 - Found on the walrus (Odo- was not provided by authors. benus rosmarus). Information regarding the From King, 1964 - Found on the common seal geographical location of hosts was not pro- (Phoca vitulina), the Baikal seal (Pusa si- vided by author. birica), the bearded seal (Erignathus barba- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found on tus), the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus), the Anoplura 32 S

harp seal (Phoca groenlandica), the hooded From King, 1964 - Found on the southern ele- seal (Cystophora cristata), and on the ringed phant seal (Mirounga leonia). Information seal (Pusa hispida). Information regarding regarding the geographical location of the the geographical location of the hosts was host was not provided by author. not provided by author. From Murray and Nicholls, 1965 - Found on From Kurochkin, 1975 - Found on the bearded the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonia) seal (Erignathus barbatus) from the Bering from Macquarie Island (Antarctica). Sea. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found on Proechinophthirius fluctus the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardi) and the ringed seal (Pusa hispida) from Alaska, Synonymy: British Columbia, and California (wild and From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Echinophthir- captive animals). ius fluctus Ferris, 1916. From Weber, 1950 - Found on the bearded seal Hosts and Locality: (Phoca hispida) from Alaska (Beaufort Sea). See Remarks. From King, 1964 - Found on the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus). Information re- Remarks: garding the geographical location of the Weber (1950) notes this parasite also has host was not provided by author. been found on Phoca sp. from Europe, From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found on Greenland, Alaska and California. the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) and on the Steller’s sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) from Alaska and California (Stanford Haematopinus trichechi Museum specimen). Hosts and Locality: From King, 1964 - Found on the walrus (Odo- Proechinopthirius zumpti benus rosmarus). Information regarding the geographical location of the host was not Hosts and Locality: provided by author. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found on the South African fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus). Information regarding the geograph- Lepidophthirius macrorhini ical location of the host was not provided by Hosts and Locality: authors. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found on From King, 1964 - Found on the South African the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leo- fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus). Information nia). Information regarding the geographi- regarding the geographical location of the cal location of the host was not provided by host was not provided by author. authors. w 33

Cestoda

The adult cestode is known as a tapeworm for their long ribbon-like appearance, and are common in the intestines of marine mammals. Care must be taken to collect the entire worm including the head or attachment organ called the scolex. Without a scolex identification may require molecular techniques. Several worms in the small intestine together can cause a complete obstruction leading to death in dolphins, but most adult tapeworms cause little acute pathology. Tapeworms can however rob their hosts of essential nutrients over their long lives. As with human infections, small numbers of adult tapeworms cause minimal disease while the larval forms can be very damaging. Adult Diphyllobothriidae are particularly well represented in marine mammals. Larval cestodes are also very common in the blubber and in the body cavity of dolphins, particularly ‘Phyllobothrium delphini’ and ‘Monorygma grimaldii’, but since cestodes are properly named for the adult form, which have not been described for either specimen, these names can not be valid. Recent molecular work assigns them close affinity with Clistobothrium. Very small and potentially pathogenic cestode larva can also be found in the body cavity, attached to the serosal surface of organs, and em- bedded in muscle tissue in sea turtles. Most larval forms belong to the Tetraphyllidea, who live as adults in sharks, thus the marine mammal or sea turtle would have to be consumed by a shark for the parasite to complete its life-cycle.

Abothrium gadi From Yamaguti, 1959 - Diphyllobothrium glaciale Cholodkowsky, 1915; Adenocephalus sep- Hosts and Locality: tentrionalis Nybelin, 1929; Cordicephalus arc- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the tocephalinus (Johnston, 1937) [= arctocephali] Steller’s sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) from Drummond, 1937. British Columbia. See Remarks. Hosts and Locality: Remarks: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Margolis and Dailey (1972) regard this as Steller’s sea lion (Eumatopias jubata) and the a “pseudoparasite” of the Steller’s sea lion. South American fur seal (Arctocephalus aus- Since the parasite is commonly found in tralis). Information regarding the geograph- fishes of the family Gadidae, the authors ical location of hosts was not provided by speculate the host probably ingested a ga- authors. did just prior to examination. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the south fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) from Antarctica. Adenocephalus pacificus From King, 1964 - Found in the Steller’s sea lion (Eumatopias jubata) and the South Amer- Synonymy: ican fur seal (Arctocephalus australis). Infor- From Margolis, 1956 - Diphyllobothrium paci- mation regarding the geographical location ficum Nybelin, 1931; Bothriocephalus sp. of hosts was not provided by author. Stiles and Hassall, 1899; Adenocephalus sep- From Margolis, 1956 - If Diphyllobothrium paci- tentrionalis Nybelin, 1929; “Species #2” of ficum = Adenocephalus pacificum, then found Stunkard, 1848; and Diphyllobothrium glaciale in the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), Markowski 1952. Cestoda 34 S

the Steller’s sea lion (Eumatopias jubata), and ical distribution of this parasite will greatly the California sea lion (Zalophus california- increase if A. septentrionalis is determined to nus). Geographical distribution includes be synonymous with Diphyllobothrium glaci- Alaska, British Columbia, and California. ale and/or Diphyllobothrium pacificum. From Markowski, 1952b - If Diphyllobothrium glaciale = Diphyllobothrium pacificum, then Anophryocephala sp. found in the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) from Alaska (Pribilof Islands and Hosts and Locality: St. George Island), and in the Australian sea From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in lion (Neophoca cinerea) from Masatierra (San the short-fin pilot whale (Globicephala mac- Fernandez Islands). rorhyncha). Information regarding the geo- From Yamaguti, 1959 - If Diphyllobothrium glaci- graphical location of host was not provided ale = Diphyllobothrium pacificum, then found in by authors. the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), the

New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri), the Tasmanian fur seal (Arctocephalus tasmani- Anophryocephalus anophrys cus), the South American fur seal (Arctocepha- Synonymy: lus australis), and the Australian sea lion (Neo- phoca cinerea). Author states the geographical From Delyamure, 1955 - Tetrabothrium albertinii location of the parasite as the Pacific. Brighety, 1931. Hosts and Locality: Adenocephalus septentrionalis From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the ringed seal (Phoca hispida). Information re- Synonymy: garding the geographical location of host From Margolis, 1956 - Diphyllobothrium pacifi- was not provided by authors. cum Nybelin, 1931; Bothriocephalus sp. Stiles From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the ringed and Hassall, 1899; “Species #2” of Stunkard, seal (Phoca hispida) from Spitzbergen and 1848; and Diphyllobothrium glaciale Mar- Iceland. kowski, 1952. From King, 1964 - Found in the ringed seal From Yamaguti, 1959 - Diphyllobothrium glaci- (Phoca hispida). Information regarding the ale Cholodkowsky, 1915; Adenocephalus sep- geographical location of host was not pro- tentrionalis Nybelin, 1929; Cordicephalus arc- vided by author. tocephalinus Drummond, 1937.

Hosts and Locality: Anophryocephalus ochotensis From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus). In- Hosts and Locality: formation regarding the geographical loca- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the tion of host was not provided by authors. Steller’s sea lion (Eumatopias jubata). Infor- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the northern mation regarding the geographical location fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) from the Bering of host was not provided by authors. Sea (Commander Islands). From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Steller’s From King, 1964 - Found in the northern fur sea lion (Eumatopias jubata) from Tyulent Is- seal (Callorhinus ursinus). Information re- land (Sea of Okhotsk). garding the geographical location of host From King, 1964 - Found in the Steller’s sea was not provided by author. lion (Eumatopias jubata). Information re- Remarks: garding the geographical location of host was not provided by author. The number of host species and geograph- Anophryocephalus ochotensis w 35

Delyamure (1955) does not mention B. tecta but recognizes Diphyllobothrium tecta in- Baylissia baylisi stead. The genus Baylisiella was introduced Hosts and Locality: by Markowski (1952a). From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the crab-eating seal (Lobodon carcinophagus). In- Bothriocephalus sp. formation regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by authors. Hosts and Locality: From King, 1964 - Found in the crab-eating From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the seal (Lobodon carcinophagus) Information re- Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus mona- garding the geographical location of host chus). Information regarding the geograph- was not provided by author. ical location of host was not provided by authors. From King, 1983 - Found in the crab-eating seal (Lobodon sp.). Information regarding From King, 1964 - Found in the common seal the geographical location of host was not (Phoca vitulina), and in the Mediterranean provided by author. monk seal (Monachus monachus). Informa- tion regarding the geographical location of From Markowski, 1952a - Found in the crab- hosts was not provided by author. eating seal (Lobodon carcinophagus) from the Antarctic (Deception Island and Debenham Island). Clestobothrium glaciale Remarks: Hosts and Locality: This genus was introduced by Markowski From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the fur seal (1952a). (Callorhinus ursinus) from Kamchatka. Remarks: Baylisiella tecta This species was listed by Delyamure (1955) Synonymy: under “Species of Cestodes of uncertain taxonomic position”. From Markowski, 1952a - Bothriocephalus tectus Linstow, 1892; Dobothriocephalus tectus Zschokke, 1903; Diphyllobothrium tectum Cysticercus cellulosae Meggitt, 1924; Cordicephalus tectus Wardle, McLoed and Stewart, 1947. Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus mona- From King, 1964 - Found in the southern ele- chus). Information regarding the geograph- phant seal (Mirounga leonina). Information ical location of host was not provided by regarding the geographical location of host authors. was not provided by author. From King, 1964 - Found in the Mediterranean From King, 1983 - Found in the southern ele- monk seal (Monachus monachus). Informa- phant seal (Mirounga leonina). Information tion regarding geographical location of host regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by author. was not provided by author. Remarks: From Markowski, 1952a - Found in the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) from This parasite is not listed by Delyamure the Antacrtic (Bay of Isles, South Georgia). (1955) or Yamaguti (1959). Remarks: Cestoda 36 S

Diphyllobothrium sp. Remarks: Hosts and Locality: Johnston (1937b) notes the range for this parasite extends from the Ross Sea and Gra- From Cowan, 1966 - Found in the North Atlan- ham Lands-South Orkneys region to Mac- tic pilot whale (Globicephala melaena) from quarie Island. eastern Newfoundland. See Remarks. Infection was reported by Cowan (1967). From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Location was reported by Cowan (1966). Kerguelen fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis), the North Atlantic pilot whale (Globicephala Rice (1963) questions the identification of melaena), the giant bottlenosed whale (Berar- this parasite as referenced in the Delyamure dius bairdi), the sei whale (Balaenoptera borea- (1955) paper. lis) and in the bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops( Dailey and Brownell cite Delyamure (1955) truncatus). Information regarding the geo- in their listing the giant bottlenosed whale graphical location of hosts was not provided (Berardius bairdi) as a host of Diphylloboth- by authors. See Remarks. rium sp. Delyamure lists the bottlenosed From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the bottle- whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) as a host of nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Infor- Diphyllobothrium sp.; there is no mention mation regarding the geographical location of the giant bottlenosed whale (Berardius of host was not provided by author. Also bairdi). found immature parasites in the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) from the Pacific Ocean (Commander Island region). See Remarks. Diphyllobothrium alascense From Kenyon, 1962 - Found in the bearded Hosts and Locality: seal (Erignathus barbatus) from Little Dio- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the mede Island (Alaska). Author states the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina richardi) from parasites were probably D. cordatum and D. Alaska. lanceolatum. From King, 1964 - Found in the Kerguelen fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis). Information Diphyllobothrium antarcticus regarding the geographical location of the Synonymy: host not provide by author. From Markowski, 1952a - Glandicephalus ant- From Lyster, 1940 - Found in the harp seal arcticus Baird, 1853; Bothriocephalus antarct- (Pagophilus groenlandicus) from Lake Har- icus Baird, 1853; Dibothrium antarcticum bour, Clyde River and Baffin Island. Also Diesing, 1863; Diplogonoporus antarcti- found in the bearded seal (Erignathus barba- cus Lühe, 1899; Dibothriocephalus antarcti- tus) from Cape Smith, N.W.T., Cape Dorset, cus Shipley, 1907; Glandicephalus antarcticus Baffin Island and Wolstenholme (Quebec). Fuhrmann, 1920. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in Hosts and Locality: the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) and in the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) from From Markowski, 1952a - Found in the Ross Alaska and California. seal (Ommatophoca rossi) from the Antarctic. From Markowski, 1952a - Found in the crab- Remarks: eating seal (Lobodon carcinophagus) from Markowski (1952a) and Yamaguti (1959) re- South Sandwich. ferred to this parasite as Glandicephalus ant- From McEwin, 1957 - Found in the sea ele- arcticus, and used D. antarcticus as a syn- phant (Mirounga leonina) from Antarctica onym. However, Delyamure (1955) retains (American Bay, Possession Is., Crozets). D. antarcticus. From Rice, 1963 - Found in the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) from California. Diphyllobothrium archeri w 37

Diphyllobothrium archeri manian sea bear (Arctocephalus tasmanicus) from Lady Julia Percy Island in South Synonymy: Australia. From Delyamure, 1955 - Dibothriocephalus ar-

cheri Leiper and Atkinson, 1914. Diphyllobothrium arctocephalinum From Markowski, 1952a - Diphyllobothrium lashleyi Leiper and Atkinson, 1914; Dibothrio- Synonymy: cephalus lashleyi Leiper and Atkinson, 1914. From Markowski, 1952b - Dibothriocephalus From Yamaguti, 1959 - Diphyllobothrium mobilis scoticum Rennie and Reid, 1912; Diphyllo- Leiper and Atkinson, 1914; Dibothriocephalus bothrium arctocephali Drummond, 1937; Di- scotti Shipley, 1907; Dibothriocephalum wilsoni bothriocephalus pygoscelis Rennie and Reid, Shipley, 1907. 1912; Cordicephalus arctocephalinus Wardle, McLeod and Stewart, 1947. See Remarks. Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) and and the Weddell seal (Leptonyhcotes wed- Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus doriferus). delli). Information regarding the geograph- Information regarding the geographical lo- ical location of host was not provided by cation of host was not provided by authors. authors. See Remarks. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Wed- From King, 1964 - Found in the South African dell seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) from an un- fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus), the Tasma- known location in the Antarctic. nian fur seal (Arctocephalus tasmanicus), and From King, 1964 - Found in the Weddell seal in the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea). (Leptonyhcotes weddelli). Information regard- Information regarding the geographical lo- ing the geographical location of host was cation of hosts was not provided by author. not provided by author. From Johnston, 1937e - Erronaneously re- From Markowski, 1952a - If D. archeri = D. lash- ported to be found in the Australian hair leyi, then found in the Weddell seal (Lep- seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) from Pearson Is- tonyhcotes weddelli) from the Antarctic (De- land (South Australia). See Remarks. benham Islands, Deception Island, and From Rand, 1959 - Found in the South Afri- Melchior Archipelago). can fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus) from the From Yamaguti, 1959 - If D. archeri = D. wil- southwest coast of Cape Providence. soni, then found in the Weddell seal (Lep- Remarks: tonyhcotes weddelli), the Ross seal (Ommato- phoca rossi), and the sea leopard (Hydrurga In his original paper, Johnston (1937e) lists leptonyx) [= Ogmorhynus leptonyx] from the Arctocephalus forsteri as a host of this para- Antarctic. site. However, in a later paper (Johnston and Mawson, 1941), he clarifies that the host Remarks: was actually an Australian sea lion (Neoph- Delyamure (1955) questions the original de- oca cinerea). scription and classification in his brief his- Dailey and Brownell (1972) also list the torical summary of this parasite. South African fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus) and Tasmanian fur seal (Arctoceph- alus tasmanicus) as hosts of D. arctocephali- Diphyllobothrium arctocephali num and cite “Johnston, 1937” as a source Hosts and Locality: reference. However, there is no “Johnston, 1937” in their bibliography. Johnston did From Drummond, 1937 - Found in the Tas- Cestoda 38 S

publish a paper in 1937 that describes ces- (Erignathus barbatus), the Greenland seal todes found during the Australasian Ant- (Pagophoca groenlandica), and in the com- arctic Expedition of 1911-1914 (Johnston, mon seal (Phoca vitulina). Geographical dis- 1937b); however no mention of these pinni- tribution includes Spitzbergen (Krasnaya ped species as being hosts of D. arctocephali- Bay, Zhenevra Bay, and “other places along num could be found. coast”), Russia (Nokuev Island, Kanin Point, Novaya Zemlya [Russkaya gavan], the coast

of west Taimyr, and Kotel’nyi Island. Spe- Diphyllobothrium cameroni cific locations of hosts were not provided by author. Hosts and Locality: From King, 1964 - Found in the Mediterranean From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the monk seal (Monachus monachus). Informa- Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi). tion regarding geographical location of this Information regarding the geographical loca- host was not provided by author. tion of host was not provided by authors. From Markowski, 1952b - If D. coniceps = D. From Rausch, 1969 - Found in the Hawaiian cordatum, then found in the walrus (Odobe- monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) from the nus rosmarus) from Godhavn (Greenland); Midway Atoll and Leeward Islands. the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) from Remarks: the Hinlopen Straits (Spitzbergen); and in the Greenland or harp seal (Phoca groenland- This species was first proposed by Rausch ica) from Ginevra Bay (Spitzbergen). in 1969.

Diphyllobothrium cordatum Diphyllobothrium coniceps Synonymy: Synonymy: From Markowski, 1952b - Bothriocephalus cor- From Delyamure, 1955 - Bothriophalus lanceola- datus Leuckart, 1863; Dibothrium cordatus Germanos, 1895. tum Diesing, 1863; Dibothriocephalus corda- From Markowski, 1952b - Dibothriocephalum tus Lühe, 1899; Bothriocephalus schistochilus cordatum Leuckart, 1863; Bothriocephalus Germanos, 1895; Dibothriocephalus schistochi- cordatus Leuckart, 1863; Dibothrium corda- lus Lühe, 1899; Diphyllobothrium schistochilus tum Diesing, 1863; Dibothriocephalus corda- Meggitt, 1924; Dibothriocephalus romeri Zs- tus Lühe, 1899; Bothriocephalum schistochilus chokke, 1903; Diphyllobothrium romeri Meg- Germanos, 1895; Dibothriocephalum schisto- gitt, 1924; Bothriocephalus coniceps Linstow, chilus Meggitt, 1924; Dibothriocephalus romeri 1905; Diphyllobothrium coniceps Meggitt, Zschokke, 1903; Dibothriocephalum romeri 1924; Bothriocephalus macrophallus Linstow, Meggitt, 1924; Bothriocephalus coniceps Lin- 1905; Diphyllobothrium macrophallus Megg- stow, 1905; Bothriocephalum macrophallus itt, 1924. Linstow, 1905; Dibothriocephalum macrophal- From Wardle et al, 1947 - Cordicephalus lus Meggitt, 1924. auctorum. Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus mona- walrus (Odobenus romarus), the bearded seal chus). Information regarding the geograph- (Erignathus barbatus), the harp seal (Pagoph- ical location of host was not provided by ilus groenlandicus), and the harbor seal (Ph- authors. oca vitulina). Information regarding the geo- From Delyamure, 1955 - If D. coniceps = D. graphical location of hosts was not provided schistochilus, then found in the bearded seal by authors. Diphyllobothrium cordatum w 39

From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the bearded chus). Information regarding the geograph- seal (Erignathus barbatus), harbor seal (Phoca ical location of host was not provided by vitulina) and Greenland seal (Phoca groen- authors. landica). Geographical distribution includes From Delyamure, 1955 - If D. elegans = D. tet- the Arctic Ocean and North Sea (Green- rapterus, then found in the monk seal (Mona- land, Iceland, Siberia, Polar Canada); Pacific chus monachus), the bearded seal (Erignathus Ocean (Bering Sea “?” [sic], Japan); and Rus- barbatus), the common seal (Phoca vitulina), sia (Bering Sea and Kaluchin [Siberia]). The and the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata). author does not specify which hosts were All hosts were from northern Europe (spe- found in which specific location. cific locations not provided by author). From Hilliard, 1960 - Found in the bearded From King, 1964 - Found in the common seal seal (Erignathus barbatus) from Alaska. (Phoca vitulina), the Mediterranean monk From King, 1964 - Found in the walrus (Odo- seal (Monachus monachus), and the hooded benus romarus), the bearded seal (Erignathus seal Cystophora cristata). Information re- barbatus), the harp seal (Pagophilus groenland- garding the geographical location of hosts icus), and the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). In- was not provided by author. formation regarding the geographical loca- From Markowski, 1952b - Found in the monk tion of hosts was not provided by author. seal (Monachus monachus) from Senegal, and From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in in the common seal (Phoca vitulina) from an the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) from unknown location. Alaska. From Yamaguti, 1959 - Found in Phoca cris- From Markowski, 1952b - Found in the walrus tata, the common seal (Phoca vitulina), and (Odobenus romarus) from Godhavn (Green- the Steller’s sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) land), the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) from unspecified locations in Denmark and from Hinlopen Straits (Spitzbergen), and the Greenland. harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) from Ginevra Remarks: Bay (Spitzbergen). Delyamure (1955) presents an historic ac- From Railliet, 1899 - Found in the harbor seal count of D. tetrapterus, but does not mention (Phoca vitulina) from the Gulf of Somme D. elegans. Although Delyamure does not (France). list Diphyllobothrium elegans, he does pres- From Yamaguti, 1959 - Found in the walrus ent Bothriocephalus elegans (Krabbe, 1865) as (Odobenus romarus), the bearded seal (Eri- a synonym of Diphyllobothrium tetraspterus. gnathus barbatus), and the harp seal (Ph- B. elegans is listed as a synonym D. elegans oca groenlandica) from Greenland and Spitz- by Markowski (1952a). Delyamure also lists bergen. The author does not specify which Krabbe tetrapterus (Siebold, 1848) and Diplo- hosts were found in which specific location. gonoporus tetrapterus (Siebold, 1848) as being synonymous with D. tetrapterus. Margolis (1956) does not lists D. elegans, Diphyllobothrium elegans but does list Diplogonoporus tetrapterus. De- Synonymy: lyamure (1955) listed D. tetrapterus as synonymous with B. elegans, which Markowki From Markowski, 1952b - Bothriocephalus ele- (1952b) lists as synonymous with D. elegans. gans Krabbe, 1865; Dibothriocephalus elegans Zschokke, 1903. See Remarks. Diphyllobothrium fasciatus Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From King, 1964 - Found in the ringed seal Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus mona- (Phoca hispida). Information regarding the Cestoda 40 S

geographical location of host was not pro- geographical location of hosts was not provided by author. vided by authors. From King, 1964 - Found in the South Ameri- can fur seal (Arctocephalus australis), and in Diphyllobothrium fuhrmanni the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus). Synonymy: Information regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided by author. From Delyamure, 1955 - Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum Yamaguti, 1935 nec D. stemma- From Markowski, 1952b - Found in the South cephalum Cobbold, 1858. American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) from Masatierra Juan, Fernandez Islands; Hosts and Locality: and in the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ur- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the sinus) from the Pribylov Islands and St. long beaked dolphin (Stenella longirostris) George Island. and in the black finless porpoise (Neopho- Remarks: coena phocoenoides). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts was not A brief historical account of D. glaciale is provided by authors. provided by Delyamure (1955) and Margo- lis (1954). From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the finless porpoise (Neomeris phocaenoides) and the spotted dolphin Prodelphis( longirostris Diphyllobothrium hians [ = Delphinus dussumieri] ) from the Pacific Ocean (off coast of Japan and China). Synonymy: From Yamaguti, 1959 - Found in Delphinus From Markowski, 1952b - Dibothrium hians dussumieri [= Prodelphinus longirostris] and Diesing, 1850; Bothriocephalus hians Leuck- Neomeris phocaenoides from the South China art, 1863; Dibothriocephalus hians Lühe, 1899; Sea. Diphyllobothrium hians Meggitt, 1924; Di- bothriocephalus polycalceolus Ariola, 1896; Di-

phyllobothrium polycalceolum Meggitt, 1924; Diphyllobothrium glaciale Bothriocephalus sp. Chapin, 1925; Diphyl- lobothrium variabile (Krabbe, 1865) Guiart, Synonymy: 1935. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Cordicephalus Hosts and Locality: arctocephalinus Johnston, 1937; Diphylloboth- rium pacificum Nyberlin, 1931; “Species No. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in 2” of Stunkard, 1948; Diphyllobothrium kro- the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), the bearded tovi Delyamure, 1955. seal (Erignathus barbatus), the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), the Hawai- From Markowski, 1952b - Bothriocephalus sp. ian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi), and Stiles and Hassall, 1899; Clestobothrium glaci- in the ringed seal (Phoca hispida). Informa- ale Cholodkovsky, 1915; Adenocephalus paci- tion regarding the geographical location of ficus Nyberlin, 1931. hosts was not provided by authors. From Wardle et al, 1947 - Diphyllobothrium arc- From King, 1964 - Found in the harbor seal tocephali Drummond, 1937; Diphyllobothrium (Phoca vitulina), the bearded seal (Erignathus grandis Blanchard, 1894. barbatus), the Mediterranean monk seal (Mo- Hosts and Locality: nachus monachus), the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi), and in the ringed From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the seal (Phoca hispida). Information regarding South American fur seal (Arctocephalus aus- the geographical location of hosts was not tralis), and in the northern fur seal (Callo- provided by author. rhinus ursinus). Information regarding the Diphyllobothrium hians w 41

From Markowski, 1952b - Found in the Hawai- Steller’s sea lion (Eumetopias jubata), and the ian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) from California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Laysan Island, Hawaii; and in a “seal, prob- Geographical distribution includes Alaska, ably the common seal (Phoca vitulina)” from British Columbia, and California. The au- the London Zoological Gardens. thor does not specify which hosts were found in which specific location. Remarks: Diphyllobothrium krooyi Delyamure (1955) provides a brief historical Hosts and Locality: account of this parasite. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Dailey and Brownell (1972) list a parasite northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus). In- under C. ursinus as “Diphyllobothrium krooyi” formation regarding the geographical loca- and reference it to Delyamure (1955). This tion of hosts was not provided by authors. is probably a translation or typographic See Remarks. misspelling of Diphyllobothrium krotovi. Remarks:

Dailey and Brownell (1972) cite Delyamure Diphyllobothrium lanceolatum (1955) as a source reference for this claim. However, no mention of this parasite was Synonymy: found in the Delyamure paper. Dailey and From Delyamure, 1955 - Bothriocephalus lanceo- Brownell’s listing may be a translation or ty- latus Krabbe, 1865; Dibothriocephalus lanceo- pographic misspelling of Diphyllobothrium latus Krabbe, 1865; Cordiocephalus lanceolatus krotovi. (Krabbe, 1865) Wardle, McLeob and Stew- art, 1948. Diphyllobothrium krotovi From Markowski, 1952b - “Species No.1” of Stunkard, 1948. Synonymy: From Stunkard and Schoenborn, 1936 - Diphyl- From Delyamure, 1955 - Bothriocephalus sp. lobothrium schistochilus and Diphyllobothrium Stiles and Hassall, 1899. coniceps. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Diphylloboth- From Wardle et al, 1947 - Cordicephalus rium pacificum Nyberlin, 1931; Adenocephalus phocarus. septentrionalis Nyberlin, 1931; Cordicephalus arctocephalinus Johnston, 1937; Diphylloboth- From Yamaguti, 1959 - Diphyllobothrium coni- rium glaciale Cholodkovsky, 1915. ceps Linstow, 1905. Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Ku- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in rile fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus curilensis), the ringed seal (Phoca hispida), the bearded and in the Alaskan fur seal (Callorhinus ur- seal (Erignathus barbatus), the Mediterranean sinus alascanus). Geographical distribu- monk seal (Monachus monachus), the harp tion includes the Pacific Ocean (St. Paul Is- seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), the white land, Alaska), and Russia (Sea of Okhotsk whale (Delphinapterus leucas), and the harbor [Tyuleni Island]). porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts From King, 1964 - Found in the northern fur was not provided by authors. seal (Callorhinus ursinus). Information regarding specific geographical location of From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the bearded host was not provided by author. seal (Phoca barbatus), the ringed seal (Phoca hispida), the Okhotsk ringed seal (Phoca his- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the pida ochotensis), Phoca sp, monk seal [“?” sic] northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), the Cestoda 42 S

(Monachus monachus), and the finned por- From Yamaguti, 1959 - Found in the bearded poise (Phocoena phocoena). Geographical seal (Erignathus barbatus) from Godhavn, distribution includes various points in the Spitzbergen, Ungava, and St. Lawrence Is- Arctic Ocean, North Sea, Barents Sea, Kara land, Alaska. Sea, Bering Sea, Okhotsk Sea, Baltic Sea, Remarks: Greenland, Spitzbergen, Jan Mayen Island, Hooker Island, Alaska, St. Lawrence Island, Delyamure (1955) provides a historical ac- and in Russia (Novaya Zembya, Hooker Is- count and detailed description of this land, western Taimyr, Kotel’nyi Island, parasite. and Sakhalin). Specific locations of where Margolis and Dailey (1972) provide a brief the hosts were found are mentioned for a summary of the taxonomic history of this bearded seal (Phoca barbatus) from Green- parasite. land (Baffin Bay and Godhavn), a bearded seal (Phoca barbatus) from the coast of Greenland, a bearded seal (Phoca barbatus) Diphyllobothrium lashleyi from the Kara Sea, a bearded seal (Phoca barbatus) from Russkaya Gavan’ (Hooker Is- Synonymy: land), Karrskie Vorot, and Loginov Island. From Delyamure, 1955 - Dibothriocephalum tec- A ringed seal (Phoca hispida) was from Russ- tus, Linstow, 1892; Bothriocephalus tectus Lin- kaya Gavan’ and another from the west stow, 1892; Dibothriocephalum clavatum Rail- coast Novaya Zembya; a bearded seal (Ph- liet and Henry, 1912; Dibothriocephalum oca barbatus) was from Alaska (St. Lawrence scoticum Railliet and Henry, 1912. Island); and a porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from the Baltic Sea. From Johnston, 1937b - Dibothriocephalus lashleyi Leiper and Atkinson, 1914. From Delyamure and Kleinenberg, 1958 - Found in the white whale (Delphinapterus From Markowski, 1952a - Dibothriocephalus leucas). Information regarding the geo- lashleyi Leiper and Atkinson, 1914; Dibothrio- graphical location of host was not provided cephalus archeri Leiper and Atkinson, 1914; by authors. Diphyllobothrium archeri Meggitt, 1924. From Joyeux and Baer, 1936 - Found in the From McEwin, 1957 - Dibothriocephalus lashleyi monk seal (Monachus monachus). Informa- Leiper and Atkinson, Diphyllobothrium lash- tion regarding the geographical location of leyi Meggitt, 1924. host was not provided by authors. Hosts and Locality: From King, 1964 - Found in the bearded seal From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in (Erignathus barbatus), the ringed seal (Phoca and the Weddell seal (Leptonyhcotes wed- hispida), the harp seal (Pagophilus groenland- delli). Information regarding the geograph- icus), and in the monk seal (Monachus mona- ical location of host was not provided by chus). Information regarding specific geo- authors. graphical location of hosts was not provided by author. From Delyamure, 1955 - If D. lashleyi = D. tectus, then found in the Weddell seal (Leptony- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in hcotes weddelli), the leopard seal (Hydrurga the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardi) and leptonyx), and the southern elephant seal in a bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) from (Mirounga leonina) from Antarctica (Peter- Alaska. See Remarks. man Island) and Georgia. From Markowski, 1952b - Found in the From Johnston, 1937b - Found in the Weddell bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) from God- seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) from the Antarc- havn (Greenland), Hinlopen Straits, Ginevra tic (Commonwealth Bay). Bay, Spitzbergen (80° 06′ N, 15° 40′E), and Ungava (Canada). From King, 1964 - Found in and the Weddell seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli). Information re- Diphyllobothrium lashleyi w 43

garding the geographical location of host From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the walrus was not provided by author. (Odobenus romarus), the bearded seal (Eri- gnathus barbatus), the hooded seal (Cys- From Markowski, 1952a - Found in the Wed- tophora cristata), the ringed seal (Phoca his- dell seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) from the pida), the common seal (Phoca vitulina), the Antarctic (Debenham Islands, Deception Is- monk seal [“?” sic] (Monachus monachus), land, and Melchior Archipelago). and the finned poipoise (Phocoena phocoena). From McEwin, 1957 - Found in the Weddell Geographical distribution for pinnipeds seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) from the Ant- includes northern Europe, northeast and arctic (Enderby Island [65° 50′ S, 54° 23′ E], North Atlantic, and the Arctic Ocean (Euro- Commonwealth Bay, Cape Denison, and pean-Greenland part). Geographical distri- King George V Land). bution for cetaceans includes the Baltic Sea and the North Atlantic. Remarks: From King, 1964 - Found in the walrus (Odo- D. lashleyi has been redescribed by McEwin benus romarus), the ringed seal (Phoca his- (1957). pida), the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus mo- Diphyllobothrium latum nachus), and in the harbor seal (Phoca vitu- Synonymy: lina). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided by From Delyamure, 1955 - Taenia lata Linnaeus, author. 1758; Taenia grisea Pellas, 1761; Taenia aceph- ala Vogel, 1772; Taenia membranocea Pellas, From Schmidt-Ries, 1939 - Found in the harbor 1781; Taenia lata hominus Bloch, 1782; Tae- porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from the Bal- nia dentata Batsch, 1786; Taenia lata candida tic Sea. Fischer, 1789; Taenia inerme humina Brera, Remarks: 1802; Halisis membranocea (Pallas, 1761) Zeder, 1803; Taenia humana inermis Rudol- Delyamure (1955) lists a number of other phi, 1810; Bothriocephalus hominis Lamark, definite hosts including man, domestic 1816; Bothriocephalus latus (Linnearus, 1758) cat and dog, and numerous terrestrial car- Bremser, 1819; Dibothrium latum (Linnea- nivorus mammals belonging to the fami- rus, 1758) Diesing, 1850; Taenia vertebrata lies of Canidae, Fekidae, Viverridae, Musteli- Leuckart, 1866; Bothriocephalus balticus Ku- dae, and Ursidae. In addition, Delyamure chermeister, 1886; Dibothriocephalus latus lists a number of intermediate hosts, includ- (Linnearus, 1758) Lühe, 1899. ing Crustaceans (Copepoda)- cyclops (Cy- clops strenuous, etc.) and diaptomus (Di- From Yamaguti, 1959 - Dibothrium serratum aptomus gracilis and Diaptomus graciloides). Diesing, 1850; Diphyllobothrium americanus Supplementary hosts in various species of Hall and Wigdor, 1918. fish (Esox lucius, Perca fluviatilus, Acerica cer- Hosts and Locality: nua, Lota vulgaris, Salmo lacustris, Salmo sa- lar, Coregonus lavaretus, Coregonus albula, Os- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the merus eperlanus, Lucioperca lucioperca, Gottus walrus (Odobenus romarus), the ringed seal gobio, and Pygosteus pungitius). Delyamure (Phoca hispida), the bearded seal (Erignathus (1955) also provides a brief historical sum- barbatus), the hooded seal (Cystophora cris- mary of D. latum. tata), the Mediterranean monk seal (Mona- chus monachus), the harbor seal (Phoca vi- Eguchi (1934) discusses the salmon (On- tulina) and the harbor porpoise (Phocoena corhynchus) as a carrier of D. latum. phocoena). Information regarding the geo- Markowski (1952b) questions the accu- graphical location of hosts was not provided racy of the identification of this parasite by authors. Cestoda 44 S

in pinnipeds that were made by earlier = C. auctorum, then found in “seals” from investigators. northern Atlantic waters. A review of the morphological characteris- tics and occurrence of D. latum in the Alaska Diphyllobothrium macrophallos region is provided by Rausch and Hilliard (1970). Hosts and Locality: From King, 1964 - Found in the northern fur seal (Callorinus ursinus). Information re- Diphyllobothrium macrocephalus garding the geographical location of host Synonymy: was not provided by author. From Delyamure, 1955 - Diphyllobothrium macrocephalus Linstow, 1905. Diphyllobothrium mobile From Markowski, 1952b - Diphyllobothrium cor- Synonymy: datum Leuckart, 1863; Bothriocephalus cordatus Leuckart, 1863; Dibothrium cordatum From Johnston, 1937b - Dibothriocephalus mobi- Diesing, 1863; Dibothriocephalus cordatus lis Rennie and Reid, 1912; Dibothriocephalum Lühe, 1899; Bothriocephalus schistochilus Ger- wilsoni Railliet and Henry, 1912; Dibothrio- manos, 1895; Dibothriocephalus schistochi- cephalus coatsi Leiper and Atkinson, 1914; lus Lühe 1899; Diphyllobothrium schistochi- Diphyllobothrium mobilis Meggitt, 1924. lus Meggitt, 1924; Dibothriocephalus romeri From Markowski, 1952a - Dibothriocephalus mo- Zschokke, 1903; Diphyllobothrium romeri bilis Rennie and Reid, 1912; Dibothrioceph- Meggith, 1924; Bothriocephalus coniceps Lin- alum wilsoni Railliet and Henry, 1912; Di- stow, 1905; Diphyllobothrium coniceps Megg- bothriocephalus coatsi Leiper and Atkinson, itt, 1924; Bothriocephalus macrocephalus Lin- 1914 (nec Rennie and Reid, 1912). stow, 1905. From McEwin, 1957 - Dibothriocephalus mobi- Hosts and Locality: lis Rennie and Reid, 1912; Dibothriocepha- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the lus mobilis Fuhrmann 1921; Diphyllobothrium northern fur seal (Callorinus ursinus) and the mobile (Rennie and Reid) Meggitt, 1924. bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus). Informa- Hosts and Locality: tion regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Ross seal (Ommatophoca rossi). Information From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the northern regarding the geographical location of host fur seal (Callorinus ursinus) and the bearded was not provided by authors. seal (Erignathus barbatus) from the North Sea and eastern seas. From Johnston, 1937b - Found in the Weddell seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) and in the Ross From King, 1964 - Found in the bearded seal seal (Ommatophoca rossi) from the Antarctic (Erignathus barbatus). Information regarding (Queen Mary Land). the geographical location of host was not provided by author. From King, 1964 - Found in the Weddell seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) and in the Ross seal From Markowski, 1952b - If D. macrocepha- (Ommatophoca rossi). Information regarding lus = D. cordatum, then found in the walrus geographical location of hosts was not pro- (Odobenus romarus) from Godhavn (Green- vided by author. land); the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) from Hinlopen Straits (Spitzbergen); and From Markowski, 1952a - Found in the Wed- the Greenland harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) dell seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) from De- from Ginevra Bay (Spitzbergen). benham Islands (Antarctica). From Wardle et al, 1947 - If D. macrocephalus From McEwin, 1957 - Found in the Weddell Diphyllobothrium mobile w 45

seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) off Enderby Is- cus Nybelin, 1931; “Species #2” of Stunkard, land (65° 50′ S, 54° 23′ E). 1948. From Yamaguti, 1959 - Found in the Weddell From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Bothrioceph- seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) from Antarctica. alus sp. Stiles and Hassall, 1899; Adenocepha- lus septentrionalis Nybelin, 1931; Cordicepha- Remarks: lus arctophalinus Johnston, 1937, and Wardle, Some authors suggest the D. mobile is syn- McLeod and Stewart, 1947; Diphylloboth- onymous with D. mobilis. Delyamure rium glaciale Cholodkovsky, 1915 and Mar- (1955) lists D. mobilis (Rennie and Reid, kowski 1952; Diphyllobothrium krotovi Dely- 1912), along with other synonyms, under D. amure, 1955. quadratum. These other synonyms include Hosts and Locality: Dibothriocephalus coatsi, which Markowski considers synonymous with D. mobile. Ya- From Baer, 1969 - Found in the South Ameri- maguti (1959) recognizes both D. mobile can sea lion (Otaria byronia) from the Guan- and D. mobilis, the latter being synonymous ape Islands (Peru). with D. wilsoni. As noted above, Markowski From Dailey, 1975 - Found in the California sea (1952a) list Dibothriocephalus mobilis and Di- lion (Zalophus californianus) from the Gala- bothriocephalum wilsoni as synonyms of D. pagos Islands. mobilis. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the If D. mobile is the same as D. mobilis and California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), D. wilsoni, other hosts listed by Yamaguti the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), (1959), include the Ross seal (Ommatophoca and the Steller’s sea lion (Eumatopias jubata). rossi), the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes wed- Information regarding the geographical lo- delli), and Ogmorhinus leptonyx; all from the cation of hosts was not provided by authors. Antarctic. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the southern fur seal Arctocephalus australis from Diphyllobothrium osmeri Antarctica. Hosts and Locality: From Keyes, 1965 - Found in the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) from the Pribilof From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Islands (Alaska). harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). Information regarding the geographical location of host From Margolis, 1956 - Found in the Steller’s was not provided by authors. sea lion (Eumatopias jubata) from Quatsino Sound, Vancouver Island, and British Co- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in lumbia; and in the northern fur seal (Callo- the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardi) from rhinus ursinus) from the north Pacific. Alaska. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in From Neiland, 1962 - Found in the harbour the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), seal (Phoca vitulina richardi) from Alaska. the Steller’s sea lion (Eumetopias jubata), and Remarks: in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from Alaska, British Columbia, and Neiland (1962) notes that D. osmeri has been California. found in the rainbow smelt (Osmerus dentex) from Alaska. From Nybelin, 1931 - Found in the fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) from Juan Fernan-

dez Islands. See Remarks. Diphyllobothrium pacificum Remarks: Synonymy: Markowski (1952b) considers Arctocephalus From Margolis, 1956 - Adenocephalus pacifi- australis to be synonymous with Neophoca ci- Cestoda 46 S

nerea. Sivertsen (1954) disagrees and claims ham Land (Hut Cove and Hope Bay), and these are distinct species. Siversten further Palmer Archipelago (Port Lockroy and claims that the A. australis referred to by Wiencke Island). Nyberlin was actually the fur seal Arctoph- From Yamaguti, 1959 - If D. perfoliatum = Glan- oca philippi. For a review of the taxonomic dicephalus perfoliatum, then found in the history of D. pacificum, see Margolis (1954), Weddell seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) from Margolis (1956), and Baer et al (1967). the Antarctic.

Remarks: Diphyllobothrium perfoliatum Delyamure (1955) does not give any syn- Synonymy: onyms for this parasite. The synonym D. re- fum described by Markowski (1952a) was From Johnston, 1937b - Diphyllobothrium clava- later redescribed by McEwin (1957) as a vatum Railliet and Henry, 1912; Dibothriocepha- riety of Glandicephalus perfoliatus. lus perfoliatum Fuhrmann, 1924.

From Markowski, 1952a - Diphyllobothrium clavatum Railliet and Henry, 1912; Glandiceph- Diphyllobothrium polycalceolum alus perfoliatus Railliet and Henry, 1912; Di- Hosts and Locality: bothriocephalus perfoliatum Fuhrmann, 1920; Diphyllobothrium rufum Leiper and Atkin- From King, 1964 - Found in the common seal son, 1914. (Phoca vitulina). Information regarding the geographical location of host was not pro- From Yamaguti, 1959 - Glandicephalus perfolia- vided by author. tus Railliet and Henry, 1912; Cordicephalus tectus Wardel, McLoed and Stewart, 1947. See Remarks. Diphyllobothrium quadratum Hosts and Locality: Synonymy: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in From Delyamure, 1955 - Dibothriocephalum mo- and the Weddell seal (Leptonyhcotes wed- bilis Rennie and Reid, 1912. delli). Information regarding the geograph- From Johnston, 1937b - Bothriocephalus quadra- ical location of host was not provided by tus Linstow, 1892; Dibothriocephalus quadra- authors. tus Zschokke, 1903; Dibothriocephalus coatsi From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Wed- Rennie and Reid, 1912; Diphyllobothrium resi- dell seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) from the mum Fuhrmann, 1921; Diphyllobothrium Antarctic. coatsi Meggitt, 1924. From Johnston, 1937b - Found in the Weddell From Markowski, 1952a - Bothriocephalus qua- seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) from Antarctic dratus Linstow, 1892; Dibothriocephalus qua- (Commonwealth Bay). dratus Zschokke, 1903; Cordicephalus quadratus Wardle, McLeob and Stewart, 1947; From King, 1964 - Found in and the Weddell Dibothriocephalus coatsi Rennie and Reid, seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli). Information re- 1912; Bothriocephalus coatsi Fuhrmann, garding the geographical location of host 1920; Dibothriocephalus resimum Railliet and was not provided by author. Henry, 1912. From Markowski, 1952a - If D. perfoliatum = From McEwin, 1957 - Bothriocephalus quadratus Glandicephalus perfoliatus, then found in the Linstow, 1892; Dibothriocephalus quadratus Weddell seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) from Zschokke, 1903; Dibothriocephalum quadra- the Antarctic. Specific locations include De- tus Railliet and Henry, 1912; Dibothriocepha- benham Islands, Stella Creek, Deception Is- lus coatsi Rennie and Reid, 1912; Bothrioceph- land, Argentine Islands (Galindez Island alus coatsi Fuhrmann, 1921; Diphyllobothrium and Winter Island), Beascochea Bay; Gra- coatsi Meggitt, 1924. Diphyllobothrium quadratum w 47

Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) and the walrus (Odobenus romarus). Information re- Weddell seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli). Infor- garding the geographical location of host mation regarding the geographical location was not provided by authors. of hosts was not provided by authors. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the walrus From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sea leop- (Odobenus romarus) from the Arctic and from ard (Hydrurga leptonyx) and the Weddell the White Sea (point of exit). seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) from Antarctica From King, 1964 - Found in the walrus (Odo- (near Peterman Island), South Georgia, and benus romarus). Information regarding the from a leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) that geographical location of host was not pro- died in the Moscow Zoo. vided by author. From Johnston, 1937b - Found in the leopard From Markowski, 1952b - If D. romeri = D. cor- seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) from the Antarctic datum, then found in the walrus (Odobenus (South Georgia). romarus) from Godhavn (Greenland), the From King, 1964 - Found in the leopard seal bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) from Hin- (Hydrurga leptonyx) and the Weddell seal lopen Straits (Spitzbergen), and in the harp (Leptonyhcotes weddelli). Information regard- seal (Phoca groenlandica) from Ginevra Bay ing the geographical location of hosts was (Spitzbergen). not provided by author. Remarks: From Markowski, 1952a - Found in leopard Markowski (1952b) provides a brief histor- seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) from Antarctica ical account of this parasite and discusses (Galindez Island, Argentine Islands, Deben- problems with identifying the D. romeri (= ham Islands, Horseshoe Island, Sandefjord D. cordatum) species. Harbour, and Coronation Island).

From McEwin, 1957 - Found in leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) from Heard Island Diphyllobothrium rufum (Antarctica). Synonymy: Remarks: From Markowski, 1952a - Glandicephalus perfo- D. quadratus has been redescribed by McE- liatus Railliet and Henry, 1912; Diphylloboth- win (1957). rium perfoliatum Railliet and Henry, 1912; Dibothriocephalus perfoliatum Fuhrmann,

1920; Diphyllobothrium clavatum Railliet and Diphyllobothrium romeri Henry, 1912. Synonymy: From Yamaguti, 1959 - Cordicephalus tectus Wardel, McLoed and Stewart, 1947. From Markowski, 1952b - Diphyllobothrium cordatum Leuckart, 1863; Dibothrium corda- See Remarks. tum Diesing, 1863; Dibothriocephalus corda- Hosts and Locality: tus Lühe, 1899; Bothriocephalus schistochilus Germanos, 1895; Dibothriocephalus schistoch- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in ilus Lühe, 1899; Diphyllobothrium schistoch- and the Weddell seal (Leptonyhcotes wed- ilus Meggitt, 1924; Dibothriocephalus romeri delli). Information regarding the geograph- Zschokke, 1903; Bothriocephalus coniceps Lin- ical location of host was not provided by stow, 1905; Diphyllobothrium coniceps Meg- authors. gitt, 1924; Bothriocephalus macrophallus Lin- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Weddell stow, 1905; Diphyllobothrium macrophallus seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) from an unspec- Meggitt, 1924. ified location in the Antarctic. Cestoda 48 S

From Johnston, 1937b- Found in the Weddell From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the bearded seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) from the Antarc- seal (Erignathus barbatus), the Greenland tic (Commonwealth Bay). seal (Phoca groenlandica), and in the common seal (Phoca vitulina). Geographical From King, 1964 - Found in and the Weddell distribution includes Spitzbergen (Krus- seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli). Information re- naya Bay, Zhenevra Bay, and other places garding the geographical location of host along the coast), and Russia (Nokuev Is- was not provided by author. land, Kanin Point, Novaya Zembya [Russ- From Markowski, 1952a - If D. rufum = Glandi- kaya gavan’], coast of western Taimyr, and cephalus perfoliatus, then found in the Wed- Kotel’nyi Island). The author does not dell seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) from the specify which hosts were found in which Antarctic. Specific locations include the De- specific location. benham Islands, Stella Creek, Deception Is- From Johnson et al, 1966 - Found in the land, Argentine Islands (Galindez Island bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) from and Winter Island), Beascochea Bay, Gra- Alaska. ham Land (Hut Cove and Hope Bay), and Palmer Archipelago (Port Lockroy and From King, 1964 - Found in the harbor seal Wiencke Island). (Phoca vitulina), the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), and in the bearded seal (Eri- From Yamaguti, 1959 - If D. rufum = Glandi- gnathus barbatus). Information regarding the cephalus perfoliatus, then found in the Wed- geographical location of hosts was not pro- dell seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) from the vided by author. Antarctic. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in Remarks: the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) from D. rufum was redescribed as a variety of D. Alaska. perfoliatus by McEwin (1957). From Markowski, 1952b - If D. schistochilus = D. cordatum, then found in the walrus (Odo- benus romarus) from Godhavn; the bearded Diphyllobothrium schistochilus seal (Erignathus barbatus) from Hinlopen Synonymy: Straits (Spitzbergen); and the Greenland seal (Phoca groenlandica) from Ginevra Bay From Markowski, 1952b - Diphyllobothrium (Spitzbergen). cordatum Leuckart, 1863; Bothriocephalus cordatus Leuckart, 1863; Dibothrium corda- Remarks: tum Diesing, 1863; Dibothriocephalus schis- Delyamure (1955) provides a brief historical tochilus Lühe, 1899; Diphyllobothrium romeri account of this parasite. Meggitt, 1924; Dibothriocephalus romeri Zs- chokke, 1903; Bothriocephalus coniceps Lin- stow, 1905; Diphyllobothrium coniceps Meg- Diphyllobothrium scoticum gitt, 1924; Bothriocephalus macrophallus Linstow, 1905; Diphyllobothrium macrophal- Synonymy: lus Meggitt, 1924. From Delyamure, 1955 - Bothriocephalus tectus Hosts and Locality: Linstow, 1892; Diphyllobothrium tectus Lin- stow, 1892; Dibothriocephalus lashleyi Leiper From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in and Atkinson, 1914. the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), and in the From Johnston, 1937b - Dibothriocephalus pygos- bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus). Informa- celis Rennie and Reid, 1912. tion regarding the geographical location of From Markowski, 1952b - Dibothriocepha- hosts was not provided by authors. lus scoticum Rennie and Reid, 1912; Railliet and Henry, 1912; Dibothriocephalum scoti- Diphyllobothrium scoticum w 49

cum Meggitt, 1924; Dibothriocephalus pygosce- with Diphyllobothrium pacificum. This para- lis Rennie and Reid, 1912; Diphyllobothrium site was found in the northern fur seal (Cal- arctocephalinum Johnston, 1937; Diphylloboth- lorhinus ursinus), Steller’s sea lion (Eumeto- rium arctocephali Drummond, 1937; Cordi- pias jubata), and California sea lion (Zalophus cephalus arctocephalinus Wardle, McLeod and californianus) from Alaska, British Columbia Stewart, 1947. and California (Margolis and Dailey do not specify which hosts were taken from which From McEwin, 1957 - Dibothriocephalus scoti- locations). Reviews of D. pacificum are pro- cum Rennie and Reid, 1912; Diphyllobothrium vided by Margolis (1956), and Baer et al scoticum Rennie and Reid, Meggit, 1924; Di- (1967). bothriocephalus pygoscelis Rennie and Reid, 1912 See Remarks. Diphyllobothrium scotti Hosts and Locality: Synonymy: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From Delyamure, 1955 - Dibothriocephalus scotti South American sea lion (Otaria byronia) and Shipley, 1907. the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx). Infor- From Markowski, 1952a - Dibothriocephalum mation regarding the geographical location wilsoni Shipley, 1907; Dibothriocephalus wil- of hosts was not provided by authors. soni Shipley, 1907; Dibothriocephalum scotti From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Weddell Shipley, 1907; Dibothriocephalum mobilis seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli), the elephant Leiper and Atkinson, 1915 (nec Rennie and seal (Mirounga leonina), and in the sea leop- Reid, 1912). ard (Hydrurga leptonyx) from Antarctica (Pe- From Yamaguti, 1959 - Dibothriocephalum wil- terman Island) and Georgia. soni Shipley, 1907; Dibothriocephalum mobilis From Johnston, 1937b - Found in the leopard Leiper and Atkinson, 1915 (nec Rennie and seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) from the Antarctic Reid). (Macquarie Island). Hosts and Locality: From King, 1964 - Found in the South Amer- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the ican sea lion (Otaria byronia) and the leop- Ross seal (Ommatophoca rossi). Information ard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx). Information regarding the geographical location of host regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. was not provided by author. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Ross seal From Markowski, 1952a - Found in the leop- (Ommatophoca rossi) from Antarctica. ard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) from Deben- ham Islands. From Johnston, 1937b - Found in the Ross seal (Ommatophoca rossi) from the Antarctic From McEwin, 1957 - Found in the leopard (Queen Mary Land). seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) from Antarctica (Heard Island). From King, 1964 - Found in the Ross seal (Om- matophoca rossi). Information regarding the Remarks: geographical location of host was not pro- Margolis (1954) states Diphyllobothrium gla- vided by author. cial is synonymous with Cordicephalus arcto- From Markowski, 1952a - If D. scotti = D. wil- cephalinus Wardle, 1947. Cordicephalus arcto- soni, then found in the Weddell seal (Lep- cephalinus is considered to be synonymous tonyhcotes weddelli) and in the leopard seal with D. scoticum by Markowski (1952b). D. (Hydrurga leptonyx) from Deception Island, glacial was taken from a northern fur seal Beascochea Bay, Debenham Islands, Mel- (Callorhinus ursinus) in the Pribilof Islands chior Archipelago, Argentine Islands (Galin- (Alaska). Margolis and Dailey (1972) con- dez Island), and South Sandwich. sider C. arctocephalinus to be synonymous Cestoda 50 S

From Yamaguti, 1959 - If D. scotti = D. wilsoni, From Johnston, 1937b - Bothriocephalus tectus then found in the sea leopard (Hydrurga lep- Linstow, 1892. tonyx) and the Weddell seal (Leptonyhcotes From Markowski, 1952a - Baylisiella tecta Lin- weddelli) from Antarctica. stow, 1892; Bothriocephalus tectus Linstow, 1892; Dibothriocephalus tectus Zschokke, 1903; Cordicephalus tectus Wardle, McLeod Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum and Stewart, 1947. Synonymy: Hosts and Locality: From Baylis, 1932 - Dibothrium stemmacephalum From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Diesing, 1863; Bothriocephalus stemmaceph- southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), alum Braun, 1883. the Weddell seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli), From Delyamure, 1955 - Dibothrium stemma- and in the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx). cephalum Cobbold, 1858. Information regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. Hosts and Locality: From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Weddell From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the common dol- seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli), the elephant phin (Delphinus delphis) and in the harbor seal (Mirounga leonina), and in the sea leop- porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Information ard (Hydrurga leptonyx) from Antarctica (Pe- regarding the geographical location of hosts terman Island) and Georgia. was not provided by author. From Johnston, 1937b - Found in the elephant From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the seal (Mirounga leonina) from the Antarctic common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and in (Macquaire Island). the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). In- formation regarding the geographical loca- From Markowski, 1952a - Found in the ele- tion of hosts was not provided by authors. phant seal (Mirounga leonina) from the Bay of Isles, South Georgia. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the finned porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from the North From Rennie and Reid, 1912 - Found in the Atlantic (coast of England and other points); leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) from North Sea; and Black Sea (off the coast of Antarctica. Romania). Delyamure notes this parasite is Remarks: not found in USSR. Delyamure (1955) and Yamaguti (1959) refer From Yamaguti, 1959 - Found in the finned to D. tectum as D. tectus. Markowski (1952a) porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from the Firth list D. tectum with other synonyms that are of Forth, and in the dolphin Delphinus also listed by Delyamure (1955) under D. dussumieri (= Delphinus longirostris) from the tectus. Pacific.

Remarks: Diphyllobothrium tetrapterus A brief historical synopsis is provided by Delyamure (1955). Synonymy: From Delyamure, 1955 - Diplogonoporus tetrapterus Siebold, 1848; Bothriocephalus tet- Diphyllobothrium tectum rapterus Siebold, 1948; Bothriocephalus vari- Synonymy: abile Krabbe, 1894; Bothriocephalus elegans Krabbe, 1865; Krabbea tetrapterus Siebold, From Delyamure, 1955 - Diphyllobothrium clava- 1848. tum Railliet and Henry, 1912; Dibothrioceph- alum scoticum Railliet and Henry, 1912; Diboth- Hosts and Locality: riocephalus lashleyi Leiper and Atkinson, 1914. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Diphyllobothrium tetrapterus w 51

Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus mona- Hosts and Locality: chus). Information regarding the geograph- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the ical location of host was not provided by leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), the Ross authors. seal (Ommatophoca rossi), and in the Weddell From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the monk seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli). Information re- seal (Monachus monachus), the common seal garding the geographical location of hosts (Phoca vitulina), the ringed seal (Phoca his- was not provided by authors. pida), the bearded seal (Erignathus barba- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Ross tus), and in the hooded seal (Cystophora cris- seal (Ommatophoca rossi) and the Weddell tata). Geographical distribution is northern seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) from Antarctica Europe. (near Peterman Island).

From Johnston, 1937b - Found in the Weddell Diphyllobothrium ventropapillatum seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) and the Ross seal (Ommatophoca rossi) from the Antarc- Hosts and Locality: tic (Queen Mary Land, Commonwealth Bay, From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the and Graham’s Land). leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx). Informa- From King, 1964 - Found in the leopard seal tion regarding the geographical location of (Hydrurga leptonyx), the Ross seal (Omma- host was not provided by authors. tophoca rossi), and in the Weddell seal (Lep- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the leopard tonyhcotes weddelli). Information regarding seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) from the Moscow the geographical location of hosts was not Zoo. See Remarks. provided by author. From King, 1964 - Found in the leopard seal From Markowski, 1952a - Found in the Wed- (Hydrurga leptonyx). Information regarding dell seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) and in the the geographical location of host was not leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) from Ant- provided by author. arctica. Specific locations include Deception Island, Beascochea Bay; Debenham Islands, Remarks: Melchior Archipelago, Argentine Islands The leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) died at (Galindez Island), and South Sandwich. the Moscow Zoo two weeks after arriving Remarks: from Antarctica. Delyamure (1955) believed the animal was infected prior to reaching Markowski (1952a) discusses and compares Moscow. The host contained approximately D. wilsoni with D. scotti. 100 fully matured parasites.

Diplogonoporus sp. Diphyllobothrium wilsoni Hosts and Locality: Synonymy: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From Johnston, 1937b - Dibothriocephalus mobi- sperm whale (Physeter catodon). Information lis Leiper and Atkinson, 1915. regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by authors. From Markowski, 1952a - Dibothriocephalus wilsoni Shipley, 1907; Dibothriocephalus scotti From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sperm Shipley, 1907; Dibothriocephalum scotti Megg- whale (Physeter catodon) from the Sea of Ok- itt, 1924; Dibothriocephalus mobilis Leiper and hotsk (Kurile Islands region). Atkinson, 1915. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the From Yamaguti, 1959 - Dibothriocephalum northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) from archeri. Alaska.

Cestoda 52 S

Diplogonoporus balaenopterae From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Diplogonpo- rus sp. Stunkard, 1848. Synonymy: From Markowski, 1952b - Bothriocephalus fascia- From Delyamure, 1955 - Bothriocephalus balae- tus Krabbe, 1865; Krabbea fasciata Blanchard, nopterae Lönnberg, 1891. 1894; “Species #4” of Stunkard, 1848. Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the sei whale From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the (Balaenoptera borealis). Information regarding Steller’s sea lion (Eumatopias jubata) and the the geographical location of host was not ringed seal (Phoca hispida). Information re- provided by author. garding the geographical location of hosts From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the was not provided by authors. sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the hump- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the ringed back whale (Megaptera novaengliae), and in seal (Phoca hispida) from the Arctic Ocean the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Infor- (coast of Norway). mation regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. From King, 1964 - Found in the Steller’s sea lion (Eumatopias jubata). Information regard- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sei ing the geographical location of host was whale (Balaenoptera borealis) and the fin not provided by author. whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Geographical distribution includes the Arctic Ocean (coast From Margolis, 1954 - Found in the Steller’s of Norway), and Russia (Kurile Islands and sea lion (Eumatopias jubata) from St. Paul Is- Sea of Okhotsk). land (Alaska). From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the humpback whale (Megaptera novaengliae) Steller’s sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) from and in an unidentified whale from Washing- Alaska. ton and California. Remarks: From Markowski, 1955 - Found in the blue Delyamure (1955) claimed the inter- whale (Balaenoptera musculus), the fin whale nal structure of this organism has not (Balaenoptera physalus), and the sei whale been sufficiently studied to justify placing (Balaenoptera borealis). All hosts were from this species under Diplogonopous and not the Antarctic (South Georgia). Diphyllobothrium. From Rausch, 1964 - Found in the humpback

whale (Megaptera novaengliae) from San Francisco, California. Diplogonoporus tetrapterus From Rice, 1963 - Found in the hump- Synonymy: back whale (Megaptera novaengliae) from From Delyamure, 1955 - Bothriocephalus tet- California. rapterus Siebold, 1848; Bothriocephalus vari- From Yamaguti, 1959 - Found in the sei whale abile Krabbe, 1865; Krabbea tetrapterus (Balaenoptera borealis) from Scandinavia and (Siebold, 1865) Blanchard, 1894; Bothrioceph- Japan. alus elegans Krabbe, 1865; Diphyllobothrium tetrapterus Siebold, 1848.

From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Diplogonpo- Diplogonporus fasciatus rus sp. Stunkard, 1848. Synonymy: From Markowski, 1952b - Diplogonoporus vari- From Delyamure, 1955 - Diphyllobothrium fasci- abilis Meggitt, 1924; Diphyllobothrium variabi- atus Krabbe, 1865. lis Baer, 1925; Diplogonoporus septentrionalis Diplogonoporus tetrapterus w 53

Cholodkovsky, 1915; and “Species No. 3” of Glandicephalus antarcticus Stunkard, 1948. Synonymy: Hosts and Locality: From Johnston, 1937b - Bothriocephalus ant- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in arcticus Baird, 1853; Dibothrium antarcti- the Steller’s sea lion (Eumatopias jubata), the cum Ariola 1900; Diplogonoporus antarcti- common seal (Phoca vitulina), the ringed seal cus Lühe, 1899; Dibothriocephalus antarcticus (Phoca hispida), the bearded seal (Erignathus Shipley, 1907; Diphyllobothrium antarcticum barbatus), the hooded seal (Cystophora cris- Railliett and Henry 1912; Krabbea antarctica tata), the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) and in the Blanchard 1894; Bothriocephalus tectus Lin- northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus). In- stow 1902. formation regarding the geographical loca- Hosts and Locality: tion of hosts was not provided by authors. From Johnston, 1937b - Found in the Ross seal From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the monk (Ommatophoca rossi) from the Antarctic. seal (Monachus monachus), the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), the common seal From King, 1964 - Found in the Ross seal (Om- (Phoca vitulina), the ringed seal (Phoca his- matophoca rossi). Information regarding the pida), and in the hooded seal (Cystophora geographical location of host was not pro- cristata). Geographical distribution is north- vided by author. ern Europe.

From Johnson et al, 1966 - Found in the Glandicephalus perfoliatus bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) from Alaska. Synonymy: From King, 1964 - Found in the bearded seal From McEwin, 1957 - Diphyllobothrium perfolia- (Erignathus barbatus), the common seal tum Railliett and Reid 1912; Diphyllobothrium (Phoca vitulina), the ringed seal (Phoca his- clavatum Railliett and Reid 1912;Dibothrio - pida), the monk seal (Monachus monachus), cephalus perfoliatus Fuhrmann 1937; Diphyllo- the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), the bothrium rufum Johnston 1937. northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), and Hosts and Locality: in the Steller’s sea lion (Eumatopias jubata). Information regarding the geographical lo- From McEwin, 1957 - Found in the Weddell cation of hosts was not provided by author. seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) from the Ant- arctic (Enderby Island [65° 50′ S, 54° 23′ E], From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the Commonwealth Bay, Cape Denison, King northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), the George V Land). sea otter Enhydra( lutris), and the Steller’s sea lion (Eumetopias jubata). All hosts were from Alaska and British Columbia. Glandicephalus perfoliatus var. rufus From Rausch, 1964 - Found in the sea otter (En- Synonymy: hydra lutris) from Alaska. From McEwin, 1957 - Diphyllobothrium rufum From Stunkard, 1948 - Found in the Steller’s Leiper and Atkinson 1914. sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) and the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus). Both hosts Hosts and Locality: were from St. Paul Island (Alaska). From McEwin, 1957 - Found in the Weddell Remarks: seal (Leptonyhcotes weddelli) from Enderby Island [65° 50′ S, 54° 23′ E] in the Antarctic. A brief historical summary of this parasite is provided by Delyamure (1955).

Cestoda 54 S

Hexagonoporus physeteris From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acu- Hosts and Locality: tus). Information regarding the geograph- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the ical location of host was not provided by sperm whale (Physeter catodon). Information author. regarding the geographical location of host From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the was not provided by authors. Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhyn- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sperm chus acutus). Information regarding the geo- whale (Physeter catodon) from the Sea of Ok- graphical location of host was not provided hotsk (Kurile Islands region). by authors. From Williams, 1968 – Baylis (1932) described this parasite from an Atlantic white-sided Ligula sp. dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus), probably Hosts and Locality: the same host referenced by Linton (1905) that was taken off Massachusetts (Vineyard From King, 1964 - Found in the gray seal (Ha- Sound). lichoerus grypus). Information regarding the geographical location of host was not pro- Remarks: vided by author. A taxonomic review of this genus was provided by Delyamure (1955), and Williams (1968). Monorygma sp. Hosts and Locality: Monorygma delphini From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the long beaked dolphin (Stenella lon- Synonymy: girostris), the Hawaiian spinner dolphin From Baylis, 1932 - Stenotaenia delphini Gervais, (Stenella roseiventris), the narrow-snouted 1870. dolphin (Stenella attenuata), the striped dolphin (Stenella caeruleoalba), the eastern Pa- See Remarks. cific spotted dolphinStenella ( graffmani), the Hosts and Locality: broad-beaked dolphin (Peoponocephalus electra) and in the short-finned pilot whale (Glo- From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the common dol- bicephala macrorhyncha). Information regard- phin (Delphinus delphis). Information re- ing the geographical location of hosts was garding the geographical location of host not provided by authors. was not provided by author. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops( truncatus) and Monorygma chamissonii the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). In- Synonymy: formation regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. From Baylis, 1932 - “Possibly identical to Monortgma grimaldii, vide infra”; Taenia From Williams, 1968 (in describing material chamissonii Linton, 1905; (?sic) Cysticercus identified by Baylis, 1932) - Found in the delphini Rudolphi, 1819, nec1810. bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops( truncatus), and in the common dolphin (Delphinus del- From Southwell and Walker, 1936 - Taenia phis). Both hosts were taken from the Falk- chamissonii. land Islands. From Williams, 1968 - Phyllobothrium Remarks: chamissoni. The taxonomic status and historical account Hosts and Locality: of this parasite is very involved. Reviews Monorygma delphini w 55

are provided by Delyamure (1955) and Wil- acutus), the North Atlantic pilot whale (Glo- liams (1968). A brief account was presented bicephala melaena), and in a dolphin (Delphi- by Dailey and Brownell (1972). Williams, nus sp.). Geographical distribution includes in his review, suggests Monorygma may be various points in the Atlantic Ocean and synonymous with the Phyllobothrium genus. in the Mediterranean Sea (off the coasts of Spain, Finland and Corsica). Remarks: Monorygma grimaldii Delyamure (1955) gives an historical ac- Synonymy: count of this parasite. He also lists marine From Baylis, 1932 - Taenia grimaldii Moniez, mammals as “reservoir hosts” and sharks 1889; Cysticercus Taenia grimaldii Moniez, (probably of the genus Scyllium) as the de- 1889; Cysticercus grimaldii Braum, 1898. finitive host of this parasite. From Delyamure, 1955 - Kutes vermineux de Williams (1968) reviewed the Monorygma la cavite’ abdominate d’um Douphin Redi, genus and questions the overall validity of 1684; Dubium delphini Rudolphi, 1810; Cys- the genus and the dearth of accurate infor- ticercus delphini (species dubia) Rudol- mation needed to distinguish Monorygma phi, 1819; Cephalocotyleum delphini delphis grimaldii from Phyllobothrium delphini. Diesing, 1850; Phyllobothrium sp. Ed. van Beneden, 1868; P. delphini P. v. Beneden 1870; Cysticerque de Taenia grimaldii Mo- Phyllobothrium sp. niez, 1889; Cysticercus Taenia grimaldii Hosts and Locality: Braum, 1898; Taenia schamissoni Linton, 1905; Cysticerque du groupe grimaldii Baer, 1932. From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and in the See Remarks. white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acu- Hosts and Locality: tus). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided by From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the white-sided author. dolphin (Langenorhynchus acutus), the common dolphin (? [sic] Delphinus delphis), and From Baylis and Hamilton, 1934 - Found in the pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps). the South American sea lion (Otaria byronia) Information regarding the geographical lo- from the Falkland Islands. cation of hosts was not provided by author. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the the Pacific striped dolphin (Lagenorhyn- bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops( truncatus), the chus obliquidens), the long-beaked dolphin Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Langenorhyn- (Stenella longirostris), the Hawaiian spin- chus acutus), the North Atlantic pilot whale ner dolphin (Stenella roseiventris), the nar- (Globicephala melaena), the pygmy sperm row-snouted dolphin (Stenella attenuata), whale (Kogia breviceps), and in a dolphin the eastern pacific spotted dolphinStenella ( (Delphinus sp.) Information regarding the graffmani), the northern right whale dol- geographical location of hosts was not pro- phin (Lissodelphis borealis), the killer whale vided by authors. (Orcinus orca), the short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhyncha), the Dall por- From Dailey and Perrin, 1973 - Found in the poise (Phocoenoides dalli), the dwarf sperm Eastern Pacific spotted dolphinStenella ( whale (Kogia simus), the Atlantic white- graffmini) captured at Lat. 12° 51′ N, Long. sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus), the 93° 18′ W; Lat. 7° 11′ N, Long. 90° 32′ W.; dwarf sperm whale (Kogia simus), the goose Lat. approx. 8° 11′ N, Long. 107°W. beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris), and in the From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the bottle- striped dolphin (Stenella caeruleoalba). Infor- nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), the At- mation regarding the geographical location lantic white-sided dolphin (Langenorhynchus of hosts was not provided by authors. Cestoda 56 S

From Johnston, 1937b, - Found in the Southern Leidy, 1891; Scolex delphini Stossich, 1897; elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) from the Plerocercoids of group delphini Baer, 1932; Antarctic (Macquaire Island). Phyllobothrium sp. Carnot, 1822 and Rennie and Reid, 1912. From King, 1964 - Found in the Southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina). Information From Williams, 1968 - Phyllobothrium tumidum regarding the geographical location of host Linton, 1922. was not provided by author. Hosts and Locality: From Markowski, 1952b - Citing “Baylis in From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the common dol- (sic) Hamilton, 1934”, found in the South phin (Delphinus delphis), the Risso dolphin American sea lion (Otaria byronia) from the (Grampus griseus), and in the bottlenose dol- “Arctic and other regions”. phin (Tursiops truncatus). Information re- From Markowski, 1955 - Larvae found in the garding the geographical location of hosts sperm whale (Physeter catodon) and the was not provided by author. dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the from Durban, Simon’s Town, South Africa, South American sea lion (Otaria byronia), the and South Georgia. leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), the Wed- From Rennie and Reid, 1912 - Larval specimen dell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli), the South found in the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes American fur seal (Arctocephalus austra- weddelli) from the Antarctic. lis), the Risso dolphin (Grampus griseus), the North Atlantic pilot whale (Globicephala me- From Williams, 1968 - Found in the bottle- laena), the sperm whale (Physeter catodon), nose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) from the the pigmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps), Falkland Islands, and in the Atlantic white- the Sowerby beaked whale (Mesoplodon sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) bidens), the giant bottlenosed whale (Berar- from Woods Hole (Massachusetts) and the dius bairdi), the bowhead or Greenland right Falkland Islands. Also mentioned are the whale (Balaena mysticetus), the fin whale dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus), (Balaenoptera physalus), and in the bottlenose the sperm whale (Physeter catodon), and the dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Information re- Weddell seal (Leptonychotes [= Ogmorhyn- garding the geographical location of hosts chus] weddelli). The author did not provide was not provided by authors. information regarding the geographical location of the hosts (see Markowski, 1955). From Dailey and Perrin, 1973 - Found in the eastern Pacific spotted dolphinStenella ( graffmani) and the long-beaked dolphin Phyllobothrium delphini (Stenella longirostris). Both hosts taken from the following locations: Synonymy: 1) Lat. 12° 51′ N, Long. 93° 18′ W. From Baylis, 1932 - Hydatis delphini Bosc, 1802; 2) Lat. 7° 11′ N, Long. 90° 32′ W. Cysticercus delphini Laennec, 1804; Cysticer- 3) Lat. approx. 8° 11′ N, Long. 107°W. cus delphini Rudolphi, 1810; sp. Vermis del- From Delyamure, 1955 - Author states the de- phini delphis Rud, 1810; Cephalocotyleum del- finitive, intermediate and supplementary phini delphis Diesing, 1850; ? (sic) Cysticercus hosts are not known. Author lists as “res- physeteris Diesing, 1863; (vide Phyllobothrium ervoir hosts” the following: the bowhead physeteris, infra). whale (Balaena mysticetus), the sowerby dol- From Delyamure, 1955 - Hydatis delphini Bosc, phin (Mesopodon bidens), the sperm whale 1802; Cysticercus delphini Laennec, 1804; Cys- (Physeter catodon), the pigmy sperm whale ticercus sp. Bennett, 1937; Cysticercus - mys- (Kogia brevicepa), the Risso dolphin (Gram- ticeti Diesing, 1850; Cysticercus physeteris pus griseus), the common dolphin (Delphinus Diesing, 1863; larva Phyllbothrium sp. Ed. delphis), the bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops( van Beneden, 1868; Phyllobothrium inchoatum tursio), the pilot whale (Globicephalus melas), Phyllobothrium delphini w 57

and the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes wedelli). (Globicephala melaena) from Britian; the Geographical distribution is the Atlantic sperm whale (Physeter catodon) from the Ocean (Azore Islands); Cape Finisterre and Falkland Islands; the pigmy sperm whale other points; the Mediterranean Sea (Gibral- (Kogia breviceps) from South Australia; and tar, Corsica); Australia; Antarctica; and the the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus Pacific Ocean (Commander Island region). australis) from the Falkland Islands. From Guiart, 1935 - Found in the North Atlan- See Remarks. tic pilot whale (Globicephala melaena) from Remarks: the Mediterranean Sea. There has been considerable confusion re- From King, 1964 - Found in the Weddell seal garding the identification and classifica- (Leptonychotes weddelli), the South American tion of D. delphini. Historical surveys and sea lion (Otaria byronia), the South American reviews are provided by Delyamure (1955) fur seal (Arctocephalus australis), the South and Williams (1968). Williams (1968), does African fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus), the not believe P. physeteris to be a valid species Kerguelen fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis), or identical with P. delphini and questions and in the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx). the identification and conclusions reached Information regarding the geographical lo- by Southwell and Walker (1936). cation of hosts was not provided by author. Dailey and Brownell (1972) list the Green- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in land right whale (Balaena mysticetus) as a the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), the host to P. delphini and cite Baylis (1932) as north Pacific giant bottlenosed whale (Be- a source reference. Actually, Baylis lists rardius bairdi), the common dolphin (Del- the host with P. physeteris and states that phinus delphis), the pacific white-sided dol- P. delphini and P. physeteris may be identi- phin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), and in the cal. Baylis does not provide information sperm whale (Physeter catodon). Geograph- regarding the geographical location of the ical distribution includes British Columbia hosts. and California (specific host locations not provided by authors). Dailey and Brownell (1972), also list the South African fur seal (Arctocephalus pusil- From Markowski, 1952b - Found in the South lus) and the Kerguelen fur seal (Arctocepha- American sea lion (Otaria byronia) and the lus tropicalis) as hosts of P. delphini. For both South American fur seal (Arctocephalus aus- cases they reference Markowski (1952b) as a tralis) from the “Arctic and other regions”. source reference. However, no mention of From Rice, 1963 - Found in the giant bottle- these hosts could be found in either of Mar- nosed dolphin (Berardius bairdi) and the kowski’s papers published in 1952 (Mar- sperm whale (Physeter catodon). Both hosts kowski, 1952a, Markowski, 1952b). How- were from California. ever, both these host species are listed by King (1964). Markowski (1952b) does list From Southwell and Walker, 1936 - Found in the South American sea lion (Otaria byro- the South American fur seal (Arctocepha- nia) and the South American fur seal (Arcto- lus australis), the South American sea lion cephalus australis) as hosts of Phyllobothrium (Otaria byronia), and the leopard seal (Hy- delphini. In reference to the giant bottle- drurga leptonyx). All hosts were from the nosed whale (Berardius bairdi), Dailey and Falkland Islands. Brownell (1972) list this parasite under the From Williams, 1968 - Found in the Sowerby spelling “Trigonocotyle sp.” beaked whale (Mesoplodon bidens) from Bel- gium; the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) from Belgium and the Falkland Is- Phyllobothrium hians lands; the Risso dolphin (Grampus griseus) Synonymy: from the Falkland Islands; the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) from the Falk- From Delyamure, 1955 - Bothriocephalus phocae- land Islands; the North Atlantic pilot whale foetidae Creplin, 1825. Cestoda 58 S

From Markowski, 1952b - Bothriocephalus hians Leuckart, 1863; Dibothriocephalus hians Lühe, Phyllobothrium physeteris 1899; Dibothriocephalus polycalceolus Ariola, 1896; Diphyllobothrium polycalceolum Meg- Synonymy: gitt, 1924; Bothriocephalus sp. Chapin, 1925; From Baylis, 1932 - “possibly identical to P. del- Diphyllobothrium variabile Krabbe, 1865. phini (Bosc)”. From Yamaguti, 1959 - Cordicephalus phocarus Hosts and Locality: Wardle, McLeod and Stewart, 1947. From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the bowhead Hosts and Locality: whale (Balaena mysticetus) and the sperm From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the ringed whale (Physeter catodon). Information re- seal (Phoca hispida) from Europe and garding geographical location of hosts was Iceland. not provided by author. From Markowski, 1952b - Found in the Ha- Remarks: waiian monk seak (Monachus schauinslandi) Dailey and Brownell (1972) list the host from Laysan Island (Hawaii), and in a har- reference by Baylis under Phyllobothrium bor seal (Phoca vitulina) from an unspecified delphini. location. Also found in a seal from the Lon- don Zoological Gardens that Markowski states was probably a harbor seal (Phoca vit- Plicobothrium globicephalae ulina) from an unknown location. Hosts and Locality: From Stiles and Hassall, 1899 - Found in the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), and From Rausch and Margolis, 1969 - Found in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). Hosts were the North Atlantic pilot whale (Globicephala mentioned as being from an unknown loca- melaena) from Trinity Bay (Newfoundland). tion in the north Pacific Ocean. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From Yamaguti, 1959 - Found in the monk seal North Atlantic pilot whale (Globicephala me- (Phoca monachus), the ringed seal (Phoca his- laena). Information regarding the geograph- pida), the bearded seal (Phoca barbatus), and ical location of host was not provided by in the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus authors. curilensis). All hosts were from the North Remarks: Atlantic Ocean (specific geographical locations of hosts not specified by author). This genus and species was introduced by Rausch and Margolis (1969). Remarks: Markowski (1952b) provides a brief historical account of this parasite. Polypocephalus tortus Synonymy: Phyllobothrium inchoatum From Markowski, 1952b - Pyramicocephalus phocarum Fabricius, 1780; Taenia phocarum Synonymy: Fabricius, 1780; Alyselminthus phocarum de From Baylis, 1932 - “Possibly identical with P. Blainville, 1828; Bothriocephalus phocarum lactuca v. Beneden, 1850.” Krabbe, 1865; Pyramicocephalus phocarum Braun, 1900; Pyramicocephalus phocarum Hosts and Locality: Guiat, 1935; Cordicephalus phocarum War- From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the Sowerby’s dle, McLeod and Stewart, 1947; Taenia pho- whale (Mesoplodon bidens). Information re- cae Fabricius, 1793; Alyselminthus lanceolata- garding the geographical location of host anthocephala Rudolphi, 1810; Tetrabothrium was not provided by author. anthocephalus Diesing, 1850; Bothrocephalus Polypocephalus tortus w 59

anthocephalus Baird, 1853; Pyramiococepha- lus anthocephalus Monticelli, 1890; Anthoboth- Priapocephalus eschrichtii rium tortum Linstow, 1904. Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From Murav’eva and Treskchev, 1970 - Found From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the in the gray whale (Eschrichtius gibbosus) bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus). Informa- from the Chuckchee Sea. tion regarding geographical location of host was not provided by authors. From King, 1964 - Found in the bearded seal Priapocephalus grandis (Erignathus barbatus) and in the ringed seal Hosts and Locality: (Phoca hispida). Information regarding geographical location of hosts was not provided From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the sei whale by author. (Balaenoptera borealis), the blue whale (Balae- noptera musculus), and in the whale “Balaena From Markowski, 1952b - If Polypocephalus tor- antarctica, [? B. australis]” (sic). Information tus = Pyramicocephalus phocarum, then found regarding the geographical location of hosts in the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) was not provided by author. from Hinlopen Straits, Spitzbergen, and Baf- fin Bay. From Clark, 1956 - Found in the sperm whale (Physeter catodon) from the Azore Islands. Remarks: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in Delyamure (1955) gives Polypocephalus tortus the sperm whale (Physeter catodon), the sei “Uncertain taxonomic” status. whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) and in the black Priapocephalus sp. right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). Informa- Synonymy: tion regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Tetrabothius sp. See Remarks. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the blue whale Hosts and Locality: (Balaenoptera musculus), the fin whale (Balae- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in noptera physalus), and in the black right the gray whale (Eschrichtius gibbosus = robus- whale (Eubalaena glacialis). Geographi- tus). Information regarding geographical local distribution includes the south Arctic cation of host was not provided by authors. Ocean, South Africa, South Shetlands, South See Remarks. Georgia, and small islands south of 50° S latitude. From Rice and Wolman, 1971 - Found in the gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) from Cali- From Markowski, 1955 - Found in the sei fornia (between Half Moon Bay [Lat. 37° 30′ whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the blue whale N] and Point Reyes [Lat. 38° 00′ N]. (Balaenoptera musculus), the fin whale (Balae- noptera physalus) and in the sperm whale Remarks: (Physeter catodon). Hosts geographical lo- Dailey and Brownell (1972) list the gray calities include Saldanha Bay and Durban whale (Eschrichtius gibbosus [= Eschrich- (South Africa), South Georgia, Southern tius robustus]) as a host of unidentified Ocean (56° 40′ 32″ S, 24° 33″ W); Porto Pim; Priapocephalus. In a footnote they mention and the Azores. that through “personal communication” From Prudhoe, 1969 - Found in the blue whale with Rice, the parasite is synonymous with (Balaenoptera musculus) from the Antarctic Tetrabothrius sp., which was reported by Rice (65° 41′ S, 178°29′ 30″ E). (1963) to be a parasite found in E. gibbosus from California (San Francisco Bay). Cestoda 60 S

Priapocephalus minor Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Steller’s sea lion (Eumatopias jubata), From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the sei whale the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), the (Balaenoptera borealis). Information regard- hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), the sea ot- ing the geographical location of host was ter (Enhydra lutris) and in the ringed seal not provided by author. (Phoca hispida). Information regarding the From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the geographical location of hosts was not pro- fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Informa- vided by authors. tion regarding the geographical location of From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Steller’s host was not provided by authors. sea lion (Eumetopias jubata), the bearded seal From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sei (Erignathus barbatus), the hooded seal (Cys- whale (Balaenoptera borealis) and the fin tophora cristata), the ringed seal (Phoca his- whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Geographi- pida) and in the Okhotsk ringed seal (Phoca cal distribution includes the Atlantic Ocean hispida okhotensis). Geographical distri- (west coast of Norway) and the Sea of Ok- bution covers the Arctic Ocean (Iceland, hotsk (Kurile Island region). Greenland, Spitzbergen, northern Can- ada, and Alaska), and Russia (White Sea, From Yamaguti, 1959 - Found in the fin whale Nokuev Island, Kotel’nyi Island, Novaya (Balaenoptera physalus) and the sei whale Zemlya, Barents Sea, and Sea of Okhotsk (Balaenoptera borealis) from Sweden and [Aniva Chaiskii Gulfs]). France. From Hilliard, 1960 - Found in the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) from St. Lawrence Pseudophyllidae sp. Island (Alaska). Hosts and Locality: From Kenyon, 1962 - Found in the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) from Little Dio- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the mede Island (Alaska). gray whale (Eschrichtius gibbosus). Informa- tion regarding the geographical location of From King, 1964 - Found in the bearded seal host was not provided by authors. (Erignathus barbatus), the ringed seal (Phoca hispida), the hooded seal (Cystophora cris- From Tomilin, 1967 - Unidentified species tata), and in the Steller’s sea lion (Eumato- found in the gray whale (Eschrichtius gibbo- pias jubata). Information regarding the geo- sus) from the Chuckchee Sea. graphical location of hosts was not provided by author. Pyramicocephalus phocarum From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the sea otter Enhydra( lutris), the bearded seal Synonymy: (Erignathus barbatus), the harbour porpoise From Markowski, 1952b - Taenia phocarum Fa- (Phocoena phocoena), and in a seal (Phoca sp.). bricius, 1780; Alyselminthus phocarum de All hosts were from Alaska. Blainville, 1828; Bothriocephalus phocarum From Markowski, 1952b - Found in the Krabbe, 1865; Cordicephalus phocarum War- bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) from Hin- dle, McLeod and Stewart, 1947; Taenia pho- lopen Straits, Spitzbergen, and Baffin Bay. cae Fabricius, 1793; Alyselminthus lanceolata- lobata Zeder, 1800; Halysis lanceolata-lobata From Rausch, 1953 - Found in the sea otter (En- Zeder, 1803; Taenia anthocephala Rudolphi, hydra lutris) from the Arctic coast of Alaska. 1810; Tetrabothrium anthocephalus Diesing, From Rausch and Hilliard, 1970 - Found free 1850; Bothrocephalus anthocephalus Baird, plerocercoids in the stomach of a common 1853; Pyramiococephalus anthocephalus Mon- porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from Hooper ticelli, 1890; Anthobothrium tortum Linstow, Bay (Alaska). 1904; Polypocephalus tortus Meggitt, 1924. Pyramicocephalus phocarum w 61

Remarks: Strobilocephalus sp. The cod (Gadus) is thought to play an im- Hosts and Locality: portant role in the life cycle of this parasite From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in [see Delyamure (1955); Hilliard (1960); and the Eastern Pacific spotted dolphinStenella ( Rauch and Hilliard, (1970)]. graffmani). Information regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by authors. Schistocephalus solidus Hosts and Locality: Strobilocephalus triangularis From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) and the ringed Synonymy: seal (Pusa hispida). Information regarding From Baylis, 1932 - Tetrabothrium triangu- geographical location of hosts was not pro- lare Diesing, 1850; Prothecocotyle triangulare vided by authors. Fuhrmann, 1899; Tetrabothrius triangularis From Delyamure, 1955 - Larval parasites found Fuhrmann, 1903. in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) and the From Delyamure, 1955 - Tetrabothrium triangu- ringed seal (Pusa hispida). Information re- lare Diesing, 1850; Prothecocotyle triangulare garding geographical location of hosts was Fuhrmann, 1899; Tetrabothrius triangularis not provided by author. Fuhrmann, 1904. From King, 1964 - Found in the gray seal (Hali- Hosts and Locality: choerus grypus), and the common seal (Phoca vitulina). Information regarding geograph- From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the bottlenosed ical location of hosts was not provided by whale (Hyperoodon rostratus), the dolphin author. (Delphinus sp.), and in the white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus). Information Remarks: regarding the geographical location of hosts Yamaguti (1959) lists species of fish, frogs was not provided by author. and birds as hosts of this parasite but give From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the no mention of any marine mammals being rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis), hosts. Markowski (1952b) categorizes this the Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lageno- parasite as “incerte sedis” and does not list rhynchus acutus), the Sowerby beaked whale any host species nor provide any additional (Mesoplodon bidens), the northern bottle- information. Hilliard (1960) does not list nosed whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus), and any marine mammals as host of this para- in a dolphin (Delphinus sp). Information re- site in samples taken in Alaska. garding the geographical location of hosts Dailey and Brownell (1972) note that the was not provided by authors. parasite specimen taken from the ringed From Dailey and Perrin, 1973 - Found in the seal was in the larval stage. eastern Pacific spotted dolphinStenella ( graffmani) taken at Lat. 12° 51′ N, Long. 93° 18′ W. Scolex delphini From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the north- Hosts and Locality: ern bottlenosed whale Hyperoodon( ampul- From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the Risso’s dol- latus), the Sowerby beaked whale (Mesoplo- phin (Grampus griseus). Information regard- don bidens), the Atlantic white-sided dolphin ing the geographical location of host was (Lagenorhynchus acutus), the rough-toothed not provided by author. dolphin (Steno bredanensis) [= steno rostratus], and in a dolphin (Delphinus sp.). Geograph-

ical distribution includes the Atlantic Ocean (near Lisbon and off the coast of Brazil). Cestoda 62 S

From Yamaguti, 1959 - Found in the rough- toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis), the Tetrabothrium arsenyevi northern bottlenosed whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus), the Atlantic white-sided dolphin Hosts and Locality: (Lagenorhynchus acutus), and in a dolphin From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the (Delphinus sp.). Geographical distribution sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis). Information is the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Material regarding the geographical location of host described by the author was taken from the was not provided by authors. See Remarks. Marshall Islands. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sei Remarks: whale (Balaenoptera borealis) from the A brief historical account of this genus is Antarctic. provided by Delyamure (1955). Remarks: This species was first introduced by Dely- Tetrabothrium sp. amure (1955). Dailey and Brownell (1972) list this as a parasite of the sei whale under Hosts and Locality: the spelling “Tetrobathrius arsenyevi”. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) and the gray whale (Eschrichtius gibbosus). Both hosts Tetrabothrium curilensis were from California. Hosts and Locality: From Rice, 1963 - Found in the sei whale From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the (Balaenoptera borealis) and the gray whale sperm whale (Physeter catodon). Information (Eschrichtius gibbosus). Both hosts were from regarding the geographical location of host California. was not provided by authors. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sperm Tetrabothrium albertini whale (Physeter catodon) from the Sea of Ok- hotsk and the Pacific Ocean (Kurile Islands). Synonymy: From Delyamure, 1955 - Anophryocephalus anophrys Baylis, 1922. Tetrabothrius affinis Hosts and Locality: Synonymy: From Markowski, 1952b - Found in the seal Ph- From Baylis, 1932 - Diplobothrium affine Lönn- oca vitulina [= P. maculata]. Information re- berg, 1891; Tetrabothrium (Diplobothrium) af- garding the geographical location of host fine Lönnberg, 1892. was not provided by author. From Delyamure, 1955 - Orians wilsoni Leiper See Remarks. and Atkinson, 1914; Tetrabothrium wilsoni (Leiper and Atkinson, 1914) Baylis, 1926. Remarks: From Markowski, 1955 - Diplobothrium affine From Delyamure (1955) - If Tetrabothrium al- Lönnberg (in Jägerskiöld, 1891); Tetraboth- bertini is synonymous with Anophryocephalus rium (Diplobothrium) affine Lönnberg, 1892. anophrys, then this parasite also was found in a ringed seal (Phoca hispida [= Phoca macu- Hosts and Locality: lata]) from Spitzbergen Island. From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the sei whale Markowski (1952b) equates P. maculate with (Balaenoptera borealis) and the blue whale the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), while Dely- (Balaenoptera musculus). Information regard- amure (1955) equates Phoca maculata with ing geographical location of hosts was not the ringed seal Phoca hispida. provided by author. Tetrabothrius affinis w 63

From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the chus acutus) from Lingley Cove, Edmunds, fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), the blue Maine. whale (Balaenoptera musculus) and in the sei From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in whale (Balaenoptera borealis). Information the rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanen- regarding geographical location of hosts sis) and the common dolphin (Delphinus del- was not provided by authors. phis). Information regarding the geograph- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sei ical location of host was not provided by whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the blue whale authors. See Remarks. (Balaenoptera musculus), and in the fin whale From Dailey and Perrin, 1973 - Found in the (Balaenoptera physalus). Geographical distri- spotted porpoise Stenella( graffmani) cap- bution is Europe (coast of Norway), South tured at Lat.12° 51′ N, Long. 93° N18′ W; Africa (Cape Town), New Zealand, and and at Lat. 7° 11′ N, Long. 90° N32′ W (east- Antarctica (South Shetlands Islands). ern tropical pacific). Also found in the spin- From Markowski, 1955 - Found in the blue ner porpoise (Stenella longirostris) captured whale (Balaenoptera musculus) and the sperm at Lat. 12° 51′ N, Long 93° N 18′ W; Lat whale (Physeter catodon) from Saldanha Bay; 70°11′ N, Long 90° N32′ W, and at Lat. ap- South Africa (Durban); South Georgia; and prox. 8 ° N, Long 107° W (eastern tropical at location Lat. 58° 32′ S, Long. 34° 52′ E. pacific). From Prudhoe, 1969 - Found in the blue whale From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the common (Balaenoptera musculus) from the Antarctic dolphin (Delphinus delphis) from the New (65° 41′ S, 178° 29′ 30″E). Zealand coast (Port Jackson), Naples Har- bor, and the Medirerranean Sea. Also found Remarks: in the Sowerby’s whale (Mesoplodon bidens) Brief historical data of T. affinis is provided and the dolphin (Steno rostratus) {= S. fronta- by Delyamure (1955). tus}. Geographical distribution of the parasite includes the Mediterranean Sea (Bay of Naples, coasts of Sardinia and Spain), and Tetrabothrius forsteri the southern part of the Pacific Ocean (New Zealand region). Synonymy: From Yamaguti, 1959 - Found in the common From Baylis, 1932 - Taenia forsteri Krefft, 1871; dolphin (Delphinus delphis) from Australia Prosthecocotyle forsteri Monticelli, 1892; Tet- and the Medirerranean Sea. Also found in rabothrium triangulare Leidy, 1892 nec Steno frontatus and the Sowerby whale (Me- Diesing, 1850. soplodon bidens). Information regarding the From Delyamure, 1955 - Taenia forsteri Krefft, geographical location of the later two hosts 1871; Prosthecocotyle forsteri (Krefft, 1871) was not provided by author. Monticelli, 1892; Tetrabothrium triangulare Remarks: Leidy, 1892 (nec Diesing, 1850); Prostheco- cotyle diplosoma Guiart, 1935; Prosthecocotyle Historic taxonomic information of this para- pachysoma Guiart, 1935. site is provided by Delyamure (1955). Hosts and Locality: Baylis (1932) reported this parasite was found in Steno rostraus rather than Steno From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the common dol- bredanensis. phin (Delphinus delphis), the Sowerby’s whale (Mesoplodon bidens) and in the dolphin (Steno rostratus). Information regard- Tetrabothrium ruudi ing the geographical location of hosts was not provided by author. Hosts and Locality: From Beverley-Burton, 1978 - Found in the At- From Baylis 1932 - Found in the fin whale lantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhyn- (Balaenoptera physalus). Information regard- Cestoda 64 S

ing the geographical location of host was then this parasite was found in the sei whale not provided by author. (Balaenoptera borealis), the blue whale (Balae- noptera musculus), and the fin whale (Balae- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the noptera physalus). Geographical distribution fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Informa- includes Europe (coast of Norway), South tion regarding the geographical location of Africa (Cape Town), New Zealand, and host was not provided by authors. Antarctica (South Shetlands Islands). From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the fin From Leiper and Atkinson, 1914 - Found in the whale (Balaenoptera physalus) from the west sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) from New coast of Norway, waters of France, and Rus- Zealand (Bay of Islands). sia (Kronotskii Gulf [Pacific Ocean]). From Markowski, 1955 - Found in the sei From Markowski, 1955 - Found in the fin whale (Balaenoptera borealis) and blue whale whale (Balaenoptera physalus) from the Ant- (Balaenoptera musculus) from Durban, South arctic (South Georgia). Africa, and South Georgia. From Rees, 1953 - Found in the sperm whale Tetrabothrius schaeferi (Physeter catodon) from the Ross Sea. Synonymy: Remarks: From Markowski, 1955 - Tetrabothrius affine Delyamure (1955) discusses T. wilsoni in his Baylis, 1926; Tetrabothrius sp. Rees, 1953. brief historical review of T. affinis. Hosts and Locality: From Markowski, 1955 - Found in the blue Tetraphyllidean sp. whale (Balaenoptera musculus) from South Hosts and Locality: Georgia and Southern Ocean. From Markowski, 1955 – A larva of this parasite was found in a sperm whale (Physeter Tetrabothrius wilsoni catodon) from South Georgia. Synonymy: From Baylis, 1932 - Oriana wilsoni Leiper and Trigonocotyle sp. Atkinson, 1914. Hosts and Locality: From Delyamure, 1955 - Tetrabothrium affinis From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Lönnberg, 1892; Tetrabothrium (Diploboth- sperm whale (Physeter catodon) and the gi- rium) affine Lönnberg 1892; Orians wilsoni ant bottlenosed whale (Berardius bairdi). In- Leiper and Atkinson, 1914; Diplobothrium af- formation regarding the geographical loca- fine Lönnberg, 1891. tion of hosts was not provided by authors. Hosts and Locality: See Remarks. From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the sei whale From Delyamure, 1955 - Representatives from (Balaenoptera borealis). Information regard- this genus were found by Gubanov, 1952, ing the geographical location of host was in the sperm whale (Physeter catodon) and in not provided by author. the bottlenosed whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) from the Sea of Okhotsk and Pacific From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Ocean (Kurile Islands region). sperm whale (Physeter catodon) and in the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis). Information Remarks: regarding the geographical location of hosts Delyamure (1955) lists the bottlenosed was not provided by authors. whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) and the From Delyamure, 1955 - If T. wilsoni = T. affinis, sperm whale (Physeter catodon) as hosts of Trigonocotyle sp. w 65

Trigonocotyle sp.; there is no mention of the Trigonocotyle monticellii giant bottlenosed whale (Berardius bairdi) be- Synonymy: ing a host. From Baylis, 1932 - Prosthecocotyle monticellii Linton, 1923 (nec Fuhrmann, 1899). Trigonocotyle globicephalae Hosts and Locality: Synonymy: From Baylis, 1932 - Found in pilot whale (Glo- From Markowski, 1955 - Prosthecocotyle mon- bicephala melaena). Information regarding the ticelli Linton, 1923; Trigonocotyle monticelli geographical location of host was not pro- Baer, 1932; Trigonocotyle lintoni Yamaguti, vided by author. 1942. Hosts and Locality: Trigonocotyle prudhoei From Delyamure, 1955 - If T. globicephala = T. Hosts and Locality: lintoni, then found in the North Atlantic pilot whale (Globicephala melaena) from the From Markowski, 1955 - Found in the rough- Massachusetts coast (Martha’s Vineyard), tooth dolphin (Steno bredanensis), the dusky and in the Mediterranean Sea (off coasts of or piebald dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscu- Spain and France). rus), and in the dolphin (Langenorhynchus australis). All hosts were from the Antarctic From Markowski, 1955 - Found in Globicephala (14° 45′ N, 18° 34′ E); East Falkland Islands edwardi from South Africa (off Cape Town). (southernmost point of Bay of Harbours).

Trigonocotyle lintoni Trigonocotyle skrjabini Synonymy: Hosts and Locality: From Delyamure, 1955 - Prosthecocotyle mon- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the ticelli Linton, 1923 (nec Fuhrmann, 1899); ringed seal (Phoca hispida). Information re- Triggonocotyle monticelli Baer, 1932. garding the geographical location of host From Markowski, 1955 - Triggonocotyle globi- was not provided by authors. cephalae Yamaguti, 1942. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Othotsk Hosts and Locality: ringed seal (Phoca hispida ochotensis) from the Sea of Okhotsk (Aniva Gulf). From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the North Atlantic pilot whale (Globicephala me- From King, 1964 - Found in the ringed seal laena). Information regarding the geograph- (Phoca hispida). Information regarding the ical location of host was not provided by geographical location of host was not pro- authors. vided by author. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the North Atlantic pilot whale (Globicephala melaena) Trigonocotyle spasskyi from the Massachusetts coast (Martha’s Vineyard), and in the Mediterranean Sea Hosts and Locality: (off coasts of Spain and France). From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From Markowski, 1955 - If T. lintoni = T. globi- killer whale (Orcinus orca). Information re- cephala, then found in the North Atlantic pi- garding the geographical location of host lot whale Globicephala melaena [= edwardi] was not provided by authors. from South Africa (off Cape Town). From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the killer whale (Orca orca) from the Sea of Okhotsk (Kurile Islands region). 66 S

Nematoda

Nematodes or round worms are common parasites in the stomach and intestines of marine mammals and occasionally sea turtles. They can also be found in tissues like the lungs, mammary glands, or surrounding the peri-auditory sinuses of cetaceans. Small numbers are often well tolerated, but interactions that cause excessive infla- mation, ulcerate or perforate the stomach, occlude air passages, or erode the bone of skull can cause significant pathology. Species of the ubiquitous Anisakidae mature and reproduce only in marine mammals, but their larval forms are found in invertebrates, fish, and even humans. Since the larval worms have economic impact thru additional processing or condemnation of fish, and zoonotic potential they are among the best studied marine mammal parasites. The life cycle of many species in this group is well established. Morphologi- cal species identification requires examining adult male worms which can be difficult even in patent infections, fortunately molecular methods can now be employed, but this has not yet brought widespread clarity to these cases, as the molecular techniques are not standardized or commercially available. The genera of interest are An- isakis, Contracaecum, and Pseudoterranova. While ingesting larval anisakid worms in fish can be risky, the adults do not cause human infection. In marine mammals, lungworms mostly belong to Pseudaliidae, and can cause inflammation and obstruction of airpassages in cetaceans and pulmonary disease in seals. A family of nematodes re- stricted to marine mammals is Crassicaudidae which contains the largest nematode Crassicauda boopis from the excretory system of the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Other members of this genus are found in subcutaneous tissues, the peribullar sinus, and mammary tissue. Filaroid nematodes are also represented in tissue worms and as heartworm of seals.

Anisakis sp. danensis), the short finned pilot whale (Glo- bicephala macrorhyncha), the killer whale Hosts and Locality: (Orcinus orca), the Dall porpoise (Phocoe- From Baylis, 1929 - Found in the humpback noides dalli), the sei whale (Balaenoptera bo- whale (Megaptera nodosa) from Durban. realis), the humpback whale (Megaptera novaengliae), and in the striped dolphin From Baylis, 1932 - Larvae found in the hump- (Stenella caeruleoalba). Information regard- back whale (Megaptera nodosa). Information ing geographical location of hosts was not regarding geographical location of hosts provided by authors. was not provided by author. From Johnston and Mawson, 1941 - Found in From Beverley-Burton, 1978 - Found in the At- the Tasmanian fur seal (Gypsophoca tasman- lantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhyn- ica) from Franklin Island, Derwent Heads, chus acutus) from Lingley Cove, Edmunds, Tasmania (Australia). Maine. From King, 1964 - Found in the Tasmanian fur From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the seal (Arctocephalus tasmanicus). Information Tasmanian fur seal (Arctocephalus tasmani- regarding the geographical locality of host cus), the rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bre- was not provided by author. Anisakis sp. w 67

From Lyster, 1940 - Found in the white whale Anisakis alexandri (Delphinapterus leucas) from Ellesmere Is- Synonymy: land, Lake Harbor and Baffin Island. From Yamaguti, 1961 - Filocapsularia alexandri From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in Hsü and Hoeppli, 1933. the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), the North Pa- Hosts and Locality: cific giant bottle-toothed nose whale (Berar- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the dius bairdi), the humpback whale (Megaptera Chinese white-sided dolphin (Sousa chinen- novaengliae), the killer whale (Orcinus orca), sis). Information regarding geographical lo- the sperm whale (Physeter catodon), and in cation of host was not provided by authors. the goose-beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris). Geographical distribution included From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Chinese Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and white-sided dolphin (Sousa chinensis) from California. the Pacific Ocean (China). From Margolis and Pike, 1955 - Found in the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) from the Anisakis bicolor North Sea. Synonymy: From Migaki et al, 1971 - Found in the Cali- fornia sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from From Delyamure, 1955 - Anisakis rosmarus California. (Baylis, 1916) Baylis, 1920; Ascaris bicolor Baird, 1868 nec Rudolphi, 1793; Anisakis From Rice, 1963 - Found in the sei whale alata Hsü, 1933. (Balaenoptera borealis), the humpback whale (Megaptera novaengliae), the fin whale (Balae- See Remarks. noptera physalus), and in the sperm whale Hosts and Locality: (Physeter catodon). All hosts were from the California coastline. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the walrus (Odobenus romarus). Information regarding geographical location of host was Anisakis alata not provided by authors. Synonymy: From King, 1964 - Found in the walrus (Odo- benus romarus). Information regarding geo- From Davey, 1971 - Anisakis simplex Rudolphi, graphical location of host was not provided 1809, det. Krabbe, 1878. by author. From Delyamure, 1955 - Anisakis rosmari Bay- From Stiles and Hassall, 1899 - Found in the lis, 1920; Ascaris bicolor Baird, 1868 nec Ru- walrus (Odobenus romarus) that died in a dolphi, 1793; Ascaris rosmari Baylis, 1916. London Zoo in England. Hosts and Locality: Remarks: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in a There seems to be general agreement that captive (zoo) walrus (Odobenus romarus). In- this is not a valid species. In introducing formation regarding geographical location the species, Stiles and Hassall (1899) ex- of host was not provided by authors. pressed doubts about its validity. Dely- From King, 1964 - Found in the walrus (Odo- amure (1955) mentions it as a synonym of benus romarus). Information regarding geo- Anisakis remarus, and Davey (1971), in his graphical location of host was not provided extensive revision of the genus Anisakis, by author. does not mention this parasite and equates From Yamaguti, 1961 - Found in the walrus Anisakis rosmarus and Anisakis alata with An- (Odobenus rosmarus) from a zoo in Ham- isakis simplex. burg, Germany. Nematoda 68 S

Anisakis catodontis From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Amazon River dolphin (Inia geoffrensis). In- Hosts and Locality: formation regarding geographical location From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the sperm whale of host was not provided by authors. (Physeter catodon). Information regarding From Layne and Caldwell, 1964 - Found in an geographical location of host was not pro- Amazon River dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) [= vided by author. Delphinis amazonicus] that was captured in the Amazon River (near Leticia) but died in Florida. Anisakis delphini Remarks: Synonymy: Davey (1971) considers this parasite to From Baylis, 1932 - “(? Synonym of Contracae- be species inquirendae for lack of valid cum lobulatum)” information. Hosts and Locality: From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the Gangetic dol- Anisakis ivanizkii phin (Platanista gangetica). Information regarding geographical location of host was Synonymy: not provided by author. From Davey, 1971 - Anisakis simplex Rudolphi, 1809. Anisakis dussumierii From Yamaguti, 1961 - Filocapsularia ivanizkii Mozgovi, 1949. Synonymy: Hosts and Locality: From Baylis, 1932 - Ascaris (Anisakis) simplex of Dujardin, 1845, nec Rudolphi, 1809; Asca- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the ris dussumierii van Beneden, 1870. sperm whale (Physeter catodon). Information regarding geographical location of host was Hosts and Locality: not provided by authors. From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the dolphin (Del- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sperm phinus sp.). Information regarding the geo- whale (Physeter catodon) from the Pa- graphical location of host was not provided cific Ocean (Commander Island region of by author. USSR).

Anisakis insignis Anisakis kükenthalii Synonymy: Synonymy: From Baylis, 1932 - Peritrachelius insignis From Baylis, 1932 - “Possibly a synonym of A. Diesing, 1851; Ascaris insignis Jägerskiöld, simplex”; Anisakis kükenthalii Cobb 1888. 1893. Hosts and Locality: From Yamaguti, 1961 - Filocapsularia insignis Diesing, 1851; Peritrachelius insignis Diesing, From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the white whale 1851. (Delphinapterus leucas). Information regarding geographical location of host was not Hosts and Locality: provided by author. From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the Bouto (Inia geoffrensis) [= Delphinis amazonicus]. Infor- mation regarding geographical location of hosts was not provided by author. Anisakis patagonica w 69

Anisakis patagonica From Yamaguti, 1961 - Found in the Mediterra- nean monk seal (Monachus monachus) from Synonymy: the Mediterranean Sea. From Davey, 1971 - Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809, det. Krabbe, 1878). Anisakis physeteris From Delyamure, 1955 - Ascaris patagonica Lin- stow, 1880. Synonymy: Hosts and Locality: From Davey, 1971 - Anisakis skryabini Mozgo- voi, 1949; Anisakis oceanica Johnston and From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in Mawson, 1951; Anosakis brevispiculata Doll- the South American sea lion (Otaria byro- fus, 1968. nia), and in the southern elephant seal (Mir- ounga leonina). Information regarding geo- From Yamaguti, 1961 - Filocapsularia physeteris. graphical location of hosts was not provided See Remarks. by authors. Hosts and Locality: From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the South From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the sperm whale American sea lion (Otaria byronia) from (Physeter catodon). Information regarding Patagonia. geographical location of host was not pro- From King, 1964 - Found in the southern el- vided by author. ephant seal (Mirounga leonina), the Steller From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) and in the South sperm whale (Physeter catodon). Information American sea lion (Otaria byronia). Infor- regarding geographical location of host was mation regarding geographical location of not provided by authors. hosts was not provided by author. From Davey, 1971 - Found in the sperm whale From Yamaguti, 1961 - Found in the Steller sea (Physeter catodon), the pigmy sperm whale lion (Eumetopias jubata) from Patagonia. (Kogia breviceps), the pilot whale (Globiceph- alus ventricosus), and in the bottlenosed whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus). Geographi- Anisakis pegreffii cal distribution is worldwide. Synonymy: From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sperm From Davey, 1971 - Anisakis simplex Rudolphi, whale (Physeter catodon) from the Atlantic 1809. Ocean (Saldanha Bay, South West Africa), South Georgia, and the Indian Ocean (Dur- From Delyamure, 1955 - Skrjabinisakis schupak- ban, eastern South Africa). ovi Mozgovoi, 1953; Anisakis sp. Schupakov, 1936. Fron Kagei et al, 1967 - Found in the sperm whale (Physeter catodon) from the coast of From Yamaguti, 1961 - Filocapsularia pegreffi Japan. Campana-Rouget and Biocca, 1955. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the Hosts and Locality: sperm whale (Physeter catodon) from Alaska From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the and British Columbia. Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus mo- From Margolis and Pike, 1955 - Found in the nachus). Information regarding geograph- sperm whale (Physeter catodon) from Alaska ical location of host was not provided by and British Columbia. authors. Remarks: From King, 1964 - Found in the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus). Informa- Yamaguti (1961) considers the genus Filocap- tion regarding geographical location of host sularia to be synonymous with Anisakis. was not provided by author. Nematoda 70 S

Anisakis rosmari Anisakis similis Synonymy: Synonymy: From Davey, 1971 - Anisakis simplex Baylis, From Davey, 1971 - Anisakis simplex Rudolphi, 1920. 1809; Anisakis alata Hsü, 1933; Anisakis ivanizkii Mozgovoi, 1949; Anisakis kogiae John- From Delyamure, 1955 - Ascaris bicolor Baird, ston and Mawson, 1939; Anisakis kukenthalii nec Rudolphi, 1793; Ascaris rosmari Baylis, Cobb, 1888; Anisakis patagonica von Linstow, 1916; Anisakis alata Hsü, 1933. 1880; Anisakis pegreffii Campana - Rouget Hosts and Locality: and Biocca, 1955; Anisakis rosmari Baylis, 1916; Anisakis tridentata Kreis, 1939. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the walrus (Odobenus romarus) and in the ringed From Delyamure, 1955 - Ascaris similis Baird, seal (Pusa hispida). Information regarding 1853. geographical location of hosts was not pro- From Johnston and Mawson, 1945 - Stomachus vided by authors. similis (Baird); Ascaris similis Baylis 1920; As- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the walrus caris patagonica Linstow 1880; Anisakis pata- (Odobenus rosmarus). Geographical distribu- gonia Baylis 1923; Capsularia similis Johnston tion “apparently” includes the North Atlan- and Mawson 1943. tic - Arctic region. From Yamaguti, 1961 - Ascaris patagonica Lin- From King, 1964 - Found in the ringed seal stow, 1880; Filocapsularia similis Baird, 1853. (Pusa hispida), and the walrus (Odobenus ros- Hosts and Locality: marus). Information regarding geographical location of hosts was not provided by From Baylis, 1929 - Found in the south- author. ern elephant seal (Mirounga leonia) from North Bay, Ice Fjord, and South Georgia (Antarctica). Anisakis schupakovi From Caballero and Peregrina, 1938 - Found Synonymy: in the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) from the San Diego Zoo, From Delyamure, 1955 - Skrjabinisakis schupak- California. ovi Mozgovoi, 1953; Anisakis sp. Schupakov, 1936. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the South American sea lion (Otaria byronia), the From Yamaguti, 1961 - Filocapsularia schupakovi harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), the northern el- Mozgovoi, 1953. ephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris), the Hosts and Locality: southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), and in From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the the California sea lion (Zalophus california- Caspian seal (Pusa caspica). Information re- nus). Information regarding geographical garding geographical location of host was location of hosts was not provided by au- not provided by authors. thors. See Remarks. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Cas- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the gray seal pian seal (Pusa caspica) from the Caspian Sea (Halichoerus grypus) and the southern ele- (Chechen Island). phant seal (Mirounga leonina). Geographi- From King, 1964 - Found in the Caspian seal cal distribution includes the Atlantic Ocean (Pusa caspica). Information regarding geo- (England, Falkland, South Georgia), the graphical location of host was not provided North Sea, Switzerland (Basle Zoo) and Aus- by author. tralia (Pacific Ocean). From Johnston, 1937c - Found in the elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) from Common- Anisakis similis w 71

wealth Bay and Macquarie Island (Antarc- in the referenced Baylis (1920a) paper for tica), and in the sea leopard (Hydrurga lep- Anisakis similis is an unidentified seal from tonyx) from Macquarie Island (Antarctica). Antarctica. From Johnston and Mawson, 1941 - Found in The geographical distribution of Anisakis the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) from similis is much more extensive if Davey’s Port River, Port Adelaide (Australia). (1971) opinion that A. similis is synonymous with A. simplex is correct. From Johnston and Mawson, 1945 - If Anisa- kis similis = Stomachus similis, then found in the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonia) Anisakis simplex from the Antarctic (Macquarie Island and Commonwealth Bay), and in the leopard Synonymy: seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) from Macquarie Is- From Baylis, 1932 - Ascaris simplex Rudolphi, land (Antarctica). 1804 (“not Ascaris [Anisakis] simplex, Du- From King, 1964 - Found in the gray seal (Ha- jardin, 1845”); Ascaris angulivalvis Creplin, lichoerus grypus), the leopard seal (Hydrurga 1851. leptonyx), the northern elephant seal (Mir- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Anisakis tur- ounga angustirostris), the southern elephant sonis Crusz, 1946; Ascaris angulivalis. seal (Mirounga leonina), the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis), the Steller From Davey, 1971 - Anisakis alata Hsü,, 1933; sea lion (Eumetopias jubata), the California Anisakis catodontis Baylis, 1929; Anisakis iva- sea lion (Zalophus californianus), the South nizkii Mozgovoi, 1949; Anisakis kogiae John- American sea lion (Otaria byronia), and in ston and Mawson, 1939; Anisakis küken- the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). Information thalii Cobb, 1888; Anisakis pegreffii Campana regarding geographical location of hosts - Rouget and Biocca, 1955; Anisakis patagon- was not provided by author. ica von Linstow, 1880; Anisakis rosmari Bay- lis, 1916; Anisaki similis Baird, 1853; Anisakis From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in tridentata Kreis, 1939. See Remarks. the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata), the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustiros- From Delyamure, 1955 - Ascaris simplex Rudol- tris), and in the California sea lion (Zalophus phi, 1809 nec Ascaris simplex, Dujardin 1845; californianus). Geographical distribution in- Ascaris angulivalvis Creplin, 1851; Anisakis cludes California (San Diego Zoo), Baja Cal- salaries (Gmelin, 1790) Yamaguti, 1935. ifornia, and Switzerland (Basel Zoo). From Yamaguti, 1961 - Filocapsularia From Yamaguti, 1961 - Found in the gray seal dussumierii. (Halichoerus grypus) from the Falklands and Hosts and Locality: Cornwall Islands. Also found in the Cali- fornia sea lion (Zalophus californianus), the From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the piked whale leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), the Steller (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), the sei whale sea lion (Eumetopias jubata), and in a seal (Balaenoptera borealis), the blue whale (Balae- (Phoca sp). Geographical distribution in- noptera musculus), the white whale (Delphi- cludes California, Antarctic, South Austra- napterus leucas), the dolphin (Delphinus sp.), lia, New Zealand, Patagonia, and the Gulf the bottled-nose dolphin Hyperoodon( ros- of St. Lawrence. tratus), the white-beaked dolphin (Lageno- rhynchus albirostris), the Sowerby dolphin Remarks: (Mesoplodon bidens), the narwhal (Monodon Dailey and Brownell (1972) list the Steller monoceros), the finned porpoise (Phocoena sea lion (Eumetopias jubata), the South Amer- phocoena), and in the Gangetic dolphin (?) ican fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) and the sic Platanista gangetica. Information regard- gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) as hosts to this ing the geographical locality of hosts was parasite and give Baylis, 1920a as a refer- not provided by author. ence source. However, the only host listed Nematoda 72 S

From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in whale (Physeter catodon). Geographical dis- the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata), the tribution includes the North Sea (Denmark, bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops( truncatus), England, Germany), the Pacific Ocean (Ja- the dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscu- pan, New Zealand), and USSR (Morzhovoi rus), the long-beaked dolphin (Stenella lon- Bay, Kronotskii Bay, Olyutorskii Bay). girostris), the eastern pacific spotted dolphin From Johnston and Best, 1942 - Found in the (Stenella graffmani), the common dolphin dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) (Delphinus delphis), a dolphin (unspecified from Cook Strait (New Zealand). species), the false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens), the North Atlantic pilot whale From Johnston and Mawson, 1941 - Found in (Globicephala melaena), the harbor porpoise the dolphin (Delphinus forsteri) from Sydney (Phocoena phocoena), the narwhal (Monodon Harbor (Australia). See Remarks. monoceros), the white whale (Delphinapterus From Kagei et al, 1967 - Found in the rough leucas), the sperm whale (Physeter catodon), porpoise (Steno bredanensis), the blue white the pigmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps), dolphin (Stenella caeruleoalba), the short the Sowerby beaked whale (Mesoplodon finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhyn- bidens), the giant bottlenosed whale (Berar- cha), and the Dall porpoise (Phocoenoides dius bairdi), the northern bottlenosed whale dalli) the sperm whale (Physeter catodon), (Hyperoodon ampullatus), the little piked and in the fur seal (Callorphinus ursinus). All whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), the fin hosts were from the coast of Japan. whale (Balaenoptera physalus), the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus), and the white- From King, 1964 - Found in the Steller sea lion beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris). (Eumetopias jubata). Information regard- Information regarding the geographical lo- ing the geographical locality of host was not cality of hosts was not provided by authors. provided by author. See Remarks. From Lyster, 1940 - Found in the white whale From Dailey and Perrin, 1973 - Found in the (Delphinapterus leucas) from the Gulf of St. long-beaked dolphin (Stenella longirostris), Lawrence, Canada. and the eastern pacific spotted dolphin From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the (Stenella graffmani). Both hosts were cap- sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the North tured at Lat. 12° 51’N, Long. 90° 18’ W; Lat Pacific giant bottle-toothed nose whale (Be- 7° 11’ N, Long. 90° 32’ W; Lat approx. 8° N., rardius bairdi), the killer whale (Orcinus 107° W. An addition, Anisakis simplex was orca), the Dall porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli), found in a Stenella longirostris from Lat ap- and in the sperm whale (Physeter catodon). prox. 8° N, Long 109° 45’ W and in a Stenella All hosts were from British Columbia. graffmani from Lat approx. 14° N, Long 100° W. From Wulker, 1930 - Found in the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) from northern From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Steller Norway. sea lion (Eumetopias jubata), the bottlenosed whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus), the Sow- From Yamaguti, 1961 - If Filocapsularia dussum- erby dolphin (Mesoplodon bidens), the white ierii = Anisakis simplex, then found in the whale (Delphinapterus leucas), the narwhal dolphin Delphinus sp. and the sperm whale (Monodon monoceros), the common dolphin (Physeter catodon) from Maldive Isl., Indian (Delphinus delphis), the white-beaked dol- Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. phin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris), the pie- Remarks: bald dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus); the killer whale (Orcinus orca), the false killer Dailey and Brownell (1972) list the bottle- whale (Pseudorca crassidens), the finned por- nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) as a host poise (Phocoena phocoena), the blue whale of Anisakis simplex based on the opinion (Balaenoptera musculus), the piked whale that A. simplex is synonymous with Anisa- (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), and in the sperm kis tursionis (Crusz, 1946). They cite Dely- Anisakis simplex w 73

amure (1955) as a source reference to sup- ical distribution includes the Pacific Ocean port this. However, Delyamure does not list (Commander Islands region), the Sea of Ok- Tursiops truncatus as a host of A. simplex and hotsk, and Antarctica. claims A. tursionis cannot be accurately de- From Yamaguti, 1961 - Found in the sperm scribed due to lack of information. Dailey whale (Physeter catodon) from the Komman- and Brownell (1972) also list the Steller sea dorski Islands. lion (Eumetopias jubata) as a host of A. simplex and cite Baylis 1920a as a source reference. However, no mention this host could Anisakis tridentata be founded in the Baylis (1920a) paper. Synonymy: Davey (1971) lists a number of hosts based on his opinion that Anisakis simplex is syn- From Davey, 1971 - Anisakix simplex Krabbe, onymous with other species of Anisakis. 1878. These host species include the humpback Hosts and Locality: whale (Megaptera novaengliae), the Bryde whale (Balaenoptera brydei), the ringed seal From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the (Pusa hispida), the gray seal (Halichoerus gry- Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata). Informa- pus), the Mediterranean sea monk (Mona- tion regarding geographical location of host chus monachus), and the northern elephant was not provided by authors. seal (Mirounga angustirostris). Many of these From King, 1964 - Found in the Steller sea lion hosts were identified by other investiga- (Eumetopias jubata). Information regarding tors as hosts of other species of Anisakis that geographical location of host was not pro- Davey considers to be synonymous with vided by author. Anisakis simplex. Davey also considers the distribution of A. simplex to be worldwide, From Kreis, 1938 - Found in a captive Steller particularly in the colder temperate and po- sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) from the Zoolog- lar waters. ical Gardens, Basel (Switzerland). Johnston and Mawson (1941) re-examined a previously collected nematode taken from Anisakis typica a Delphinus forsteri at Sydney Harbour, Aus- tralia (originally identified as Anisakis sp.) Synonymy: and determined it was an Anisakis simplex. From Baylis, 1932 - Conocephalus typicus Diesing, 1861; Ascaris typica Jägerskiöld, 1894; Ascaris (Peritracheilus) typicus Jäger- Anisakis skrjabini skiöld, 1894. Peritracheilus typicus Jäger- Synonymy: skiöld, 1894. From Davey, 1971 - Anisakis physeteris Baylis, From Davey, 1971 - Anisakis tursiopis Crusz, 1923; Anisakis oceanica Johnston and Maw- 1946. son, 1951; Anisakis brevispiculata Dollfus, From Delyamure, 1955 - Conocephalus typi- 1968. cus Diesing, 1860; Ascaris typica (Diesing, Hosts and Locality: 1860) Jägerskiöld, 1894; Peritracheilus typicus (Diesing, 1860) Jägerskiöld, 1894. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the sperm whale (Physeter catodon), and the gi- Hosts and Locality: ant bottlenosed whale (Berardius bairdi). In- From Baylis, 1929 - Found in the dusky dol- formation regarding geographical location phin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) from south- of hosts was not provided by authors. west Africa (north of Salanha Bay). From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sperm From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the common dol- whale (Physeter catodon) and the bottlenosed phin (Delphinus delphis), the pilot whale whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus). Geograph- Nematoda 74 S

(Globicephalus melas), the dusky dolphin Baylis (1932) questions whether this parasite (Lagenorhynchus obscurus), the common por- is synonymous with Contracaecum lobulatum. poise (Phocoena phocoena), and in the dolphin (Prodelphinus sp.). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts was Ascaris lobulata not provided by author. Hosts and Locality: From Davey, 1971 - Found in the blue white From Linstow, 1907 - Found in the Susu or dolphin (Stenella caeruleoalba), the common blind river dolphin (Platanista gangetica). dolphin (Delphinus delphis), the dolphin (Prodelphinus sp. Krabbe 1878), the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), the Gray’s Ascaris osculata dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus), the pilot whale (Globicephalus melas), the common Hosts and Locality: porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), and the Dall From Linstow, 1906 - Found in the Weddell porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli). Geographi- seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) from Antarctica. cal distribution includes warmer tempera- ture and tropical waters between 40° N and 36° S. Ascaris radiata From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the common Hosts and Locality: dolphin (Delphinus delphis), the pilot whale (Globicephalus melas), the finned porpoise From Linstow, 1906 - Found in the Weddell (Phocoena phocoena), and in the piebald dol- seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) from Antarctica. phin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus). Geographi-

cal distribution includes the North Sea (Ger- many), and the Atlantic Ocean (north of Ascaris rectangula Saldanah Bay, South East Africa). Hosts and Locality: From Linstow, 1906 - Found in the Weddell Ascaris dehiscens seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) from South Or- kneys (Antarctica). Hosts and Locality:

From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the ringed seal (Pusa hispida). Information re- Contracaecum sp. garding the geographical location of host Hosts and Locality: was not provided by authors. From Baylis, 1929 - Found in the fin whale From King, 1964 - Found in the ringed seal (Balaenoptera physalus) from South Georgia (Pusa hispida). Information regarding the (Antarctica). geographical location of host was not provided by author. From Baylis, 1932 - Larvae found in the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Information regarding the geographical location of host Ascaris delphini was not provided by author. Synonymy: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the La Plata dolphin or Franciscana (Pontoporia See Remarks. blainvillei) and in the fin whale (Balaenoptera Hosts and Locality: physalus). Information regarding the geographical location of host was not provided From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the Susu or blind by authors. river dolphin (Platanista gangetica). From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the Remarks: Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus Contracaecum sp. w 75

obliquidens) from California. Contracaecum Contracaecum lobulatum sp. larvae were also found in the ringed seal Synonymy: (Pusa hispida) from Alaska. From Baylis, 1932 - Ascaris lobulata Schneider, From Martin et al, 1970 - Found in the striped 1866; Ascaris delphini Rudolphi, 1819 (vide dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) from infra); “?”Ascaris simplex of Diesing, 1851 the Palos Verdes Peninsula, California. (part). From Wilson and Stockdale, 1970 - Found in a From Delyamure, 1955 - Ascaris delphini Rudol- captive harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus). phi, 1819; Ascaris lobulata Schneider, 1866. Information regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by authors. Hosts and Locality: From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the Gangetic dolphin (Platanista gangetica). Information re- Contracaecum callotariae garding geographical location of host was Hosts and Locality: not provided by author. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus). In- Susu or blind river dolphin (Platanista gan- formation regarding geographical location getica). Information regarding geograph- of host was not provided by authors. ical location of host was not provided by authors. From King, 1964 - Found in the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus). Information re- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Susu garding geographical location of host was or blind river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) not provided by author. from the Indian Ocean (Ceylon, Burma). From Linstow, 1907 - Found in the Gangetic dolphin (Platanista gangetica). Contracaecum corderoi From Yamaguti, 1961 - Found in the dolphin Hosts and Locality: Delphinus ( = Platanista) gangeticus from From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the India. South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis). Information regarding geographical location of host was not provided by Contracaecum ogmorhini authors. Hosts and Locality: From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the South From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx). Informa- from the Atlantic Ocean off Uruguay. tion regarding geographical location of host From King, 1964 - Found in the South Ameri- was not provided by authors. can fur seal (Arctocephalus australis). Infor- From Johnston and Mawson, 1941 - Found in mation regarding geographical location of the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) from host was not provided by author. Port Adelaide (Australia). From King, 1964 - Found in the leopard seal Contracaecum gypsophocae (Hydrurga leptonyx). Information regarding geographical location of host was not pro- Hosts and Locality: vided by author. From Johnston and Mawson, 1941 - Found in the Tasmanian fur seal (Gypsophoca tasmanica) from Derwent Heads (Tasmania, Contracaecum osculatum Australia). Hosts and Locality: Nematoda 76 S

From Caballero and Peregrina, 1938 - Found in from Heard Island, Possession Islands and a captive northern elephant seal (Mirounga the Crozets (Antarctica); the crab-eating seal angustirostris) from the San Diego Zoo, (Lobodon carcinophagus) from Antarctica (64° California. 49′ ); the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) from Heard Island (Antarctica); the Weddell From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) from Enderby South American sea lion (Otaria byronia), the Land (Antarctica); and in the Ross seal (Om- California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), matophoca rossi) from Antarctica. the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea), the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), the From Keyes, 1965 - Found in the northern fur walrus (Odobenus rosmarus), the harbor seal seal (Callorhinus ursinus) from the Pribilof (Phoca vitulina), the bearded seal (Erignathus Islands, Alaska. barbatus), the hooded seal (Cystophora cris- From King, 1964 - Found in the bearded seal tata), the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus), the (Erignathus barbatus), the gray seal (Hali- harp seal (Phoca groenlandica), the northern choerus grypus), the harbor seal (Phoca vitu- elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris), the lina), the ringed seal (Pusa hispida), the Bai- southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), kal seal (Phoca sibirica), the harp seal (Phoca the crab-eating seal (Lobodon carcinopha- groenlandica), the leopard seal (Hydrurga lep- gus), the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), tonyx), the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes wed- the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli), the delli), the crab-eating seal (Lobodon carcinoph- Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus mona- agus), the Ross seal (Ommatophoca rossi), the chus), and in the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus mona- jubata). Information regarding geographical chus), the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), location of hosts was not provided by au- the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leo- thors. See Remarks. nia), the northern elephant seal (Mirounga From Dailey and Hill, 1970 - Found in the angustirostris), the northern fur seal (Callo- Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) and the rhinus ursinus), the South American fur seal California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). (Arctocephalus australis), the Kerguelen fur Both hosts were from the southern to cen- seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis), the South Afri- tral California region (Alamitos Bay to Año can fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus), the wal- Nuevo Island). rus (Odobenus rosmarus), the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), the Steller sea From Delyamure, 1955 - See Remarks. lion (Eumetopias jubata), the South American From Johnston, 1937c - Found in the Weddell sea lion (Otaria byronia), and in the Austra- seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) from Common- lian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea). Information wealth Bay (Antarctica), the Ross seal (Om- regarding geographical location of hosts matophoca rossi) from Antarctica, the sea el- was not provided by author. ephant (Mirounga leonina) from Macquarie From Linstow, 1892 - Found in the leopard Island (Antarctica), and in the sea leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) from South Georgia (Hydrurga leptonyx) from Macquarie Island (Antarctica). and the Antarctic. From Lyster, 1940 - Found in the ringed seal From Johnston, 1937e - Erroneously reported (Phoca hispida) and in the harbor seal (Phoca to be found in the Australian hair seal (Arc- vitulina). Geographical distribution in- tocephalus forsteri) from Pearson Island, cludes Dundas Harbor, Devon Island, and South Australia. See Remarks. intermediate points from Craig Harbor in From Johnston and Mawson, 1941 - Found the north to Havre St. Pierre (Quebec) in the in the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cine- south (Lake Harbor, Clyde River in Baffin rea) and in the leopard seal (Hydrurga lep- Island, Stupart Bay, Wolstenholme). tonyx) from Pearson Island and Port Ade- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in laide (Australia). the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), From Johnston and Mawson, 1945 - Found in the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata), the the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonia) northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustiros- Contracaecum osculatum w 77

tris), the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardi), Delyamure (1955) breaks down this species and in the California sea lion (Zalophus cal- into two sub-species: Contracaecum oscula- ifornianus). Geographical distribution in- tum baicalensis and Contracaecum osculatum cludes Alaska, British Columbia, California, osculatum. See below. Baja California, and the Baltimore Zoo. Johnston (1937e) erroneously lists the New From Myers, 1957 - Found in the harbor seal Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) as (Phoca vitulina) from southwest Baffin -Is a host of Contracaecum osculatum. In a sub- land; the ringed seal (Pusa hispida) from Port sequent paper by Johnston and Mawson Burwell, Ungava Bay, Herschel Islands, and (1941) the authors correct the error by not- southwest Baffin Bay; the bearded seal (Eri- ing the examined host was actually an Aus- gnathus barbatus) from Tunnusaksuk in Un- tralian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea). gava Bay, Diana Bay, Coral Harbor, and Southampton Island; and in the harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) from Buttons Islands Contracaecum osculatum baicalensis and the Magdalen Islands (Province of Hosts and Locality: Quebec). From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From Railliet and Henry, 1907 - Found in the Baikal seal (Pusa sibirica). Information re- crab-eating seal (Lobodon carcinophagus) garding geographical location of host was from Booth-Wandle Island and Graham Is- not provided by authors. land (Antarctica). From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Baikal From Stiles and Hassall, 1899 - Found in the seal (Phoca sibirica) from Lake Baikal (USSR). Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) from the Bering Sea; the South American sea lion (Otaria byronia) from Patagonia; the walrus Contracaecum osculatum osculatum (Odobenus rosmarus) from Greenland; the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) from Greifswald, Synonymy: Oresund; the bearded seal (Erignathus barba- From Delyamure, 1955 - Ascaris osculatum Ru- tus) from Greenland, Iceland and Baffin Bay; dolphi, 1802; Kathleena osculatum (Rudolphi the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) from Ru- 1802) Leiper and Atkinson 1915; Contracae- gen; the harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) from cum antarcticum Johnston 1938; Contracaecum Greenland; the hooded seal (Cystophora cris- ogmorhini Johnston and Mawson 1941; Con- tata) from Greenland; and in the Weddell tracaecum gypsophocae Johnston and Maw- seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) from Orkneys son 1941; and Phocascaris hydrurgae Johnston and Commonwealth Bay (Antarctica). and Mawson 1941. Remarks: Hosts and Locality: Dailey and Brownell (1972) also list the From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Aus- South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australian fur seal (Arctocephalus doriferus), tralis), the South African fur seal (Arctoceph- the South American sea lion (Otaria byro- alus pusillus), the Australian fur seal (Arc- nia), the walrus (Odobenus rosmarus roma- tocephalus doriferus), the Australian sea lion rus), the Greenland seal (Pagophoca groen- (Neophoca cinerea), and the Kerguelen fur landica), the ringed seal (Pusa hispida), the seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis) as hosts of Con- Okhotsk ringed seal (Phoca hispida ochoten- tracaecum osculatum and cite Baylis (1920a) sis), the common seal (Phoca vitulina), the as a source reference. However, no mention gray seal (Halichoerus grypus), the bearded of these hosts could be found in the Baylis seal (Erignathus barbatus), the crab-eating (1920a) paper. Baylis does equate Kathleena seal (Lobodon carcinophagus), the leopard seal osculata with Contracaecum and notes this (Hydrurga leptonyx), the Weddell seal (Lep- parasite was found in the leopard seal (Hy- tonychotes weddelli), the monk seal (Mona- drurga leptonyx). However the only mention chus monachus), the crested seal (Cystophora of Contracaecum osculatum infection was in cristata), and in the elephant seal (Mir- unspecified “seals”. Nematoda 78 S

ounga leonina). Geographical distribution From Johnston and Mawson, 1945 - Found in includes Greenland, Spitzbergen, England, the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) from North America, Canada, Bering Sea, Cey- Heard Island, and the crab-eating seal (Lo- lon, Egypy, Antarctica, and Russia (White bodon carcinophagus) from Commonwealth Sea, Novaya Zemlya, Hooker Island, Bukhta Bay (64° 49′ ). Tikhaya, Franz-Josef Land, Kara Strait, Log- From King, 1964 - Found in the leopard seal inov Island, and Novosibirsk Island). (Hydrurga leptonyx), the Weddell seal (Lep- tonychotes weddelli), the crab-eating seal (Lo- bodon carcinophagus), the Mediterranean Contracaecum radiatum monk seal (Monachus monachus), the Ross Synonymy: seal (Ommatophoca rossi), and in the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina). Infor- From Delyamure, 1955 - Ascaris radiata Lin- mation regarding geographical location of stow, 1907; Ascaris radiata Linstow, 1907; As- hosts was not provided by author. caris falcigera Railliet and Henry, 1907; Kath- leena radiata (Linstow, 1907) Leiper and From Linstow, 1892 - If Contracaecum radiatum Atkinson, 1914. = Ascaris osculata, then found in the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) from South Georgia From Johnston, 1937c - Ascaris radiata Linstow, (Antarctica). 1907; Ascaris falcigera Railliet and Henry, 1907; Ascaris falcigera Garin 1913; Kathleena From Linstow, 1906 - If Contracaecum radia- radiata Leiper and Atkinson, 1914; Ascaris os- tum = Ascaris radiate, then found in the Wed- culate of Linstow, 1892; Contracaecum radi- dell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) from the atum Baylis, 1920; and Contracaecum falci- Antarctic. gerum Baylis, 1920. From Railliet and Henry, 1907 - Found in the From Linstow, 1892 - Ascaris osculate. Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) from Graham’s Garin (Antarctica). Hosts and Locality: From Yamaguti, 1961 - Found in the south- From Baylis, 1929 - Found in the leopard seal ern elephant seal (Mirounga leonia) from the (Hydrurga leptonyx) from the South Sand- Antarctic. wich region, and in the crab-eating seal (Lo- bodon carcinophagus) from the Palmer Archi- pelago (Antarctica). Contracaecum rectangulum From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in Synonymy: the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), From Delyamure, 1955 - Ascaris rectangula Lin- the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli), the stow, 1907; Kathleena rectangula (Linstow, Ross seal (Ommatophoca rossi), and in the 1907) Leiper and Atkinson, 1914. crab-eating seal (Lobodon carcinophagus). In- From Johnston, 1937c - Porrocaecum decipiens. formation regarding geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. Hosts and Locality: From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Wed- From Baylis, 1929 - Found in the crab-eating dell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli), the leopard seal (Lobodon carcinophagus) and the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), and in the Ross seal seal (Hydrurga leptonyx). Both host species (Ommatophoca rossi). Geographical distribu- were from the Palmer Archipedago. tion includes the Antarctic. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From Johnston, 1937c - Found in the Weddell South American sea lion (Otaria byronia), the seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) and the crab-eat- southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), ing seal (Lobodon carcinophagus) from Com- the crab-eating seal (Lobodon carcinophagus), monwealth Bay (Antarctica). and in the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx). Information regarding geographical loca- Contracaecum rectangulum w 79

tion of hosts was not provided by authors. From Johnston, 1937c - Found in the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) from Common- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the leopard wealth Bay (Antarctica) and in the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), the Weddell seal seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) from the Antarctic. (Leptonychotes weddelli), and in the crab-eating seal (Lobodon carcinophagus). Geograph- From Johnston and Mawson, 1945 - Found in ical distribution includes the Sandwich Is- the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) and the lands, Antarctica. Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli). Both host species were from Commonwealth Bay From Hamilton, 1934 - Found in the South (Antarctica). American sea lion (Otaria byronia) from the Falkland Islands. From King, 1964 - Found in the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) and the Weddell seal From King, 1964 - Found in the leopard seal (Leptonychotes weddelli). Information regard- (Hydrurga leptonyx), the Weddell seal (Lep- ing geographical location of hosts was not tonychotes weddelli), the crab-eating seal (Lo- provided by author. bodon carcinophagus), the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis), the South American sea lion (Otaria byronia), and in Contracaecum turgidum the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina). Information regarding geographi- Hosts and Locality: cal location of hosts was not provided by From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in author. the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauin- From Yamaguti, 1961 - Found in the leopard slandi). Information regarding the geo- seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), the Weddell seal graphical location of host was not provided (Leptonychotes weddelli), and in the South by authors. American sea lion (Otaria byronia). From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Hawai- Remarks: ian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) from Hawaii and the Laysan Islands. Dailey and Brownell (1972) list the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis), From King, 1964 - Found in the Hawaiian and the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi). Infor- as hosts of Contracaecum rectangulum and mation regarding the geographical location give Baylis (1920a) as a source reference. of host was not provided by author. However, no mention of these hosts in con- nection with this parasite could be found in the Baylis (1920a) paper. Only a note states Crassicauda sp. Contracaecum rectangulum were collected Hosts and Locality: “from seals”. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauin- Contracaecum stenocephalum slandi) and the eastern Pacific spotted dolphin (Stenella graffmani). Information re- Synonymy: garding the geographical location of hosts From Delyamure, 1955 - Ascaris stenocephala was not provided by authors. Railliet and Henry, 1907. From Margolis and Dailey (1972) - Found in Hosts and Locality: the humpback whale (Megaptera novaengliae) from California. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) and the From Rice, 1963 - Found in the sei whale Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli). Infor- (Balaenoptera borealis) and the fin whale mation regarding the geographical location (Balaenoptera physalus). Both hosts were of hosts was not provided by authors. from California. Nematoda 80 S

was unlike others in the sample to the point where it may be a new species. By the time Crassicauda anthonyi Baylis published his paper in 1932 (Baylis, Hosts and Locality: 1932), he had determined that the species in question was indeed a new species. Spaul From Chabaud, 1963 - Found in the True’s (1926) actually proposed the name Crassi- beaked whale (Mesoplodon mirus). Informa- cauda bennetti. tion regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by author. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Crassicauda boopis True’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon mirus). In- Synonymy: formation regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by authors. From Baylis, 1932 - Crassicauda crassicauda Leiper and Atkinson, 1914. Hosts and Locality: Crassicauda bennetti From Baylis, 1916b - Found in the goose Synonymy: beaked whale or Cuvier beaked whale From Baylis, 1932 - Crassicauda sp. of Baylis, (Ziphius cavirostris) from the coast of Ireland 1920. See Remarks. (near Bannow Bay). Hosts and Locality: From Baylis, 1920b - Found in the humpback whale (Megaptera nodosa) from the Antarctic. From Baylis, 1920b - Found in the southern See Remarks. bottlenosed whale Hyperoodon( planifrons) from the South Orkneys Islands (Antarc- From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the humpback tica). See Remarks. whale (Megaptera nodosa) and “doubtfully” in the Cuvier’s whale (Ziphius cavirostris). From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the bottlenosed Information regarding the geographical lo- whale (Hyperoodon sp. [“probably plani- cality of hosts was not provided by author. frons”]). Information regarding the geographical location of host was not provided From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the by author. fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), the humpback whale (Megaptera novaengliae), and in From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the the goose beaked whale or Cuvier beaked southern bottlenosed whale Hyperoodon( pl- whale (Ziphius cavirostris). Information re- anifrons). Information regarding the geo- garding the geographical locality of hosts graphical location of host was not provided was not provided by authors. by authors. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the hump- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in “Hyper- back whale (Megaptera novaengliae), and oodon sp. (probably H. planifrons-bottlenosed the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Geo- whale”. Information regarding the geographical distribution includes the Atlan- graphical location of host was not provided tic Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk (Kurile Is- by author. lands region). From Spaul, 1926 - Found in the bottle-nosed Remarks: whale (Hyperoodon sp.). Information regarding the geographical location of host was Baylis (1920b) proposed this as a new spe- not provided by author. cies upon further examination of samples collected by Leiper and Atkinson (1914) Remarks: from the humpback whale inhabiting the Baylis (1920b) does not actually mention Shetland Islands of Antarctica. Crassicauda bennetti in his paper. Instead, he notes the examination of a nematode that Crassicauda crassicauda w 81

Crassicauda crassicauda Crassicauda delamureana Synonymy: Hosts and Locality: From Baylis, 1932 - Filaria crassicauda Creplin, From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the 1829. sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis). Information regarding the geographical locality of host Hosts and Locality: was not provided by authors. From Baylis, 1916b - Found in the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) and the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus). Both hosts were Crassicauda duguyi from New Zealand. Hosts and Locality: From Baylis, 1920b - Found in the fin whale From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the (Balaenoptera physalus) and the blue whale pigmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps). Infor- (Balaenoptera musculus) from Antarctica (De- mation regarding the geographical locality ception Island, South Shetlands Islands). of host was not provided by authors. From Baylis, 1929 - Found in the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) from South Africa (Saldanha Bay). Crassicauda fuelleborni From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the fin whale Synonymy: (Balaenoptera physalus), the blue whale From Baylis, 1932 - Onchocerca fulleborni Hoep- (Balaenoptera musculus), the bottlenosed dol- pli and Hsü, 1929. phin (Tursiops truncatus), and (? sic) in the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis). Information From Delyamure, 1955 - Onchocerca fulleborni regarding the geographical locality of hosts Hoeppli and Hsü, 1929. was not provided by author. Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the common Chi- the bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops( truncatus), nese porpoise (Neomeris phocaenoides). Infor- the goose beaked whale or Cuvier beaked mation regarding geographical location of whale (Ziphius cavirostris), the Greenland host was not provided by author. right whale (Balaena mysticetus), the little piked whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the fin black finless porpoise or the common Chi- whale (Balaenoptera physalus), the blue whale nese porpoise (Neophocoena phocaenoides). (Balaenoptera musculus), and in the hump- Information regarding geographical loca- back whale (Megaptera novaengliae). Infor- tion of host was not provided by authors. mation regarding the geographical locality From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the finless of hosts was not provided by authors. porpoise (Neomeris phocaenoides) from the From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Green- Pacific Ocean (near Ama Island). land whale (Balaena mysticetus), the blue Remarks: whale (Balaenoptera musculus), the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the piked whale A brief historical account of this parasite is (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), the fin whale provided by Delyamure (1955). (Balaenoptera physalus), the humpback whale (Megaptera novaengliae), the Cuvi- er’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris), and Crassicauda giliakiana in the bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops( trun- Hosts and Locality: catus). Geographical distribution includes the Atlantic Ocean (northern and southern From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the hemispheres). white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) and the giant bottlenosed whale (Berardius bairdi). Nematoda 82 S

Information regarding geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. Crassicauda pacifica From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the white Hosts and Locality: whale (Delphinapterus leucas) and the bottlenosed dolphin (Hyperoodon ampullatus). From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Geographical distribution includes the Sea fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Informa- of Okhotsk (Amur estuary and Kurile Is- tion regarding the geographical locality of lands region). host was not provided by authors. Remarks: From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) from Brit- Dailey and Brownell (1972) list the giant ish Columbia. bottlenosed whale Berardius( bairdi) as a host of Crassicauda giliakiana and give Dely- From Margolis and Pike, 1955 - Found in the amure (1955) as a source reference. How- fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) from British ever, no mention of this host being asso- Columbia, Northern European seas, Atlan- ciated with Crassicauda giliakiana could be tic coast of South Africa, Antarctica (South found in the Delyamure (1955) paper. How- Georgia) and the Ross Sea area. ever, although Delyamure does not mention of Berardius bairdi, he does refer to Hyper- oodon ampullatus as a “bottlenosed whale”. Delamurella hyperoodoni This reference to the “bottlenosed whale” as Hosts and Locality: being Hyperoodon ampullatus also is found in Delyamure’s reference to the nematode Del- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the amurella hyperoodoni. giant bottlenosed whale (Berardius bairdi). Information regarding the geographical locality of host was not provided by authors. Crassicauda grampicola From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the northern Hosts and Locality: bottlenosed whale Hyperoodon( ampullatus). Geographical distribution includes the Sea From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the of Okhotsk (Kurile Islands region). Risso dolphin (Grampus griseus). Informa- tion regarding the geographical locality of Remarks: host was not provided by authors. Dailey and Brownell (1972) list the giant From Johnston and Mawson, 1941 - Found in bottlenosed whale Berardius( bairdi) as a the Risso dolphin (Grampus griseus) from host of this parasite and give Delyamure Manly, Australia (New South Wales). (1955) as a source reference. However, De- lyamure’s 1955 paper only list Hyperoodon Remarks: ampullatus as a host of this parasite. How- A brief historical account of this parasite is ever, although Delyamure does not men- provided by Delyamure (1955). tion of Berardius bairdi in his paper, he does refer to Hyperoodon ampullatus as a “bottlenosed whale”. This reference to the “bottle- Crassicauda magna nosed whale” as being Hyperoodon ampullatus also is found in Delyamure’s reference to Hosts and Locality: the nematode Crassicauda giliakiana. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the pigmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps). Infor- mation regarding the geographical locality Dioctophyme renale of host was not provided by authors. Hosts and Locality: From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the pigmy From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) from South gray seal (Halichoerus grypus). Information Australia. Dioctophyme renale w 83

regarding geographical location of host was northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) and not provided by authors. the ringed seal (Pusa hispida). Information regarding geographical location of hosts From King, 1964 - Found in the gray seal (Ha- was not provided by authors. lichoerus grypus). Information regarding the geographical location of host was not pro- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the vided by author. northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) and the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardi) from Alaska “?” [sic] and California (captive har- Dipetalonema odendhali bour seals). Hosts and Locality: From Taylor et al, 1961 - Found in captive harbor seals (Phoca vitulina geronimensis) from From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Marineland of the Pacific, California. Host California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). species were captured off the coast of South- Information regarding geographical loca- ern California (Paradise Cove, Malibu, Los tion of host was not provided by authors. Angeles Co., China Point, Santa Catalina Is- From Dailey and Hill, 1970 - Found in the Cal- land, and Manhattan Beach, Los Angeles ifornia sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from Co). Santa Cruz Island, Ãno Nuevo Island, and Remarks: the San Diego Zoo, California. Dailey and Brownell (1972) list the ringed From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the seal (Pusa hispida) as a host of Dipetlonema California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) spirocauda and cite Taylor et al, 1961 as a from California. source reference. However, no mention of From Perry, 1967 - Found in a captive Cali- Pusa hispida could be found in the Taylor et fornia sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from al (1961) paper. Sacramento, California. The host was cap- Both Perry (1967) and Margolis and Dai- tured six years earlier at Santa Cruz Island, ley (1972) note the parasite identified by An- California. See Remarks. derson (1959) as Dipetlonema spirocauda may Remarks: have been Dipetalinema odendhali. Ander- son (1959) questions the occurrence of this Perry (1967) notes that the parasite taken parasite in the northern fur seal (Callorhinus from a northern sea lion (Callorhinus ursi- ursinus). nus), and identified as Dipetalonema spirocauda by Anderson (1959), may have been a Dipetalonema odendhali. Dirofilaria immitis Synonymy: Dipetalonema spirocauda From Delyamure, 1955 - Dirofilaria spirocauda Synonymy: Faust, 1937 nec Leidy, 1858; Dirofilaria fausti Skrjabin and Schikhobalova, 1948. From Anderson, 1959 - Filiria spirocaucada Leidy 1858; Skrjabinaria spirocaucada (Leidi) Hosts and Locality: Lubimov 1927; Skrjabinarir heteromorpha From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Kreis, 1953. California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), Hosts and Locality: and in the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata). Information regarding geographical loca- From Anderson, 1959 - Found in the harbor tion of hosts was not provided by authors. seal (Phoca vitulina concolor) from Maine, and “possibly” in the northern fur seal (Cal- From King, 1964 - Found in the harbor seal lorhinus ursinus) from Alaska. See Remarks. (Phoca vitulina), the California sea lion (Za- lophus californianus), and in the hooded seal From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Nematoda 84 S

(Cystophora cristata). Information regarding Margolis and Dailey (1972). Dailey and geographical location of hosts was not pro- Brownell (1972) list a captive harbor seal vided by author. (Phoca vitulina) as a host of this parasite and cite Taylor et al (1961) as a source ref- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in erence. However, Taylor et al (1961) dis- the California sea lion (Zalophus california- cusses the infection of a captive sea lion nus) from the Zoological Garden, New Or- (Phoca vitulina) with Dipetalonema spiro- leans, Louisiana. Animal was captured at cauda, and not Dirofilaria spirocauda. Tay- Sea Cliffs, California. lor et al (1961) does discuss the heart From Taylor et al, 1961 - Found in captive Cali- worm Dirofilaria immitis, but not Dirofilaria fornia sea lions (Zalophus californianus) from spirocauda. the Marineland of the Pacific, California. See Remarks. Dujardinia sp. Remarks: Hosts and Locality: Perry (1967) feels that since Dirofilaria immitis is enzootic in New Orleans and probably From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the not in California, the California sea lion in- California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). fected with this parasite probably acquired Information regarding geographical loca- it while in New Orleans. Delyamure (1955) tion of host was not provided by authors. points out that this parasite is commonly From King, 1964 - Found in the California sea found in dogs, cats, and other carnivores lion (Zalophus californianus). Information re- in almost all tropical and subtropical coun- garding geographical location of host was tries, as well as in USSR. not provided by author. Taylor et al (1961) tentatively identified the From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the microfilariae recovered from captive Zalo- California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) phus californianus as Dirofilaria immitis. from the San Diego Zoo, California.

Dirofilaria spirocauda Echinocephalus uncinatus Synonymy: Hosts and Locality: From Delyamure, 1955 - Dirofilaria immitis From Johnston and Mawson, 1941 - Found Leidy, 1856; Dirofilaria fausti Skrjabin and in the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) Schikhobalova, 1948. from St. Vincent Gulf, Australia. Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in a Eustrongylides excisus captive (zoo) common seal (Phoca vitulina). Information regarding geographical loca- Hosts and Locality: tion of host was not provided by authors. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in a captive Caspian seal (Pusa caspica). Information re- harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). See Remarks. garding geographical location of host was not provided by authors. From King, 1964 - Found in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). Information regarding geo- From King, 1964 - Found in the Caspian seal graphical location of host was not provided (Pusa caspica). Information regarding the by author. geographical location of host was not provided by author. Remarks: This species is accepted as a synonym of Dirofilaria immitis by Delyamure (1955) and Eustrongylides excisus w 85

Filaria sp. Remarks: Hosts and Locality: Dailey and Brownell (1972) list this parasite as a trematode infecting the Guiana dolphin From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the (Sotalia guianensis). southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina). Information regarding geographical location of host was not provided by authors. Halocercus delphini From King, 1964 - Found in the elephant seal Hosts and Locality: (Mirounga leonina). Information regarding the geographical location of host was not From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the common dol- provided by author. phin (Delphinus delphis). Information regarding geographical location of host was not provided by author. Filaria hebetata From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Hosts and Locality: common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). Infor- mation regarding geographical location of From King, 1964 - Found in the hooded seal host was not provided by authors. (Cystophora cristata). Information regarding geographical location of host was not pro- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the common vided by author. dolphin (Delphinus delphis) from the Atlantic Ocean (British Isles).

Halocercus sp. Halocercus gymnurus Hosts and Locality: Synonymy: From Benson and Groody, 1942 - Found in the Dall porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) from San From Delyamure, 1955 - Parafilaroides gymnu- Quentin Point, San Francisco, California. rus (Railliet, 1899) Dougherty, 1946; Pseuda- lius gymnurus Railliet, 1899; Filaroides gym- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the nurus Railliet, 1899, Dougherty, 1943. broad-beaked dolphin (Peoponcephala electra) and the Amazon River dolphin or Bouta Hosts and Locality: (Inia geoffrensis). Information regarding the From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the geographical location of hosts was not pro- ringed seal (Pusa hispida). Information re- vided by authors. garding geographical location of host was From Migaki et al, 1971 - Found in the Cali- not provided by authors. fornia sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from From King, 1964 - Found in the harbor seal California. (Phoca vitulina), and in the ringed seal (Pusa hispida). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided Halocercus brasiliensis by author. Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in Halocercus inflexocaudatus the Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis). In- formation regarding geographical location Synonymy: of host was not provided by authors. See From Arnold and Gaskin, 1975 - Halocercus tau- Remarks. rica Delyamure 1942. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Guiana From Baylis, 1932 - Filaria inflexocaudatus dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) from the Atlantic Siebold, 1842; Pseudalius tumidus Schnei- Ocean (Brazil, near Rio de Janeiro). der, 1866; (?) sic Strongylus vegans Eschricht, Nematoda 86 S

1841; (?) sic Strongylus invaginatus Quekett, of Benson and Groody, 1942 and of Dough- 1842. erty, 1943. Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the common por- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the poise (Phocoena phocoena). Information re- Dall porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli). Informa- garding geographical location of host was tion regarding the geographical location of not provided by author. host was not provided by authors. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Dall porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) from California Halocercus invaginatus (San Francisco Bay). Synonymy: From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in From Arnold and Gaskin, 1975 - Strongylus in- the Dall porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) from vaginatus Quekett, 1841; Filaria inflexocau- California. data Siebold, 1842; Pseudalis tumidus Schnei- der, 1866; Halocercus inflexocaudatus (von Siebold) Baylis and Daubney, 1925; Halocer- Halocercus kleinenbergi cus invaginatus (Quekett) Dougherty 1943; Synonymy: Halocercus ponticus Delyamure 1946. From Delyamure, 1955 - Halocercus (Posthalo- From Delyamure, 1955 - Strongylus invaginatus cercus) kleinenbergi Delyamure, 1951. Quekett, 1841; Filaria inflexocaudataS iebold, 1842; Pseudalis tumidus Schneider, 1866; Hosts and Locality: Halocercus inflexocaudatus (Siebold, 1842) From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Baylis and Daubney, 1925. common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), and Hosts and Locality: the bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops( truncatus). Information regarding the geographical lo- From Arnold and Gaskin, 1975 - Found in the cality of hosts was not provided by authors. harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from the Bay of Fundy, Canada; Vancouver Is- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the common land, British Columbia, Canada. dolphin (Delphinus delphis) from the Black Sea (USSR). From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Infor- mation regarding the geographical location Halocercus lagenorhynchus of host was not provided by authors. Hosts and Locality: From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the finned porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Geographical From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the white-beaked distribution includes the Pacific coast of the dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris). Infor- United States (San Francisco Bay and Wash- mation regarding the geographical locality ington Bay), the Baltic Sea, and the Atlantic of host was not provided by author. Ocean (British Isles). From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops( truncatus) and harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from the white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus California and Washington. albirostris). Information regarding the geographical locality of hosts was not provided by authors. Halocercus kirbyi From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the white Synonymy: beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) and in the bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops( From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Halocercus sp. truncatus). Geographical distribution in- Halocercus lagenorhynchus w 87

cludes the Atlantic Ocean (Europe), and the From Arnold and Gaskin, 1975 - Found in the coast of Australia. harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from the Bay of Fundy, Canada; and Vancouver From Johnston and Mawson, 1941 - Found in Island, British Columbia, Canada. the bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops( truncatus) from Encounter Bay (Australia). See From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Remark. harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Infor- mation regarding the geographical location Remarks: of host was not provided by authors. Johnston and Mawson (1941) questioned From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the harbor whether the host species was a Tursiops porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from USSR truncates or a separate European species (Azov Sea, Black Sea). (Tursiops maugeanus).

Mastigonema stenella Halocercus pingi Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Perrin, 1973 - Found in the From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the common Chi- eastern Pacific spotted dolphin (Stenella graff- nese porpoise (Neophocoena phocaenoides). mani) from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, Information regarding the geographical lo- and in the long beaked dolphin (Stenella lon- cation of host was not provided by author. girostris) from Lat. 8° N, Long. 7° W. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the black finless porpoise or the common Chi- nese porpoise (Neophocoena phocaenoides). Odontobius ceti Information regarding the geographical lo- Hosts and Locality: cation of host was not provided by authors. From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the southern From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the black right whale (Balaena australis), the blue finless porpoise or common Chinese por- whale (Balaenoptera musculus), the fin whale poise (Neophocoena phocaenoides) from the (Balaenoptera physalus), and in the humpback Pacific Ocean (China). whale (Megaptera nodosa). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided by author. Halocercus ponticus Hosts and Locality: Otophocaenurus oserskoi From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Infor- Synonymy: mation regarding the geographical location From Delyamure, 1955 - Pharurus oserskoiaae of host was not provided by authors. (Skrjabin, 1942) Dougherty, 1949. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the harbor From Dougherty, 1949b - Pharurus oserskiaae porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from USSR Skriabin, 1942. (Black Sea, Azov Sea, Kerch Strait). From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Pharurus oserkaiae (Skrjabin, 1942) Dougherty, 1949. Halocercus taurica Hosts and Locality: Synonymy: From Babero and Thomas, 1960 - If Otopho- From Arnold and Gaskin, 1975 - Halocercus in- caenurus oserskoi = Phaeurus oserkaiae, then flexocaudatus(of Schmidt-Ries 1939). found in the beluga or white whale (Delphi- napterus leucas) from Kotzebue, Alaska. Hosts and Locality: Nematoda 88 S

From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the common seal (Phoca vitulina) and the ringed white whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Infor- seal (Pusa hispida). Information regarding mation regarding the geographical location the geographical location of hosts was not of host was not provided by authors. provided by authors. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the white From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the com- whale (Delphinapterus leucas) from the Pa- mon seal (Phoca vitulina), the Pomor ringed cific Ocean (Sakhalin). seal (Pusa hispida pomororum), and in the Okhotsk ringed seal (Pusa hispida ochoten- Remarks: sis). Geographical distribution includes the Brief taxonomic accounts of this parasite are North Sea (coast of France and Holland), the provided by Margolis and Dailey (1972), White Sea, and the Sea of Okhotsk. Dougherty (1949b), and Babero and Thomas From Dougherty, 1949a - Found in the com- (1960). mon harbor seal (Phoca vitulina vitulina). In- formation regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by author. Otostrongylus andreewaae From King, 1964 - Found in the common seal Synonymy: (Phoca vitulina) and the ringed seal (Pusa his- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Otostrongy- pida). Information regarding geographi- lus andreewoi Skrjabin, 1933. cal location of hosts was not provided by author. Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the ringed seal (Pusa hispida) and the harp seal Parafilaroides sp. (Phoca groenlandica). Information regarding Hosts and Locality: the geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata). Informa- From Dougherty, 1949a - Found in the Ok- tion regarding geographical location of host hotsk ringed seal (Phoca hispida ochotensis) was not provided by authors. and the White Sea ringed seal (Phoca hispida pomororum). Information regarding the geo- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the graphical location of hosts was not provided Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) from Brit- by author. ish Columbia, and in both wild and captive Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubata) from From King, 1964 - Found in the ringed seal California. (Pusa hispida) and the harp seal (Phoca groenlandica). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided Parafilaroides arcticus by author. Hosts and Locality: From Yamaguti, 1961 - Found in the ringed seal (Pusa hispida) from the Sea of Okhotsk. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the ringed seal (Pusa hispida). Information regarding geographical location of host was Otostrongylus circumlitus not provided by authors. Synonymy: From Delyamure, 1955 - Strongylus circumli- Parafilaroides decorus tus Railliet, 1899; Kutassicaulus andreewoi Synonymy: Skrjabin, 1933. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Filaroides Hosts and Locality: sp. of Dougherty, 1943; Parafilaroides sp. of From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Dougherty, 1946. Parafilaroides decorus w 89

Hosts and Locality: tion regarding geographical location of host was not provided by authors. From Dailey, 1970 - Found in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from California. From King, 1964 - Found in the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx). Information regarding From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the geographical location of host was not pro- California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). vided by author. Information regarding geographical location of host was not provided by authors. From Mawson, 1953 - Found in the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) from Heard Island From King, 1964 - Found in the California sea (Antarctica). lion (Zalophus californianus). Information regarding geographical location of host was not provided by author. Parafilaroides nanus From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in Synonymy: wild and captive California sea lions (Zalo- phus californianus) from California, the San From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Filaroides Diego Zoo, and the Baltimore Zoo. sp. of Dougherty 1943; Parafilaroides sp. of Dougherty 1946. From Migaki et al, 1971 - Found in the Cali- fornia sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from Hosts and Locality: California. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata). Informa- tion regarding geographical location of host Parafilaroides gymnurus was not provided by authors. Synonymy: From King, 1964 - Found in the Steller sea lion From Delyamure, 1955 - Pseudalius gymnurus (Eumetopias jubata). Information regarding Railliet, 1899; Halocercus gymnurus (Railliet, geographical location of host was not pro- 1899) Baylis and Daubney, 1925; Halocercus vided by author. (Prohalocercus) gymnurus (Railliet, 1899) Bay- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the lis and Daubney, 1925 in Skrjabin, 1942; Fila- Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) from the roides gymnurus sp. (Railliet, 1899) Baylis and San Diego Zoo, California. Daubney, 1943. Hosts and Locality: Parafilaroides prolificus From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the common seal (Phoca vitulina). Information Synonymy: regarding geographical location of host was From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Filaroides not provided by authors. sp. of Dougherty, 1943; Parafilaroides sp. of From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the common Dougherty 1946. seal (Phoca vitulina) from Europe. Hosts and Locality: From King, 1964 - Found in the common seal From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the (Phoca vitulina). Information regarding geo- Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata). Informa- graphical location of host was not provided tion regarding geographical location of host by author. was not provided by authors. From Dougherty and Hermann, 1947 - Found Parafilaroides hydrurgae in the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) from the San Diego Zoo, California. Hosts and Locality: From King, 1964 - Found in the Steller sea lion From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the (Eumetopias jubata). Information regarding leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx). Informa- Nematoda 90 S

geographical location of host was not pro- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the vided by author. harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from Washington and California. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) from the Remarks: San Diego Zoo, California. Dailey and Brownell (1972) note the host species Globicephalus melas also includes species identified asGlobicephalus scammoni. Pharurus alatus Synonymy: Pharurus inflexus From Arnold and Gaskin, 1975 - Strongylus alatus Leuckart, 1848; Pharurus alatus Leuck- Synonymy: art 1848; Prothecosacter alatus (Leuckart) From Delyamure, 1955 - Strongylus inflexus Ru- Diesing, 1851; Strongylus (Pharurus) alatus dolphi, 1809; Strongylus inflexus major Ro- Diesing, 1851; Pseudalius alatus (Leuckart) spail, 1829; Pseudalius filum Dujardin, 1845; von Linstow 1888; Stenurus alatus (Leuckart) Prosthecosacter inflexus Diesing, 1851; Pros- Yorke and Maplestone 1926; Torynurus ala- thecosacter convolutus Cobbold, 1846; Pseuda- tus (Leuchart) Deltamure 1952. lius inflexus Schneider, 1866; Prosthecosacter Hosts and Locality: convolutus Cobbold, 1879; (nec Stenurus inflexus Dujardin, 1845). From Arnold and Gaskin, 1975 - Found in the narwhal (Monodon monoceros) from Baffin -Is Hosts and Locality: land, Canada. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the finned porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Geographi- cal distribution includes the North Atlantic, Pharurus convolutus coast of Europe, and the Asiatic coast of the Synonymy: Pacific Ocean. From Delyamure, 1955 - Torynurus convolutus (Kuhn, 1829) Baylis and Daubney, 1825; Pharurus oserkaiae Strongylus convolutus Kuhn, 1829; Pros- thecostrongylus convolutus (Kuhn, 1829) Hosts and Locality: Diesing, 1851; Pseudalius convolutus (Kuhn, From Babero and Thomas, 1960 - Found in the 1829) Schneider, 1866; Pseudalius bicostatus white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) from Linstow, 1906. Alaska. Hosts and Locality: From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the white whale Delphinapterus leucas) from the North Atlantic pilot whale (Globiceph- Alaska. See Remarks. alus melaena), the harbor porpoise (Pho- Remarks: coena phocoena), and in the short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhyncha). In- From Margolis and Dailey (1972) provide a formation regarding geographical location brief taxonomic history of this parasite. of hosts was not provided by authors. See Remarks. Pharurus pallasii From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the finned porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) and in a por- Synonymy: poise (Phocoena sp.). Geographical distribu- From Arnold and Gaskin, 1975 - Strongylus pal- tion includes the North Atlantic (Europe) lasii van Beneden 1870; Strongylus arcticus and USSR (Sakhalin). Cobb 1888; Pseudalius arcticus (Cobb) von Pharurus pallasii w 91

Linstow 1900; Otophocoenurus Dougherty seal (Erignathus barbatus). Information re- 1943; Otophocoenurus oserskoi Skrjabin 1942; garding geographical location of hosts was Stenurus pallasii (van Beneden) Dougherty not provided by authors. 1943; Pharurus oserskaiaae (Skrjabin) Dough- From Johnson et al, 1966 - Found in the ringed erty 1949; Pharurus oserskaiaae (Skrjabin) seal (Pusa hispida) and the bearded seal (Eri- Dougherty 1951. gnathus barbatus) from the Cape Thompson Hosts and Locality: region of Alaska. From Arnold and Gaskin, 1975 - Found in the From Myers, 1959 - Found in the hooded seal white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) from (Cystophora cristata), the bearded seal (Eri- the MacKenzie River Delta in Canada; New gnathus barbatus), the gray seal (Halichoe- Brunswick, Canada; and from Churchill, rus grypus), the harp seal (Phoca groenland- Manitoba, Canada. ica), the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), and the ringed seal (Phoca hispida soperi). All host listed above were from the North Atlan- Phocanema sp. tic. From the north Pacific, Phocanema decipiens was found in the northern fur seal (Cal- Hosts and Locality: lorhinus ursinus cynocephalus), the sea otter From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the (Enhydra lutris neris), the bearded seal (Eri- white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albiros- gnathus barbatus), the harbor seal (Phoca vitu- tris) and the pygmy sperm whale (Kogia brevi- lina), and in the California sea lion (Zalophus ceps). Information regarding geographical lo- californianus). From the south Pacific, this cation of hosts was not provided by authors. parasite was found in the Kerguelen fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella), the Hooker’s sea lion From Myers, 1957 - Found in the ringed seal (Arctocephalus hookeri), the leopard seal (Hy- (Pusa hispida) from Baffin Island. drurga leptonyx), the Weddell seal (Leptony- From Van Thiel, 1966 - Found in the white chotes weddelli), the southern sea lion (Mir- beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) ounga leonina), and in the sea otter Enhydra( from Katwijk Beach and the pygmy sperm lutris). whale (Kogia breviceps) from the west coast Remarks: of France. A review of the taxonomy of this species is provided by Myers (1959). Phocanema decipiens Synonymy: Phocascaris ceptophora From Myers, 1959 - Ascaris bulbosa Cobb, 1888; Hosts and Locality: Ascaris decipiens Krabb, 1878; Ascaris rectangular von Linstow, 1907 nec Leiper and At- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the kinson, 1915; Ascaris simplex von Linstow, hooded seal (Cystophora cristata). Informa- 1888; Physaloptera guiarta Garin, 1913; “?” tion regarding geographical location of host Porrocaecum azarsi Yamaguti and Arima, was not provided by authors. 1942; “?” Porrocaecum callotariae Yamaguti, 1951; Porrocaecum decipiens (Krabbe, 1978 Baylis, 1920; Terranova decipiens (Krabbe, Phocascaris hydrurgae 1878) Mozzovoi, 1953; Terranova piscium Hosts and Locality: (Rudolphi, 1809) Johnson and Mawson, 1943. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx). Informa- Hosts and Locality: tion regarding geographical location of host From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the was not provided by authors. ringed seal (Pusa hispida) and the bearded Nematoda 92 S

From Johnston and Mawson, 1941 - Found in harp seal (Phoca groenlandica). Information the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) from regarding geographical location of host was Port River and Port Adelaide (Australia). not provided by authors. From King, 1964 - Found in the leopard seal From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the harp seal (Hydrurga leptonyx). Information regarding (Phoca groenlandica) from various points in geographical location of host was not pro- the White Sea. vided by author. From King, 1964 - Found in the harp seal (Phoca groenlandica). Information regarding geographical location of host was not pro- Phocascaris netsiki vided by author. Hosts and Locality: Remarks: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Delyamure (1955) reviews the biology and common seal (Phoca vitulina) and the ringed ecology of Phocacaris phocae. seal (Pusa hispida). Information regarding geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. Physaloptera guiarti From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the ringed Hosts and Locality: seal (Pusa hispida) from the Arctic. From King, 1964 - Found in the Weddell seal From King, 1964 - Found in the common seal (Leptonychotes weddelli). Information regard- (Phoca vitulina) and the ringed seal (Pusa ing geographical location of host was not hispida). Information regarding geograph- provided by author. ical location of hosts was not provided by author. From Lyster, 1940 - Found in the ringed seal Placentonema sp. (Phoca hispida) from Craig Harbor, Clyde Hosts and Locality: River, Lake Harbour, Cage Smith, and N.W.T. See Remarks. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Dall porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli). Informa- Remarks: tion regarding geographical location of host Although Lyster (1940) does not discuss Ph- was not provided by authors. oca virtulina as a host of Phocascaris nitsiki in From Johnston and Ridgway, 1969 - Found in the text portion of his paper, he does list this the Dall porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) from host species in the remaining section of the California. paper. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the Dall porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) from Phocascaris osculatum California. Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Placentonema gigantissima hooded seal (Cystophora cristata). Informa- Hosts and Locality: tion regarding geographical location of host was not provided by authors. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the sperm whale (Physeter catodon). Information regarding geographical location of host was Phocascaris phocae not provided by authors. Hosts and Locality: From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sperm whale (Physeter catodon) from the Pacific From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Ocean (Kurile Islands region). Placentonema gigantissima w 93

From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in 1891; Ascaris rectangular Linstow 1907; Kath- the sperm whale (Physeter catodon) from leena rectangular Leiper and Atkinson 1914; California. Contracaecum rectangularum Baylis 1920; Por- rocaecum decipiens Baylis 1920. From Rice, 1963 - Found in the sperm whale (Physeter catodon) from California. Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the South American sea lion (Otaria byronia), Porrocaecum sp. the New Zealand sea lion (Neophoca hookeri), Hosts and Locality: the Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus doriferus), the Kerguelen fur seal (Arctocepha- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the lus tropicalis), the northern fur seal (Callorhi- California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). nus ursinus), the walrus (Odobenus romarus), Information regarding geographical loca- the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), the ringed tion of host was not provided by authors. seal (Pusa hispida), the bearded seal (Erigna- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the thus barbatus), the gray seal (Halichoerus gry- California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pus), the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), from the San Diego Zoo. See Remarks. the harp seal (Phoca groenlandica), the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris), From Scheffer and Slipp, 1944 - Found in the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leo- the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) from nina), the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), Washington. the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli), the From Scott and Fisher, 1958a - Found in the Ross seal (Ommatophoca rossi), the Mediter- harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from ranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), the the lower Bay of Fundy (near Passama- Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata), the nar- quoddy Bay). whal (Monodon monoceros), the white whale (Delphinapterus leucas), the little piked whale Remarks: (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), the blue whale Margolis and Dailey (1972) feel this species (Balaenoptera musculus), and in the harbor is undoubtedly a Terranova, probably Ter- porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Information ranova decipiens. regarding geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. From Johnston, 1937c - Found in the Wed- Porrocaecum callotariae dell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) from Com- Hosts and Locality: monwealth Bay (Antarctica) and in the elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) from Com- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the monwealth Bay and Macquarie Island northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus). In- (Antarctica). formation regarding geographical location of host was not provided by authors. From King, 1964 - Found in the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), the gray seal (Hali- From King, 1964 - Found in the northern fur choerus grypus), the harbor seal (Phoca vitu- seal (Callorhinus ursinus). Information re- lina), the ringed seal (Pusa hispida), the harp garding the geographical location of host seal (Phoca groenlandica), the leopard seal was not provided by author. (Hydrurga leptonyx), the Weddell seal (Lep- tonychotes weddelli), the Ross seal (Ommato- phoca rossi), the Mediterranean monk seal Porrocaecum decipiens (Monachus monachus), the hooded seal (Cys- Synonymy: tophora cristata), the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonia), the northern elephant From Johnston, 1937c - Ascaris decipiens Krabbe seal (Mirounga angustirostris), the northern 1878; Ascaris bulbosa Cobb 1888; Ascaris sim- fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), the Kerguelen plex Linstow 1888; Ascaris osculate Leidy Nematoda 94 S

fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis), the walrus From Baylis, 1932 - Strongylus inflexus Rudol- (Odobenus rosmarus), the California sea lion phi, 1809; Strongylus inflexus majorRaspail, (Zalophus californianus), the Steller sea lion 1829; Strongylus major Raspail, 1829; Pseuda- (Eumetopias jubata), and in the South Ameri- lius filumDujardin, 1845; Prosthecosacter in- can sea lion (Otaria byronia). Information re- flexusDiesing, 1851; “(?)” Prosthecosacter garding geographical location of hosts was convolutus Cobbold, 1864; Prosthecosacter not provided by author. convolutus Cobbold, 1879; (“Not Strnurus inflexus” Dujardin, 1845.) From Rauch, 1953 - Found in the sea otter En( - hydra lutris) from the Aleutian Islands, Hosts and Locality: Alaska. From Arnold and Gaskin, 1975 - Found in the From Scott and Fisher, 1958a - Found in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from the Bay of Fundy in Canada and the North the Lower Bay of Fundy. Sea (off the Netherlands). From Scott and Fisher, 1958b - Found in the From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the harbor por- harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), the harp seal poise (Phocoena phocoena). Information re- (Phoca groenlandica), and in the gray seal garding geographical location of host was (Halichoerus grypus) from the southern Ca- not provided by author. nadian Atlantic mainland. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Infor- mation regarding geographical location of Porrocaecum sulcatum host was not provided by authors. Synonymy: From Delyamure, 1955 - Ascaris sulcata Rudol- Pseudoterranova kogiae phi, 1819. Synonymy: Hosts and Locality: From Delyamure, 1955 - Porrocaecum kogiae From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Johnston and Mawson, 1939. South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis). Information regarding geograph- Hosts and Locality: ical location of host was not provided by From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the authors. pigmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps). Infor- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the south- mation regarding the geographical locality ern fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) from the of host was not provided by authors. south Atlantic (Brazil). From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the pigmy From King, 1964 - Found in the South Ameri- sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) from South can fur seal (Arctocephalus australis). Infor- Australia. mation regarding geographical location of host was not provided by author. Skrjabinalius cryptocephalus Hosts and Locality: Pseudalius inflexus From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Synonymy: common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). Infor- From Arnold and Gaskin, 1975 - Strongylus in- mation regarding geographical location of flexus Rudolphi, 1809; Strongylus inflexus ma- host was not provided by authors. jor Raspail, 1829; Strongylus major Raspail, From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the common 1829; Pseudalius filumDujardin, 1845; Pros- dolphin (Delphinus delphis) from the Black thecosacter inflexusDiesing, 1851; Pseudalius Sea. inflexus(Rudolphi) Schneider 1866. Skrjabinalius cryptocephalus w 95

Stenurus sp. Skrjabinaria heteromorpha Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Dall porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli). Informa- From King, 1964 - Found in the common seal tion regarding geographical location of host (Phoca vitulina). Information regarding geo- was not provided by authors. graphical location of host was not provided by author. From Norris and Prescott, 1961 - Found in the Dall porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) from Southern California (four miles south of Pt. Skrjabinaria spirocauda Fermin, Los Angeles). Synonymy: From Delyamure, 1955 - Filaria spirocauda Stenurus alatus Leidy, 1858; Skrjabinea spirocauda Leidy, Synonymy: 1858 (after Freund, 1932). From Delyamure, 1955 - Torynurus alatus Hosts and Locality: Leuchart, 1848; Prothecosacter alatus (Leuck- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in a art, 1848) Diesing, 1851; Strongylus (Pharu- captive (zoo) common seal (Phoca vitulina), rus) alatus Leuckart, 1848; Pseudalius ala- and in the ringed seal (Pusa hispida). Infor- tus Linstow, 1888; Pharurus alatus (Leuckart, mation regarding geographical location of 1848) Stiles and Hassall, 1905 in Dougherty, hosts was not provided by authors. 1943. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the common Hosts and Locality: seal (Phoca vitulina) and the ringed seal From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the (Pusa hispida). Geographical distribution in- narwhal (Monodon monoceros). Information cludes the North Sea (Heligoland Station) regarding geographical location of host was and the Moscow Zoo. See Remarks. not provided by authors. From Railliet, 1899 - Found in the common seal From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the narwhal (Phoca vitulina) from the Gulf of Somme. (Monodon monoceros). Geographical dis- Remarks: tribution includes the North Sea (coast of Greenland). Although Delyamure (1955) does not specify which host was from the Moscow Zoo, Dailey and Brownell (1972) list Phoca vitu- Stenurus arcticus lina as a host from a zoo. Synonymy: Delyamure (1955) provides a brief review of the genus Skrjabinaria. From Baylis, 1932 - Strongylus pallasii, v. Beneden, 1870 (nomen nudum); Strongylus arcticus Cobb, 1888; Pseudalius arcticus, v. Skrjabinia spirocauda Linstow, 1906. Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From King, 1964 - Found in the ringed seal From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the white whale (Pusa hispida) and the California sea lion (Delphinapterus leucas). Information regard- (Zalophus californianus). Information regarding geographical location of host was not ing geographical location of hosts was not provided by author. provided by author. Nematoda 96 S

Stenurus arctomarinus From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the North Atlantic pilot whale (Globicephalus melaena) Hosts and Locality: from the North Atlantic. From Arnold and Gaskin, 1975 - Found in the white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) from the MacKenzie River Delta in Canada, and from Stenurus minor Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. Synonymy: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From Arnold and Gaskin, 1975 - Strongylus mi- white whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Infor- nor Kuhn, 1829; Stenurus inflexus Dujardin, mation regarding geographical location of 1845; Prosthecosacter minor (Kuhn) Diesing, host was not provided by authors. 1851; Pseudalius minor (Kuhn) Schneider, 1866; Pseudalius minor (Kuhn) Cobbold, 1879; Stenurus minor (Kuhn) Baylis and Stenurus auditivus Daubney, 1925; Stenurus Phocoenae Dough- Hosts and Locality: erty, 1943; Stenurus vegans (Eschricht, 1841) Dougherty, 1943. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the black finless porpoise or the common Chi- From Baylis, 1932 - Strongylus minor Kuhn, nese porpoise (Neophocoena phocaenoides). 1829; Strnurus inflexus Dujardin, 1845 (nec Information regarding geographical loca- Strongylus inflexus Rudolphi, 1809); Prosthe- tion of host was not provided by authors. cosacter minor Diesing, 1851; Prosthecosacter (Stenurus) minor Diesing, 1861; Pseudalius From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the finless minor Schneider, 1866; Pharurus minor Cob- porpoise or common Chinese porpoise (Neo- bold, 1879. meris phocaenoides) from the Pacific Ocean. From Delyamure, 1955 - Strongylus minor Kuhn, 1829; Stenurus inflexus Dujardin, 1845 Stenurus globicephalus (nec Strongylus inflexus Rudolphi), 1808; Prosthecosacter minor (Kuhn, 1829) Diesing, Hosts and Locality: 1851; Prosthecosacter minor (Kuhn, 1829) From Arnold and Gaskin, 1975 - Found in the Diesing, 1861; Pseudalius minor (Kuhn, 1829) North Atlantic pilot whale (Globicephalus Cobbold, 1879; Stenurus Phocoenae Dough- melaena), and in the Risso dolphin (Gram- erty, 1943. pus griseus) from Newfoundland; the Atlan- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Stenurus pho- tic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acu- coenae Dougherty, 1943; Stenurus vegans (Es- tus) from Cape Cod, Massachusetts; and the chricht, 1841) Dougherty, 1943. short-fin pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhyncha) from Castries, St. Lucia, Lesser Antilles. Hosts and Locality: From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the North Atlan- From Arnold and Gaskin, 1975 - Found in the tic pilot whale (Globicephalus melaena). In- harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from formation regarding geographical location the Bay of Fundy in Canada, off Newfound- of host was not provided by author. land and the North Sea off the Netherlands. From Beverley-Burton, 1978 - Found in the At- From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the harbor por- lantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhyn- poise (Phocoena phocoena). Information re- chus acutus) from Lingley Cove, Edmunds, garding the geographical locality of host Maine. was not provided by author. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in North Atlantic pilot whale (Globicephalus me- the Risso dolphin (Grampus griseus), the laena). Information regarding geograph- white whale (Delphinapterus leucas), and in ical location of host was not provided by the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). authors. Information regarding the geographi- Stenurus minor w 97

cal locality of hosts was not provided by white whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Infor- authors. mation regarding geographical location of host was not provided by authors. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the finned porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), the Black Sea From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the white porpoise (Phocoena phocoena relicta), and whale (Delphinapterus leucas) from the in the white whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Arctic. Geographical distribution includes the Arc- tic Ocean, North Atlantic, North Sea, Black Sea, Azov Sea, Asiatic coast of the Pacific Strongylus [? Stenurus] alatus Ocean, and USSR (Black Sea, Azov Sea and Synonymy: Pacific Ocean). From Baylis, 1932 - Prothecosacter alatus From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the Diesing, 1851; Strongylus (Pharurus) ala- harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) and tus Diesing, 1851; Pseudalius alatus Linstow, the Dall porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli). Both 1888; (“Not Strongylus alatus” Linstow, host species were from California. 1879). Hosts and Locality: Stenurus ovatus From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the narwhal Synonymy: (Monodon monoceros). Information regarding geographical location of host was not From Baylis, 1932 - Pseudalius ovatus Linstow, provided by author. 1910. From Delyamure, 1955 - Pseudalius ovatus Lin- stow, 1910. Terranova decipiens Hosts and Locality: Synonymy: From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the bottlenosed From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Ascaris de- dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Information cipiens Krabbe, 1978; Porrocaecum decipiens regarding the geographical locality of host (Krabbe, 1978) Baylis, 1920; Phocanema decip- was not provided by author. iens (Krabbe, 1978) Myers, 1959. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Hosts and Locality: bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops( truncatus). In- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the formation regarding the geographical local- northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), the ity of host was not provided by authors. sea otter Enhydra( lutris), the Steller sea lion From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the bottle- (Eumetopias jubatus), the bearded seal (Eri- nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) from the gnathus barbatus), the harbour seal (Phoca vi- Mediterranean Sea (Elba Island) and the tulina richardi) and in the ringed seal (Pusa Black Sea (Kerch Strait). hispida). Hosts were from Alaska, British Co- lumbia, and Washington.

Stenurus pallasii Torynurus convolutus Synonymy: Synonymy: From Delyamure, 1955 - Strongylus arcticus Cobb 1888; Pseudalius arcticus (Cobb, 1888) From Arnold and Gaskin, 1975 - Strongy- Linstow, 1900; Stenurus arcticus (Cobb, 1888) lus convolutus Kuhn, 1829; Strongylus veg- Baylis and Daubney, 1925. ans Eschricht 1841; Prosthecosacter convolutus (Kuhn) Diesing, 1851; Pseudalius convolu- Hosts and Locality: tus Schneider, 1866; Pseudalius bicostatus von From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Linstow 1906; Torynurus convolutes (Kuhn) Nematoda 98 S

Baylis and Daubney 1925; Torynurus bicosta- From Kuitunen, 1956 - Larvae found in the tus (von Linstow) Schmidt-Ries 1939; 1906; walrus (Odobenus romarus) from the Cana- Pharurus convolutes (Kuhn) Dougherty 1943. dian Arctic (Southhampton Island and Cape Dorset). See Remarks. From Baylis, 1932 - Strongylus convolutus Kuhn, 1829; Prosthecosacter convolutus Diesing, From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the 1851; Prosthecosacta convolutus Cobbold, walrus (Odobenus romarus) from Alaska. 1864; Pseudalius convolutus Schneider, 1866; From Rausch et al, 1956 - Found in unidenti- ? (sic) Pseudalius bicostatus, v. Linstow, 1906. fied seals (Phoca sp.) from Alaska (St. Law- Hosts and Locality: rence Island) and the Arctic coast. Larval forms found in the bearded seal (Erigna- From Arnold and Gaskin, 1975 - Found in the thus barbatus) and the white whale (Delph- common porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from inapterus leucas) from Arctic Alaska. See the Bay of Fundy, Canada; Vancouver Is- Remarks. land and British Columbia, Canada; the North Sea off the Netherlands; and in the From Roth, 1949 - Found in the bearded seal north east Atlantic Ocean. (Erignathus barbatus) from Thule (the ex- treme northern district of West Greenland). From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the pilot whale (Globicephala melaena) and the common por- Remarks: poise (Phocoena phocoena). Information re- Most of the “unidentified seals” examined garding the geographical location of hosts by Rausch et al (1956) were comprised of was not provided by author. two species; Phoca hispida and Phoca vitulina. Kuitunen (1956) notes that “a Danish sci- Torynurus dalli entist” reported trichinosis in two walruses from the west coast of Greenland. Synonymy: From Arnold and Gaskin, 1975 - Irukanema dalli Yamaguti 1951; Pharurus dalli (Yamaguti) Ya- Uncinaria sp. maguti 1962; Torynurus dalli (Yamaguti) De- Hosts and Locality: lyamure 1972. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Hosts and Locality: California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). From Arnold and Gaskin, 1975 - Found in the Information regarding geographical loca- Dall porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) from Long tion of host was not provided by authors. Beach, California. From Dailey and Hill, 1970 - Found in the Cal- ifornia sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from San Nicholas Island, California. Trichinella spiralis From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the Hosts and Locality: California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the from California. walrus (Odobenus romarus), the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), and in the ringed seal (Pusa hispida). Information regarding geo- Uncinaria hamiltoni graphical location of hosts was not provided Synonymy: by authors. From Delyamure, 1955 - Dochmius Dujardin, From King, 1964 - Found in the bearded seal 1845; Dochmoides Cameron, 1924. (Erignathus barbatus), the walrus (Odobenus romarus), and in the ringed seal (Pusa hispida). Hosts and Locality: Information regarding the geographical loca- From Baylis, 1933 - Found in the Steller sea tion of hosts was not provided by author. Uncinaria hamiltoni w 99

lion (Eumetopias jubata) and the southern el- lion (Eumetopias jubata) from Palo Alto (San ephant seal (Mirounga leonia). Both hosts Francisco Bay). Positive identification of the were from the Falkland Islands. host was not made. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the South American sea lion (Otaria byronia), Uncinaria lucasi the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), and in the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias Synonymy: jubata). Information regarding geograph- From Delyamure, 1955 - Unicinaria sp. Stiles ical location of hosts was not provided by and Hassall, 1899; (“?” sic Unicinaria stem- authors. macephala; in Afans’ ev, 1941). From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the southern sea lion (Otaria byronia) and the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonia [= Macrorhynus Hosts and Locality: leonia]). Information regarding geograph- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the ical location of hosts was not provided by northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) and author. the ringed seal (Pusa hispida). Information From King, 1964 - Found in the southern ele- regarding geographical location of hosts phant seal (Mirounga leonia), the southern was not provided by authors. sea lion (Otaria byronia), and in the Steller From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the northern sea lion (Eumetopias jubata). Information re- fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) from the Bering garding geographical location of hosts was Sea (Pribilof Islands). not provided by author. From King, 1964 - Found in the northern fur From Hamilton, 1934 - Found in the South seal (Callorhinus ursinus). Information re- American sea lion (Otaria byronia) from the garding geographical location of hosts was Falkland Islands. not provided by author. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - See Remarks. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the Remarks: northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) and the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata). Both Margolis and Dailey (1972) note this par- host species were from Alaska. asite was possibly found in a Steller sea 100 S

Trematoda

Trematodes, commonly known as flukes, are less common in marine mammals but are common and diverse in sea turtles, where they can be found in almost any tissue including the vascular space, liver and gall bladder, free in the intestine, and in the urinary bladder. The larval forms of all trematodes require a mollusk to complete their indirect life cycle, however, most life cycles are unknown and in need of further study. Brachycladiinae are billary and air sinus flukes of marine mammals that occasionally cause significant pathology and strandings, however they are also commonly en- countered as incidental findings at necropsy. Two stomach flukes of cetaceans, Brau- nia cordiformis and Pholeter gastrophilus are common, and not generally associated with disease. Robust communities of trematodes are seen in sea turtles where species diversity is abundant and over fifty species can be found in a single host. Even significant numbers in the intestinal lumen are unlikely to cause disease, but Spiro- chid vascular flukes of sea turtles are often cited as pathogens similar to Schistosomi- asis in humans.

Amphimerus lancea From Price, 1932 - Found in the Amazon River dolphin (Sotalia fluviatilis) from Brazil (Barra Synonymy: do Rio Negro), and in the Irrawaddy River From Baylis, 1932 - Distomum lancea Diesing, dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) from a north- 1850; D. (Dicrocoelium) lancea Stossich, 1892; eastern province of India. Opisthorchis lancea Braun, 1901. Remarks: From Price, 1932 - Distoma lancea Diesing, 1850; Dailey and Brownell (1972) list the Amazon Opisthorchis lancea (Diesing, 1850) Braun, River dolphin or tookashee (Sotalia fluviati- 1901. lis) as a host of Amphimerus lancea and cite Hosts and Locality: Baylis (1932) as a source reference. How- ever, Baylis only lists the Irrawaddy River From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the dolphins Sota- dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) and the Ama- lia tucuxii (= S. fluviatilis) and Orcaella brevi- zon River dolphin (Sotalia tucuxi) as hosts of rostris. Information regarding the geograph- this parasite. ical location of hosts was not provided by author. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in Braunina cordiformis the Irrawaddy River dolphin (Orcaella bre- Hosts and Locality: virostris) and the Amazon River dolphin or tookashee (Sotalia fluviatilis). Information re- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the garding the geographical location of hosts bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops( truncatus), the was not provided by authors. See Remarks. common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), and in the eastern Pacific spotted dolphinStenella ( From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the dol- graffmani). Information regarding the geo- phins Sotalia tucuxii (= S. fluviatilis) and Or- graphical location of hosts was not provided caella brevirostris from the Pacific and Indian by authors. oceans (Brazil and India). Braunina cordiformis w 101

From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), the com- Campula folium mon dolphin (Delphinus delphis), and in the eastern Pacific spotted dolphinStenella ( Hosts and Locality: graffmani). Geographical distribution in- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the cludes the Adriatic Sea (Trieste, Lesina), black finless porpoise or common Chinese Atlantic Ocean (Rio de Janeiro), Califor- porpoise (Neophocoena phocaenoides). Infor- nia (Maryland State [sic], and Panama (Bay mation regarding the geographical location hova [sic]). of host was not provided by authors. From Johnston and Ridgway, 1969 - Found in From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the black the bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops( truncatus). finless porpoise or common Chinese por- The host died in captivity, apparently from poise (Neomeris phocaenoides) from the coast chocking on a fish, at the Naval Undersea of Japan. Research and Development Center, Point Mugu, California. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in Campula gondo the bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops( truncatus) Synonymy: from California. From Yamaguti, 1958 - Odhneriella gondo Yama- From Yamaguti, 1958 - Found in the common guti, 1942. dolphin (Delphinus delphis) from the Adri- atic Sea, the bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops( Hosts and Locality: truncatus) from Florida; and in the eastern From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in Pacific spotted dolphinStenella ( graffmani) short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala mac- from Panama. rorhyncha). Information regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by authors. Campula delphini From Yamaguti, 1958 - Found in the short- Synonymy: finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhyn- From Baylis, 1932 - Distomum delphini Poirier, chus) from Japan. 1886; Cladocoelium delphini Stossich, 1892; Brachycladium delphini Looss, 1889. Campula laevicaecum From Delyamure, 1955 - Distomum delphini Po- irier, 1886; Cladocoelium delphini (Poirier, Hosts and Locality: 1886) Stossich, 1892; Brachycladium delphini From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the (Poirier, 1886) Looss, 1889. long beaked dolphin (Stenella longirostris). Hosts and Locality: Information regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by authors. From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). Information regard- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the long ing the geographical location of host was beaked dolphin (Stenella longirostris) from not provided by author. Pacific Ocean (Japan). From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). Infor- Campula oblonga mation regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by authors. Synonymy: From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the common From Baylis, 1932 - Distomum oblongum Braun, dolphin (Delphinus delphis) from the Atlantic 1891; Distomum (Brachylaimus) oblongum Ocean (Europe). Stossich 1892; Distomum tenuicolle Olsson, Trematoda 102 S

1893; Opisthorchis oblongua Kowalevsky, mation regarding the geographical location 1898; Brachycladium oblongum Looss, 1902. of host was not provided by authors. From Delyamure, 1955 - Distomum oblon- From Yamaguti, 1958 - Found in the common gus (Colbold, 1858) Braun, 1892; Distomum dolphin (Delphinus delphis) from Europe. (Brachylaimus) oblongus (Colbold, 1858) Stos- Remarks: sich 1892; Brachycladium oblongum (Colbold, 1858) Looss, 1902; Distomum tenuicolle Rud. The precise geographical location of this host/ (after Olsson, 1893). parasite could not be determined. Both Dely- amure (1955) and Price (1932) list Europe as Hosts and Locality: the geographical location of the parasite. From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Information regarding the geographical location of host Campula rochebruni was not provided by author. Synonymy: From Ching and Robinson, 1959 - Found in the From Baylis, 1932 - Distomum rochebruni Po- harbor porpoise (Phocoena vomerina) [= Pho- irier, 1886; Cladocoelium rochebruni Stossich, coena phocoena] from Washington, and in the 1892; Brachycladium rochebruni Looss, 1899. Dall porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) from the Sea of Japan. From Delyamure, 1955 - Distomum rochebruni Poirier, 1886; Cladocoelium rochebruni (Po- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the irier, 1886) Stossich, 1892; Brachycladium ro- harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Infor- chebruni (Poirier, 1886) Looss, 1899. mation regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by authors. Hosts and Locality: From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the finned From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the common dol- porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from the North phin (Delphinus delphis). Information regard- Atlantic (Europe and North America). ing the geographical location of host was not provided by author. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in Washington. common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). Infor- mation regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by authors. Campula palliata From Dailey and Perrin, 1973 - Found in the Synonymy: eastern Pacific spotted dolphinStenella ( graffmani) from the tropical Pacific (Lat. From Baylis, 1932- Distomum palliatum Looss, 12° 51′ N, Long. 93° 18′ W); and in the long 1885; Cladocoelium palliatum Stossich, 1892; beaked dolphin (Stenella longirostris) from Brachycladium palliatum Looss, 1889. the tropical Pacific (Lat. 12° 51′ N, Long. 93° From Delyamure, 1955 - Distomum palliata 18′ W). Looss, 1885; Brachycladium palliata (Looss, From Yamaguti, 1958 - Found in the common 1885) Looss, 1889; Cladocoelium palliata dolphin (Delphinus delphis) from Europe. (Looss, 1885) Stossich, 1892. Hosts and Locality: Cryptocotyle fusiforme From Baylis, 1932- Found in the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). Information regard- Hosts and Locality: ing the geographical location of host was From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the ringed not provided by author. seal (Pusa hispida), the commander fur seal From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in (Callorhinus ursinus ursinus), and in the sea common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). Infor- otter (Enhydra lutris). Geographical distribu- Cryptocotyle fusiforme w 103

tion includes the Commander Islands and that died at the New York Aquarium. Also the Hanaishiki Zoo in Japan. found in the common seal (Phoca vitulina) and the Caspian seal (Phoca caspica). Geo- From Goto and Ozaki, 1930 - Found in a graphical distribution includes the North ringed seal (Pusa hispida) that died in the Atlantic and the Caspian Sea. Hanaishiki Zoological Gardens, Tokyo, Japan. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), the gray seal From Neiland, 1961 - Found in the northern (Halichoerus grypus), the northern elephant fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) from Valdez, seal (Mirounga angustirostris), and in the Alaska. Caspian seal (Phoca caspica). Information re- From Rausch, 1953 - Found in the sea otter (En- garding the geographical location of hosts hydra lutris) from Alaska. was not provided by authors. From King, 1964 - Found in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), the gray seal (Halichoerus Cryptocotyle jejuna grypus), the northern elephant seal (Mir- Hosts and Locality: ounga angustirostris), and in the Caspian seal (Phoca caspica). Information regarding the From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the geographical location of hosts was not pro- northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus). Infor- vided by author. mation regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by authors. From Ransom, 1920 - Found in a captive harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) from the National From King, 1964 - Found in the northern fur Zoological Park in Washington D.C. seal (Callorhinus ursinus). Information regarding the geographical location of host Remarks: was not provided by author. A brief historical account of this parasite is From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the provided by Delyamure (1955). northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) from Alaska. Cyclorchis campula From Neiland, 1961 - Found in the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) from Valdez, Synonymy: Alaska. From Baylis, 1932 - Distoma campula Cobbold, 1876; Campula oblonga Cobbold, 1876, nec Cobbold, 1858; Opisthorchis campula Looss, Cryptocotyle lingua 1899; Metorchis campula Looss, 1899. Synonymy: From Delyamure, 1955 - Distoma campula Cob- From Delyamure, 1955 - Distomum lingua Crep- bold, 1876; Metorchis campula (Cobbold, lin 1825; Tocotrema lingua Looss, 1899; Hal- 1876) Looss, 1899; Opisthorchis campula lum lingua Wigdor, 1912. (Cobbold, 1876) Looss, 1899. From Ransom, 1921 - Dermocystis ctenolabri Hosts and Locality: Stafford, 1905; Distomum lingua Creplin, From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the Susu or Blind 1825; Tocotrema lingua (Creplin, 1825) Looss River dolphin (Platanista gangetica). Informa- 1899; Hallum caninum Wigdor, 1918. tion regarding the geographical location of From Yamaguti, 1958 - Hallum caninum Wig- host was not provided by author. dor, 1918. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Hosts and Locality: Susu or Blind River dolphin (Platanista gangetica). Information regarding the geograph- From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in a north- ical location of host was not provided by ern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) authors. Trematoda 104 S

From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Susu or Remarks: Blind River dolphin (Platanista gangetica) Baylis (1932) notes that Price (1932) consid- from Asia (India). ers the examined host was actually a common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) rather than a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Delphinicola tenuis Hosts and Locality: Distomum validum From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the long beaked dolphin (Stenella longirostris). Synonymy: Information regarding the geographical lo- From Baylis, 1932 - D. (Brachylaimus) validum cation of host was not provided by authors. Stossich, 1892. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the long Hosts and Locality: beaked dolphin (Prodelphinus longirostris) [= Stenella longirostris] from the Pacific Ocean From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the dolphin Del- (Japan). phinus sp. Information regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by author. Distoma andersoni Synonymy: Echinochasmus andersoni From Baylis, 1932 - Distomum (Brachylaimus) Synonymy: andersoni Stossich, 1892. See Remarks. Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the Gangetic dolphin (Platanista gangetica). Information re- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the garding the geographical location of host Susu or blind river dolphin (Platanista gan- was not provided by author. getica). Information regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by authors. See Remarks. Distomum pallasii Remarks: Synonymy: Dailey and Brownell (1972) list this para- From Baylis, 1932 - Dicrocoelium pallasii Stos- site and host as a “new combination”. It ap- sich, 1892. pears that Delyamure (1955) describes the same parasite as Distoma andersoni and Ya- Hosts and Locality: maguti (1958) describes it as Brachyaema an- From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the harbor por- dersoni. Both authors list the same host as poise (Phocoena phocoena). Information re- Dailey and Brownell (1972). Baylis (1932) garding the geographical location of host lists Distomum (Brachylaimus) andersoni as a was not provided by author. synonym of Distoma andersoni. Delyamure (1955) gives a brief historical account of the parasite and considers Brachyaema to be syn- Distomum philocholum onymous with Campula. Yamaguti (1958) retains Brachyaema. Price (1932) considers this Hosts and Locality: parasite belonging to Echinostoma. The orig- From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the harbor por- inal description made by Cobbold (1876) poise (Phocoena phocoena). Information re- was based on what Delyamure considers to garding the geographical location of host be a “poor drawing”. This led Delyamure to was not provided by author. See Remarks. conclude that the taxonomic position of this parasite is uncertain. Echinostoma acanthoides w 105

Echinostoma acanthoides Poireier, 1866; Dicrocoelium erinaceum Stos- sich, 1892; Astiotrema erinacea Stossich, 1904. Synonymy: Hosts and Locality: From Delyamure, 1955 - Distoma acanthoides Rudolphi, 1819. From Baylis, 1932 - Cysts found in the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). Informa- Hosts and Locality: tion regarding the geographical location of From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the host was not provided by author. harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) and the gray seal From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in (Halichoerus grypus). Information regarding common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). Infor- the geographical location of hosts was not mation regarding the geographical location provided by authors. of host was not provided by authors. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in a common From Price, 1932 - Found in the common dol- seal (Phoca vitulina) that died in the Berlin phin (Delphinus delphis) from Europe. Zoo. Remarks: From King, 1964 - Found in the gray seal (Ha- lichoerus grypus) and the common seal (Ph- Price (1932) is “extremely doubtful” that the oca vitulina). Information regarding the geo- dolphin is a host to this parasite since all graphical location of hosts was not provided other members of the Galactosumum genera by author. are parasites of birds. The original parasite specimen taken from the dolphin was de- Remarks: scribed by Poirier (1886) and was found free A brief historical account of this parasite is in the intestines while still in the encysted provided by Delyamure (1955). form.

Fasciola skrjabini Hadwenius nipponicus Synonymy: Synonymy: From Delyamure, 1955 - Fasciola hepatica Stiles See Remarks. and Hassall 1898 nec Fasciola hepatica L. Hosts and Locality: 1758. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the Hosts and Locality: harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Washington. short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala mac- Remarks: rorhyncha), the little piked whale or minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), and in the Both Skrjabin (1944) and Yamaguti (1958) killer whale (Orcinus orca). Information re- consider Hadwenius to be synonymous with garding the geographical location of hosts Odhneriella. was not provided by authors. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the killer Hadwenius seymouri whale (Orcinus orca) and the piked whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Geographi- Synonymy: cal distribution includes the North Atlantic From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Odhneriella (Europe). seymouri Price, 1932. See Remarks. Galactosumum erinaceum Hosts and Locality: Synonymy: From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the white whale From Baylis, 1932 - Distomum erinaceum (Delphinapterus leucas). Information regard- Trematoda 106 S

ing the geographical location of host was Lecithodesmus sp. not provided by author. Hosts and Locality: From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the the white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) from Hawaiian spinner dolphin (Stenella roseiven- Alaska. tris) and the humpback whale (Megaptera Remarks: novaengliae). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided Both Skrjabin (1944) and Yamaguti (1958) by authors. consider Hadwenius to be synonymous with Odhneriella. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) and the humpback whale (Megaptera novaengliae) Heterophyes heterophyes from California. Synonymy: From Yamaguti, 1958 - Heterophyes aegyptiaca Lecithodesmus goliath Cobbold, 1866; Mesogonimus heterphyes Rail- Synonymy: liet, 1890; Coenogonimus heterphyes Looss, 1900; Cotylogonimus heterophyes Lühe, 1900; From Baylis, 1932 - Distomum goliath van Heterophyes fraternus Looss, 1884. Beneden, 1858. Hosts and Locality: From Delyamure, 1955 - Distomum goliath van Beneden, 1858. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Hosts and Locality: Information regarding the geographical lo- From Baylis, 1932, - Found in the bowhead cation of host was not provided by authors. whale (Balaena mysticetus), the sei whale From King, 1964 - Found in a captive (zoo) (Balaenoptera borealis), and in the piked California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Informa- Information regarding the geographical lo- tion regarding the geographical location of cation of host was not provided by author. hosts was not provided by author. Remarks: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Greenland right whale or bowhead whale Yamaguti (1958) does not list Z. california- (Balaenoptera mysticetus), the sei whale nus, or any other marine mammal, as a host (Balaenoptera borealis), the fin whale (Balae- to this parasite. noptera physalus), and in the little piked whale or minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Information regarding the geo- Hunterotrema caballeroi graphical location of hosts was not provided Hosts and Locality: by authors. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the piked Bouta or Amazon River dolphin (Inia geoff- whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), the sei rensis). Information regarding the geograph- whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the fin whale ical location of host was not provided by (Balaenoptera physalus), and in the bowhead authors. whale (Balaena mysticetus). Geographical distribution includes the Atlantic Ocean, the From Layne and Caldwell, 1964 - Found in the Arctic Ocean (Europe), and Russia (Sea of Amazon dolphin (Inia geoffrensis). The host Okhotsk and Pacific Ocean). was captured in the upper Amazon River (near Leticia, Columbia) but died in captiv- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the ity in Florida. fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) from Brit- ish Columbia. Lecithodesmus goliath w 107

From Margolis and Pike, 1955 - Found in the From Kleinenberg et al, 1964 - Found in the be- bowhead whale (Balaenoptera mysticetus), luga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) from the the piked whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), Barents Sea (Novaya Zemlya settlement). and in the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis). All above hosts were from northwest- ern European seas. Also found in the fin Leucasiella mironovi whale (Balaenoptera physalus) from British Hosts and Locality: Columbia. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the beluga or white whale (Delphinapterus leu- Lecithodesmus nipponicus cas). Information regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by Hosts and Locality: authors. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From Kleinenberg et al, 1964 - Found in the belong beaked dolphin (Stenella longirostris), luga or white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), and from the Pacific Ocean, LaPerouse Strait, in the short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala Aniva Gulf. macrorhynchus). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts was not pro- From Tomilin, 1967 - Found in the white whale vided by authors. (Delphinapterus leucas) from the Sea of Ok- hotsk, Aniva Bay. From Yamaguti, 1958 - Found in the long beaked dolphin (Stenella longirostris) and the short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala mac- Mesorchis denticulatus rorhynchus). Both hosts were from the coast of Japan. Hosts and Locality: From King, 1964 - Found in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Information re- Lecithodesmus spinosus garding the geographical location of hosts Hosts and Locality: was not provided by author. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis). Information Metorchis albidus regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by authors. Synonymy: From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the From Delyamure, 1955 - Distomum albidum sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) from British Braun, 1893; Distoma (Dicrocoelium) albidum Columbia. Braun, 1893; Opisthorchis albidum (Braun, 1893) Railliet, 1896. From Margolis and Pike, 1955 - Found in the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) from British Hosts and Locality: Columbia. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) and the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata). Informa- Leucasiella arctica tion regarding the geographical location of Hosts and Locality: hosts was not provided by authors. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the gray seal beluga or white whale (Delphinapterus leu- (Halichoerus grypus) and the hooded seal cas). Information regarding the geograph- (Cystophora cristata). Geographical distribu- ical location of host was not provided by tion includes the Atlantic Ocean and Arctic authors. Ocean (Europe). Trematoda 108 S

From King, 1964 - Found in the gray seal (Ha- Monostromum delphini lichoerus grypus) and the hooded seal (Cys- Synonymy: tophora cristata). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts was not pro- From Baylis, 1932 - Monostromum blainville vided by author. Cobbold, 1860; Monostromulum delphini Brandes, 1892; Agamodistomum delphini Price, 1932. Microphallus enhydrae Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From Baylis, 1932 – Found in the whale “Del- From Rausch and Locker, 1951- Found in the phinus dalei spec affin”. See Remarks. sea otter Enhydra( lutris) from Amchitka, Remarks: Alutian Islands (Alaska). Baylis (1932) notes the likely host was either a bottled-nosed whale Hyperoodon( rostratus) Microphallus orientalis or a Sowerby’s whale (Mesoplodon bidens). Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Nasitrema sp. walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) and the bearded Hosts and Locality: seal (Erignathus barbatus). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the was not provided by authors. broad-beaked dolphin (Peoponocephala electra). Information regarding the geographi- From Yurakhno, 1968 - Found in the wal- cal locality of hosts was not provided by au- rus (Odobenus rosmarus romarus), and the thors. See Remarks. bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) from the Bering Sea and Chukotski Sea. Remarks: Dailey and Brownell (1972) also list the bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and Microphallus pirum the Pacific bottlenosed dolphinTursiops ( gil- Synonymy: lii) as hosts of Nasitrema sp. and cite Neiland et al (1970) as a source reference. However, From Dailey and Brownell. 1972 - Microphallus no mention of these hosts could be found in enhydrae. the Neiland et al (1970) paper. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Microphallus enhydrae Rausch and Locker, 1951. Nasitrema attenuata Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the sea otter (Enhydra lutris). Information re- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the garding the geographical location of host false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens). In- was not provided by authors. formation regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by authors. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the sea otter Enhydra( lutris) from Alaska. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) from From Rausch, 1953 - Found in the sea otter (En- Mexico. hydra lutris) from Alaska. From Neiland et al, 1970 - Found in the false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) from Mazatlan, Mexico (21° 51′ N, 105° 56′ W). Nasitrema dalli w 109

Nasitrema dalli 22′ W); in the false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) from California (21° 51′ N, 105° Hosts and Locality: 56′ W); and in the short-finned pilot whale From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the (Globicephala macrorhynchus) from two loca- Dall porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli). Informa- tions in California (32° 46′ N, 118° 24′ W and tion regarding the geographical location of 22° 08′ N, 107° 47′ W). host was not provided by authors. From Yamaguti, 1958 - Found in the Dall por- Nasitrema gondo poise (Phocoenoides dalli) from the Sea of Japan. Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala mac- Nasitrema delphini rorhyncha). Information regarding the geo- Hosts and Locality: graphical location of host was not provided by authors. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). Infor- From Yamaguti, 1958 - Found in the short- mation regarding the geographical location finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhyn- of host was not provided by authors. chus) from the Pacific coast (Japan). From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) from Nasitrema lanceolata California. Hosts and Locality: From Neiland et al, 1970 - Found in the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) from Cali- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the fornia (26° 51′ N, 114° 10′ W). short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhyncha). Information regarding the geographical location of host was not provided Nasitrema globicephalae by authors. Hosts and Locality: From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macro- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the rhyncha) from California. Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), the false killer whale (Pseudo- From Neiland et al, 1970 - Found in the short- rca crassidens), the short-finned pilot whale finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhyn- (Globicephala macrorhynchus), and the north- chus) from California (near San Clemente Is- ern right whale (Lissodelphis borealis). Infor- land (32° 71′ N, 119° 15′ W). mation regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. Nasitrema spathulatum From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala mac- Hosts and Locality: rorhynchus), the Pacific white-sided dol- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the phin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), the north- black finless porpoise or common Chinese ern right whale (Lissodelphis borealis), and porpoise (Neophocoena phocaenoides). Infor- the false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens). mation regarding the geographical location Hosts were from California. of host was not provided by authors. From Neiland et al, 1970 - Found in the Pacific From Neiland et al, 1970 - Found in the black white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliq- finless porpoise or common Chinese por- uidens) from California (30° 37′ N, 118° 56′ poise (Neomeris phocaenoides) from Batavia W); in the northern right whale (Lissodel- Bay (East Indies). phis borealis) from California (33° 37’N, 119° Trematoda 110 S

From Yamaguti, 1958 - Found in the black fin- Odhneriella seymouri less porpoise (Neomeris phocaenoides) from Synonymy: the Inland Sea of Japan. From Delyamure, 1955 - Hadwenius seymouri Price, 1932. Nasitrema stenosoma See Remarks. Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the the eastern Pacific spotted dolphinStenella ( beluga or white whale (Delphinapterus leu- graffmani). Information regarding the geo- cas). Information regarding the geograph- graphical location of host was not provided ical location of host was not provided by by authors. authors. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the beluga spotted dolphin Stenella( dubia [= Stenella or white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) from graffmani]) from Mexico. Alaska and the Sea of Okhotsk. From Neiland et al, 1970 - Found in the eastern From Kleinenberg et al, 1964 - Found in the be- Pacific spotted dolphinStenella ( graffmani) luga or white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) from Mazatlan, Mexico (22° 58′ N, 106° 21′ from the Bering Sea (Alaska), Okhotsk Sea, W). White Sea, and Barents Sea. Remarks: Nasitrema sunameri Yamaguti (1958) argues the correct name for Hosts and Locality: this parasite is Hadwenius seymouri. From Yamaguti, 1958 - Found in the black finless porpoise or common Chinese porpoise Ogmogaster antarcticum (Neomeris phocaenoides) from the Inland Sea of Japan. Synonymy: From Delyamure, 1955 - Ogmogaster Leiper and Atkinson, 1915 nec Creplin, 1829. Odhneriella rossica From Johnston, 1937a - Ogmogaster plicatus Hosts and Locality: Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the walrus (Odobenus rosmarus). Information re- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the garding the geographical location of host crab-eating seal (Lobodon carcinophagus), the was not provided by authors. Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli), the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), the blue whale From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the walrus (Balaenoptera musculus), and in the gray (Odobenus rosmarus). Geographical distribu- whale (Eschrichtius gibbosus). Information re- tion includes the Arctic Ocean, near Kaly- garding the geographical location of hosts uchinskii inlet (Chukchi Peninsula), and the was not provided by authors. White Sea (near Kanuchinskie Koshki). From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Weddell From King, 1964 - Found in the walrus (Odo- seal (Leptonychotes weddelli), the crab-eating benus rosmarus). Information regarding the seal (Lobodon carcinophagus), the blue whale geographical location of host was not pro- (Balaenoptera musculus), and in the fin whale vided by author. (Balaenoptera physalus). Geographical distribution includes the Antarctic (King George IV Land and other points), and the Pacific Ocean (northern hemisphere). Ogmogaster antarcticum w 111

From Johnston, 1937a - Found in the Weddell Remarks: seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) from Antarc- This new species was proposed by Rausch tica (Commonwealth Bay and King George and Fay (1966). V Land). From King, 1964 - Found in the crab-eating seal (Lobodon carcinophagus) and the Weddell Ogmogaster plicatus seal (Leptonychotes weddelli). Information re- Synonymy: garding the geographical location of hosts was not provided by author. From Baylis, 1932 - Monostomum plicatum (Creplin, 1829), Jägerskiöld, 1891. From Klumov, 1963 - Found in the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) from the Antarctic. From Dawes, 1946 - Monostomum plicatum Creplin 1829. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the gray whale (Eschrichtius gibbosus) and the From Delyamure, 1955 - Monostomum plicatum fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) from British Creplin. See Remarks. Columbia and California. From Johnston, 1937a - Ogmogaster antarcticum From Rausch and Fay, 1966 - Found in the fin Hosts and Locality: whale (Balaenoptera physalus) from the north Pacific, and in the Weddell seal Leptony( - From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the the piked chotes weddelli). whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the blue whale From Yamaguti, 1958 - Found in the Weddell (Balaenoptera musculus), and in the fin whale seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) and the crab-eat- (Balaenoptera physalus). Information regarding seal (Lobodon carcinophagus). Both hosts ing the geographical location of hosts was were from Australia. not provided by author. From Dawes, 1946 - Found in the piked whale Ogmogaster pentalineatus [lesser rorqual] (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the fin Synonymy: whale [common rorqual] (Balaenoptera phy- From Rausch and Rice, 1970 - Ogmogaster salus), and in “some seals (Leptonychotis wed- delyamurei. delli and Lobodon carcinophagus)” from Eu- rope (Norway) and the Antarctic regions. Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the the Greenland right whale (Balaena mystice- gray whale (Eschrichtius gibbosus). Informa- tus), the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the tion regarding the geographical location of fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), the blue host was not provided by authors. whale (Balaenoptera musculus), and in the lit- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in tle piked whale or minke whale (Balaenop- the gray whale (Eschrichtius gibbosus) from tera acutorostrata). Information regarding the Alaska and California. geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. From Rausch and Fay, 1966 - Found in the gray whale (Eschrichtius gibbosus) from the From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sei Bering Sea (about Lat 63° 41′ N; Long 171° whale (Balaenoptera borealis), the blue whale 50′ W of Point Kaghoopalik), west coast of (Balaenoptera musculus), the piked whale St. Lawrence Island. (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), and in the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Geographi- From Rausch and Rice, 1970 - Found in the cal distribution includes the Atlantic Ocean gray whale (Eschrichtius gibbosus) from the (near the coast of Norway) and the Sea of Chukchi Sea. Okhotsk (Kurile Islands region). Trematoda 112 S

From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) and the fin Ogmogaster trilineatus whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Geographi- cal localities include British Columbia and Hosts and Locality: California. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in From Margolis and Pike, 1955 - Found in the the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) from sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) and the fin California. whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Both hosts From Rausch and Rice, 1970 - Found in the fin were from northern Norway. whale (Balaenoptera physalus) from the north From Price, 1932 - Found in the sei whale Pacific Ocean off San Francisco, California, (Balaenoptera borealis), the blue whale (Balae- (Lat. 37° 33′ N; Long. 124° 06′ W). noptera musculus), the minke whale (Balea- noptera acutorostrata), the Weddell seal (Lep- tonychotes weddelli), and in the crab-eating Opisthorchis tenuicollis seal (Lobodon carcinophagus). Geographical Synonymy: distribution includes Europe (Norway) and the Antarctic waters (Cape Evans region). From Price, 1932 - Distoma tenuicollis Rudol- phi, 1819; Distoma viverrini Poirier, 1866; Op- From Rausch and Fay, 1966 - Found in the fin isthorchis viverrini Stiles and Hassall, 1896; whale (Balaenoptera physalus) and the sei Opisthorchis tenuicollis-felineus Looss, 1899. whale (Balaenoptera borealis). “Possible” locality may include Rugen Island, Baltic Sea Hosts and Locality: (Creplin’s material). Definitely recorded off From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the harbor por- the northern coast of Norway. Geographi- poise (Phocoena phocoena). Information re- cal distribution includes the northern sec- garding the geographical location of host tor of the North Atlantic and north Pacific was not provided by author. oceans, including the Sea of Okhotsk (Dely- amure, 1955). From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), the From Tomilin, 1967 - Found in the Greenland hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), the gray right whale (Balaena mysticetus). Information seal (Halichoerus grypus), and in the harbor regarding the geographical location of host porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Information was not provided by author. regarding the geographical location of hosts See Remarks. was not provided by authors. Remarks: From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), the gray seal (Ha- The taxonomic history of this parasite is lichoerus grypus), the hooded seal (Cys- very involved and is reviewed by Rausch tophora cristata), and in the harbor porpoise and Fay (1966). Price (1932) and Dawes (Phocoena phocoena). Geographical distribu- (1946) both consider O. plicatus to be syn- tion includes the Atlantic Ocean and Arctic onymous with O. antarcticus, and nei- Oceans (Europe). ther considered the blue whale (Balaenop- tera musculus) to be a host of the parasite. From King, 1964 - Found in the bearded seal Margolis and Pike (1955) doubt the minke (Erignathus barbatus), the hooded seal (Cys- whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) is a host tophora cristata), and in the gray seal (Hali- to this parasite. Johnston (1931) regarded choerus grypus). Information regarding the the O. plicatus specimens described by Price geographical location of hosts was not pro- (1932) from pinnipeds (Leptonychotis wed- vided by author. delli and Lobodon carcinophagus) to be a dis- Remarks: tinct species and renamed them Ogmogaster antarcticus. Both Price (1932) and Yamaguti (1958) note that when other hosts of this parasite are Opisthorchis tenuicollis w 113

considered (cat, wolf, civet, dog, man), the From King, 1964 - Found in the bearded seal distribution of this parasite extends to the (Erignathus barbatus), the harp seal (Pagophi- United States and Asia. A brief account lus groenlandica), and in the ringed seal (Pusa of this parasite is provided by Delyamure hispida). Information regarding the geo- (1955). graphical location of hosts was not provided by author. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in Orthosplanchnus albamarinus the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) from Hosts and Locality: Alaska. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the From Price, 1932 - Found in the bearded seal beluga or white whale (Delphinapterus leu- (Erignathus barbatus) and the ringed seal cas). Information regarding the geographi- (Pusa hispida). Geographical distribution in- cal location of host was not provided by au- cludes Europe, Greenland, Spitzbergen, and thors. See Remarks. Canada. From Treshchev, 1968 - Found in the beluga or From Yamaguti, 1958 - Found in the bearded white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) from the seal (Erignathus barbatus) from Spitzbergen. White Sea. Remarks: Orthosplanchnus elongatus In Dailey and Brownell (1972) list, “Or- Hosts and Locality: thosplanchnus” is erroneously spelt “Orthosplanchus”. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the black finless porpoise or common Chinese porpoise (Neophocoena phocaenoides). Infor- Orthosplanchnus arcticus mation regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by authors. Hosts and Locality: From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the black From Cowen, 1967 - Found in the North Atlan- finless porpoise Neomeris( phocaenoides) from tic pilot whale (Globicephala melaena) from Japan. Newfoundland. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the North Atlantic pilot whale (Globiceph- Orthosplanchnus fraterculus ala melaena), the bearded seal (Erignathus Hosts and Locality: barbatus), the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandica), the ringed seal (Pusa hispida) and From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in in the North Atlantic pilot whale (Globi- the walrus (Odobenus rosmarus), the sea otter cephala melaena). Information regarding the (Enhydra lutris), and in the bearded seal (Eri- geographical location of hosts was not pro- gnathus barbatus). Information regarding the vided by authors. geographical location of hosts was not provided by authors. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), the ringed seal From King, 1964 - Found in the bearded seal (Pusa hispida), and in the Greenland seal (Erignathus barbatus). Information regarding (Pagophilus groenlandica). Geographical dis- the geographical location of host was not tribution includes Europe (Spitzbergen, provided by author. West Greenland), Canada, and Russia (Kara From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the Sea and White Sea). sea otter Enhydra( lutris) and the bearded From Johnson et al, 1966 - Found in the seal (Erignathus barbatus). Both hosts were bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) from from Alaska. Alaska. From Price, 1932 - Found in the walrus (Odo- Trematoda 114 S

benus rosmarus) and the bearded seal (Eri- Remarks. gnathus barbatus). Both hosts were from From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the bottle- Spitsbergen. nosed whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) from From Rausch, 1953 - Found in the sea otter (En- Russia, Sea of Okhotsk, and the Pacific hydra lutris) from Alaska. Ocean (Kurile Islands region). From Rausch and Locker, 1951. - Found in the Remarks: sea otter Enhydra( lutris) from Alaska (Am- Dailey and Brownell (1972) cite Delyamure chitka [Aleutian Islands], Point Barrow, and (1955) as a source reference for their claim Wainwright), and from St. Lawrence Island, that the giant bottlenosed whale (Berardius near Siberia. bairdi) is a host of Oschmarinella sobolevi. De- lyamure lists the host as “Hyperoodon ampullatus [= H. rostratus]”. Orthosplanchnus odobaeni Hosts and Locality: Phocitrema fusiforme From Treshchev et al, 1969 - Found in the walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) from the Chuk- Hosts and Locality: chi Sea (in the Enurmino area, Far-Eastern From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the USSR). ringed seal (Phoca hispida). Information regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by authors. See Remarks. Orthosplanchnus sudarikovi From Goto and Ozaki, 1930 - Found in a Hosts and Locality: ringed seal (Phoca hispida) that died in the From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Hanayashiki Zoological Garden, Tokyo. beluga or white whale (Delphinapterus leu- From King, 1964 - Found in the northern fur cas). Information regarding the geograph- seal (Callorhinus ursinus), the ringed seal ical location of host was not provided by (Phoca hispida), and in the harbor seal (Phoca authors. vitulina). Information regarding the geo- From Treshchev, 1966 - Found in the beluga or graphical location of hosts was not provided white whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Infor- by author. mation regarding the geographical location From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the of host was not provided by author. northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), the sea otter Enhydra( lutris) and the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardi). See Remarks. Oschmarinella laevicaecum From Rausch, 1953 - Found in the sea otter (En- Hosts and Locality: hydra lutris) from the Aleutian Island of Am- From Beverley-Burton, 1978 - Found in the At- chitka, Alaska. lantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhyn- From Rausch and Locker, 1951- Found in the chus acutus) from Lingley Cove, Edmunds, sea otter Enhydra( lutris) from Amchitka, Maine. Alutian Islands (Alaska) and in the common seal (Phoca vitulina) from St. Lawrence Is- land (Alaska). Oschmarinella sobolevi Remarks: Hosts and Locality: Dailey and Brownell (1972) and Margolis From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the and Dailey (1972) list the northern fur seal giant bottlenosed whale (Berardius bairdi). In- (Callorhinus ursinus), the sea otter (Enhydra formation regarding the geographical loca- lutris) and the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) tion of host was not provided by authors. See Phocitrema fusiforme w 115

as hosts of P. fusiforme and cite Goto and of hosts was not provided by authors. Ozaki, 1930 as a source reference. However From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the Califor- Goto and Ozaki only list a ringed seal (Phoca nia sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from the hispida) that died in the Hanayashiki Zoo- Washington D.C. Zoo. logical Garden in Tokyo as a host of P. fusiforme. King (1964) does list the harbor seal From King, 1964 - Found in the California sea (Phoca vitulina) as a host of P. fusiforme. lion (Zalophus californianus) and the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus). Informa- tion regarding the geographical location of Pholeter gastrophilus hosts was not provided by author. Synonymy: From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), the From Baylis, 1932 - Distomum gastrophilus Kos- sea otter Enhydra( lutris), the Steller’s sea sack, 1910. lion (Eumetopias jubatus), and in the Cali- From Delyamure, 1955 - Distomum gastrophilus fornia sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Geo- Kossack, 1910. graphical distribution includes Alaska, Cali- fornia, and Washington D.C. (zoo). Hosts and Locality: From Neiland, 1961 - Found in the northern From Baylis, 1932 - Cysts found in the harbor fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) from Alaska porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Information (Pribilof Islands). regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by author. From Rausch, 1953 - Found in the sea otter (En- hydra lutris) from Alaska. From Beverley-Burton, 1978 - Found in the At- lantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhyn- From Rausch and Locker, 1951 - Found in the chus acutus) from Lingley Cove, Edmunds, sea otter Enhydra( lutris) from Amchitka, Maine. Alutian Islands (Alaska). From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Infor- Pseudamphistomum truncatum mation regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by authors. Synonymy: From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the com- From Price, 1932 - Amphistoma truncatum Ru- mon dolphin (Delphinus delphis) from Eu- dolphi, 1819; Distoma conus Creplin, 1825 rope (Port Pillau, and Germany [now Bal- (nec Gurlt, 1831); Distoma lancoelatum Mehlis tusk USSR]). of Diesing, 1858; Distoma campanulatum Er- colani, 1875; Distoma truncatum Railliet, 1866; Opisthorchis truncatus Railliet, 1896; Pricetrema zalophi Metorchis truncatus Looss, 1899. Synonymy: Hosts and Locality: From Delyamure, 1955 - Apophallus zalophi From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in Price, 1932. the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus), the harp seal (Pagophi- From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Apophallus lus groenlandica), the hooded seal (Cystophora zalophi Price, 1932. cristata), and in the ringed seal (Pusa his- Hosts and Locality: pida). Information regarding the geographical location of hosts was not provided by From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in authors. the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), the sea otter (Enhydra lutris), and in the From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the gray seal northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus). Infor- (Halichoerus grypus), the hooded seal (Cys- mation regarding the geographical location tophora cristata), the common seal (Phoca vit- Trematoda 116 S

ulina vitulina), the ringed seal (Pusa hispida), phallus similis Price, 1931; Apophallus don- and in the harp seal (Pagophilus groenland- icum (Skrjabin and Lindtrop, 1919) Price, ica). Geographical distribution includes var- 1932 nec Rossicotrema donicum Skrjabin and ious points in the Atlantic Ocean (European Lindtrop, 1919. and Greenland coasts). Hosts and Locality: From King, 1964 - Found in the harbor seal From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the (Phoca vitulina), the gray seal (Halichoerus harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). Information re- grypus), the harp seal (Pagophilus groenland- garding the geographical location of host ica), the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), was not provided by authors. and in the ringed seal (Pusa hispida). Infor- mation regarding the geographical location From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the har- of hosts was not provided by author. bor seal (Phoca vitulina) from the North At- lantic and north Arctic Ocean (Alaska and Remarks: Canada). Both Delyamure (1955) and Yamaguti (1958) From King, 1964 - Found in the common seal note this parasite is carried by a number of (Phoca vitulina). Information regarding the other hosts in Europe and Russia; including geographical location of host was not pro- the dog, fox, mink, wolverine and man. vided by author. Remarks: Pseudechinostomum advena Delyamure (1955) notes this parasite is also Synonymy: found in a number of other hosts, including dogs, cats and raccoons. Delyamure (1955) From Yamaguti, 1958 - Aequistoma adventa Bea- also provides a brief historical account of ver, 1942. See Remarks. this parasite. Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Schistosoma haematobium Caspian seal (Pusa caspica). Information regarding the geographical location of host Hosts and Locality: was not provided by authors. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in a From King, 1964 - Found in the Caspian seal captive (zoo) California sea lion (Zalophus (Pusa caspica). Information regarding the californianus). Information regarding the geographical location of host was not pro- geographical location of host was not provided by author. vided by authors. From Shchupakov, 1936 - Found in the Cas- From King, 1964 - Found in a captive (zoo) pian seal (Pusa caspica) from the Caspian Sea California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). (Chechen’ Island). Information regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by author. Remarks: Yamaguti (1958) considers Aequistoma to be the correct genera for this parasite. Schistosoma mansoni Hosts and Locality: Rossicotrema venustus From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in a captive (zoo) California sea lion (Zalophus Synonymy: californianus). Information regarding the From Delyamure, 1955 - Cotyllophyllus venus- geographical location of host was not pro- tus Ransom, 1920; Cotyllophyllus similis Ran- vided by authors. som, 1920; Rossitrema similis Wittenberg, From King, 1964 - Found in a captive (zoo) 1929; Apophallus venustus Price, 1931; Apo- Schistosoma mansoni w 117

California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Stictodora mansoni Information regarding the geographical lo- Hosts and Locality: cation of host was not provided by author. From King, 1964 - Found in a captive (zoo) California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Stephanoprora denticulata Information regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by author. Synonymy: Remarks: From Delyamure, 1955 - Mesorchis denticulatus Rudolphi, 1802; Fasciola denticulta Rudolphi, Yamaguti (1958) does not list Zalophus cali- 1802; Distoma denticulatum Rudolphi 1809; fornianus, or any other marine mammal, as a Echinostoma denticulatum Cobbold, 1860. host to this parasite. Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the Stictodora ubelakeri California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Hosts and Locality: Information regarding the geographical location of host was not provided by authors. From Dailey, 1969 - Found in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from Alamitos From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the Bay, California. California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from a zoo in Washington D.C. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). From Price, 1932 - Found in the California sea Information regarding the geographical lo- lion (Zalophus californianus) from the Wash- cation of host was not provided by authors. ington Zoo. From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the Remarks: California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) In a brief historical account of S. denticu- from California. late, Delyamure (1955) notes that this parasite also has been found in a number of bird species and states an opinion that the Synthesium tursionis correct genus for this parasite should be Synonymy: Mesorchis. From Baylis, 1932 - Distomum tursionis Marchi, 1873; Distomum longissimum Poirier, 1866; Stictodora haematobium Dicrocoelium longissimum Stossich, 1892; Di- crocoelium tursionis Paroma, 1896; Fasciolopis Synonymy: (? sic) tursionis Nicoll, 1923. From Yamaguti, 1958 - Bilharzia magna Cob- From Delyamure, 1955 - Distomum tursionis bold, 1859; Bilharzia capensis Harley, 1864. Marchi, 1873; Distomum longissimum Po- Hosts and Locality: irier, 1866 nec Distomum longissimum Lin- stow, 1896; Distomum (Dicrocoelium) tursio- From King, 1964 - Found in a captive (zoo) nis (Marchi, 1872) Paroma, 1896. California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Information regarding the geographical lo- Hosts and Locality: cation of host was not provided by author. From Baylis, 1932 - Found in the bottlenosed Remarks: dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Information regarding the geographical location of host Yamaguti (1958) does not list Zalophus cali- was not provided by author. fornianus, or any other marine mammal, as a host to this parasite. From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops( truncatus). In- Trematoda 118 S

formation regarding the geographical loca- (Phoca vitulina), the California sea lion (Za- tion of host was not provided by authors. lophus californianus), the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis), and in the From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the bottle- northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustiros- nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) from tris). Information regarding the geograph- Europe. ical location of hosts was not provided by author. Unidentified trematoda eggs From Margolis and Dailey, 1972 - Found in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) Hosts and Locality: from California and Baja California (wild From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the and captive animals), the New York Aquar- Bouta or Amazon River dolphin (Inia geoff- ium, the Washington D.C. Zoo and the Bal- rensis). Information regarding the geograph- timore Zoo. ical location of host was not provided by From Stunkard and Alvey, 1929 - Found in the authors. California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). From Layne and Caldwell, 1964 - Found in the Geographical location of host was not pro- Amazon River dolphin or Boutu (Sotalia flu- vided by authors. viatilis). The host was captured in the Ama- Remarks: zon River (near Leticia) but died in captivity in Florida. Dailey and Brownell (1972) also list the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) as a host of Z. hepaticum and give Zalophotrema curilensis Stunkard and Alvey (1929) as a source reference. However, no mention of A. austra- Hosts and Locality: lis could be found in the Stunkard and Al- From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the vey (1929) paper. However, King (1964) sperm whale (Physeter catodon). Information does list Arctocephalus australis as a host of regarding the geographical location of host Z. hepaticum was not provided by authors. From Delyamure, 1955 - Found in the sperm Zalophotrema lubimowi whale (Physeter catodon) from the Sea of Ok- hotsk (Kurile Islands region). Hosts and Locality: From Dailey and Perrin, 1973 - Found in a captive South American sea lion (Otaria byronia) Zalophotrema hepaticum from the Moscow Zoo. Hosts and Locality: From Brown et al, 1960 - Found in a bottle- Zalophotrema pacificum nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) that died in captivity at the Marine Studios, St. Au- Hosts and Locality: gustine, Florida. From Dailey and Perrin, 1973 - Found in the From Dailey and Brownell, 1972 - Found in the long beaked dolphin (Stenella longirostris) California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), and the Eastern Pacific spotted dolphin the northern elephant seal (Mirounga an- (Stenella graffmani). Both hosts were from the gustirostris), the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (Lat. 12° 51′ and in the bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops( N, Long. 93° 18′ W). truncatus). Information regarding the geo- Remarks: graphical location of hosts was not provided by authors. See Remarks. This new species was introduced by Dailey and Perrin (1973). From King, 1964 - Found in the harbor seal w 119

Host/ Parasite Listing

Pinnipedia Cestoda: Adenocephalus pacificus Diphyllobothrium arctocephalinum (erroneously reported) Arctocephalus australis (South American fur seal) Nematoda: Acanthocephala: Contracaecum osculatum Corynosoma semerme (erroneously reported) Acarina: Orthohalarchne megellanica Cestoda: Arctocephalus gazella (Kerguelen fur seal) Adenocephalus pacificus Nematoda: Diphyllobothrium glaciale Phocanema decipiens Diphyllobothrium pacificum Phyllobothrium delphini

Nematoda: Arctocephalus hookeri (Hooker’s sea lion) Anisakis similis Contracaecum corderoi Nematoda: Contracaecum osculatum Phocanema decipiens Contracaecum rectangulum Porrocaecum sulcatum Trematoda: Arctocephalus pusillus (South African fur seal) Zalophotrema hapaticum Acanthocephala: Corynosoma villosum Acarina: Arctocephalus doriferus (Australian fur seal) Orthohalarachne attenuate Acanthocephala: Orthohalarachne diminuata Corynosoma sp. Corynosoma australe Anoplura: Cestoda: Proechinopthirius zumpti Diphyllobothrium arctocephalinum Cestoda: Nematoda: Diphyllobothrium arctocephalinum Contracaecum osculatum Phyllobothrium delphini Porrocaecum decipiens Nematoda: Contracaecum osculatum

Arctocephalus forsteri (New Zealand fur seal) Acanthocephala: Corynosoma australe (erroneously reported) Host / Parasite Listing 120 S

Arctocephalus tasmanicus (Tasmanian fur seal) Diphyllobothrium pacificus Diplogonoporus sp. Acarina: Diplogonoporus tetrapterus Halarachne reflexa Orthohalarachne reflexa * May be a misspelling of Diphyllobothrium krotovi. Cestoda: Adenocephalus pacificus Nematoda: Diphyllobothrium arctocephali Contracaecum callotariae Diphyllobothrium arctocephalinum Contracaecum osculatum Dipetlonema spirocauda Nematoda: Porrocaecum callotariae Anisakis sp. Porrocaecum decipiens Terranova decipiens Uncinaria lucasi Arctocephalus tropicalis (Kerguelen fur seal) Trematoda: Acanthocephala: Cryptocotyle fusiforme Corynosoma strumosum Cryptocotyle jejuna Phocitrema fusiforme Cestoda: Pricetrema zalophi Diphyllobothrium sp. Phyllobothrium delphini

Nematoda: Callorhinus (sic) ursinus alascanus (Alaskan fur seal) Contracaecum osculatum Porrocaecum decipiens Cestoda: Diphyllobothrium krotovi

Callorhinus ursinus (northern fur seal) Callorhinus (sic) ursinus curilensis (Kurile fur seal) Acanthocephala: Bolbosoma bobrovi Acanthocephala: Bolbosoma nipponicum Bolbosoma nipponicum Corynosoma semerme Cestoda: Corynosoma similis Diphyllobothrium krotovi Corynosoma strumosum Phyllobothrium hians Corynosoma villosum Acarina: Orthohalarchne attenuata Callorhinus (sic) ursinus cynocephalus (northern fur Orthohalarchne diminuata seal) Anoplura: Acarina: Antarctophthirius callorhini Orthohalarchne attenuata Proechinophthirius fluctus Nematoda: Cestoda: Phocanema decipiens Adenocephalus pacificus Adenocephalus septentrionalis Clestobothrium glaciale Diphyllobothrium glaciale Callorhinus (sic) ursinus ursinus (Commander fur seal) Diphyllobothrium krooyi * Trematoda: Diphyllobothrium krotovi Cryptocotyle fusiforme Diphyllobothrium macrocephalus Diphyllobothrium macrophallos Pinnipedia w 121

Cystophora cristata (hooded seal) Phyllobothrium hians Polypocephalus tortus Acanthocephala: Pyramicocephalus phocarum Corynosoma bullosum Corynosoma semerme Nematoda: Corynosoma strumosum Contracaecum osculatum Phocanema decipiens Anoplura: Porrocaecum decipiens Echinophthirius horridus Terranova decipiens Cestoda: Trichinella spiralis Diphyllobothrium elegans Trematoda: Diphyllobothrium latum Microphallus orientalis Diphyllobothrium tetrapterus Opisthorchis tenuicollis Diplogonoporus tetrapterus Orthosplanchnus arcticus Pyramicocephalus phocarum Orthosplanchnus fraterculus Nematoda: Contracaecum osculatum Dirofilaria immitis Eumetopias jubata (Steller’s sea lion) Filaria hebetata Phocanema decipiens Acanthocephala: Phocascaris ceptophora Bolbosoma bobrovi Phocascaris osculatum Corynosoma sp. Porrocaecum decipiens Corynosoma strumosum Corynosoma villosum Trematoda: Metorchis albidus Acarina: Opisthorchis tenuicollis Halarachne sp. Pseudamphistomum truncatum Orthohalarchne attenuata Orthohalarchne diminuata Orthohalarchne zalophi Erignathus barbatus (bearded seal) Anoplura: Antarctophthirius microchir Acanthocephala: Proechinophthirius fluctus Corynosoma hadweni Corynosoma semerme Cestoda: Corynosoma strumosum Abothrium gadi Corynosoma validum Adenocephalus pacificus Anophryocephalus ochotensis Anoplura: Diphyllobothrium elegans Echinophthirius horridus Diphyllobothrium krotovi Cestoda: Diphyllobothrium pacificus Diphyllobothrium sp. Diplogonoporus fasciatus Diphyllobothrium coniceps Diplogonoporus tetrapterus Diphyllobothrium cordatum Pyramicocephalus phocarum Diphyllobothrium elegans Nematoda: Diphyllobothrium hians Anisakis patagonica Diphyllobothrium lanceolatum Anisakis similis Diphyllobothrium latum Anisakis simplex Diphyllobothrium macrocephalus Anisakis tridentata Diphyllobothrium romeri Contracaecum osculatum Diphyllobothrium schistochilus Parafilaroides sp. Diphyllobothrium tetrapterus Parafilaroides nanus Diplogonoporus tetrapterus Host / Parasite Listing 122 S

Parafilaroides prolificus Echinostoma acanthoides Porrocaecum decipiens Metorchis albidus Terranova decipiens Opisthorchis tenuicollis Uncinaria hamiltoni Pseudamphistomum truncatum Uncinaria lucasi Trematoda: Pricetrema zalophi Hydrurga leptonyx (leopard seal) Acanthocephala: Corynosoma sp. Gypsophoca dorifera (seal) Corynosoma antarcticum Corynosoma australe Acanthocephala: Corynosoma clavatum Corynosoma clavatum Corynosoma hadweni Corynosoma hamanni Anoplura: Gypsophoca tasmanica (Tasmanian fur seal) Antarctophthirius ogmorhini Nematoda: Cestoda: Anisakis sp. Diphyllobothrium archeri Contracaecum gypsophocae Diphyllobothrium lashleyi Diphyllobothrium quadratum Diphyllobothrium scoticum Halichoerus grypus (gray seal) Diphyllobothrium scotti Diphyllobothrium tectum Acanthocephala: Diphyllobothrium ventropapillatum Corynosoma falcatum Diphyllobothrium wilsoni Corynosoma hadweni Phyllobothrium delphini Corynosoma magdaleni Corynosoma reductum Nematoda: Corynosoma semerme Anisakis similis Corynosoma strumosum Contracaecum ogmorhini Contracaecum osculatum Acarina: Contracaecum radiatum Halarachne halichoeri Contracaecum rectangulum Anoplura: Contracaecum stenocephalum Echinophthirius horridus Parafilaroides hydrurgae Phocanema decipiens Cestoda: Phocascaris hydrurgae Ligula sp. Porrocaecum decipiens Schistocephalus solidus Nematoda: Anisakis similis Leptonychotes weddelli (Weddell seal) Contracaecum osculatum Dioctophyme renale Acanthocephala: Phocanema decipiens Corynosoma antarcticum Porrocaecum decipiens Corynosoma hadweni Corynosoma hamanni Trematoda: Corynosoma sipho Cryptocotyle lingua Pinnipedia w 123

Acarina: Diphyllobothrium sp. Halarachne sp. Nematoda: Lorryia leptonychotes Contracaecum osculatum Raphignathus johnstoni Contracaecum radiatum Anoplura: Contracaecum rectangulum Antarctophthirius ogmorhini Trematoda: Cestoda: Ogmogaster antarcticum Diphyllobothrium archeri Ogmogaster plicatus Diphyllobothrium lashleyi Diphyllobothrium mobile Diphyllobothrium perfoliatum Mirounga angustirostris (northern elephant seal) Diphyllobothrium quadratum Diphyllobothrium rufum Acanthocephala: Diphyllobothrium scoticum Corynosoma sp. Diphyllobothrium scotti Acarina: Diphyllobothrium tectum Halarachne miroungae Diphyllobothrium wilsoni Orthohalarchne zalophi Glandicephalus perfoliatus Glandicephalus perfoliatus var. rufus Nematoda: Phyllobothrium sp. Anisakis similis Phyllobothrium delphini Contracaecum osculatum Porrocaecum decipiens Nematoda: Ascaris osculata Trematoda: Ascaris radiata Cryptocotyle lingua Ascaris rectangula Zalophotrema hepaticum Contracaecum osculatum Contracaecum radiatum Contracaecum rectangulum Mirounga leonia (southern elephant seal) Contracaecum stenocephalum Phocanema decipiens Acanthocephala: Physaloptera guiarti Corynosoma bullosum Porrocaecum decipiens Acarina: Trematoda: Halarachne sp. Ogmogaster antarcticum Anoplura: Ogmogaster plicatus Lepidophthirus macrorhini Cestoda: Baylisiella tecta Lobodon carcinophagus (crab-eating seal) Diphyllobothrium lashleyi Acanthocephala: Diphyllobothrium scoticum Corynosoma antarcticum Diphyllobothrium tectum Corynosoma bullosum Phyllobothrium sp. Corynosoma hadweni Nematoda: Corynosoma hamanni Anisakis patagonica Anoplura: Anisakis similis Antarctophthirius lobodontis Contracaecum osculatum Contracaecum radiatum Cestoda: Contracaecum rectangulum Baylissia baylisi Filaria sp. Host / Parasite Listing 124 S

Phocanema decipiens Cestoda: Porrocaecum decipiens Adenocephalus pacificus Uncinaria hamiltoni Diphyllobothrium arctocephalinum Nematoda: Contracaecum osculatum Monachus monachus (Mediterranean monk seal) Cestoda: Bothriocephalus sp. Neophoca hookeri [= Phocarctos hookeri] (New Zealand Cysticercus cellulosae sea lion) Diphyllobothrium coniceps Acanthocephala: Diphyllobothrium elegans Corynosoma semerme Diphyllobothrium hians Diphyllobothrium lanceolatum Anoplura: Diphyllobothrium latum Antarctophthirius microchir Diphyllobothrium tetrapterus Nematoda: Diplogonoporus tetrapterus Porrocaecum decipiens Nematoda: Anisakis pegreffii Contracaecum osculatum Odobenus divergens (Pacific walrus) Porrocaecum decipiens Acanthocephala: Corynosoma validum Monachus schauinslandi (Hawaiian monk seal) Acanthocephala: Odobenus rosmarus (walrus) Corynosoma sp. Corynosoma rauschi Acanthocephala: Corynosoma clavatum Cestoda: Corynosoma semerme Diphyllobothrium cameroni Corynosoma strumosum Diphyllobothrium hians Corynosoma validum Phyllobothrium hians Acarina: Nematoda: Dermacentor rosmari Contracaecum turgidum Orthohalarchne rosmari Crassicauda sp. Anoplura: Antarctophthirius trichechi Haematopinus trichechi Monachus tropicalis (Caribbean sea monk) Cestoda: Acarina: Diphyllobothrium coniceps Halarachne americana Diphyllobothrium cordatum Diphyllobothrium latum Diphyllobothrium macrocephalus Neophoca cinerea (Australian sea lion) Diphyllobothrium romeri Diphyllobothrium schistochilus Acanthocephala: Corynosoma australe Nematoda: Anisakis alata Anoplura: Anisakis bicolor Antarctophthirius microchir Anisakis rosmari Contracaecum osculatum Pinnipedia w 125

Porrocaecum decipiens Acarina: Trichinella spiralis Orthohalarchne megellanica Trematoda: Anoplura: Microphallus orientalis Antarctophthirius microchir Odhneriella rossica Cestoda: Orthosplanchnus fraterculus Diphyllobothrium pacificus Orthosplanchnus odobaeni Diphyllobothrium scoticum Phyllobothrium sp. Phyllobothrium delphini Odobenus rosmarus divergens (walrus) Nematoda: Acanthocephala: Anisakis patagonica Corynosoma validum Anisakis similis Contracaecum osculatum Contracaecum rectangulum Porrocaecum decipiens Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus (walrus) Uncinaria hamiltoni Trematoda: Trematoda: Microphallus orientalis Zalophotrema lubimowi

Ommatophoca rossi (Ross seal) Otaria forster (seal) Acanthocephala: Acanthocephala: Corynosoma hadweni Corynosoma sp. Corynosoma hamanni Anoplura: Antarctophthirius mawsoni Otaria hookeri (Hooker’s sea lion) Cestoda: Acanthocephala: Diphyllobothrium antarcticus Corynosoma australe Diphyllobothrium archeri Diphyllobothrium mobile Diphyllobothrium scotti Diphyllobothrium wilsoni Pagophilus groenlandicus (harp seal) Glandicephalus antarcticus Acanthocephala: Nematoda: Corynosoma strumosum Contracaecum osculatum Cestoda: Contracaecum radiatum Diphyllobothrium cordatum Porrocaecum decipiens Diphyllobothrium lanceolatum Diphyllobothrium sp. Diphyllobothrium schistochilus Otaria byronia (South American sea lion) Nematoda: Acanthocephala: Contracaecum sp. Corynosoma australe Trematoda: Corynosoma hadweni Orthosplanchnus articus Corynosoma hamanni Pseudamphistomum truncatum Corynosoma semerme Corynosoma strumosum Host / Parasite Listing 126 S

Pagophoca groenlandicus (Greenland seal) Diphyllobothrium macrocephalus Diphyllobothrium romeri Acanthocephala: Diphyllobothrium schistochilus Corynosoma strumosum Nematoda: Cestoda: Contracaecum osculatum Diphyllobothrium coniceps Otostrongylus andreewaae Nematoda: Phocanema decipiens Contracaecum osculatum Phocascaris phocae Porrocaecum decipiens Trematoda: Orthosplanchnus arcticus

Phoca hispida (ringed seal) Phoca sp. (seal) Anoplura: Echinophthirius horridus Acanthocephala: Corynosoma hadweni Acanthocephala: Corynosoma strumosum Bolbosoma nipponicum Corynosoma validum Corynosoma sp. Corynosoma wegeneri Corynosoma hadweni Corynosoma reductum Cestoda: Corynosoma semerme Pyramicocephalus phocarum Corynosoma strumosum Nematoda: Corynosoma wegeneri Anisakis similis Cestoda: Trichinella spiralis Anophryocephalus anophrys Diphyllobothrium fasciatus Diphyllobothrium hians Phoca barbatus (bearded seal) Diphyllobothrium lanceolatum Diphyllobothrium latum Cestoda: Diphyllobothrium tetrapterus Diphyllobothrium lanceolatum Diplogonporus fasciatus Phyllobothrium hians Diplogonoporus tetrapterus Phyllobothrium hians Polypocephalus tortus Phoca caspica (Caspian seal) Pyramicocephalus phocarum Schistocephalus solidus Acanthocephala: Trigonocotyle skrjabini Corynosoma strumosum Nematoda: Trematoda: Ascaris dehiscens Cryptocotyle lingua Contracaecum osculatum Halocercus gymnurus Otostrongylus andreewaae Phoca groenlandica (Greenland harp seal) Otostrongylus circumlitus Phocascaris netsiki Anoplura: Echinophthirius horridus Trematoda: Phocitrema fusiforme Cestoda: Diphyllobothrium coniceps Diphyllobothrium cordatum Pinnipedia w 127

Phoca hispida ochotensis (Okhotsk ringed seal) Anoplura: Echinophthiriidae sp. Acanthocephala: Bolbosoma nipponicum Cestoda: Corynosoma semerme Bothriocephalus sp. Corynosoma strumosum Diphyllobothrium coniceps Diphyllobothrium cordatum Cestoda: Diphyllobothrium elegans Diphyllobothrium lanceolatum Diphyllobothrium hians Pyramicocephalus phocarum Diphyllobothrium latum Trigonocotyle skrjabini Diphyllobothrium osmeri Nematoda: Diphyllobothrium polycalceolum Contracaecum osculatum Diphyllobothrium schistochilus Otostrongylus andreewaae Diphyllobothrium tetrapterus Diplogonoporus tetrapterus Phyllobothrium hians Schistocephalus solidus Phoca hispida pomororum (White Sea ringed seal) Tetrabothrium albertini Nematoda: Nematoda: Otostrongylus andreewaae Anisakis similis Contracaecum osculatum Dirofilaria immitis Phoca hispida soperi (ringed seal) Dirofilaria spirocauda Halocercus gymnurus Nematoda: Otostrongylus circumlitus Phocanema decipiens Parafilaroides gymnurus Phocanema decipiens Phocascaris netsiki Phoca monachus Porrocaecum sp. Porrocaecum decipiens Cestoda: Skrjabinaria heteromorpha Phyllobothrium hians Skrjabinaria spirocauda Trematoda: Cryptocotyle lingua Phoca sibirica (Baikal seal) Echinostoma acanthoides Nematoda: Phocitrema fusiforme Contracaecum osculatum Pseudamphistomum truncatum Rossicotrema venustus Zalophotrema hepaticum Phoca vitulina (common or harbor seal) Acanthocephala: Phoca vitulina concolor (Atlantic harbor seal) Corynosoma sp. Corynosoma falcatum Acanthocephala: Corynosom magdaleni Corynosoma magdaleni Corynosoma semerme Nematoda: Corynosoma strumosum Dipetlonema spirocauda Acarina: Halarachne sp. Halarachne miroungae Host / Parasite Listing 128 S

Phoca vitulina geronimensis (harbor seal) Phocarctos hookeri [= Neophoca hookeri] (New Zealand sea lion) Nematoda: Dipetalonema spirocauda Anoplura: Antarctophthirius microchir

Phoca vitulina largha (harbor seal) Pusa caspica (Caspian seal) Acanthocephala: Corynosoma strumosum Acanthocephala: Corynosoma strumosum Nematoda: Phoca vitulina richardii (harbour seal) Anisakis schupakovi Eustrongylides excisus Acanthocephala: Corynosoma falcatum Trematoda: Corynosoma semerme Pseudechinostomum advena Corynosoma strumosum Corynosoma wegeneri Acarina: Pusa hispida (ringed seal) Halarachne sp. Acanthocephala: Halarachne halichoeri Bolbosoma nipponicum Halarachne miroungae Corynosoma reductum Anoplura: Corynosoma semerme Antarctophthirius microchir Corynosoma strumosum Echinophthirius horridus Corynosoma wegeneri Cestoda: Anoplura: Diphyllobothrium alascense Echinophthirius horridus Diphyllobothrium lanceolatum Nematoda: Diphyllobothrium osmeri Anisakis rosmari Nematoda: Ascaris dehiscens Contracaecum osculatum Contracaecum sp. Dipetalonema spirocauda Contracaecum osculatum Terranova decipiens Dipetalonema spirocauda Halocercus gymnurus Trematoda: Otostrongylus andreewaae Phocitrema fusiforme Otostrongylus circumlitus Parafilaroides articus Phocanema sp. Phoca vitulina vitulina (harbor seal) Phocanema decipiens Phocascaris netsiki Nematoda: Porrocaecum decipiens Otostrongylus circumlitus Skrjabinaria spirocauda Trematoda: Skrjabinia spirocauda Pseudamphistomum truncatum Terranova decipiens Trichinella spiralis Uncinaria lucasi Trematoda: Cryptocotyle fusiforme Orthosplanchnus arcticus Pseudamphistomum truncatum Cetacea w 129

Porrocaecum decipiens Skrjabinia spirocauda Pusa hispida ochotensis (Okhotsk ringed seal) Uncinaria sp. Nematoda: Trematoda: Otostrongylus circumlitus Heterophyes heterophyes Mesorchis denticulatus Pricetrema zalophi Schistosoma haematobium Pusa hispida pomororum (Pomor ringed seal) Schistosoma mansoni Nematoda: Stephanoprora denticulata Otostrongylus circumlitus Stictodora haematobium Stictodora mansoni Stictodora ubelakeri Zalophotrema hepaticum Pusa sibirica (Baikal seal) Anoplura: Echinophthirius horridus Nematoda: Contracaecum osculatum baicalensis Cetacea

Zalophus californianus (California sea lion) Balaena antarctica Acanthocephala: Cestoda: Corynosoma obtuscens Priapocephalus grandis Corynosoma osmeri Corynosoma strumosum Acarina: Balaena australis (southern right whale) Demodex sp. Nematoda: Orthohalarchne attenuata Odontobius ceti Orthohalarchne diminuata Orthohalarchne zalophi

Anoplura: Balaena mysticetus (Greenland right whale or Antarctophthirius microchir bowhead whale) Cestoda: Acanthocephala: Adenocephalus pacificum Bolbosoma balaenae Diphyllobothrium krotovi Bolbosoma porrigens Diphyllobothrium pacificus Cestoda: Nematoda: Phyllobothrium delphini Anisakis sp. Phyllobothrium physeteris Anisakis similis Contracaecum osculatum Trematoda: Dipetalonema odendhali Lecithodesmus goliath Dirofilaria immitis Ogmogaster plicatus Dujardinia sp. Halocercus sp. Parafilaroides decorus Balaenoptera acutorostrata (piked whale) Phocanema decipiens Porrocaecum sp. Acanthocephala: Bolbosoma balaenae Host / Parasite Listing 130 S

Bolbosoma brevicolle Bolbosoma brevicolle Bolbosoma nipponicum Bolbosoma hamiltoni Bolbosoma porrigens Bolbosoma nipponicum Bolbosoma turbinella Bolbosoma porrigens Bolbosoma turbinella Nematoda: Anisakis simplex Cestoda: Crassicauda crassicauda Diplogonoporus balaenoptera Porrocaecum decipiens Priapocephalus grandis Tetrabothrius affinis Trematoda: Tetrabothrius schaeferi Fasciola skrjabini Tetrabothrius wilsoni Lecithodesmus goliath Ogmogaster plicatus Nematoda: Anisakis simplex Crassicauda crassicauda Odontobius ceti Balaenoptera borealis (sei whale) Porrocaecum decipiens Acanthocephala: Trematoda: Bolbosoma sp. Ogmogaster antarcticum Bolbosoma balaenae Ogmogaster plicatus Bolbosoma brevicolle Bolbosoma nipponicum Bolbosoma porrigens Bolbosoma turbinella Balaenoptera mysticetus (Greenland right whale or bowhead whale) Cestoda: Diphyllobothrium sp. Acanthocephala: Diplogonoporus balaenoptera Bolbosoma balaenae Priapocephalus grandis Bolbosoma porrigens Priapocephalus minor Nematoda: Tetrabothrium sp. Crassicauda crassicauda Tetrabothrium arsenyevi Tetrabothrius affinis Trematoda: Tetrabothrius wilsoni Lecithodesmus goliath Nematoda: Anisakis sp. Anisakis simplex Balaenoptera physalus (fin whale) Crassicauda sp. Acanthocephala: Crassicauda crassicauda Bolbosoma sp. Crassicauda delamureana Bolbosoma balaenae Trematoda: Bolbosoma brevicolle Lecithodesmus sp. Bolbosoma hamiltoni Lecithodesmus goliath Bolbosoma nipponicum Lecithodesmus spinosus Bolbosoma turbinella Ogmogaster plicatus Cestoda: Diplogonoporus balaenoptera Phyllobothrium delphini Balaenoptera musculus (blue whale) Priapocephalus grandis Priapocephalus minor Acanthocephala: Tetrabothrium ruudi Bolbosoma sp. Bolbosoma balaenae Cetacea w 131

Tetrabothrius affinis Delphinapterus leucas (beluga or white whale) Tetrabothrius wilsoni Acanthocephala: Nematoda: Corynosoma cameroni Anisakis sp. Corynosoma hadweni Anisakis simplex Corynosoma semerme Contracaecum sp. Corynosoma similis Crassicauda sp. Corynosoma strumosum Crassicauda boopis Corynosoma wegeneri Crassicauda crassicauda Cestoda: Crassicauda pacifica Diphyllobothrium lanceolatum Odontobius ceti Nematoda: Trematoda: Anisakis sp. Lecithodesmus goliath Anisakis kükenthalii Ogmogaster antarcticum Anisakis simplex Ogmogaster plicatus Crassicauda giliakiana Ogmogaster trilineatus Otophocaenurus oserskoi Pharurus oserkaiae Pharurus pallasii Balaenoptera rostrata (piked whale) Porrocaecum decipiens Stenurus arcticus Acanthocephala: Stenurus arctomarinus Bolbosoma nipponicum Stenurus minor Stenurus pallasii Trichinella spiralis Balaenoptera velifera (whale)* Trematoda: Acanthocephala: Hadwenius seymouri Bolbosoma sp. Leucasiella arctica * In listing this host/parasite relationship, Leucasiella mironovi Baylis (1932) questions whether Odhneriella seymouri Balaenoptera velifera is synonymous with Orthosplanchnus albamarinus the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Orthosplanchnus sudarikovi

Berardius bairdi (giant bottlenosed dolphin) Delphinus sp. (dolphin) Cestoda: Cestoda: Diphyllobothrium sp. Monorygma grimaldii Phyllobothrium delphini Strobilocephalus triangularis Trigonocotyle sp. Nematoda: Nematoda: Anisakis dussumierii Anisakis sp. Anisakis simplex Anisakis simplex Trematoda: Anisakis skrjabini Distomum validum Crassicauda giliakiana Delamurella hyperoodoni Trematoda: Oschmarinella sobolevi Host / Parasite Listing 132 S

Delphinus dalei * Delphinus forsteri Trematoda: Acanthocephala: Monostromum delphini Echinorhynchus sp. * Baylis (1932) notes “it appears” the likely host was either a bottled-nosed whale (Hyperoodon rostratus) or a Sowerby’s whale Delphinus longirostris (spotted dolphin) (Mesoplodon bidens). Acanthocephala: Corynosoma sp. Cestoda: Delphinus delphis (common dolphin) Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum Acanthocephala: Bolbosoma aurantiacum Bolbosoma pellucidum Bolbosoma vasculosum Eschrichtius gibbosus (gray whale) Corynosoma sp. Acanthocephala: Corynosoma cetaceum Corynosoma sp. Cestoda: Cestoda: Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum Priapocephalus sp. Monorygma delphini Priapocephalus eschrichtii Monorygma grimaldii Pseudophyllidae sp. Phyllobothrium delphini Tetrabothrium sp. Tetrabothrius forsteri Trematoda: Nematoda: Ogmogaster antarcticum Anisakis simplex Ogmogaster pentalineatus Anisakis typica Echinocephalus uncinatus Halocercus delphini Halocercus kleinenbergi Eubalaena glacialis (black right whale) Skrjabinalius cryptocephalus Acanthocephala: Trematoda: Bolbosoma brevicolle Braunina cordiformis Bolbosoma turbinella Campula delphini Cestoda: Campula palliata Priapocephalus grandis Campula rochebruni Galactosumum erinaceum Nasitrema delphini Pholeter gastrophilus Eubalaena glacialis sieboldi (true right whale) Acanthocephala: Bolbosoma turbinella Delphinus dussumieri [ = Prodelphinus longirostris] [ = Delphinus longirostris] Cestoda: Globicephala edwardi (pilot whale) Diphyllobothrium fuhrmanni Cestoda: Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum Trigonocotyle globicephalae Trigonocotyle lintoni Cetacea w 133

Globicephala macrorhyncha (short-fin pilot whale) Globicephala svineval (pilot whale) Cestoda: Acanthocephala: Anophryocephala sp. Bolbosoma capitatum Monorygma sp. Phyllobothrium sp. Nematoda: Globicephalus ventricosus (pilot whale) Anisakis sp. Nematoda: Pharurus convolutus Anisakis physeteris Stenurus globicephalus Trematoda: Campula gondo Grampus griseus (Risso dolphin) Fasciola skrjabini Lecithodesmus nipponicus Cestoda: Nasitrema globicephalae Phyllobothrium delphini Nasitrema gondo Scolex delphini Nasitrema lanceolata Nematoda: Crassicauda grampicola Stenurus globicephalus Globicephala melaena (North Atlantic pilot whale) Stenurus minor Acanthocephala: Bolbosoma capitatum Hyperoodon ampullatus (northern bottlenosed whale) Cestoda: Diphyllobothrium sp. Acanthocephala: Monorygma grimaldii Bolbosoma turbinella Phyllobothrium delphini Bolbosoma balaenae Plicobothrium globicephalae Cestoda: Trigonocotyle globicephalae Strobilocephalus triangularis Trigonocotyle lintoni Trigonocotyle sp. Trigonocotyle monticellii Nematoda: Nematoda: Anisakis physeteris Anisakis simplex Anisakis simplex Pharurus convolutus Anisakis skrjabini Stenurus globicephalus Crassicauda giliakiana Torynurus convolutus Delamurella hyperoodoni Trematoda: Trematoda: Orthosplanchnus arcticus Oschmarinella sobolevi

Globicephala melas (pilot whale) Hyperoodon planiforns (southern botlenosed whale) Acanthocephala: Bolbosoma capitatum Nematoda: Crassicauda bennetti Cestoda: Phyllobothrium delphini

Nematoda: Hyperoodon rostratus (bottled-nosed dolphin) Anisakis typica Acanthocephala: Bolbosoma turbinella Host / Parasite Listing 134 S

Cestoda: erroneous information published in 1932 Strobilocephalus triangularis (Baer, 1932). In a later paper Baer corrects this mistake (Baer 1954). Nematoda: Anisakis simplex Nematoda: Anisakis sp. Stenurus globicephala Inia geoffrenis (Amazon River dolphin or Bouta) Trematoda: Oschmarinella laevicaecum Nematoda: Pholeter gastrophilus Anisakis insignis Halocercus sp. Trematoda: Lagenorhynchus albirostris (white beaked dolphin) Hunterotrema caballeroi Unidentified trematode eggs Nematoda: Anisakis simplex Halocercus lagenorhynchus Phocanema sp. Kogia breviceps (pygmy sperm whale) Cestoda: Monorygma grimaldii Lagenorhynchus australis (dolphin) Phyllobothrium delphini Cestoda: Nematoda: Trigonocotyle prudhoei Anisakis physeteris Anisakis simplex Crassicauda duguyi Crassicauda magna Lagenorhynchus obliquidens (Pacific white sided or Phocanema sp. striped dolphin) Pseudoterranova kogiae Cestoda: Phyllobothrium sp. Phyllobothrium delphini Kogia simus (dwarf sperm whale) Nematoda: Cestoda: Contracaecum sp. Phyllobothrium sp. Trematoda: Nasitrema globicephalae

Lagenorhynchus acutus (Atlantic white-sided dolphin) Acanthocephala: Lagenorhynchus obscurus (dusky or piebald dolphin) Bolbosoma sp. Cestoda: Cestoda: Phyllobothrium sp. Monorygma chamissonii Nematoda: Monorygma grimaldii Anisakis simplex Phyllobothrium sp. Anisakis typica Strobilocephalus triangularis* Tetrabothrius forsteri * Reported incidences of Strobilocephalus Lissodelphis borealis (northern right whale dolphin) triangularis being a parasite of the Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus Cestoda: acutus) appear to have originated based on Phyllobothrium sp. Cetacea w 135

Trematoda: Mesoplodon mirus (True’s beaked whale) Nasitrema globicephalae Nematoda: Crassicauda anthonyi

Megaptera nodosa (humpback whale) Acanthocephala: Monodon monoceros (narwhal) Bolbosoma porrigens Nematoda: Bolbosoma turbinella Anisakis simplex Corynosoma sp. Pharurus alatus Nematoda: Porrocaecum decipiens Anisakis sp. Stenurus alatus Crassicauda boopis Strongylus [? Stenurus sic] alatus Odontobius ceti

Neomeris phocaenoides (black finless or common Megaptera novaengliae (humpback whale) Chinese porpoise) Acanthocephala: Cestoda: Bolbosoma sp. Diphyllobothrium fuhrmanni Bolbosoma balaenae Bolbosoma turbinella Nematoda: Corynosoma sp. Crassicauda fuelleborni Stenurus auditivus Cestoda: Diplogonoporus balaenoptera Trematoda: Campula folium Nematoda: Nasitrema spathulatum Anisakis sp. Nasitrema sunameri Crassicauda sp. Orthosplanchnus elongatus Crassicauda boopis Crassicauda crassicauda

Trematoda: Neophocoena phocoenoides (black finless or common Lecithodesmus sp. Chinese porpoise) Cestoda: Diphyllobothrium fuhrmanni Mesoplodon bidens (Sowerby beaked whale) Nematoda: Acanthocephala: Crassicauda fuelleborni Bolbosoma aurantiacum Halocercus pingi Bolbosoma pellucidum Stenurus auditivus Bolbosoma vasculosum Trematoda: Cestoda: Campula folium Phyllobothrium delphini Nasitrema spathulatum Phyllobothrium inchoatum Orthosplanchnus elongatus Strobilocephalus triangularis Tetrabothrius forsteri Nematoda: Anisakis simplex Host / Parasite Listing 136 S

Orcaella brevirostris (Irrawaddy River dolphin) Halocercus inflexocaudatus Halocercus invaginatus Trematoda: Halocercus ponticus Amphimerus lancea Halocercus taurica Pharurus convolutes Pharurus inflexus Orcinus orca (killer whale) Porrocaecum sp. Porrocaecum decipiens Acanthocephala: Pseudalius inflexus Bolbosoma physeteris Stenurus minor Cestoda: Torynurus convolutus Phyllobothrium sp. Trematoda: Trigonocotyle spasskyi Campula oblonga Nematoda: Distomum pallasii Anisakis sp. Distomum philocholum Anisakis simplex Hadwenius nipponicus Lecithodesmus nipponicus Trematoda: Opisthorchis tenuicollis Fasciola skriabini Pholeter gastrophilus

Peoponocephalus electra (broad-beaked dolphin) Phocoena phocoena relicta (Black Sea porpoise) Cestoda: Nematoda: Monorygma sp. Stenurus minor Nematoda: Halocercus sp. Trematoda: Phocoena vomerina (harbor porpoise) Nasitrema sp. Trematoda: Campula oblonga

Phocoena sp. (porpoise) Nematoda: Phocoenoides dalli (Dall porpoise) Pharurus convolutus Cestoda: Phyllobothrium sp. Nematoda: Phocoena phocoena (finned or harbor porpoise) Anisakis sp. Acanthocephala: Anisakis simplex Corynosoma alaskensis Anisakis typical Corynosoma semerme Halocercus sp. Corynosoma strumosum Halocercus kirbyi Placentonema sp. Cestoda: Stenurus sp. Diphyllobothrium lanceolatum Stenurus minor Diphyllobothrium latum Torynurus dalli Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum Pyramicocephalus phocarum Trematoda: Campula oblonga Nematoda: Nasitrema dalli Anisakis simplex Anisakis typica Cetacea w 137

Acanthocephala: Physeter catodon (sperm whale) Corynosoma sp. Acanthocephala: Nematoda: Bolbosoma brevicolle Contracaecum sp. Bolbosoma capitatum Bolbosoma physeteris Corynosoma curilensis Prodelphinus sp. (dolphin) Cestoda: Diplogonoporus sp. Nematoda: Hexagonoporus physeteris Anisakis typica Phyllobothrium sp. Phyllobothrium delphini Phyllobothrium physeteris Prodelphinus longirostris (long-beaked dolphin) Priapocephalus grandis Tetrabothrium curilensis Trematoda: Tetrabothrius affinis Delphinicola tenuis Tetrabothrius wilsoni Tetraphyllidean sp. Trigonocotyle sp. Pseudorca crassidens (false killer whale) Nematoda: Acanthocephala: Anisakis sp. Bolbosoma capitatum Anisakis catodontis Anisakis ivanizkii Nematoda: Anisakis physeteris Anisakis simplex Anisakis simplex Trematoda: Anisakis skrjabini Nasitrema attenuata Placentonema gigantissima Nasitrema globicephalae Trematoda: Zalophotrema curilensis Sotalia fluviaitlis(Amazon River dolphin) Trematoda: Platanista gangetica (Susu or blind river dolphin) Amphimerus lancea Nematoda: Unidentified trematoda eggs Anisakis simplex Ascaris delphini Ascaris lobulata Contracaecum lobulatum Sotalia guianensis (Guiana dolphin) Trematoda: Nematoda: Cyclorchis campula Halocercus brasiliensis Distoma andersoni Echinochasmus andersoni Sotalia tucuxii (Amazon River dolphin) Trematoda: Pontoporia blainvillei (La Plata or Franciscana Amphimerus lancea dolphin) Host / Parasite Listing 138 S

Sousa chinensis (Chinese white-sided dolphin) Stenella longirostris (long beaked dolphin) Nematoda: Acanthocephala: Anisakis alexandri Bolbosoma balaenae Bolbosoma vasculosum Cestoda: Stenella attenuata(narrow-snouted dolphin) Diphyllobothrium fuhrmanni Monorygma sp. Cestoda: Phyllobothrium sp. Monorygma sp. Phyllobothrium delphini Phyllobothrium sp. Tetrabothrius forsteri Nematoda: Anisakis simplex Stenella caeruleoalba (striped or blue white dolphin) Mastigonema stenella Cestoda: Trematoda: Monorygma sp. Campula laevicaecum Phyllobothrium sp. Campula rochebruni Nematoda: Delphinicola tenuis Anisakis sp. Lecithodesmus nipponicus Anisakis typica Zalophotrema pacificus

Stenella graffmani(Eastern Pacific spotted dolphin) Stenella roseiventris (Hawaiian spinner dolphin) Acanthocephala: Cestoda: Bolbosoma balaenae Monorygma sp. Bolbosoma vasculosum Phyllobothrium sp. Cestoda: Trematoda: Monorygma sp. Lecithodesmus sp. Monorygma grimaldii Phyllobothrium sp. Phyllobothrium delphini Steno bredanensis (rough-toothed dolphin) Strobilocephalus sp. Strobilocephalus triangularis Acanthocephala: Tetrabothrius forsteri Bolbosoma capitatum Nematoda: Cestoda: Anisakis simplex Stobilocephalus triangularis Crassicauda sp. Tetrabothrius fosteri Mastigonema stenella Trigonocotyle prudhoei Trematoda: Nematoda: Braunina cordiformis Anisakis sp. Campula rochebruni Nasitrema stenosoma Zalophotrema pacificus Steno frontatus (dolphin) Cestoda: Tetrabothrius forsteri Carnivora w 139

Steno rostratus (dolphin) Carnivora Acanthocephala: Bolbosoma capitatum Enhydra lutris (sea otter) Cestoda: Acanthocephala: Tetrabothrius forsteri Corynosoma sp. Corynosoma enhydri Corynosoma macrosomum Turisops gillii (Pacific bottlenosed dolphin) Corynosoma strumosum Corynosoma villosum Trematoda: Acarina: Nasitrema sp. Halarachne miroungae Anoplura: Echinophthirius fluctus Turisops truncatus (bottlenosed dolphin) Cestoda: Acanthocephala: Diplogonoporus tetrapterus Corynosoma cetaceum Pyramicocephalus phocarum Cestoda: Nematoda: Diphyllobothrium sp. Porrocaecum decipiens Monorygma delphini Terranova decipiens Monorygma grimaldii Phyllobothrium sp. Trematoda: Phyllobothrium delphini Cryptocotyle fusiforme Microphallus enhydrae Nematoda: Microphallus pirum Anisakis simplex Orthosplanchnus fraterculus Anisakis typica Phocitrema fusiforme Crassicauda crassicauda Pricetrema zalophi Halocercus lagenorhynchus Stenurus ovatus

Trematoda: Enhydra lutris neris (sea otter) Braunina cordiformis Nasitrema sp. Nematoda: Synthesium tursionis Phocanema decipiens Zalophotrema hepaticum

Ziphius cavirostris (goose-beaked or Cuvier whale) Cestoda: Phyllobothrium sp. Nematoda: Anisakis sp. Crassicauda boopis Crassicauda crassicauda 140 S

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John R. Felix is currently the Deputy Director of the Municipal Services Division at the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. He also is a part-time lecturer at Northeastern University’s Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences. Mr. Felix received his undergraduate degree in Fisheries Biology from the University of Massachusetts (Amherst), a M.S. degree in Biology from San Diego State University, and a M.P.A. degree from the Kennedy School at Harvard University. His current interests include assessing tools used for environmental protection, and climate change adaptation.

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