DOCSLIB.ORG

Slicing the Onion: Anonymous Routing Without PKI

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Slicing the Onion: Anonymous Routing Without PKI Slicing the Onion: Anonymous Routing Without PKI Sachin Katti Dina Katabi Katarzyna Puchala [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract– Recent years have witnessed many proposals for to the nodes. But such an approach is problematic for many anonymous routing in overlay peer-to-peer networks. To provide reasons. First, in a large peer-to-peer network, the trust model both sender and receiver anonymity, the proposed protocols require may differ from one node to another (e.g., nodes in Cuba the overlay nodes to have public-private key pairs, with the public may not trust the same PKI as nodes in the US). Second, it keys known to everyone. In practice, however, key distribution and opens up the system to attacks on the key distribution proce- management are well-known difficult problems that have crippled dure and compulsion attacks that force the key originator to any widespread deployment of anonymous routing. In this paper, disclose the keys under the threat of force or if required by a we propose a novel protocol that uses a combination of information court order [12, 13]. Indeed, some countries have provisions slicing and source routing to provide anonymous communication that allow them to legally request the decryption of material similar to Onion Routing but without a public key infrastructure. or the handing over of cryptographic keys [6, 9]. Addition- ally, PKI makes anonymous multicast difficult as all recip- 1INTRODUCTION ients of a multicast message have to share the same public private key pair. Finally, with time, an increasing fraction Anonymous routing plays a central role in private com- of the keys can get stolen off compromised machines. This munication. Its applications range from file sharing to mili- necessitates the existence of key management and update tary communication, and include anonymous email, private protocols, complicating the problem further. web browsing and online voting. Traditionally, anonymous This paper shows how to perform anonymous Onion Rout- routing has required the help of a trusted third party, which ing without PKI. Onion routing [11] is at the heart of most either acts as a centralized proxy [1, 3], or provides the prior work on peer-to-peer anonymizing networks [8, 10, 15, sender with the public keys of selected willing relays [2, 19]. It uses a form of source routing, in which the IP address 8]. However, the recent success of peer-to-peer systems has of each node along the path is encrypted with the public evoked interest in using them as anonymizing networks. In- key of its previous hop. This creates layers of encryption– deed, the large number of nodes (a few million [14]) and layers of an onion. To send a message, each node decrypts the heterogeneity of their location, communication patterns, one layer, discovers its next hop, and forwards the mes- political background and local jurisdiction make these net- sage. Thus, each relay node knows only its previous and works ideal environments for hiding anonymous traffic. Many next hops; it cannot tell the sender, the receiver, the path, systems have been designed to exploit peer-to-peer over- or the content of the message. Our scheme provides similar lays in anonymous communication, including Tarzan [10], anonymity but without PKI. AP3 [15], MorphMix [17] and Cashmere [19]. But to pro- Our approach is based on the simple but powerful idea vide sender and receiver anonymity, these systems require of Information Slicing. To provide anonymous communi- the overlay nodes to have public-private keys obtained through cation, each node along the path, the destination included, a trusted authority; i.e., they require a public key infrastruc- needs a particular piece of information, which should be hid- ture (PKI).1 den from other nodes in the network. For example, the des- But why is PKI problematic for peer-to-peer anonymiz- tination needs to learn the content of the message without ing networks? Key distribution and management are well- revealing that content to other nodes, while each intermedi- known difficult problems [4]. In particular, prior work as- ate relay needs to learn its next hop without other nodes in sumes the sender knows a priori the public keys of all re- the network knowing that information. We divide the infor- lay nodes [10, 15, 19]. The underlying assumption is that mation needed by a particular node into many small random a trusted third party generates all keys and distributes them pieces. These information pieces are then delivered along 1A few systems (e.g., Crowds [16]) do no require PKI, but they expose the disjoint paths that meet only at the intended node.Thus, only receiver and message content. the intended node has enough bits to decode the information content. We call this approach information slicing because it splits the information traditionally contained in an onion peel (i.e., the ID of the next hop) into multiple pieces/slices. Anonymity via information slicing is not as straightfor- ward as it sounds. To send a particular node the identity of its next hop along different anonymous paths, one needs to anonymously tell each node along these paths about its own Figure 1—Node S sends a confidential message m to X by first multi- ∗ next hop. Without careful design, this may need an exponen- plying the message with a random matrix I = Am , then splitting the resulting information content into multiple pieces, each follows a dis- tial number of paths. Our keyless onion routing algorithm joint path to X. Only X receives enough information bits to decode the provides efficient information slicing using a small constant original message as m = A−1I∗. number of paths. The rest of the paper describes the details of our informa- tion slicing protocol, and shows how to construct forward- leading to the receiver. This assumption can be ignored if ing graphs that deliver anonymous messages using a small the sender knows the receiver’s key, which guarantees mes- sage confidentiality even if the attacker can collect all infor- number of paths. It also presents our preliminary implemen- 2 tation results showing that the latency of setting up anony- mation slices sent to the receiver. mous routes in our scheme is low enough to be practical. 3ANONYMOUS COMMUNICATION WITH- OUT PKI 2GOALS &MODEL Our approach to anonymity without PKI stems from a The objective of this work is to enable large and fully simple observation: anonymity can be built out of confi- distributed peer-to-peer anonymizing networks. We focus dentiality. In particular, for anonymous communication, the on pragmatic anonymity for non-military applications, such source needs to send every relay node along the path its rout- as file sharing, private email and the communication of med- ing information (i.e., its next hop) in a confidential message, ical records. These applications strive for privacy but can accessible only to the intended relay. One can send confiden- deal with low probability of information leakage. tial messages without keys using a simple building block: We assume an adversary who can observe some frac- information slicing. tion of network traffic, operate relay nodes of his own, and Consider the scenario in Fig. 1, where sender, S, wants can compromise some fraction of the relays. We do not pro- to send message m to node X. The sender divides the mes- tect against a global attacker who can snoop on all links. sage into d blocks mi, ∀i ∈{1, ..., d}, such that the orig- Though such an adversary is usually assumed when analyz- inal message can be recovered only when a node has ac- ing theoretical anonymity designs, all practical low-latency cess to all d blocks. Sending a message block mi in the clear anonymizing systems, ours included, do not protect against may expose partial information to intermediate nodes. Thus, such an adversary [8, 10, 15, 17, 19]. Also, similar to prior the sender multiplies the message vector m =(m1, ..., md) work [8, 10, 15, 19], we generate enough cover traffic to with a random but invertible matrix A and generates d slices prevent simple traffic analysis attacks. which constitute a random version of the message: We also assume the sender can send from multiple IP addresses, and a secure channel like ssh is available be- I∗ = Am . tween them. Many people have Internet access both at home and at work/school, and thus, can send from different IP ad- Then, the sender picks d disjoint paths to node X. It sends dresses. Alternatively, the sender may have both DSL and ∗ on path i both the slice Ii and Ai, where Ai is row i of A. cable connectivity. Or, he may belong to a multi-homed or- ∗ An intermediate node sees only some random values I i and ganization. For example, each of the authors has Internet Ai, and thus cannot tell the content of the message. Once the access at home, as well as at school and on Planetlab ma- receiver receives all slices, it decodes the original message chines. We believe that a large number of Internet users can as: send from multiple accounts with different IP addresses. An m = A−1I∗. attacker may try to correlate IP addresses belonging to the same sender. However, in all of the examples above the IP This slicing mechanism could be considered as a variation addresses used belong to different domains. Additionally, on the concept of secret sharing [18] customized for the our most broadband providers and companies utilize NAT, pre- problem (see §6). venting the association of an IP address with a particular 2Note that knowing the receiver’s key is a much weaker constraint that user.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pairing-Based Onion Routing with Improved Forward Secrecy ∗
    Pairing-Based Onion Routing with Improved Forward Secrecy ∗ Aniket Kate Greg M. Zaverucha Ian Goldberg David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science University of Waterloo Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1 {akate,gzaveruc,iang}@cs.uwaterloo.ca Abstract This paper presents new protocols for onion routing anonymity networks. We define a provably secure privacy-preserving key agreement scheme in an identity-based infrastructure setting, and use it to forge new onion routing circuit constructions. These constructions, based on a user’s selection, offer immediate or eventual forward secrecy at each node in a circuit and require significantly less computation and communication than the telescoping mechanism used by Tor. Further, the use of the identity-based infrastructure also leads to a reduction in the required amount of authenticated directory information. Therefore, our constructions provide practical ways to allow onion routing anonymity networks to scale gracefully. Keywords: onion routing, Tor, pairing-based cryptography, anonymous key agreement, forward secrecy 1 Introduction Over the years, a large number of anonymity networks have been proposed and some have been implemented. Common to many of them is onion routing [RSG98], a technique whereby a message is wrapped in multiple layers of encryption, forming an onion. As the message is delivered via a number of intermediate onion routers (ORs), or nodes, each node decrypts one of the layers, and forwards the message to the next node. This idea goes back to Chaum [Cha81] and has been used to build both low- and high-latency communication networks. A common realization of an onion routing system is to arrange a collection of nodes that will relay traffic for users of the system.
    [Show full text]
  • Into the Reverie: Exploration of the Dream Market
    Into the Reverie: Exploration of the Dream Market Theo Carr1, Jun Zhuang2, Dwight Sablan3, Emma LaRue4, Yubao Wu5, Mohammad Al Hasan2, and George Mohler2 1Department of Mathematics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 2Department of Computer & Information Science, Indiana University - Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 3Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Guam, Guam 4Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, AK 5Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—Since the emergence of the Silk Road market in Onymous" in 2014, a worldwide action taken by law enforce- the early 2010s, dark web ‘cryptomarkets’ have proliferated and ment and judicial agencies aimed to put a kibosh on these offered people an online platform to buy and sell illicit drugs, illicit behaviors [5]. Law enforcement interventions such as relying on cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin for anonymous trans- actions. However, recent studies have highlighted the potential for Onymous, along with exit scams and hacks, have successfully de-anonymization of bitcoin transactions, bringing into question shut down numerous cryptomarkets, including AlphaBay, Silk the level of anonymity afforded by cryptomarkets. We examine a Road, Dream, and more recently, Wall Street [6]. Despite these set of over 100,000 product reviews from several cryptomarkets interruptions, new markets have continued to proliferate. The collected in 2018 and 2019 and conduct a comprehensive analysis authors of [7] note that there appears to be a consistent daily of the markets, including an examination of the distribution of drug sales and revenue among vendors, and a comparison demand of about $500,000 for illicit products on the dark web, of incidences of opioid sales to overdose deaths in a US city.
    [Show full text]
  • A Framework for Identifying Host-Based Artifacts in Dark Web Investigations
    Dakota State University Beadle Scholar Masters Theses & Doctoral Dissertations Fall 11-2020 A Framework for Identifying Host-based Artifacts in Dark Web Investigations Arica Kulm Dakota State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.dsu.edu/theses Part of the Databases and Information Systems Commons, Information Security Commons, and the Systems Architecture Commons Recommended Citation Kulm, Arica, "A Framework for Identifying Host-based Artifacts in Dark Web Investigations" (2020). Masters Theses & Doctoral Dissertations. 357. https://scholar.dsu.edu/theses/357 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Beadle Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses & Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Beadle Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A FRAMEWORK FOR IDENTIFYING HOST-BASED ARTIFACTS IN DARK WEB INVESTIGATIONS A dissertation submitted to Dakota State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Cyber Defense November 2020 By Arica Kulm Dissertation Committee: Dr. Ashley Podhradsky Dr. Kevin Streff Dr. Omar El-Gayar Cynthia Hetherington Trevor Jones ii DISSERTATION APPROVAL FORM This dissertation is approved as a credible and independent investigation by a candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy in Cyber Defense degree and is acceptable for meeting the dissertation requirements for this degree. Acceptance of this dissertation does not imply that the conclusions reached by the candidate are necessarily the conclusions of the major department or university. Student Name: Arica Kulm Dissertation Title: A Framework for Identifying Host-based Artifacts in Dark Web Investigations Dissertation Chair: Date: 11/12/20 Committee member: Date: 11/12/2020 Committee member: Date: Committee member: Date: Committee member: Date: iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT First, I would like to thank Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Optical Onion Routing
    Optical Onion Routing Anna Engelmann and Admela Jukan Technische Universitat¨ Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, Germany Email: fa.engelmann, [email protected] Abstract—As more and more data is transmitted in the depend on number and dependability of volunteer systems, configurable optical layer, – whereby all optical switches forward the privacy features in optical network need to be approached packets without electronic layers involved, we envision privacy as differently: for instance, it is a telecom operator that should the intrinsic property of future optical networks. In this paper, we be able offer a private optical communication service as a propose Optical Onion Routing (OOR) routing and forwarding value added feature. For instance, for some client networks techniques, inspired by the onion routing in the Internet layer, - an optical network can grant anonymous access to third-party the best known realization of anonymous communication today, – but designed with specific features innate to optical networks. servers in the cloud, whereby the traffic contents and the origin We propose to design the optical anonymization network system of requests can remain secret for both the attacker as well as with a new optical anonymization node architecture, including the cloud provider. In designing an anonymous optical network the optical components and their electronic counterparts to akin to Tor, however, several obstacles need to be overcome, realize layered encryption. We propose modification to the secret since the main features need to be primarily implemented in key generation using Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR), – photonics, i.e., without intervention of electronics, such as able to utilize different primitive irreducible polynomials, and encryption, traffic routing, and session key distribution.
    [Show full text]
  • Walking Onions: Scaling Anonymity Networks While Protecting Users
    Walking Onions: Scaling Anonymity Networks while Protecting Users Chelsea H. Komlo Nick Mathewson Ian Goldberg University of Waterloo The Tor Project University of Waterloo Abstract Anonymity networks in practice [13] have prevented these Scaling anonymity networks offers unique security chal- attacks by requiring all participants to share a globally consis- lenges, as attackers can exploit differing views of the net- tent view of the entire state of the network, and giving clients work’s topology to perform epistemic and route capture at- complete control over selecting relays for their paths. While tacks. Anonymity networks in practice, such as Tor, have this approach prevents the described attacks, requiring a glob- opted for security over scalability by requiring participants ally consistent view results in quadratic bandwidth growth as to share a globally consistent view of all relays to prevent the number of clients increases [26], because the number of these kinds of attacks. Such an approach requires each user relays must also increase to provide more capacity, and all to maintain up-to-date information about every relay, causing parties must download information about all relays. While the total amount of data each user must download every epoch today’s Tor network requires only approximately half a per- to scale linearly with the number of relays. As the number cent of its total bandwidth to serve network state [39, 41], of clients increases, more relays must be added to provide increasing the number of clients and relays by one order of bandwidth, further exacerbating the total load on the network. magnitude would result in the consumption of roughly five In this work, we present Walking Onions, a set of proto- percent of the network’s (ten times larger) total bandwidth cols improving scalability for anonymity networks.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical and Legal Overview of the Tor Anonymity Network
    Emin Çalışkan, Tomáš Minárik, Anna-Maria Osula Technical and Legal Overview of the Tor Anonymity Network Tallinn 2015 This publication is a product of the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (the Centre). It does not necessarily reflect the policy or the opinion of the Centre or NATO. The Centre may not be held responsible for any loss or harm arising from the use of information contained in this publication and is not responsible for the content of the external sources, including external websites referenced in this publication. Digital or hard copies of this publication may be produced for internal use within NATO and for personal or educational use when for non- profit and non-commercial purpose, provided that copies bear a full citation. www.ccdcoe.org [email protected] 1 Technical and Legal Overview of the Tor Anonymity Network 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Tor and Internet Filtering Circumvention ....................................................................................... 4 2.1. Technical Methods .................................................................................................................. 4 2.1.1. Proxy ................................................................................................................................ 4 2.1.2. Tunnelling/Virtual Private Networks ............................................................................... 5
    [Show full text]
  • Defending Against Malicious Cyber Activity Originating From
    TLP:WHITE Product ID: A20-183A July 1, 2020 Defending Against Malicious Cyber Activity Originating from Tor This advisory—written by the Cybersecurity Security and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) with contributions from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)—highlights risks associated with Tor, along with technical details and recommendations for mitigation. Cyber threat actors can use Tor software and network infrastructure for anonymity and obfuscation purposes to clandestinely conduct malicious cyber operations.1,2,3 Tor (aka The Onion Router) is software that allows users to browse the web anonymously by encrypting and routing requests through multiple relay layers or nodes. This software is maintained by the Tor Project, a nonprofit organization that provides internet anonymity and anti-censorship tools. While Tor can be used to promote democracy and free, anonymous use of the internet, it also provides an avenue for malicious actors to conceal their activity because identity and point of origin cannot be determined for a Tor software user. Using the Onion Routing Protocol, Tor software obfuscates a user’s identity from anyone seeking to monitor online activity (e.g., nation states, surveillance organizations, information security tools). This is possible because the online activity of someone using Tor software appears to originate from the Internet Protocol (IP) address of a Tor exit node, as opposed to the IP address of the user’s computer. CISA and the FBI recommend that organizations assess their individual risk of compromise via Tor and take appropriate mitigations to block or closely monitor inbound and outbound traffic from known Tor nodes. 1 CISA Alert published April 2020: Continued Threat Actor Exploitation Post Pulse Secure VPN Patching.
    [Show full text]
  • Provably Secure and Practical Onion Routing
    Provably Secure and Practical Onion Routing Michael Backes Ian Goldberg Saarland University and MPI-SWS, Germany University of Waterloo, Canada [email protected] [email protected] Aniket Kate Esfandiar Mohammadi MPI-SWS, Germany Saarland University, Germany [email protected] [email protected] Abstract The onion routing network Tor is undoubtedly the most widely employed technology for anony- mous web access. Although the underlying onion routing (OR) protocol appears satisfactory, a comprehensive analysis of its security guarantees is still lacking. This has also resulted in a sig- nificant gap between research work on OR protocols and existing OR anonymity analyses. In this work, we address both issues with onion routing by defining a provably secure OR protocol, which is practical for deployment in the next generation Tor network. We start off by presenting a security definition (an ideal functionality) for the OR methodology in the universal composability (UC) framework. We then determine the exact security properties required for OR cryptographic primitives (onion construction and processing algorithms, and a key exchange protocol) to achieve a provably secure OR protocol. We show that the currently deployed onion algorithms with slightly strengthened integrity properties can be used in a provably secure OR construction. In the process, we identify the concept of predictably malleable symmetric encryptions, which might be of independent interest. On the other hand, we find the currently deployed key exchange protocol to be inefficient and difficult to analyze and instead show that a recent, significantly more efficient, key exchange protocol can be used in a provably secure OR construction.
    [Show full text]
  • How Do Tor Users Interact with Onion Services?
    How Do Tor Users Interact With Onion Services? Philipp Winter Anne Edmundson Laura M. Roberts Princeton University Princeton University Princeton University Agnieszka Dutkowska-Zuk˙ Marshini Chetty Nick Feamster Independent Princeton University Princeton University Abstract messaging [4] and file sharing [15]. The Tor Project currently does not have data on the number of onion Onion services are anonymous network services that are service users, but Facebook reported in 2016 that more exposed over the Tor network. In contrast to conventional than one million users logged into its onion service in one Internet services, onion services are private, generally not month [20]. indexed by search engines, and use self-certifying domain Onion services differ from conventional web services names that are long and difficult for humans to read. In in four ways; First, they can only be accessed over the Tor this paper, we study how people perceive, understand, and network. Second, onion domains are hashes over their use onion services based on data from 17 semi-structured public key, which make them difficult to remember. Third, interviews and an online survey of 517 users. We find that the network path between client and the onion service is users have an incomplete mental model of onion services, typically longer, increasing latency and thus reducing the use these services for anonymity and have varying trust in performance of the service. Finally, onion services are onion services in general. Users also have difficulty dis- private by default, meaning that users must discover these covering and tracking onion sites and authenticating them. sites organically, rather than with a search engine.
    [Show full text]
  • Battle Against Anonymous Browsing
    The Battle Against Anonymous Browsing: The Security Challenges Presented by Tor Brief Introduction • David A. Vargas – Work • President, VATG, Inc. – Teaching • Professor of Networking and Network Security – Education • BA, The George Washington University • MS, The Johns Hopkins University – Training: • Navy Cryptography • Army Counterintelligence • Security Audit, Malware Analysis, Digital Forensics, etc. – Primary certs: • CISSP, CISM, and CEHv7 Presentation Outline • Introduction to the Dark Web - Hiding in Darkness • What is Tor? • Detecting Tor • Chinks in the Armor - The Exit Node Problem • Tor Attacks and Takedowns • Does Tor Have a Future? Introduction to the Dark Web - Hiding in Darkness Introduction to the Dark Web - Hiding in Darkness • Surface Web: – The visible web that we are most familiar with Introduction to the Dark Web - Hiding in Darkness • What you find when you look deeper: Introduction to the Dark Web - Hiding in Darkness • Dark Web: – Consists of sites that are private or at least accessible only by those who know what they are looking for – Because of its anonymity, frequently used by deviant subcultures (criminals, pedophiles, etc.) Aside: A comment on the terms Introduction to the Dark Web - Hiding in Darkness Surface Web (where most of you surf) Dark Web (where only some of you surf – in some cases the FBI would like to meet with you) Estimates have suggested that the deep web is 4,000 to 5,000 times larger than the surface web. Searching the Dark • Although the dark web exists on the very same Grams Darknet
    [Show full text]
  • Walking Onions: Scaling Anonymity Networks While Protecting Users Chelsea H
    Walking Onions: Scaling Anonymity Networks while Protecting Users Chelsea H. Komlo, University of Waterloo; Nick Mathewson, The Tor Project; Ian Goldberg, University of Waterloo https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity20/presentation/komlo This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 29th USENIX Security Symposium. August 12–14, 2020 978-1-939133-17-5 Open access to the Proceedings of the 29th USENIX Security Symposium is sponsored by USENIX. Walking Onions: Scaling Anonymity Networks while Protecting Users Chelsea H. Komlo Nick Mathewson Ian Goldberg University of Waterloo The Tor Project University of Waterloo Abstract Anonymity networks in practice [13] have prevented these Scaling anonymity networks offers unique security chal- attacks by requiring all participants to share a globally consis- lenges, as attackers can exploit differing views of the net- tent view of the entire state of the network, and giving clients work’s topology to perform epistemic and route capture at- complete control over selecting relays for their paths. While tacks. Anonymity networks in practice, such as Tor, have this approach prevents the described attacks, requiring a glob- opted for security over scalability by requiring participants ally consistent view results in quadratic bandwidth growth as to share a globally consistent view of all relays to prevent the number of clients increases [26], because the number of these kinds of attacks. Such an approach requires each user relays must also increase to provide more capacity, and all to maintain up-to-date information about every relay, causing parties must download information about all relays. While the total amount of data each user must download every epoch today’s Tor network requires only approximately half a per- to scale linearly with the number of relays.
    [Show full text]
  • Kriminalitätsbekämpfung Im Dark Net: Neue Ermittlungsansätze Statt Verbote Schulze, Matthias
    www.ssoar.info Kriminalitätsbekämpfung im Dark Net: neue Ermittlungsansätze statt Verbote Schulze, Matthias Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Arbeitspapier / working paper Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP) Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Schulze, M. (2019). Kriminalitätsbekämpfung im Dark Net: neue Ermittlungsansätze statt Verbote. (SWP-Aktuell, 28/2019). Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik -SWP- Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit. https://doi.org/10.18449/2019A28 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, non- Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, transferable, individual and limited right to using this document. persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses This document is solely intended for your personal, non- Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für commercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. all copyright information and other information regarding legal Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie document in public. dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder conditions of use.
    [Show full text]