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Reference Sheet 1
MALE SEXUAL SYSTEM 8 7 8 OJ 7 .£l"00\.....• ;:; ::>0\~ <Il '"~IQ)I"->. ~cru::>s ~ 6 5 bladder penis prostate gland 4 scrotum seminal vesicle testicle urethra vas deferens FEMALE SEXUAL SYSTEM 2 1 8 " \ 5 ... - ... j 4 labia \ ""\ bladderFallopian"k. "'"f"";".'''¥'&.tube\'WIT / I cervixt r r' \ \ clitorisurethrauterus 7 \ ~~ ;~f4f~ ~:iJ 3 ovaryvagina / ~ 2 / \ \\"- 9 6 adapted from F.L.A.S.H. Reproductive System Reference Sheet 3: GLOSSARY Anus – The opening in the buttocks from which bowel movements come when a person goes to the bathroom. It is part of the digestive system; it gets rid of body wastes. Buttocks – The medical word for a person’s “bottom” or “rear end.” Cervix – The opening of the uterus into the vagina. Circumcision – An operation to remove the foreskin from the penis. Cowper’s Glands – Glands on either side of the urethra that make a discharge which lines the urethra when a man gets an erection, making it less acid-like to protect the sperm. Clitoris – The part of the female genitals that’s full of nerves and becomes erect. It has a glans and a shaft like the penis, but only its glans is on the out side of the body, and it’s much smaller. Discharge – Liquid. Urine and semen are kinds of discharge, but the word is usually used to describe either the normal wetness of the vagina or the abnormal wetness that may come from an infection in the penis or vagina. Duct – Tube, the fallopian tubes may be called oviducts, because they are the path for an ovum. -
The Role of Jelly Coats in Sperm-Egg Encounters, Fertilization Success, and Selection on Egg Size in Broadcast Spawners
vol. 157, no. 6 the american naturalist june 2001 The Role of Jelly Coats in Sperm-Egg Encounters, Fertilization Success, and Selection on Egg Size in Broadcast Spawners Gregory S. Farley* and Don R. Levitan† Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 1996a, 1998b; Coma and Lasker 1997). The proposed mech- Tallahassee, Florida 32306-1100 anism generating this result is simply that larger egg targets are more likely to be struck by swimming sperm (Rothschild Submitted February 2, 2000; Accepted January 19, 2001 and Swann 1949, 1951; Vogel et al. 1982). This finding has generated the hypothesis that sperm availability can influ- ence the evolutionary trade-off between egg size and num- ber (Levitan 1993, 1996a, 1996b, 1998a, 1998b). However, abstract: Sperm limitation may be an important selective force the idea that fertilization kinetics might influence this trade- influencing gamete traits such as egg size. The relatively inexpensive off has been challenged because of the notion that extra- extracellular structures surrounding many marine invertebrate eggs might serve to enhance collision rates without the added cost of cellular structures or chemoattractants may increase sperm- increasing the egg cell. However, despite decades of research, the egg collisions yet may not represent as great a cost to effects of extracellular structures on fertilization have not been con- fecundity as the trade-off associated with increased egg size clusively documented. Here, using the sea urchin Lytechinus varie- (Podolsky and Strathmann 1996; Styan 1998). These con- gatus, we remove jelly coats from eggs, and we quantify sperm col- tradictory ideas have not been resolved because data de- lisions to eggs with jelly coats, eggs without jelly coats, and inert tailing the influence of extracellular materials on fertilization plastic beads. -
Grade Five and Six Sexuality: Questions and Concerns
GRADE FIVE AND SIX SEXUALITY: QUESTIONS AND CONCERNS DAVID CARNEGY B.Ed., University of Lethbridge, 1987 A One-Credit Project Submitted to the Faculty of Education of the University of Lethbridge in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF EDUCATION LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA April, 1997 Sexuality is an integral part of the personality of everyone: man, woman, and child. It is a basic need and an aspect of being human that cannot be separated from other aspects of human life .. .It is in the energy that motivates us to find love, contact, feel warmth, and intimacy; it is expressed in the way we feel, move, touch and are touched; it is about being sensual as well as sexual. Sexuality influences thoughts, feelings, actions and interactions, and thereby our mental and physical health. Since health is a fundamental human right, so must sexual health also be a basic human right... [including] freedom from fear, shame, guilt, and false beliefs and other psychological factors. (The World Health Organization 1986) "We believe that the facts of one's life are not as important as one's perceptions of those facts." (Christensen and Thomas 1983 pg. 10) Part One Research INTRODUCTION My name is David Carnegy, I am an elementary school teacher and counsellor for Medicine Hat School District #76. One of my assignments every year is to teach the grade five and six "Human Sexuality" program. The Alberta Health Curriculum mandates what teachers should teach to grade five and six students who are 10 to 13 years old. I personally feel that the "Human Sexuality" curriculum is suitable for this age group of children and that it will hopefully help them to better understand their sexuality. -
Unit 1 Structure and Functions of Male Reproductive Organs
UNIT 1 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Meaning and Concept of Male Reproductive System 1.2.1 External Reproductive Organs 1.2.2 Internal Reproductive Organs 1.3 Maturation of Male Sex Organs 1.4 Functions of Male Reproductive Organs 1.5 Role of Teachers and Parents 1.6 Let Us Sum Up 1.7 Keywords 1.8 Answer to Check Your Progress 1.9 References 1.0 OBJECTIVES After going through this unit you will be able to: list and describe the organs of the male reproductive system; explain the functions of various male reproductive organs; describe the secondary sexual characteristics in boys; and emphasize that nocturnal emission is a normal phenomenon. 1.1 INTRODUCTION Adolescents are usually shy about asking questions related to their reproductive organs and rely on their peers and other sources which provide incomplete and unreliable information. It is therefore essential, as a responsible adult to open channels of communication and give them correct and complete information. The most important change which occurs during adolescence is related to changes in the reproductive organs. In this unit you will learn about the structure and functions of the male reproductive organs and related changes. This topic is of great concern to adolescents as they have curiosity about the changes in their bodies . This has long term impact on their self-esteem and personality development. In addition, you will undertake several activities, to reflect and understand the structure and functions of reproductive organs of male. 5 Reproductive and Sexual Changes 1.2 MEANING AND CONCEPT OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM One of the most important characteristics that differentiate a living organism from a non – living organism is their ability to reproduce. -
Fertilization Selection on Egg and Jelly-Coat Size in the Sand Dollar Dendraster Excentricus
Evolution, 55(12), 2001, pp. 2479±2483 FERTILIZATION SELECTION ON EGG AND JELLY-COAT SIZE IN THE SAND DOLLAR DENDRASTER EXCENTRICUS DON R. LEVITAN1,2 AND STACEY D. IRVINE2 1Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-1100 2Bam®eld Marine Station, Bam®eld, British Columbia VOR 1B0, Canada Abstract. Organisms with external fertilization are often sperm limited, and in echinoids, larger eggs have a higher probability of fertilization than smaller eggs. This difference is thought to be a result of the more frequent sperm- egg collisions experienced by larger targets. Here we report how two components of egg target size, the egg cell and jelly coat, contributed to fertilization success in a selection experiment. We used a cross-sectional analysis of correlated characters to estimate the selection gradients on egg and jelly-coat size in ®ve replicate male pairs of the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus. Results indicated that eggs with larger cells and jelly coats were preferentially fertilized under sperm limitation in the laboratory. The selection gradients were an average of 922% steeper for egg than for jelly- coat size. The standardized selection gradients for egg and jelly-coat size were similar. Our results suggest that fertilization selection can act on both egg-cell and jelly-coat size but that an increase in egg-cell volume is much more likely to increase fertilization success than an equal change in jelly-coat volume. The strengths of the selection gradients were inversely related to the correlation of egg traits across replicate egg clutches. This result suggests the importance of replication in studies of selection of correlated characters. -
Male Reproductive System
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DR RAJARSHI ASH M.B.B.S.(CAL); D.O.(EYE) ; M.D.-PGT(2ND YEAR) DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY CALCUTTA NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE PARTS OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM A. Gonads – Two ovoid testes present in scrotal sac, out side the abdominal cavity B. Accessory sex organs - epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland and bulbo-urethral glands C. External genitalia – penis and scrotum ANATOMY OF MALE INTERNAL GENITALIA AND ACCESSORY SEX ORGANS SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE Two principal cell types in seminiferous tubule Sertoli cell Germ cell INTERACTION BETWEEN SERTOLI CELLS AND SPERM BLOOD- TESTIS BARRIER • Blood – testis barrier protects germ cells in seminiferous tubules from harmful elements in blood. • The blood- testis barrier prevents entry of antigenic substances from the developing germ cells into circulation. • High local concentration of androgen, inositol, glutamic acid, aspartic acid can be maintained in the lumen of seminiferous tubule without difficulty. • Blood- testis barrier maintains higher osmolality of luminal content of seminiferous tubules. FUNCTIONS OF SERTOLI CELLS 1.Germ cell development 2.Phagocytosis 3.Nourishment and growth of spermatids 4.Formation of tubular fluid 5.Support spermiation 6.FSH and testosterone sensitivity 7.Endocrine functions of sertoli cells i)Inhibin ii)Activin iii)Follistatin iv)MIS v)Estrogen 8.Sertoli cell secretes ‘Androgen binding protein’(ABP) and H-Y antigen. 9.Sertoli cell contributes formation of blood testis barrier. LEYDIG CELL • Leydig cells are present near the capillaries in the interstitial space between seminiferous tubules. • They are rich in mitochondria & endoplasmic reticulum. • Leydig cells secrete testosterone,DHEA & Androstenedione. • The activity of leydig cell is different in different phases of life. -
LECTURE V: Puberty in Males and Females
LECTURE V: Puberty in Males and Females EDITING FILE IMPORTANT MALE SLIDES EXTRA FEMALE SLIDES LECTURER’S NOTES 1 PUBERTY IN MALES AND FEMALES Lecture Five OBJECTIVES ● Define puberty. ● Recognize the physiology of puberty related to changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. ● Describe the physical changes that occur at puberty in boys and girls. ● Recognize the influencing factors leading to puberty. ● Describe the pathophysiological conditions associated with puberty. Puberty Puberty (AKA: adolescence) is a physiological transition from childhood (juvenility) to adulthood, Accelerated somatic growth. Characteristics of puberty: ● HPG axis matures. ● The primary sexual organs mature (gonads). ● The secondary sexual characteristics develop. ● The adolescent experiences the adolescent growth spurt. ● The adolescent achieves the ability to procreate. Terms & Events GnRH Receptors Sensitivity ● Thelarche: development of breast. ● Pubarche: development of pubic and axillary hair. ● Menarche: the first menstrual period1 . ● Adrenarche: the onset of an increase in the secretion of androgens; responsible for the development of pubic/axillary hair, body odour and acne.2 ● Gonadarche: maturation of gonadal function. Figure 5-1 Increased sensitivity of the GnRH receptors to very low gonadotropins before puberty. Hormonal Changes 3 4 1 Pulsatile secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus → Increased sensitivity of the GnRH receptors in anterior pituitary. Pulsatile secretion of LH and FSH → Appearance of large nocturnal pulses of LH, during REM sleep5. 2 3 Maturation of primary sexual characteristics (gonads) → Secretion of gonadal steroid hormones (testosterone & estradiol) Appearance of the secondary sex characteristics at puberty (pubic and axillary hair, female breast development, male 4 voice changes)6 FOOTNOTES 1. For unclear reasons, the initial menstrual periods (during the first one-to-two years of puberty) are anovulatory, however this does suggest that the ovary is being made ready for reproduction during the first one-to-two years of puberty. -
The Male Body
Fact Sheet The Male Body What is the male What is the epididymis? reproductive system? The epididymis is a thin highly coiled tube (duct) A man’s fertility and sexual characteristics depend that lies at the back of each testis and connects on the normal functioning of the male reproductive the seminiferous tubules in the testis to another system. A number of individual organs act single tube called the vas deferens. together to make up the male reproductive 1 system; some are visible, such as the penis and the 6 scrotum, whereas some are hidden within the body. The brain also has an important role in controlling 7 12 reproductive function. 2 8 1 11 What are the testes? 3 6 The testes (testis: singular) are a pair of egg 9 7 12 shaped glands that sit in the scrotum next to the 2 8 base of the penis on the outside of the body. In 4 10 11 adult men, each testis is normally between 15 and 3 35 mL in volume. The testes are needed for the 5 male reproductive system to function normally. 9 The testes have two related but separate roles: 4 10 • to make sperm 5 1 Bladder • to make testosterone. 2 Vas deferens The testes develop inside the abdomen in the 3 Urethra male fetus and then move down (descend) into the scrotum before or just after birth. The descent 4 Penis of the testes is important for fertility as a cooler 5 Scrotum temperature is needed to make sperm and for 16 BladderSeminal vesicle normal testicular function. -
Sexual Reproduction: Meiosis, Germ Cells, and Fertilization 21
Chapter 21 Sexual Reproduction: Meiosis, Germ Cells, and Fertilization 21 Sex is not absolutely necessary. Single-celled organisms can reproduce by sim- In This Chapter ple mitotic division, and many plants propagate vegetatively by forming multi- cellular offshoots that later detach from the parent. Likewise, in the animal king- OVERVIEW OF SEXUAL 1269 dom, a solitary multicellular Hydra can produce offspring by budding (Figure REPRODUCTION 21–1), and sea anemones and marine worms can split into two half-organisms, each of which then regenerates its missing half. There are even some lizard MEIOSIS 1272 species that consist only of females that reproduce without mating. Although such asexual reproduction is simple and direct, it gives rise to offspring that are PRIMORDIAL GERM 1282 genetically identical to their parent. Sexual reproduction, by contrast, mixes the CELLS AND SEX DETERMINATION IN genomes from two individuals to produce offspring that differ genetically from MAMMALS one another and from both parents. This mode of reproduction apparently has great advantages, as the vast majority of plants and animals have adopted it. EGGS 1287 Even many procaryotes and eucaryotes that normally reproduce asexually engage in occasional bouts of genetic exchange, thereby producing offspring SPERM 1292 with new combinations of genes. This chapter describes the cellular machinery of sexual reproduction. Before discussing in detail how the machinery works, FERTILIZATION 1297 however, we will briefly consider what sexual reproduction involves and what its benefits might be. OVERVIEW OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Sexual reproduction occurs in diploid organisms, in which each cell contains two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent. -
Human Reproduction: Clinical, Pathologic and Pharmacologic Correlations
HUMAN REPRODUCTION: CLINICAL, PATHOLOGIC AND PHARMACOLOGIC CORRELATIONS 2008 Course Co-Director Kirtly Parker Jones, M.D. Professor Vice Chair for Educational Affairs Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Course Co-Director C. Matthew Peterson, M.D. Professor and Chair Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1 Welcome to the course on Human Reproduction. This syllabus has been recently revised to incorporate the most recent information available and to insure success on national qualifying examinations. This course is designed to be used in conjunction with our website which has interactive materials, visual displays and practice tests to assist your endeavors to master the material. Group discussions are provided to allow in-depth coverage. We encourage you to attend these sessions. For those of you who are web learners, please visit our web site that has case studies, clinical/pathological correlations, and test questions. http://libarary.med.utah.edu/kw/human_reprod 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Lectures/Examination................................................................................................................................... 5 Schedule........................................................................................................................................................ 6 Faculty .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Groups, Workshop..................................................................................................................................... -
Reproductive System Physiology of Male Reproductive System
Reproductive System Function: producing offspring propagation of the species in terms of evolution – the only reason all the other systems exist only major system that doesn’t work continuously only activated at puberty unlike most other organisms on planet mammals only reproduce sexually humans are dieocious separate sexed (many animals are monoecious or hermaphrodites) in 7th week of embryonic development genes are activated that trigger differentiation of gonads Physiology of Male Reproductive System Testes primary reproductive organ of male consists of seminiferous tubules interstitial cells has dual function a. hormone secretion: interstitial cells testosterone 1. development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics 2. stimulates protein synthesis 3. promotes growth of skeletal muscles b. spermatogenesis: seminiferous tubules formation and maturation of sperm cells Male Accessory Organs three accessory glands secrete fluids that mix with the sperm = semen seminal vesicles (paired) secrete viscous liquid rich in fructose fructose serves as energy source for sperm prostate gland (single) Human Anatomy & Physiology: Reproduction; Ziser, 2004 1 surrounds ejaculatory duct at junction with urethra secretes an alkaline liquid that constitutes major portion of semen akalinity protects sperm for acidity of male urethra and female vagina bulbourethral glands (paired) small pea shaped glands below prostate also secrete alkaline fluid male hormone (=androgens) are secreted mainly by interstital cells of testes additional testosterone is secreted by Adrenal Cortex at puberty Ant Pituitary secretes FSH & large amounts of LH (ICSH) FSH & LH cause testes to increase in size and begin sperm production LH also triggers testes to produce testosterone There are two male hormones: testosterone androstenedione main male hormone is Testosterone testosterone functions: 1. -
Health and Wellbeing of People with Intersex Variations Information and Resource Paper
Health and wellbeing of people with intersex variations Information and resource paper The Victorian Government acknowledges Victorian Aboriginal people as the First Peoples and Traditional Owners and Custodians of the land and water on which we rely. We acknowledge and respect that Aboriginal communities are steeped in traditions and customs built on a disciplined social and cultural order that has sustained 60,000 years of existence. We acknowledge the significant disruptions to social and cultural order and the ongoing hurt caused by colonisation. We acknowledge the ongoing leadership role of Aboriginal communities in addressing and preventing family violence and will continue to work in collaboration with First Peoples to eliminate family violence from all communities. Family Violence Support If you have experienced violence or sexual assault and require immediate or ongoing assistance, contact 1800 RESPECT (1800 737 732) to talk to a counsellor from the National Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence hotline. For confidential support and information, contact Safe Steps’ 24/7 family violence response line on 1800 015 188. If you are concerned for your safety or that of someone else, please contact the police in your state or territory, or call 000 for emergency assistance. To receive this publication in an accessible format, email the Diversity unit <[email protected]> Authorised and published by the Victorian Government, 1 Treasury Place, Melbourne. © State of Victoria, Department of Health and Human Services, March 2019 Victorian Department of Health and Human Services (2018) Health and wellbeing of people with intersex variations: information and resource paper. Initially prepared by T.