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Reproduction and Development 975 DO NOT EDIT--Changes Must Be Made Through “File Info” Correctionkey=A DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=A Reproduction CHAPTER 34 and Development BIg IdEa Human reproduction depends on hormone cycles, and fetal development progresses in stages. 34.1 Reproductive anatomy 34.2 Reproductive Processes 6g, 10A 34.3 Fetal development data analysis INtERPREtINg gRaPhs 2g 34.4 Birth and development Online BiOlOgy HMDScience.com ONLINE Labs ■■ QuickLab Human Sex Cells ■■ Hormones in the Human Menstrual Cycle ■■ Development of an Embryo ■■ Effects of Chemicals on Reproductive Organs ■■ Stages of Human Development ■■ Video Lab Sonography (t) ©Nestle/Petit Format/Photo Inc. Researchers, 974 Unit 9: Human Biology DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=A Q What protects this developing fetus? This developing fetus, only about four months old, floats in a liquid world, receiv- ing all its oxygen and nutrients from its mother’s body. The journey from a single cell to a fully developed human being is guided by genetic instructions, environ- mental influences, and the complex actions of hormones in both mother and baby. RE a d IN g T ool b O x this reading tool can help you learn the material in the following pages. UsINg LaNgUAGE YOUR tURN Recognizing Main Ideas A main idea is a sentence Find the main idea in the paragraph below. that states the main point of a paragraph. The main idea is Disease-causing pathogens are transmitted in many ways. often, but not always, one of the first few sentences of a Some pathogens can be passed by drinking contaminated paragraph. All the other sentences of the paragraph give water. Other pathogens are present in body fluids such as support to the main idea. semen. These pathogens can be passed from one person to another through sexual contact. Chapter 34: Reproduction and Development 975 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=A 34.1 Reproductive Anatomy KeY COnCept VOCABULARY Female and male reproductive organs fully reproductive system develop during puberty. puberty MAIn IDeAS ovum The female reproductive system produces ova. ovary The male reproductive system produces sperm. uterus estrogen fallopian tube testis Connect to Your World testosterone You have something in common with every person ever born. Like everyone else, scrotum you began life as a single cell, produced when one male sex cell joined with one epididymis female sex cell. Sexual reproduction is the means by which the human species passes vas deferens on genetic information to each subsequent generation. semen MAIn IDeA the female reproductive system produces ova. The reproductive system is a collection of specialized organs, glands, and hormones that help to produce a new human being. Females and males reach sexual maturity, or the ability to produce offspring, only after puberty. puberty marks a time in your life when your hypothalamus and your pituitary gland release hormones, such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Such hormones begin the process of developing your sexual characteristics and reproductive system. CONNECt tO The main functions of the female reproductive system are to produce ova endocrine SysteM (singular, ovum), or egg cells, and to provide a place where a fertilized egg can You read in Nervous and develop. Unlike males, females have all of their reproductive organs located Endocrine Systems that the inside their bodies. This helps to protect a fertilized egg while it develops. The hypothalamus and pituitary egg cells are produced in the ovaries, which are paired organs located on glands are part of the endocrine system. These two glands are either side of the uterus, or womb, as shown in FIGURE 1.1. When a female is considered “master” glands born, she has about two million potential egg cells stored in her ovaries. because the hormones they In the ovaries, FSH and LH stimulate the release of another important secrete affect other glands that play key roles in human hormone—estrogen. estrogen is a steroid hormone that has three main reproduction, growth, and functions. First, it controls the development of female sexual characteristics, development. including widening the pelvis, increasing fat deposits and bone mass, and enlarging the breasts. Second, it is needed for egg cells to develop fully before they leave the ovaries. Third, estrogen helps to prepare the uterus for preg- nancy every month and helps to maintain a pregnancy when it occurs. When an egg cell matures each month, it is released from an ovary and enters the fallopian tube. The fallopian tube (fuh-LOH-pee-uhn) is an organ about 10 centimeters (3.9 in.) long that ends in the uterus. An egg takes several days to travel through this tube. During that time, it can be fertilized 976 Unit 9: Human Biology DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=A Figure 1.1 Female ReproductIVe AnAtomy uterus fallopian tube uterus ovary cervix pubic bone urinary bladder cervix vagina urethra rectum vagina by sperm that enter the tube. A fertilized egg will attach to the wall of the uterus, but an unfertilized egg will eventually be broken down and discarded. The uterus is about the size and shape of a pear. It is composed of three R e ADI n G TO OLB Ox layers: a thin inner layer of epithelial cells, a thick middle layer of muscle, and an outer layer of connective tissue. The lower end of the uterus is called the tAKInG nOTES cervix, which opens into the vagina. In a normal birth, a baby is pushed down Use a two-column chart to list the major parts and functions the canal of the vagina to exit the mother’s body. The complex processes of of the female and male fertilization and human development are described in Sections 2 and 3. reproductive anatomy. Analyze How does the release of estrogen affect the female reproductive system Female Male Ovaries — Testes — during puberty? Paired organs Paired organs where eggs are that produce produced sperm cells MAIn IDeA the male reproductive system produces sperm. The main functions of the male reproductive system are to produce sperm cells and to deliver them to the female reproductive system. The diagram in FIGURE 1.2, on the following page, shows the organs in which sperm are produced and stored and the organs that deliver the sperm. Males do not produce sperm until puberty, but afterward can produce sperm all their lives. Sperm production takes place in the testicles, or testes (TeHS-teez), which are paired organs. each testis (singular of testes) contains hundreds of tiny tubules where millions of sperm cells are produced. In the testes, LH stimulates the release of testosterone. testosterone (tehs-TAHS- tuh-rohn) is a steroid hormone that, along with FSH, stimulates the produc- tion of sperm cells. Testosterone also controls the development of male sexual characteristics. These include a voice deeper than a female’s, more body hair, Chapter 34: Reproduction and Development 977 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=A Figure 1.2 Male ReproductIVe AnAtomy greater bone density, and increased muscle mass. urinary bladder The testes are enclosed in a pouch, the seminal vesicle scrotum. It hangs below the pelvis outside of the body, which keeps the testes two to three degrees cooler than the core body vas deferens temperature. The lower temperature is important because sperm cannot develop pubic bone if the temperature in the testes is too high. prostate gland When the immature sperm leave the testes, they travel through a duct to a long, coiled tube known as the epididymis (ehp-ih- penis DIHD-uh-mihs). Here the sperm mature and remain until expelled or reabsorbed. rectum During sexual stimulation, the sperm urethra travel into another long duct called the epididymis vas deferens (vas DeHF-uhr-uhnz). bulbourethral Secondary sex glands secrete fluids into scrotum gland testis the vas deferens to nourish and protect the sperm. The prostate gland, which surrounds the urethra, produces a fluid that helps sperm move more easily. The bulbourethral gland (buhl-boh-yu-Ree-thruhl) and the seminal vesicle secrete basic fluids that help to neutralize the acidity in the urethra and in the female’s vagina. The fluids from all three glands, together with the sperm, form a milky white substance known as semen. During sexual arousal, blood flows into the penis, making it rigid. Semen moves from the vas deferens into the urethra, which runs the length of the penis. When ejaculation occurs, a muscle closes off the bladder to prevent urine from mixing with the semen in the urethra. Smooth muscle contractions then propel the semen along the urethra and eject it from the penis. Apply why might having a high fever affect sperm production? Self-check Online HMDScience.com GO ONLINE 34.1 Formative Assessment CONNECt tO ReviewIng Main IDeas Critical thinkinG PlantS 1. Explain the function of the following 3. Compare In what ways are the 5. Recall that flowering plants parts of the female reproductive effects of testosterone on males and reproduce sexually. The system: ovary, fallopian tube, uterus. estrogen on females similar? stamen produces pollen 2. Explain the function of the following 4. Infer Both males and females have grains, and the carpel parts of the male reproductive paired organs that produce sex contains an ovary where eggs system: testis, scrotum, cells. What survival advantage for are produced. How do these epididymis, vas deferens. our species might this pairing of structures compare with organs provide? human reproductive organs? 978 Unit 9: Human Biology DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=A 34.2 Reproductive Processes 6g, 10A KeY COnCePt Human reproductive processes depend on cycles of hormones.
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