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THE BRITISH ARMY in the LOW COUNTRIES, 1793-1814 By
‘FAIRLY OUT-GENERALLED AND DISGRACEFULLY BEATEN’: THE BRITISH ARMY IN THE LOW COUNTRIES, 1793-1814 by ANDREW ROBERT LIMM A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. University of Birmingham School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law October, 2014. University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The history of the British Army in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars is generally associated with stories of British military victory and the campaigns of the Duke of Wellington. An intrinsic aspect of the historiography is the argument that, following British defeat in the Low Countries in 1795, the Army was transformed by the military reforms of His Royal Highness, Frederick Duke of York. This thesis provides a critical appraisal of the reform process with reference to the organisation, structure, ethos and learning capabilities of the British Army and evaluates the impact of the reforms upon British military performance in the Low Countries, in the period 1793 to 1814, via a series of narrative reconstructions. This thesis directly challenges the transformation argument and provides a re-evaluation of British military competency in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. -
AS.450 ( Liberal Arts) 1
AS.450 ( Liberal Arts) 1 AS.450.605. Art Since 1960. 3 Credits. AS.450 ( LIBERAL ARTS) What is contemporary art, and what are the factors that shaped it? This course will attempt to answer those questions through a chronological AS.450.082. MLA Capstone: Portfolio. and thematic investigation of some of the most influential artworks, The MLA Portfolio is a zero-credit Capstone option. Students who select movements, and theories of the past 60 years. Beginning with a close the Portfolio option will take 10 courses in the program (one core course look at mid-century modernism, we will move into a consideration of Pop, and 9 electives), and register for the zero-credit portfolio in their final Minimalism, conceptual art, land art, performance art, postmodernism, semester. The portfolio will be completed within the same semester as AIDS activism, and relational aesthetics. Along the way, we will also the 10th course. The portfolio consists of a sampling of the best papers consider the relevance of feminist and phenomenological theory and of and projects written over the course of the student's graduate career, institutional critique and globalization; at the same time, we will explore and it is designed to highlight the intellectual points of convergence in ways in which art of our own time constitutes both an extension of, and each student's course of study, presenting the student's reflections on reaction against, some of the historical ideas we encounter. Throughout, knowledge gained and lessons learned. students will have a chance to read and discuss both primary and AS.450.600. -
Marketing Fragment 6 X 10.Long.T65
Cambridge University Press 0521853591 - The Cambridge History of Warfare Edited by Geoffrey Parker Index More information Index Abrams, Creighton (American general, aircraft carriers, 251; American (1930s), Vietnam War), 381 320; American (World War II), 356; Actium, battle of (31 BC), 427 Japanese (World War II), 355 Adrianople; battle of (AD 378), 63; Aisne offensive (1918), 283, 305 most fought-over town in history, Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of (1748), 183, 427 184 Aelian (Tactics), 4, 157, 417, 431 Alans, 64 Aemilius Paulus (Roman general), 40 Alba, duke of, 5, 152, 155 Aeschylus on the Persian wars, 23, 25 Alberich (German withdrawal, 1917), Aetius (Roman general), 62, 63 298 Afghanistan’s democratic election. See Alberti, Leon Battista, on angled also al-Qaeda; Laden, Osama Bin, defences, 106 407 Alexander the Great, 3, 71, 98, 418 Agesilaus (Spartan general), 26, 37 Alexius (east Roman emperor), 79 aggression in the western military Alfonso X of Castile (Siete Partidas), 99 tradition, 6, 10, 414, 416, 418, Alfred the Great, 72, 76 425 Algerian War (1954–62), 372–374 Agincourt, battle of (1415), 88, 89 Algonkians, 139 agrarian warfare, 25, 30; Bronze-Age, Aljubarrota, battle of (1385), 85 18; hoplite, 18, 19, 21, 22; Roman Allerheim, battle of (1645), 160 militias, 49 Alma, battle of (1854), 222 air attacks; Gulf War, 392; Six Day War, Almagro, Diego de (Spanish 386; Vietnam War, 377–378, 380, conquistador), 139, 140 381; World War I, 309; World War al-Qaeda, 412. See also Laden, Osama II, 334, 351, 354, 357, 364; Yom Bin, 403; America strikes back, Kippur War, 387 406–412; America under attack, Air Corps Tactical School (USA), 319 403–406; Madrid explosion, 411 air defence,319, 387, 392; British Alvarez de Toledo, Don Fernando. -
Leibniz's Monads Vis-À-Vis the Immortality of the Soul
LEIBNIZ’S MONADS VIS-À-VIS THE IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL: A COMPARATIVE APPROACH George Franklin Umeh* Abstract Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz published little during his lifetime, and his philosophical masterpiece, Monadology is such a triumph of succinct expression that, to fully interpret it, one must look at many other works and to his correspondence, in order to know the detailed arguments which underlie its conclusions. Leibniz raised a problem in his attempt to compare his monads with the human soul, sharing the same features of immortality. Philosophers are divided in this idea, while some refute it as illogical, some still accept it though with a pinch of salt, saying that he is not the originator of the idea. However, I salute his courage for taken such a bold step in making this delicate comparison of the monads and souls’ immortality. It is also worthy of note that more philosophers have written on the immortality of the soul but the most classical of them all is that of Thomas Aquinas. The importance of this work is to help us understand the deep relationship between the monads and the human souls. To achieve this, the method of comparative analysis of the ideas is going to be used, giving it an interpretation to discover the strength of Leibniz’s argument and his flaws. Solution to the flaws will be proffered. Keywords: Monads, Soul, Immortality, Substance Introduction Interpretation of Leibniz is made doubly difficult by the fact that he changed his mind about certain of his most influential ideas during the course of his lifetime, while remaining obstinately attached to them and unable overtly to reject them. -
What Is the Western Canon Good For?
What is the Western Canon Good For? Adam Kotsko AM IN THE MIDST OF MY SIXTH YEAR OF TEACHING AT SHIMER COLLEGE, A SMALL LIBERAL arts school in the Great Books tradition. This tradition, which began in the I early 20th century in response to the perception that higher education was becoming too specialised, starts from the premise that every college student should engage with primary texts of enduring importance. A Great Books education is a broadly humanistic one, aimed at inducting students into the ‘Great Conversation’. In many ways, it is a very optimistic pedagogical model, throwing students into the deep end without textbooks or background lectures, on the assumption that nothing human is foreign to them. Hence they will be able to make at least some productive headway with exemplary products of human thought. It has also tended to be a deeply conservative pedagogical model, reifying the ‘canon’ of the Western Tradition—the intellectual trajectory that postcolonial theorists have lampooned as stretching ‘from Plato to NATO’. The best-known Great Books school is St. John’s College, where students read great texts from the Greeks forward, in chronological order, meaning that they do not encounter a single text by a woman until late in their career. A colleague of mine calls Shimer’s program ‘Reformed Great Books’, meaning that we make room for more contemporary and diverse texts in our curriculum. © Australian Humanities Review 60 (November 2016). ISSN: 1325 8338 157-61 158 Adam Kotsko / What is the Western Canon Good For? Unlike the St. John’s program, the Shimer curriculum is divided into three broad disciplines—Humanities, Natural Sciences, and Social Sciences—and does not necessarily proceed in chronological order, even within a single course. -
200 Bc - Ad 400)
ARAM, 13-14 (2001-2002), 171-191 P. ARNAUD 171 BEIRUT: COMMERCE AND TRADE (200 BC - AD 400) PASCAL ARNAUD We know little of Beirut's commerce and trade, and shall probably continue to know little about this matter, despite a lecture given by Mrs Nada Kellas in 19961. In fact, the history of Commerce and Trade relies mainly on both ar- chaeological and epigraphical evidence. As far as archaeological evidence is concerned, one must remember that only artefacts strongly linked with ceram- ics, i.e. vases themselves and any items, carried in amphoras, (predominantly, but not solely, liquids, can give information about the geographical origin, date and nature of such products. The huge quantities of materials brought to the light by recent excavations in Beirut should, one day, provide us with new evi- dence about importations of such products in Beirut, but we will await the complete study of this material, which, until today by no means provided glo- bal statistics valid at the whole town scale. The evidence already published still allows nothing more than mere subjective impressions about the origins of the material. I shall try nevertheless to rely on such impressions about that ma- terial, given that we lack statistics, and that it is impossible to infer from any isolated sherd the existence of permanent trade-routes and commercial flows. The results of such an inquiry would be, at present, worth little if not con- fronted with other evidence. On the other hand, it should be of great interest to identify specific Berytan productions among the finds from other sites in order to map the diffusion area of items produced in Beirut and the surrounding territory. -
GREAT BOOKS of the WESTERN WORLD a Collection of the Greatest Writings in Western History
GREAT BOOKS OF THE WESTERN WORLD A Collection of the Greatest Writings in Western History Author/Title List by Volume: VOLUME 1 and 2 The Syntopicon This unique guide enables you to investigate a particular idea, such as courage or democracy, and compare the perspectives of different authors. VOLUME 3 Homer The Iliad The Odyssey VOLUME 4 Aeschylus (C. 525-456 BC) The Suppliant Maidens The Persians Seven Against Thebes Prometheus Bound Agamemnon The Libation Bearers The Eumenides Sophocles (C. 495-406 BC) Oedipus the King Oedipus at Colonus Antigone Ajax Electra The Women of Trachis Philoctetes GREAT BOOKS OF THE WESTERN WORLD 1 VOLUME 4 (cont.) Euripides (C. 480-406 BC) Rhesus The Medea Hippolytus Alcestis The Heracleidae The Suppliant Women The Trojan Women Ion Helen Andromache Electra The Bacchae Hecuba Heracles The Phoenician Women Orestes Iphigenia in Tauris Iphigenia in Aulis The Cyclops Aristophanes (C. 455-380 BC) The Acharnians The Knights The Clouds The Wasps Peace The Birds The Frogs Lysistrata The Poet and the Women The Assemblywomen Wealth VOLUME 5 Herodotus (C. 484-425 BC) The History Thucydides (C. 460-400 BC) The History of the Peloponnesian War GREAT BOOKS OF THE WESTERN WORLD 2 VOLUME 6 Plato (C. 428-348 BC) Charmides Lysis Laches Protagoras Euthydemus Cratylus Phaedrus Ion Symposium Meno Euthyphro Apology Crito Phaedo Gorgias The Republic Timaeus Critias Parmenides Theaetetus Sophist Statesman Philebus Laws The Seventh Letter VOLUME 7 Aristotle I (C. 384-322 BC) Categories On Interpretation Prior Analytics Posterior Analytics Topics On Sophistical Refutations Physics On the Heavens On Generation and Corruption Meteorology On Sense and the Reminiscence On Sleep and Sleeplessness On Dreams On Prophesying On Longevity and Shortness of Life On Youth and Old Age, On Life and Death, On Breathing VOLUME 8 GREAT BOOKS OF THE WESTERN WORLD 3 Aristotle II (C. -
Great Books Colloquium Self-Study February 22, 2019
Great Books Colloquium Self-Study February 22, 2019 THE INTERNAL CONTEXT Program Overview The Seaver College Great Books Colloquium comprises a four-course sequence in which students read and discuss celebrated, "classic" works of Western thought and literature. The Colloquium also includes under-represented and minority voices, particularly in Great Books IV, and Great Books V (an optional course) offers students the opportunity to study classics of the Asian tradition. Although many of the works included represent the humanities, the Colloquium is broadly interdisciplinary. The curriculum includes works of literature and philosophy, such as epics by Homer, Virgil, Dante, and Milton and philosophical treatises by Plato, Aristotle, Kant, and Nietzsche. Students also study works of religious, social, and political thought by such writers as Augustine, Machiavelli, Luther, Rousseau, Kierkegaard, and Freud. The attached brochure describes the program. Great Books students undertake challenging reading and writing assignments. They read full-length texts of the works in the curriculum and write several essays each term analyzing and interpreting this material. The small classes are conducted as seminars involving discussion and shared inquiry. Students are expected to participate actively in class discussions and, occasionally, to lead discussions. Both discussions and writing assignments emphasize close reading and critical thinking; students identify important 1 problems and questions, and they defend their interpretations and evaluations using textual and argumentative evidence. Rather than axiomatically accepting the texts as "great" or "classic" documents that embody artistic or epistemological perfection, students learn to examine the works critically, to query why they command enduring appeal, and to evaluate their relevance to contemporary experience. -
Roman Roads of Britain
Roman Roads of Britain A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Thu, 04 Jul 2013 02:32:02 UTC Contents Articles Roman roads in Britain 1 Ackling Dyke 9 Akeman Street 10 Cade's Road 11 Dere Street 13 Devil's Causeway 17 Ermin Street 20 Ermine Street 21 Fen Causeway 23 Fosse Way 24 Icknield Street 27 King Street (Roman road) 33 Military Way (Hadrian's Wall) 36 Peddars Way 37 Portway 39 Pye Road 40 Stane Street (Chichester) 41 Stane Street (Colchester) 46 Stanegate 48 Watling Street 51 Via Devana 56 Wade's Causeway 57 References Article Sources and Contributors 59 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 61 Article Licenses License 63 Roman roads in Britain 1 Roman roads in Britain Roman roads, together with Roman aqueducts and the vast standing Roman army, constituted the three most impressive features of the Roman Empire. In Britain, as in their other provinces, the Romans constructed a comprehensive network of paved trunk roads (i.e. surfaced highways) during their nearly four centuries of occupation (43 - 410 AD). This article focuses on the ca. 2,000 mi (3,200 km) of Roman roads in Britain shown on the Ordnance Survey's Map of Roman Britain.[1] This contains the most accurate and up-to-date layout of certain and probable routes that is readily available to the general public. The pre-Roman Britons used mostly unpaved trackways for their communications, including very ancient ones running along elevated ridges of hills, such as the South Downs Way, now a public long-distance footpath. -
7 the Roman Empire
Eli J. S. Weaverdyck 7 The Roman Empire I Introduction The Roman Empire was one of the largest and longest lasting of all the empires in the ancient world.1 At its height, it controlled the entire coast of the Mediterranean and vast continental hinterlands, including most of western Europe and Great Brit- ain, the Balkans, all of Asia Minor, the Near East as far as the Euphrates (and be- yond, briefly), and northern Africa as far south as the Sahara. The Mediterranean, known to the Romans as mare nostrum(‘our sea’), formed the core. The Mediterranean basin is characterized by extreme variability across both space and time. Geologically, the area is a large subduction zone between the African and European tectonic plates. This not only produces volcanic and seismic activity, it also means that the most commonly encountered bedrock is uplifted limestone, which is easily eroded by water. Much of the coastline is mountainous with deep river valleys. This rugged topography means that even broadly similar climatic conditions can pro- duce drastically dissimilar microclimates within very short distances. In addition, strong interannual variability in precipitation means that local food shortages were an endemic feature of Mediterranean agriculture. In combination, this temporal and spatial variability meant that risk-buffering mechanisms including diversification, storage, and distribution of goods played an important role in ancient Mediterranean survival strategies. Connectivity has always characterized the Mediterranean.2 While geography encouraged mobility, the empire accelerated that tendency, inducing the transfer of people, goods, and ideas on a scale never seen before.3 This mobility, combined with increased demand and the efforts of the imperial govern- ment to mobilize specific products, led to the rise of broad regional specializations, particularly in staple foods and precious metals.4 The results of this increased con- It has also been the subject of more scholarship than any other empire treated in this volume. -
Roads Routes and Canal Systems
ROADS AND CANALS OF ANCIENT WORLD. ROADS From the earliest times, one of the strongest indicators of a society's level of development has been its road system-or lack of one. Increasing populations and the advent of towns and cities brought with it the need for communication and commerce between those growing population centers. A road built in Egypt by the Pharaoh Cheops around 2500 BC is believed to be the earliest paved road on record-a construction road 1,000 yards long and 60 feet wide that led to the site of the Great Pyramid. Since it was used only for this one job and was never used for travel, Cheops's road was not truly a road in the same sense that the later trade routes, royal highways, and impressively paved Roman roads were. The various trade routes, of course, developed where goods were transported from their source to a market outlet and were often named after the goods which traveled upon them. For example, the Amber Route traveled from Afghanistan through Persia and Arabia to Egypt, and the Silk Route stretched 8,000 miles from China, across Asia, and then through Spain to the Atlantic Ocean. However, carrying bulky goods with slow animals over rough, unpaved roads was a time consuming and expensive proposition. As a general rule, the price of the goods doubled for every 100 miles they had to travel. Some other ancient roads were established by rulers and their armies. The Old Testament contains references to ancient roads like the King's Highway, dating back to 2000 BC. -
The Route of Paul's First Journey to Pisidian Antioch
New Test. Stud. , pp. –. Printed in the United Kingdom © Cambridge University Press doi:10.1017/S002868850999004X The Route of Paul’s First Journey to Pisidian Antioch MARK WILSON University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa email: [email protected] The route of Paul’s first journey between Perga and Pisidian Antioch is still dis- puted. This article examines the three alternatives proposed by scholars. It explores the geographical and historical evidence for each route, looking especially at the extensive road system that existed in Pamphylia, Pisidia, and south Galatia in the first century. Bible atlases routinely depict one route and the reasons for this choice are discussed. Based on a review of the evidence, a fresh hypothesis for the route of the first journey is suggested. Keywords: Paul’s first journey, Perga, Pisidian Antioch, Via Sebaste, Roman roads, Acts .; . Introduction The routes that the apostle Paul took on his journeys across Asia Minor still remain in dispute. A case in point is the route of Paul’s first journey from Perga (Πέργη) to Pisidian Antioch. Scholars have suggested three possible routes with variations for this journey. Two of these routes are routinely depicted in Bible atlases, often with little awareness of the ancient road network or the topo- graphy of the area. On a popular level, the recent opening of the St Paul Trail in southern Turkey has also stirred up interest in the route of Paul’s first journey. Although the St Paul Trail does not follow the ancient routes exactly, Kate Clow’s experience in preparing the new path has provided fresh insights into the region’s history and topography.