A Study of Urban Design Elements in Tanjung Dawai, ,

Nurul Nadiah Zaini, Nur Atilia Ahmad Sani, Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, and Asif Ali Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/awg/article-pdf/22/1-2/102/2598354/1480-6800_22_1_102.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 School of Housing, Building & Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia Malaysia

Boonsap Witchayangkoon Department of Civil Engineering, Thammasat University Thailand

This study focuses on the urban design element in Tanjung Dawai village in Kedah with reference to Kevin Lynch theory. In spite of the quasi-urban sprawl of Tanjung Dawai created by the residents, it remains unknown to the neighborhood community due to lack of information regarding urban development planning. Thus, the purpose of this study will define the existence of the urban element in Tanjung Dawai. The qualitative research design of this study is based on the methodology AIFAD (Abbreviation for Archives, Interviews, Fieldwork, Analytic diagrams, and Drawings). The research findings showed that the most dominant element in Tanjung Dawai are the landmarks and edges (Lynch 1960). The pattern of the streets created by the local people encourages increasing demand in fish production and land settlement, creating the edges promotes the area, rendering it more lively, dynamic and interesting. The landmarks and edges influence the local lifestyle and uninten- tionally establish ‘architectural place-making’ in the urban settlement of Tanjung Dawai.

Keywords: Tanjung Dawai, fishing village, urban design elements, AIFAD, urban space, Malaysia

Introduction It is necessary to understand how the rural area can develop by inte- grating the elements of urban design. The planning process has always had an urban emphasis, with elements of urban-rural linkages and the interactions between urban and rural as well as links with the people, economy and envi- ronment of rural localities (Hassan 2002). However, the scheme of urban design has been shifted from the traditional concentration on the visual and functional aspects of design to a position which reflects a concern for the social and environmental consequences of design decisions (Latip and Shamsuddin 2012). The present study focuses on Tanjung Dawai, a small fishing village and town located on the northern coast of Kedah, Malaysia, 30 kilometers from the small town of (Figure 1). It is known as a hidden gem to the people of Kedah but is not a popular tourist destination although an attractive place to visit. Tanjung Dawai is slowly endeavoring to

The Arab World Geographer / Le Géographe du monde arabe Vol 22, no 1-2 (2019) 102-119 © 2019 Geo Publishing, Toronto Canada A Study of Urban Design Elements in Tanjung Dawai, Kedah 103 transform itself with the concept of resort tourism development in a new era for a fishing village that has great potential in the future. It is also close to the major archaeological site in Malaysia at Lembah Bujang, site of a former Hindu-Buddhist kingdom of the ninth and tenth century A. D. This study is to understand and seek the importance of how the role of the fisherman is integrated into shaping the layout plan of Tanjung Dawai, and to Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/awg/article-pdf/22/1-2/102/2598354/1480-6800_22_1_102.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 value the effects of urban design elements in creating the layout plan. Based on Lynch (1960), translating the image of a city into physical forms involves classification with five types of elements: paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks. Tanjung Dawai is chosen as a case study in this research due to its character as a traditional settlement in Sungai Petani area, Kedah as a fishing village located on the River. This paper will also discuss the urban design elements that can be found at Tanjung Dawai and how these influence the housing layout of the village.

FIGURE 1 Key Plan of Sungai Petani, Kedah (Not to scale) Source- Redrawn from Google maps

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Elements of Urban Design Lynch (1960) states that that elements like nodes, paths, districts, edges and landmarks make a city and help to create a visual image of the cityscape for people to see (Khashim, Ismail, Hassan, and Al-Ashwal 2017). Lynch explains the concept of legibility and how people can understand the layout of a place through mental mapping which contains mental images of the urban Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/awg/article-pdf/22/1-2/102/2598354/1480-6800_22_1_102.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 design, as summarized below.

Paths Paths are the linkage that can act as a transportation link for people to move from one place to another. Basically, paths are something that connect people with one area to another area in order to link between two places or more. Paths are the elements that are important in urban design, since they function as passageways that can bring people to and through places (Salingaros 1998). There are many types of paths that can be used in urban planning, such as streets, walkways, transit lines, canals and railroads. It is necessary to understand the logic of a ‘desired path’ instead of having paths and tracks that have been made over time by the wishes of walkers where tracks exist on the ground that run contrary to design and planning. Any desired line as a ‘path’ can tell us much about the history of a locality. Thus, paths not only serve as desired lines but also as a historical representation that has created patterns of footsteps that also allow the past to project in a sense into the present. Patterns of paths define in certain ways a city and make each city unique.

Districts Districts are areas of a city that are divided into small sections, within a scale of medium to large; they are connected to each other and merge into a subpart of a city, known as a district. Districts can be divided into zones and, can accu- mulate residents to form different living areas such as suburbs, college campuses and the like (Duany and Plater-Zyberk 1994). A district can be divided into several subareas that can reflect the character of residents living in the district with their own mental mapping. In understanding the develop- ment of certain sections of cities, that image can be represented from a personal local perspective.

Edges The edge in this technical sense is one of the basic elements that must be included in designing an urban area. Edges are general physical or linear boundaries that are used to determine the limit of the area. Unlike paths, edges are more likely to be identified as lines like walls, the seashore or any kind of boundary that distinguishes between two spaces in an area (Salingaros 1998). Edges can distinguish a part of an individual building and part of the urban whole. Edges can be divided into three different types: legal edges, physical edges and social edges. Edges also have what are termed edge effects.

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Nodes Nodes constitute the central point of a location in areas that are strategically located as a focal point of a city. The location of nodes can gather people and act as a center of attraction of a city and portray the best side of the city itself. The location of nodes can be because of events or just the daily activities of a community that point up the uniqueness of a city that can attract people Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/awg/article-pdf/22/1-2/102/2598354/1480-6800_22_1_102.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 outside of the city (Zakaria, Ismail, Hassan, and Al-Ashwal 2018). Nodes somehow attract people and the concentrations which gain their importance from being the condensation of some physical structure, such as a functional square, for example, or a city park.

Landmarks A landmark can be defined as a point of reference where people can orient themselves to understand the area although just arrived in the cityscape (Vinson 1999). Landmarks are usually a physical object that can represent the city directly and act as an icon for the specific area. It can be a structure or any urban space where people sometimes will orient themselves in a city as a focal point, such as a monument, a building like a church or mosque. Thus, land- marks can be used as a form of communication and physical orientation within the city (Abdullaha, Samad, Hassan, and Arab 2017).

Case Study The case study here presented is on Tanjung Dawai, located 30 km southeast of Sungai Petani, Kedah. The majority of residents in Tanjung Dawai origi- nated from Kedah state and originally settled there to build an economy with various opportunities. Tanjung Dawai is a part of Merbok province. Its popu- lation is currently 16 243 and the area comprises 4,890 hectares. Tanjung Dawai derived its name from Thai, the term ‘than wai’ meaning ‘initial defense,’ since Kedah was long under Thai kingdom control in the past. The major vocations in the village economy are fishing and farming. The mapping of Tanjung Dawai area reflects seafood production and dry fish resources, given the riverside and seafront location (Figure 2). As shown in Figure 3, the site consists of an informal village pattern and structural village pattern. It is a result of development of the quasi-urban sprawl in the more micro-form of the village area and the necessities in everyday life of the locals in a fishing village.

Research Methodology The mapping of selected site was initially determined by key areas as shown in Figure 3. The researchers then identified the importance of five design elements and urban patterns using a reference method based on Lynch (1960) and conducted several techniques of on-site observations, interviews and surveys to collect empirical data from local knowledge and perception. A series of visits were conducted during the weekends to observe and identify

The Arab World Geographer / Le Géographe du monde arabe Vol 22, no 1-2 (2019) 106 Zaini, Ahmad Sani, Hassan, Ali, and Witchayangkoon the five design elements at Tanjung Dawai. This study also utilizes qualitative methods, as shown in Figure 4. Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/awg/article-pdf/22/1-2/102/2598354/1480-6800_22_1_102.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021

FIGURE 2 Location Plan of Tanjung Dawai, Kedah (Not to scale) Source: Redrawn from Google map

Material Preparation The following materials were prepared for the site visits to selected case study areas:

1) Notebooks – to record any verbal conversation between the locals. 2) Camera – to photograph the site surrounding and interviews.

Visual Observation and Interviews Researchers engaged in social interaction with the local people and deter- mined the behavioral characteristics of living and community interaction employing behavioral exploratory methods by viewing the physical structure of local residential and other spaces. During most of the visdit to site, the researchers also conducted unstructured interviews with the local fisherman to gather data on the history and development of the site (Figure 5).

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FIGURE 3 Site Plan of Tanjung Dawai, Kedah (Not to scale) Source: Redrawn from Google map

FIGURE 4 Qualitative Methodology

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FIGURE 5 Unstructured interviews with local people Analysis and Results The paper discusses the five main urban design elements of Tanjung Dawai. All the information obtained has been extracted and transcribed into a final- ized mental map as provided below associated with the five urban elements based on Lynch (1960).

Paths As illustrated in Figure 6, Tanjung Dawai has only one arterial road accessed from the city, which is Tanjung Dawai Road. People arrive in Tanjung Dawai mainly by this main road, where the arterial roads are highlighted in red. The arterial road is six meters wide, and it is the main road where common vehicles, especially heavy transport vehicles are used as main a vehicular connector into Tanjung Dawai (Figure 7). TanjungDawai can be also be approached from the south. There are boat services provided as well, mainly by small boats between

FIGURE 6 Path diagram in areas studied

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two jetties located at Tanjung Dawai Jetty and (Merdeka Beach). The jetty at Tanjung Dawai is situated at the main landmark where persons visit when- ever they come to Tanjung Dawai. The

secondary paths are the collector roads Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/awg/article-pdf/22/1-2/102/2598354/1480-6800_22_1_102.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 highlighted in yellow, four meters in width. These are small lanes through the village branching off from the arterial road inside Tanjung Dawai (Figure 8). These lanes connect the villagers with the residential area, and also the commer- cial area known as Tanjung Dawai Arcade. These paths are commonly used by resi- dents to connect with different locations. In addition, water transport is also available to FIGURE 7 connect to points in the villagescape of Primary road to reach Tanjung Dawai Tanjung Dawai and this was once a main

Figure 8 Secondary roads in the village of Tanjung Dawai transport path for the people in the area since the village it was a local economic center in the past. There is a jetty provided at Pantai Merdeka (Merdeka Beach) as one of the tourism facilities to link both destinations every day. Water transport facilities are also still used by the fishermen.

Edges Based on Figure 9, the most significant edge shown in this image is the natural boundary between two different districts, namely the land and the river. The

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FIGURE 9 The Edges of Tanjung Dawai river plays an important role as an economic source for the villagers and as a commuting water path from Tanjung Dawai to Pantai Merdeka. However, the physical structure of Tanjung Dawai is also defined as an edge.

Districts There are a few dominant districts that can be identified through observation at the site, such as residential area, commercial area, religious area, educa- tional area and industrial area. Two dominant districts are residential and commercial areas, followed by areas of a smaller scale: districts which are religious, educational and industrial areas. The residential districts extend over the largest area of Tanjung Dawai, where the residential layout in the village is divided into two patterns, structured settlements and non-structured settlements. Based on the map in Figure 10, the residential area covers most of the area of Tanjung Dawai and the settlements there are mainly traditional Malay houses along the river shore and the beach area. The Malay kampungs (villages) are spread along the whole site towards the end of the cape. Over the course of time there has been new development of houses within the area of Tanjung Dawai and the villagers has been moving out into new types of housing instead of living inside the traditional kampung (i.e. village) house.

In the commercial area of the site, these spaces are the main attrac- tive spots to visit in Tanjung Dawai, and these areas are the focal points in the

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Figure 10 District diagram in areas studied villagescape. Arcade Tanjung Dawai is the place where visitors come to buy fishery products (Figure11). Built in the early 1970s, Arcade Tanjung Dawai has developed slowly as the main attraction for tourists and is attracting ever more visitors to Tanjung Dawai. It is the focal space for the local economy where local residents sell homemade products and all the sea catches.

FIGURE 11 Arcade Tanjung Dawai and the surroundings

The area where the Police Station Tanjung Dawai is located is a combination area of residential and commercial functions situated near the seaside, an attractive area which most tourists like to visit. Tanjung Dawai is separated by the water element from Pantai Merdeka, which is reached by boat at the jetty from both locations. Most stalls sell fish and sea food products and are open every day from 11 am to 7 pm (Figure 12). There are also hawkers’ stalls that open every day during the evening.

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FIGURE 12 Stalls near the beach at Tanjung Dawai Grocery stores, restaurants and small stalls along the Tanjung Dawai Road are established informally as the commercial districts for the site, set up over time mainly by the residents. There is also a wet market located near the Lembaga Kemajuan Ikan Malaysia (Fishery Development Authority Malaysia), where locals can purchase seafood caught by the fishermen. In the religious area, it is interesting to see that Tanjung Dawai consists not only of ethnic Malay residents, there are also ethnic Chinese residents as well. They support two religious centers for the greater community, the Masjid Haji Zainuddin (Haji Zainuddin Mosque) and also a Chinese temple for the Chinese community (Figure 13).

FIGURE 13 Masjid Haji Zainuddin and Tanjung Dawai Buddhist Temple

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Figure 14 The node locations in Tanjung Dawai

Nodes The identifiable nodes in Tanjung Dawai are mostly concentrated spots or sites that have been constructed by human intervention. The function of nodes is to focus on points for orientation, often in the shape of a square or a street or road junction (Dempsey et al. 2010). They also serve as a strategic spot in the city which outsiders can identify and orient to as their primary spatial junction. Based on observation, there are several locations of nodes as deter- mined by the visitor to the villagescape as an outsider. In Figure 14, the circle A indicates Tanjung Dawai Beach, where a night market event is held to serve the locals and outsiders during the weekend. The second node is the Tanjung Dawai Jetty marked by circle B, the place where visitors come to park their car and take the Tanjung Dawai Jetty to Pantai Merdeka (Figure 15). In addi- tion, the most attractive place a visitor will stop by is Tanjung Dawai Arcade, shown by circle C.

Landmarks Figure 16 illustrates the location of landmarks at the site of Tanjung Dawai. The landmarks are divided into two groups, recognized by the locals and the tourists. The red points are the landmarks that are recognized by the locals, the green points are the landmarks functioning as the touristic sites in Tanjung Dawai. According to the locals and tourists interviewed, the commercial area where the Tanjung Dawai Arcade is located is the most visited place in

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Tanjung Dawai. It is a central loca- tion for viewing and purchasing fishery products. Besides these attractions, tourists are interested in the boat ride provided from the jetty

at Tanjung Dawai to the jetty Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/awg/article-pdf/22/1-2/102/2598354/1480-6800_22_1_102.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 located at Merdeka Beach. Most of the locals and tourists preferred Tanjung Dawai Arcade as the most significant landmark within Figure 15 The Tanjung Dawai Jetty Tanjung Dawai. Besides the Tanjung Dawai Arcade, Pantai Tanjung Dawai is also another landmark that can easily identified by the tourist, as this place is a location for the pasar malam (night market) held every weekend. Tourists come mostly to enjoy the evening view with the local food at the pasar malam (night market). Another smaller landmark that can be identified by the tourist is the Tanjung Dawai Buddhist Temple. It is located along the arterial road and thus can be easily identified by tourists marking their way to the Tanjung Dawai Arcade. Masjid Haji Zainuddin is also a land- mark that can be identified by the tourist, along with the Fishery Development Authority Malaysia building, mentioned above, since there is a small wet market situated there for seafood.

Figure 16 Landmark diagram in study areas with photos

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Discussion The research methodology centered on visiting the site area and conducting interviews with the villagers to obtain more accurate locally perceived data about the history of the site and the urban design elements that exist at the site, within the knowledge of the residents. The findings are as follows: Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/awg/article-pdf/22/1-2/102/2598354/1480-6800_22_1_102.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021

1 The study of the affinity between conducive paths, overall districts and the visible landmarks. Based on the study done regarding the elements of urban design that can be found in the villagescape of Tanjung Dawai, there are several that can be iden- tified with the support of illustrations and photos taken on the site. Various elements have been identified and classified using the classic typology of Lynch (1960). Conducive paths, overall districts and the visible landmarks can be related and examined in terms of how they affect the development of a community. The paths are the most important element in the development of a township where their function is to create a good interconnection between the districts based on landmarks in the site. At the site, the main primary road into Tanjung Dawai is known as Kampung Tanjung Dawai Road, and it is the main road or arterial road used by the locals and the tourists with the aid of signs and landmarks. It is the only main primary path that caters to people wishing to enter Tanjung Dawai, and there is another water-based path by the boat services at the jetty from Pantai Merdeka Beach. In Figures 16 and 17, the grid street plan began implementation when a new development of local housing started to occur. Based on interviewing with residents, the new development of housing, called Perumahan Nelayan

FIGURE 17 The grid pattern of residential in study areas (Not to scale)

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FIGURE 18 Segregation pattern of residential points in areas studied (Not to scale) Muafakat Kedah (Fisherman House Muafakat Kedah), was initiated after a serious destructive fire in the village. Thus, a new infrastructure with a grid pattern was constructed to replace the former grid pattern in the village. Most of the houses in Tanjung Dawai reflect a basic Malay house style. It resembles the structure of Malay kampung village-style houses and there are some of the houses that combine that architectural element with a new influence like bricks in a hybrid form. As for the layout configuration in the plan, closer to the beach area the residential units appear to have decreased. Most of the resi- dential area is interconnected by the local roadways or streets which can best be considered as small lanes within each housing subarea. Through this path, residential areas are interconnected with a quicker way to move through the area and residents can access the arterial road via the collector road. Along the paths of the arterial road, there are several landmarks that can be referred by locals and outsiders as tourists. One of the major landmarks is Tanjung Dawai Beach. Along this area, the well-known Tanjung Dawai Arcade is located, with easy accessibility for both the visitors and residents. The area of the Tanjung Dawai Arcade is almost crowded at times since it serves as a magnet and center of attraction for tourists to buy fishery products. That is especially the case during the weekend when the pasar malam night market is held. In conection with the visibility of fishing activities, there is a jetty beside the Tanjung Dawai Arcade where most of the fishermen stop to distribute their sea catches to be sold at the wet market. The jetty also acts as one of the tourism facilities, providing a connection to Merdeka Beach. This activity jholds out a special attraction for tourists, since the boat ride is one of the interesting activities which tourists enjoy.

2 The relationship between edges and nodes as an indicator element and tourist spot A key point in the development of quasi-urban sprawl in a rural area is the

The Arab World Geographer / Le Géographe du monde arabe Vol 22, no 1-2 (2019) A Study of Urban Design Elements in Tanjung Dawai, Kedah 117 need to identify the fundamental elements (Figure 18). Furthermore, it is necessary to acknowledge the aspect of urban form that relates to the devel- opment of a fishing village in the first place. It depends not only on aspects of physical structure but must include the non-physical aspects as well (Hassan 2010). Those non-physical elements necessary to illuminate and investigate are the economic, social, and political processes that affect development, as Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/awg/article-pdf/22/1-2/102/2598354/1480-6800_22_1_102.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 manifested in housing, schools, parks and other services. The need to identify edges is so as to take into account of edge effects (Lynch 1960), where the locals use certain services and facilities to create the boundary of the area. By applying the edge effect one can create a buffer zone around the neighborhood and this may serve as an indicator for the Tanjung Dawai site area. Moreover, the configuration and spatial arrangements of the elements of streets, blocks and buildings could be utilized to justify such edges. The edges are influenced by the human interrelations and as way of finding information strategies for the outsider. Such edges are functional and effective in identifying a particular route, direction, or crossing, involving certain directions towards the endpoint of a destination desired. Figure 19 shows the elements of urban form that generally can be identified as the basis of influ- ence for sustainability in human behavior within a site. These elements are basic for both devel- oped and less-developed countries and their urban and rural sites. Infrastructure is the main impor- tant focal point in examining the urban form of a given area. As mentioned before, the nodes can serve to indicate basic infrastruc- ture in the development of Tanjung Dawai development Figure 19 reflecting local needs of the resi- The Elements of Urban Form dents working as fisherman in their daily lives. The measurement of density is crucial when it comes to the necessary and less necessary struc- tures that villagers require. Methodology should tap villager knowledge regarding what structures are deemed necessary in their local lives in that dynamic and vital villagescape over time.

Conclusion In conclusion, all the urban design elements with to the typology of Lynch (1960) are clearly identified at the site of Tanjung Dawai. Through the data collected, there is no formal urban planning involved in Tanjung Dawai’s development as a fishing village and small seaside town, but the elements still

The Arab World Geographer / Le Géographe du monde arabe Vol 22, no 1-2 (2019) 118 Zaini, Ahmad Sani, Hassan, Ali, and Witchayangkoon exist there and have been adapted by the local residents. Tanjung Dawai has been known as the hidden gem of the Sungai Petani area for many years, and has been visited by tourists. However, Tanjung Dawai itself is still lacking in certain features of development. There have been some suggestions made to the Malaysian government on how to help the villagers to develop themselves and the site so that the community can progress both economically and Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/awg/article-pdf/22/1-2/102/2598354/1480-6800_22_1_102.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 socially. Tanjung Dawai had a certain central function earlier but in some ways is now a kind of town that has lost its identity in the current era of devel- opment. There is an excellent potential opportunity for this village to become further developed as a small town and preserve its history as a traditional fishing village for future reference. For example, the local authority could add more sign posts that can attract visitors and tourists, including foreigners, to visit Tanjung Dawai, not far from Pulau , a much-frequented island archipelago tourist center. Moreover, 10 km northwest of Sungai Petani city is Lembah Bujang, Malaysia’s most important archaeological site, with exca- vations and remains going back to an early 9th-10th c. Hindu-Buddhist kingdom, and an archaeological museum at the site. Gunung Jerai, the highest peak (1 200m) in Kedah state, is 9 km north of Lembah Bujang. The Sungei Teroi Forest Rcreation Park is located halfway up th mountain and attracts many tourists. And those signboards could point out the attractive restaurants and local food available in Tanjung Dawai. An increase in tourism can help to boost the economy of the villagers and give them an option for improving their lifestyle and of course the local income.

Acknowledgement We would like to express our sincere appreciation to Universiti Sains Malaysia for supporting this study with a Bridging Grant, Number 304.PPBGN.6316521. Last but not least, we are especially thankful to all the respondents who cooperated directly or indirectly with us during data collec- tion.

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