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Human Reproduction & Embryology

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Human Reproduction & Embryology Human Reproduction & Embryology FAQ’s (Frequently Asked Questions) • What topics are covered in Human Reproduction & Embryology? Class topics include: the eight physical and emotional changes that happen during puberty, female and male reproductive systems, the one change that happens to the female reproductive system (menstrual cycle), the two changes that happen to the male reproductive system (nocturnal emission and spontaneous erection) and fetal development as well as the process of labor. • What images/videos will be used in the program? No real pictures of body parts will be shown during the discussions of reproductive systems. When the educator talks about the body, they will be using anatomical drawings of the human body called hemi-sections. During the embryology section, there are real pictures shown from when a sperm cell meets an egg cell all to way up to 31 weeks. The video is an animation to show how the sperm cell meets the egg cell (no sexual intercourse is shown in this animation). This video shows the sperm cells swimming through the vagina to meet the egg cell. • Will intercourse be a part of the program? Educators do explain that the penis will enter the vagina and release semen. Through a process called sexual intercourse semen is released from the penis and into the vagina. When intercourse is discussed it is talked about using the hemi-sections. There are no real pictures or drawings of sexual intercourse. Any questions about sexual intercourse are directed back to a trusted adult at home. • Is abortion discussed? Educators do not explain abortion as it is a morals and values question. If a student were to ask a scientific question about abortion the educator may answer yes or no and will tell the student to have a further discussion at home. • Is miscarriage discussed in the program, and if so, how? Educators do not discuss miscarriage. If a student were to ask a question about it, the educator would explain that a miscarriage usually happens early in a pregnancy and that when it occurs it is no one’s fault. It is common for this to be emotionally difficult time for the people involved. • How or is birth control discussed? Educators do not discuss birth control. Educators do advise, if asked, that birth control is a conversation someone can have at home with a trusted adult. If a student were to ask, can birth control help reduce the risk of a pregnancy? Educator would say yes, it can help reduce the risk but please have a further discussion with someone at home. • Will students be separated by gender during the program? Human Reproduction & Embryology is recommended to be taught together. Some schools do have students separated by gender, this is often a choice made by the district or a school. Our educators do discuss scientific facts and use medical terminology. Educators do not discuss moral issues, leaving that for a trusted adult at home. Students may have questions after the program: try your best, collect your thoughts before you answer, use medical terminology, and embrace the discomfort. For additional resources on how to talk to your child, visit www.candorhealthed.org .
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  • Reference Sheet 1
    MALE SEXUAL SYSTEM 8 7 8 OJ 7 .£l"00\.....• ;:; ::>0\~ <Il '"~IQ)I"->. ~cru::>s ~ 6 5 bladder penis prostate gland 4 scrotum seminal vesicle testicle urethra vas deferens FEMALE SEXUAL SYSTEM 2 1 8 " \ 5 ... - ... j 4 labia \ ""\ bladderFallopian"k. "'"f"";".'''¥'&.tube\'WIT / I cervixt r r' \ \ clitorisurethrauterus 7 \ ~~ ;~f4f~ ~:iJ 3 ovaryvagina / ~ 2 / \ \\"- 9 6 adapted from F.L.A.S.H. Reproductive System Reference Sheet 3: GLOSSARY Anus – The opening in the buttocks from which bowel movements come when a person goes to the bathroom. It is part of the digestive system; it gets rid of body wastes. Buttocks – The medical word for a person’s “bottom” or “rear end.” Cervix – The opening of the uterus into the vagina. Circumcision – An operation to remove the foreskin from the penis. Cowper’s Glands – Glands on either side of the urethra that make a discharge which lines the urethra when a man gets an erection, making it less acid-like to protect the sperm. Clitoris – The part of the female genitals that’s full of nerves and becomes erect. It has a glans and a shaft like the penis, but only its glans is on the out side of the body, and it’s much smaller. Discharge – Liquid. Urine and semen are kinds of discharge, but the word is usually used to describe either the normal wetness of the vagina or the abnormal wetness that may come from an infection in the penis or vagina. Duct – Tube, the fallopian tubes may be called oviducts, because they are the path for an ovum.
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  • The Role of Jelly Coats in Sperm-Egg Encounters, Fertilization Success, and Selection on Egg Size in Broadcast Spawners
    vol. 157, no. 6 the american naturalist june 2001 The Role of Jelly Coats in Sperm-Egg Encounters, Fertilization Success, and Selection on Egg Size in Broadcast Spawners Gregory S. Farley* and Don R. Levitan† Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 1996a, 1998b; Coma and Lasker 1997). The proposed mech- Tallahassee, Florida 32306-1100 anism generating this result is simply that larger egg targets are more likely to be struck by swimming sperm (Rothschild Submitted February 2, 2000; Accepted January 19, 2001 and Swann 1949, 1951; Vogel et al. 1982). This finding has generated the hypothesis that sperm availability can influ- ence the evolutionary trade-off between egg size and num- ber (Levitan 1993, 1996a, 1996b, 1998a, 1998b). However, abstract: Sperm limitation may be an important selective force the idea that fertilization kinetics might influence this trade- influencing gamete traits such as egg size. The relatively inexpensive off has been challenged because of the notion that extra- extracellular structures surrounding many marine invertebrate eggs might serve to enhance collision rates without the added cost of cellular structures or chemoattractants may increase sperm- increasing the egg cell. However, despite decades of research, the egg collisions yet may not represent as great a cost to effects of extracellular structures on fertilization have not been con- fecundity as the trade-off associated with increased egg size clusively documented. Here, using the sea urchin Lytechinus varie- (Podolsky and Strathmann 1996; Styan 1998). These con- gatus, we remove jelly coats from eggs, and we quantify sperm col- tradictory ideas have not been resolved because data de- lisions to eggs with jelly coats, eggs without jelly coats, and inert tailing the influence of extracellular materials on fertilization plastic beads.
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  • Fertilization Selection on Egg and Jelly-Coat Size in the Sand Dollar Dendraster Excentricus
    Evolution, 55(12), 2001, pp. 2479±2483 FERTILIZATION SELECTION ON EGG AND JELLY-COAT SIZE IN THE SAND DOLLAR DENDRASTER EXCENTRICUS DON R. LEVITAN1,2 AND STACEY D. IRVINE2 1Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-1100 2Bam®eld Marine Station, Bam®eld, British Columbia VOR 1B0, Canada Abstract. Organisms with external fertilization are often sperm limited, and in echinoids, larger eggs have a higher probability of fertilization than smaller eggs. This difference is thought to be a result of the more frequent sperm- egg collisions experienced by larger targets. Here we report how two components of egg target size, the egg cell and jelly coat, contributed to fertilization success in a selection experiment. We used a cross-sectional analysis of correlated characters to estimate the selection gradients on egg and jelly-coat size in ®ve replicate male pairs of the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus. Results indicated that eggs with larger cells and jelly coats were preferentially fertilized under sperm limitation in the laboratory. The selection gradients were an average of 922% steeper for egg than for jelly- coat size. The standardized selection gradients for egg and jelly-coat size were similar. Our results suggest that fertilization selection can act on both egg-cell and jelly-coat size but that an increase in egg-cell volume is much more likely to increase fertilization success than an equal change in jelly-coat volume. The strengths of the selection gradients were inversely related to the correlation of egg traits across replicate egg clutches. This result suggests the importance of replication in studies of selection of correlated characters.
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  • Sexual Reproduction: Meiosis, Germ Cells, and Fertilization 21
    Chapter 21 Sexual Reproduction: Meiosis, Germ Cells, and Fertilization 21 Sex is not absolutely necessary. Single-celled organisms can reproduce by sim- In This Chapter ple mitotic division, and many plants propagate vegetatively by forming multi- cellular offshoots that later detach from the parent. Likewise, in the animal king- OVERVIEW OF SEXUAL 1269 dom, a solitary multicellular Hydra can produce offspring by budding (Figure REPRODUCTION 21–1), and sea anemones and marine worms can split into two half-organisms, each of which then regenerates its missing half. There are even some lizard MEIOSIS 1272 species that consist only of females that reproduce without mating. Although such asexual reproduction is simple and direct, it gives rise to offspring that are PRIMORDIAL GERM 1282 genetically identical to their parent. Sexual reproduction, by contrast, mixes the CELLS AND SEX DETERMINATION IN genomes from two individuals to produce offspring that differ genetically from MAMMALS one another and from both parents. This mode of reproduction apparently has great advantages, as the vast majority of plants and animals have adopted it. EGGS 1287 Even many procaryotes and eucaryotes that normally reproduce asexually engage in occasional bouts of genetic exchange, thereby producing offspring SPERM 1292 with new combinations of genes. This chapter describes the cellular machinery of sexual reproduction. Before discussing in detail how the machinery works, FERTILIZATION 1297 however, we will briefly consider what sexual reproduction involves and what its benefits might be. OVERVIEW OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Sexual reproduction occurs in diploid organisms, in which each cell contains two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent.
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  • Human Reproduction: Clinical, Pathologic and Pharmacologic Correlations
    HUMAN REPRODUCTION: CLINICAL, PATHOLOGIC AND PHARMACOLOGIC CORRELATIONS 2008 Course Co-Director Kirtly Parker Jones, M.D. Professor Vice Chair for Educational Affairs Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Course Co-Director C. Matthew Peterson, M.D. Professor and Chair Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1 Welcome to the course on Human Reproduction. This syllabus has been recently revised to incorporate the most recent information available and to insure success on national qualifying examinations. This course is designed to be used in conjunction with our website which has interactive materials, visual displays and practice tests to assist your endeavors to master the material. Group discussions are provided to allow in-depth coverage. We encourage you to attend these sessions. For those of you who are web learners, please visit our web site that has case studies, clinical/pathological correlations, and test questions. http://libarary.med.utah.edu/kw/human_reprod 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Lectures/Examination................................................................................................................................... 5 Schedule........................................................................................................................................................ 6 Faculty .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Groups, Workshop.....................................................................................................................................
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  • The Human Reproductive System
    ANATOMY- PHYSIOLOGY-REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - IN RESPONSE TO CONVID 19 APRIL 2, 2020 nd Dear students and parents, April 2 , 2020 Beginning two days prior to our last day at school I issued work packets to all students in all classed; the content of which was spanning a two-three week period. Now that our removal from school will continue to at least May 1st, I have provided the following work packets which will span the remainder of the year, should our crisis continue. The following folders are available: ANATOMY – PHYSIOLOGY 1. Packet – THE HUMAN REPRODUCATIVE AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS. 2. Packet- THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM 3. Packet handed our prior to our last day: THE HUMAN EXCRETORY SYSTEM ZOOLOGY 1. Packet- STUDY OF THE CRUSTACEANS 2. Packet- STUDY OF THE INSECTS 3. Packet- handed our prior to our last day- INTRODUCTION TO THE ARTRHROPODS- CLASSES MYRIAPODA AND ARACHNIDA AP BIOLOGY – as per the newly devised topics of study focus, structure of adapted test, test dates and supports provided as per the guidelines and policies of The College Board TO ALL STUDENTS! THESE PACKETS WILL BE GUIDED BY THE SAME PROCEDURES WE EMBRACED DURING FALL TECH WEEK WHERE YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE WORK IN THE PACKETS- DELIVERED UPON YOUR RETURN TO SCHOOL OR AS PER UNFORESEEN CHANGES WHICH COME OUR WAY. COLLABORATION IS ENCOURAGED- SO STAY IN TOUCH AND DIG IN! YOUR PACKETS WILL BE A NOTEBOOK GRADE. EVENTUALLY YOU SHALL TAKE AN INDIVIDUAL TEST OF EACH PACKET = AN EXAM GRADE! SCHOOL IS OFF SITE BUT NOT SHUT DOWN SO PLEASE DO THE BODY OF WORK ASSIGNED IN THE PACKETS PROVIDED.
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  • A Combinational Theory for Maintenance of Sex
    Heredity (2009) 103, 445–457 & 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0018-067X/09 $32.00 www.nature.com/hdy REVIEW A combinational theory for maintenance of sex EHo¨randl Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Sexual reproduction implies high costs, but it is difficult to give prolonged growth periods. For complex multicellular organ- evidence for evolutionary advantages that would explain the isms, the main advantage of sexuality is thus the alternation of predominance of meiotic sex in eukaryotes. A combinational diploid and haploid stages, combining advantages of both. theory discussing evolution, maintenance and loss of sex may A loss of sex is constrained by several, partly group-specific, resolve the problem. The main function of sex is the restoration developmental features. Hybridization may trigger shifts from of DNA and consequently a higher quality of offspring. sexual to asexual reproduction, but crossing barriers of the Recombination at meiosis evolved, perhaps, as a repair parental sexual species limit this process. For the concerted mechanism of DNA strand damages. This mechanism is most break-up of meiosis-outcrossing cycles plus silencing of efficient for DNA restoration in multicellular eukaryotes, secondary features, various group-specific changes in the because the initial cell starts with a re-optimized genome, regulatory system may be required. An establishment of which is passed to all the daughter cells. Meiosis acts also asexuals requires special functional modifications and envir- as creator of variation in haploid stages, in which selection onmental opportunities. Costs for maintenance of meiotic sex can purge most efficiently deleterious mutations.
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  • The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male- Female Roles Author(S): Emily Martin Reviewed Work(S): Source: Signs, Vol
    The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male- Female Roles Author(s): Emily Martin Reviewed work(s): Source: Signs, Vol. 16, No. 3 (Spring, 1991), pp. 485-501 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3174586 . Accessed: 06/04/2012 21:00 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Signs. http://www.jstor.org THE EGG AND THE SPERM:HOW SCIENCEHAS CONSTRUCTED A ROMANCEBASED ON STEREOTYPICAL MALE-FEMALEROLES EMILYMARTIN The theory of the human body is always a part of a world- picture.... The theory of the human body is always a part of a fantasy. [JAMESHILLMAN, The Myth of Analysis]' As an anthropologist, I am intrigued by the possibility that culture shapes how biological scientists describe what they discover about the naturalworld. If this were so, we would be learning about more than the natural world in high school biology class; we would be learning about cultural beliefs and practices as if they were part of nature.
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  • Reproduction in Plants and Animals
    Reproduction in Plants and Animals Imagine a gardener checking on his growing plants at the beginning of spring. He notices a few tiny insects eating some of his plants. The gardener isn’t worried—a few insects are not a concern. But when he comes back several weeks later, his plants are covered in these small insects. There are at least ten times as many insects as there were several weeks ago! Where did all of these insects come from? How do organisms make more of their species? Reproduction produces offspring Reproduction is a process by which an organism produces offspring, or young. All organisms reproduce. If they didn’t, no species would survive past a single generation. The tiny insects developing Reproduction allows organisms to pass on their traits, or inside these eggs will grow characteristics to their offspring. Parents pass on their into adult insects. traits through their genetic material, or DNA. Sexual Reproduction requires two parents Sexual reproduction requires a male and female. Each parent contributes half of their genetic material, or DNA, to their offspring. The female contributes her DNA in an egg cell. The male contributes his DNA in a sperm cell. When the egg and sperm combine, they form the new offspring. Offspring may look similar to their parents, but they are not exact copies. In sexual reproduction, each offspring has a mixture of its parent’s traits. Parents may pass on dominant traits or recessive traits to their offspring. Each offspring may be different from its siblings. For These puppies are a product example, suppose the father in a human family does not of sexual reproduction have freckles, but his wife does.
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  • Gametogenesis  Gametogenesis Is the Process of Formation of Gametes
    B.Sc. Part-I Paper II Group B Developmental Biology Gametogenesis Gametogenesis is the process of formation of gametes. Diploid precursor cell undergoes meiotic division to become haploid gametes. Gametes are sex cell or reproductive cells, containing haploid set of chromosomes. Gametogenesis provides a mechanism by which genetic information is passed to offspring. Gametes are of two types- Male gamete--spermatozoa or sperm. Female gamete--egg cell or ovum. The process of Gametogenesis takes place in special organs ---the Gonads Male gonad is called testis. Female gonad is called ovary. The production of gamete is a highly complex and co-ordinated sequence of meiotic division. As there are two types of gametes, the spermatozoa and ova, Gametogenesis is categorized into two types. The production of male gamete or spermatozoa is called spermatogenesis. The production of female gamete or ovum is called oogenesis. Both spermatozoa and ova originate from primordial germ cells. Primordial germ cells are extra gonadal in origin. Primordial germ cells originate from extra embryonic mesoderm during early embryonic development. Finally these germ cells migrate to the yolk sac endoderm, and in the end, to the gonads of the developing embryo where they undergo further development. Formation of gametes starts at puberty. The basic pattern of Gametogenesis The process takes place in the gonads and it undergoes following steps:- o Repeated mitotic division and cell growth of precursor germ cells o Two meiotic division to produce haploid daughter cell o Differentiation of the haploid cell to produce functional gametes Significance of Gametogenesis It maintains the chromosome no. of the species.
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  • Some Rare Cases of Chimerism in Twin Cattle and Their Proposed Use in Determining Germinal Cell Migration
    Research Collection Journal Article Some rare cases of chimerism in twin cattle and their proposed use in determining germinal cell migration Author(s): Stranzlnger, G.; Dolf, G.; Fries, R.; Stocker, H. Publication Date: 1981 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000422814 Originally published in: Journal of heredity 72(5), http://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109527 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library The Journal of Heredity 72: 360-362. 1981. normal heterozygote cow centric fusion I Some rare cases of chimerism ^ x t/29 in twin cattle and their proposed use in determining © © sperm population germinal cell migration egg cell poll call G. Stranzlnger, G. Dolf, R. Fries, and XX H. Stocker chJm. case A sterile ABSTRACT: Three dizygotic, heterosexual twins with chimerlsms carrying marker chromosomes are de- scribed. Phenotypic and cytogenetlc methods were used •perm population to identify these animals. The occurrence of germinal cell migration causing gonad chimerism can be detected by the marker chromosome event under conditions de- scribed in this report. XX * female chromosome* THE PHENOMENON of chimerism has been XY= male studied and discussed frequently in recent M : marker chromosome 1/29 years1. In embryo transfers for twin produc- 7 \ tion in cattle chimerism is a potential problem because females with male twins are likely to FIGURE 1 Fertilization of a normal egg cell with sperm carrying the centromere fusion chromosome. become sterile10. Such females are unsuitable Also shown are the potential combinations of various germ cells (see text).
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  • Ch. 46 Animal Reproduction
    Ch. 46 Animal Reproduction 1 Essential Questions: How do animals achieve reproductive success? What diverse mechanisms do animals use to reproduce? 2 Two types of reproduction: 1. Asexual­ no fusion of egg and sperm are involved to make offspring sea anemones budding 3 fission ­ Separation of parent organism into two individuals of equal size budding ­ new individuals forming and then splitting off from other ones gemmules­ in sponges, several types of cells come together in sponge and a protective coat surrounds them fragmentation ­body breaks into pieces and creates new adults, associated with regeneration ex. sponges, cnidarians, tunicates, Linckia sea stars 4 some organisms can do either sexual or asexual depending on conditions ex. Daphnia­female can produce two eggs depending on environment one can be fertilized, one develops by parthenogenesis ­egg can develop without being fertilized (adult would be haploid ­ no meiosis to make gamete) ­asexual under favorable conditions, sexual under unfavorable ­In bees, males (drones) are produced this way male females are produced from fertilized egg queen sterile female worker 5 parthenogenic lizards ­no males in species, all female but can behave as males during breeding season ­eggs undergo doubling in chromosomes from meiosis without fertilization both are females, one on top is behaving as a male every two/three weeks ­ switch sex roles ­related to ovulation 6 male and female behaviors are related to ovulation and hormone levels Ovulation ­ the release of mature eggs 7 2. Sexual reproduction­where gametes (ovum or spermatozoon) fuse to form a zygote (fertilized egg) sperm = motile ovum = nonmotile function ­ increase genetic variability Utethesia ornatrix red beetles 8 Why do animals have reproductive cycles? a.
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