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Classification of Meandering Rivers: Interpreting the Morphological River by Using the Planimetric Characteristics

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Classification of Meandering Rivers: Interpreting the Morphological River by Using the Planimetric Characteristics International Conference on Science, Technology and Humanity 2015 ISSN 2477-3328 CLASSIFICATION OF MEANDERING RIVERS: INTERPRETING THE MORPHOLOGICAL RIVER BY USING THE PLANIMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS Yuri Sukamto1, Robby Yussac Tallar2, William Trisina3 1Maranatha Christian University, Civil Engineering Department, Jln.Prof. drg. Surya Sumantri No.65, Bandung 40164, Indonesia 2Maranatha Christian University, Information Technology Department Jln. Prof. drg. Surya Sumantri No.65, Bandung 40164, Indonesia 3National Cheng Kung University, Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering Department University Road No. 1, Tainan 701, Taiwan [email protected] (Robby YussacTallar) Abstract It must be recognized that rivers differ among themselves, and through time,one river can vary significantly in itsdownstream direction. Most of the riversclassification was published by US or European researchers. In fact, these classifications of the river cannot be applied thoroughly to other regions such Asian Countries due to its differentcharacteristics and situations. Therefore, the general purpose of thisresearch is to establish a simple and easy-to- use practice in interpreting the morphological aspect of river by using planimetric characteristics. We selected four major rivers to develop the conceptual model for classification of meandering rivers in Borneo (Kalimantan) Island. Further, we divided the meandering rivers in Borneo Island by three zones to get the informed data in detail. Based on the results, the variability variesin all planimetric characteristics except the slope, which is considered as conformity. Keywords: meandering rivers; Google Earth; river's classification Presenting Author’s biography Yuri Sukamto Robby YussacTallar, Ph.D. We are currently working on Informatics Engineering Department and Civil Engineering Department, Maranatha Christian University (MCU). Our research focused on water resources management, ecological-civil engineering relationships and sustainable development in engineering subjects. 8 International Conference on Science, Technology and Humanity 2015 ISSN 2477-3328 1. Introduction Fluvial processes over various time periodsalter geomorphologic characteristics of natural rivers such as the longitudinal profile and the channel of cross-sectional geometries [1]. It must be recognized that rivers differ among themselves, and through time, one river can vary significantly in itsdownstream direction. The variability of large alluvial rivers is an indication that some variables controlled the type of river or river pattern [2]. These variables are used by many researchers for defining the riversclassification. Most of riversclassification was published by US or European researchers. In fact, these classifications of the river cannot be applied thoroughly to other regions such Asian countries due to its different characteristics and situations. Meanwhile, there are only very few researchers from Asian Countries who provided their own riversclassification. Therefore, the general purpose of thisresearch is to establish a simple and easy-to-use practice in interpreting the morphological aspect of river. The specific purpose is to develop conceptual model for classification of meandering rivers in Borneo (Kalimantan Island), Indonesia. Therefore, it is expected that the result will be considered as appropriate classification of meandering rivers in Borneo Island. 2. Method Study Area Our research is focused on the meandering rivers due to its commonality in Borneo Islands. We selected four major rivers in Borneo Island: Kahayan River, Kapuas River, Barito River, and Mahakam River. By using Google earth, we investigated the planimetric characteristics (river width, river sinuosity, amplitude, meander belt, wavelength, bend sharpness, meander pattern, and width-to- depth ratio) in the fourmajor rivers. First of all, we divided the rivers by three zones: zone of deposition, zone of transport, and zone of production. Then, we identified and defined these zones by regarding their elevation, slope and the length. Fig. 1 Four Major Rivers in Borneo Island (Source: Google Earth, 2010) 9 International Conference on Science, Technology and Humanity 2015 ISSN 2477-3328 Zones of Barito River 180 160 140 120 100 (m) 80 elevation 60 40 20 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 length of river (km) Fig. 2 Zones of Barito River Zones of Kahayan River 80 60 40 (m) elevation 20 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 length of river (km) Fig. 3 Zones of Kahayan River Zone of Kapuas River 50 40 30 (m) 20 elevation 10 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 length of river (km) Fig. 4 Zones of Kapuas River 10 International Conference on Science, Technology and Humanity 2015 ISSN 2477-3328 Zone of Mahakam River 60 50 40 30 (m) elevation 20 10 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 length of river (km) Fig.5 Zones of Mahakam River The range of these zones can be seen in the Tab. 1. Tab. 1 Description of study area Zone of Sediment Barito Kahayan Kapuas Mahakam River River River River Zone of deposition 141330 m 335146 m 173156 m 200482 m Zone of transport 453868 m 127429 m 247660 m 295677 m Zone of production 144255 m 89978 m 51835 m 100874 m Borneo Classification The analysis based on the planimetric characteristics of meandering rivers by using Google earth software [3]. The data are justified to formulate the range for every characteristic [4-7]. River Width (w) Based on Kern et al. (1994), the type of river can be classified by its width. For large river, the width should be more than 220 m. However, Heirich et al. (1999) classified rivers with width wider than 10 m as a large river. For our case, the classification is shown in Tab. 2. Tab. 2 The offered classification based on its width Types of River Range of Width (m) Very Large River >300 Large River 100 – 300 Middle River 50 – 100 Small River <50 River Sinuosity (P) Sinuosity is the result of the process when the stream naturally dissipatesits flow forces. Sinuosity should be visually estimated or measured in the field because sometimes, the sinuosity of small headwater streams approximated from maps or aerial photos are not always accurate. According to Brice (1984), meandering rivers have sinuosity larger than 1.25; according to Leopold et al. (1964) and Rosgen (1994) the lower limit is 1.5 [5]. The offered classification based on its sinuosity can be seen in Tab. 3. 11 International Conference on Science, Technology and Humanity 2015 ISSN 2477-3328 Tab. 3 The offered classification based on its sinuosity Types of River Range of Sinuosity Very highly meandering >2 Highly meandering 1.5 – 2 Moderate meandering 1.25 – 1.5 Low meandering <1.25 Amplitude (A) The maximum distance from the down-valley axis to the sinuous axis of a loop is the meander width or amplitude. Large-amplitude of meandering rivers develops multiple scour holes within a single bend that are observed to be part of overlapping shingle bars (Whiting and Dietrich, 1993). Tab. 4 presents the offered classification based on its amplitude. Tab. 4 The offered classification based on its amplitude Types of River Range of Amplitude Very highly amplitude >2000 Highly amplitude 1500-2000 Moderate amplitude 1000-1500 Low amplitude <1000 Meander Belt (MB) Camporeale et al. (2005) define the meander belt as the proportion of floodplain having 90% probability of containing the river channel during its long-term evolution. We analyzed the meander belt of fourmajor rivers in Borneo Island based on the planimetric perspective (Fig. 6). We found that the average width of the meander belt was: Fig. 6 Meander Belt in Planimetric Perspective (Source: Schumm, 2005, River Variability and Complexity, Cambridge Univ.Press) Wavelength (WL) According to Leopold et al. (1964), a meander consists of a pair of opposing loops, but in common practice, a single river bend is also often called “meander.” In this study, a meander is a single river bend. The distance of one meander along the down valley axis is the meander length or wavelength. The offered classification based on its wavelength is presented in Tab. 5. Tab. 5 The offered classification based on its wavelength Types of River Range of wavelength Long meandering >5000 m Moderate meandering 2000 – 5000 m Short meandering <2000 m 12 International Conference on Science, Technology and Humanity 2015 ISSN 2477-3328 Bend Sharpness (γ) The bend sharpness (γ) is represented by the ratio of river width to radius of curvature of the river centerline. The offered classification based on its bend sharpness can be seen in Tab. 6. Tab.6 The offered classification based on its bend sharpness Types of River Range of Bend Sharpness Sharp meandering >0.5 Moderate meandering 0.1 – 0.5 Mild meandering <0.1 Meander Pattern (MP) A variety of river changes are listed under a patterned change (Fig. 7). In meander changes, meander enlarges if its amplitude and width increase. Meander shift involves the displacement of the meander in itsdownstream direction. Commonly,the meander both grows and shifts downstream, even though some parts of the bend can actually shift upstream. In Borneo Islands, the pattern changes occurred due to human activities such as agricultural practices. Fig. 7The Meander Pattern (Source: Southerland,2004, www.geomorph_terms.pdf) Width to depth ratio (w/d ratio) Width to depth ratio is the ratio of the top width of the channel at bankfull stage to the depth at bankfull. The depth is found by observingthe cross sectional area of the channel by the width. The following table shows the offered classification based on its width to depth ratio. Tab. 7 The offered classification based on its width to depth ratio Types of River Range of width to depth ratio Large meandering <25 Moderate meandering 25 – 40 Low meandering >40 Slope (s) Slope can be calculated from the elevation and the length of each reach of river.Tab. 8 presents the offered classification based on its slope. Tab. 8 The offered classification based on its slope Types of River Range of slope Steep > 0.05 Moderate 0.01 – 0.05 Shallow <0.01 13 International Conference on Science, Technology and Humanity 2015 ISSN 2477-3328 3.
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