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The Russian Revolution: a Spiritual History

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The Russian Revolution: a Spiritual History THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: A SPIRITUAL HISTORY Part 1: The Threshold of Heaven (1881-1917) Vladimir Moss Copyright © Vladimir Moss, 2009 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................4 PART I. THE THRESHOLD OF HEAVEN (1881-1917) ......................................13 The Murder of Tsar Alexander II .....................................................................14 The Jewish Question ...........................................................................................16 Soloviev on Russia ..............................................................................................26 Pobedonostsev on Church-State Relations .....................................................31 The Reign of Tsar Alexander III .......................................................................38 The Volga Famine................................................................................................44 The Roots of the Revolution..............................................................................46 Tsar Nicholas II ....................................................................................................52 The Lure of the East.............................................................................................59 Ferment in the Russian Church ........................................................................68 St. John of Kronstadt and Lev Tolstoy.............................................................71 Monasticism and Ecumenism............................................................................74 The New Theology ..............................................................................................79 The Nationalities Policy .....................................................................................82 The Liberation Movement .................................................................................96 The Sarov Days ..................................................................................................101 Peasant Russia ....................................................................................................103 Unrest in the Army ............................................................................................113 The Russo-Japanese War ..................................................................................117 The Role of the Press.........................................................................................123 Bloody Sunday ...................................................................................................126 Towards the Reestablishment of Symphony ...............................................130 The October Manifesto .....................................................................................136 The 1905 Revolution..........................................................................................139 The Pre-Conciliar Convention ........................................................................150 Georgian Autocephaly......................................................................................153 The Stolypin Reforms .......................................................................................155 The Counter-Revolution...................................................................................159 Archbishop Anthony of Volhynia..................................................................163 The Struggle against Rasputin ........................................................................172 The Name-Worshipping Heresy .....................................................................181 Symbolism and Futurism .................................................................................186 The Beilis Trial ...................................................................................................188 Russia and the Balkans.....................................................................................191 German Nationalism.........................................................................................195 The Young Turks ...............................................................................................202 The Balkan Wars ................................................................................................206 Sarajevo, 1914......................................................................................................214 The First World War ..........................................................................................223 On the Eve of Victory........................................................................................227 The Actors in the Revolution: (1) The Jews ..................................................231 The Actors in the Revolution: (2) The Freemasons .....................................234 The Actors in the Revolution: (3) The Christians ........................................240 The Case for the Monarchy (1) ........................................................................243 2 The Case for the Monarchy (2) ........................................................................247 The Plot ................................................................................................................251 The February Revolution .................................................................................259 The Abdication of the Tsar ..............................................................................265 The Church, the People and the Revolution ................................................281 3 INTRODUCTION We have no king, because we feared not the Lord. Hosea 10.3. “Terrible and mysterious,” wrote Metropolitan Anastasy, second leader of the Russian Church Abroad, “is the dark visage of the revolution. Viewed from the vantage point of its inner essence, it is not contained within the framework of history and cannot be studied on the same level as other historical facts. In its deepest roots it transcends the boundaries of space and time, as was determined by Gustave le Bon, who considered it an irrational phenomenon in which certain mystical, supernatural powers were at work. But what before may have been considered dubious became completely obvious after the Russian Revolution. In it everyone sensed, as one contemporary writer expressed himself, the critical incarnation of absolute evil in the temper of man; in other words, the participation of the devil – that father of lies and ancient enemy of God, who tries to make man his obedient weapon against God – was clearly revealed.”1 “The critical incarnation of absolute evil in the temper of man”, “not contained within the framework of history”: such a description of the Russian revolution indicates that in order to understand it we need to look beyond conventional political, social and economic categories. We need to put it into the wider and deeper context of Divine Providence, and the struggle between God and Satan for the souls of men. The left-wing historian E.H. Carr once wrote that history could either be “a study of human achievement” or “relapse into theology – that is to say, a study… of the divine purpose”2. This book does not aim to “relapse” into theology; and, like all histories, it is a study of human achievement and failure. But it proceeds from a profound conviction that merely explicating the motivations and deeds of men without placing them in the wider and deeper context of Divine Providence will only result, in the words of Macbeth, in “a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing”. The Marxist understanding of history as a process fully and exclusively determined by impersonal material and economic forces has been sufficiently discredited – although the excessive attention devoted to economics in many histories of the revolution appears to indicate that its influence is with us still. It is time now to go a step further and recognize that in all human history, and especially in such gigantic cataclysms as the Russian revolution, it is not only the impersonal forces of nature and the personal wills of men that matter, but also the all-good Will of God and the all-evil will of the devil. 1 Metropolitan Anastasius, Besedy so svoim sobstvennym serdtsem (Conversations with my own Heart), Jordanville, 1948, p. 123 ®; translated in Living Orthodoxy, № 101, vol. XVII, September-October, 1996, p. 9. 2 Carr, What is History?, London: Penguin, 1987, pp. 125. 4 Such a complex and profound event as the revolution needs a multi- dimensional approach. The approach favoured by western historians – that is, the study of the political, economic and social antecedents of the catastrophe – certainly has its place and has produced much valuable work; and I shall be citing liberally from the works of western historians such as Richard Pipes, Oliver Figes and Dominic Lieven. But even western writers have begun to sense the inadequacy of their approach when applied to the revolution. Thus Martin Malia, in his foreword to The Black Book of Communism, writes that “a basic problem remains: the conceptual poverty of the Western empirical effort. “This poverty flows from the premise that Communism can be understood in an aseptic and value-free mode, as the pure product of social process. Accordingly, researchers have endlessly insisted that the October Revolution was a workers’ revolt and not a Party coup d’état, when it was obviously the latter riding piggyback on the
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