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Newsletter No 27 2018 Keston Newsletter No. 27, 2018 The 1917 Revolution and theKeston Russian Orthodox Church Newsletterby Xenia Dennen Keston Newsletter KKKKeston Newsletter Keston Patriarch Tikhon The year 1917 was momentous for Russia chosen. Sergei Bulgakov, a convert from andNewsletter for its church. The Russian Orthodox Marxism to Orthodoxy who was ordained Church from the reign of Peter the Great had no Patriarch and was run like any government department with a secular Also in this issue: Chief Procurator in charge. Soon after the Bolshevik coup d’état in October 1917, Aid to the Church in Need UK report ...... p.6 amidst violence on the streets of Moscow and a threatened artillery bombardment of Cardinal Parolin in Moscow ...................... p.10 the Kremlin, a church Council or Sobor, Islamic State and the Radicalised Fighters which had opened on 15 August in the of the Northern Caucasus ......................... p.14 presence of Kerensky, then the Prime From Religious Boom to Yarovaya Law ... p.19 Minister, decided after much deliberation Keston College’s Information Dept .......... p.33 that a stable central point was needed by Irina Ratushinskaya .................................... p.38 the church and that a Patriarch should be Keston Newsletter No 27, 2018 1 AGM 2018 The next annual meeting will be held on Saturday 3 November at the Royal Foundation of St Katharine, 2 Butcher Row, Limehouse, London E14 8DS. The speakers will be the President of Keston Institute, Rev Canon Michael Bourdeaux, and one of our trustees, Rev Dr Keith Clements. AGM 2019 In 2019 Keston will celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of Keston College. The speaker on this occasion will be the former Archbishop of Canterbury, Bishop Rowan Williams. in 1918, described the spiritual nervous tension growing. For a long time transformation of the Sobor: “something the starets prayed. Then he got up from came to pass in the actual atmosphere; his knees, took a piece of paper from the there was a new spiritual birth; deep within casket and gave it to the Metropolitan the conciliar consciousness of the church who read it and handed it to the deacon. the idea of the Patriarchate was born.” With his powerful velvety bass voice, Three bishops were elected and their famous throughout Moscow, the deacon names placed in a small casket tied with slowly began to intone ‘Long life to…’ cord, which on 5 November 1917 was The tension in the cathedral was intense; placed in the sanctuary of Moscow’s who would he name? ‘the Patriarch of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. Moscow and All Russia, Tikhon’ rang Metropolitan Vladimir of Kiev, the senior out through the cathedral…” of the Metropolitans, who had celebrated the liturgy when the Sobor opened, was Thus began Patriarch Tikhon’s complex again officiating on 5 November. Prince and painful role as head of his church, an Vasilchikov, a member of the Sobor, experience perhaps better described as a described the scene: living martyrdom. “At the end of the liturgy the The Sobor represented the whole church Metropolitan brought out from the and has been called by some the Russian sanctuary a small casket which he placed Orthodox Church’s Vatican II. There on a small table before the Vladimir icon were 564 voting members made up of of the Mother of God, to the left of the bishops, clergy and laity. The Sobor, Royal Doors… Fr Alexei, a starets (senior defined as “the supreme legislative, monk), in a black monastic habit administrative, judicial and auditing emerged from the sanctuary and went up authority”, returned the church to its to the icon of the Mother of God and ancient traditions, re-establishing canonical began to pray, bowing to the ground conciliar structures. The Patriarch was to many times. There was total silence in be only the first among equals and bishops the cathedral and you felt the general were now to be elected by councils of laity Keston Newsletter No 27, 2018 2 and clergy. The Sobor was concerned to January 1918: “Come to your senses, you bond a bishop with his diocese which he madmen, cease your bloodthirsty attacks. should govern “with the conciliar What you are doing is not only cruel, it is collaboration of its clergy and laity”. It set truly satanic and for this you will burn in up a Synod of bishops and a Supreme the fires of Hell … I call all you believers, Church Council: the former would deal faithful members of the church, to defend with theology, discipline and church our persecuted and insulted Mother administration, while the latter would Church.” In August 1918, he called the handle secular juridical matters, the Russian people to repentance declaring: church’s charitable work and questions of “Sin has darkened our people’s minds, we social policy. The Synod and Supreme are feeling our way through the dark, Church Council were invested with the swaying like drunkards... We wanted to power to call a Council of all the bishops, create heaven on earth but without God…” which had the authority to remove the Over the next two years, 1918-20, at least Patriarch. The 1917 Sobor restored 28 bishops were murdered and thousands autonomy and internal democracy to of priests and members of the laity were monasteries; it gave new statutes to the imprisoned or killed. parishes, which now had more autonomy and the right to put forward candidates for The collapse of the economy and the priesthood; it emphasised the agriculture plus drought in 1920-21 led to importance of lay preachers and sermons famine. The church responded by offering which were comprehensible and used the to sell its valuables to raise money to help local language; it debated the role of the starving; only the sacred vessels used women in the church and the part the for communion, said Patriarch Tikhon, church should play in education. should not be sold. This gave Lenin, the Bolshevik leader, his chance: in a secret The Sobor continued meeting until letter (3 March 1922) he wrote “it is September 1918 when its funds ran out precisely now that we must wage a after all church bank accounts had been merciless battle against the reactionary frozen by the Bolsheviks on 28 January that clergy and suppress their resistance with year. This followed the church’s loss of all such cruelty that they will remember it for its land and the decree of 23 January 1918 several decades…” and on 6 May 1922 when church and state were separated: Patriarch Tikhon was placed under house church property was nationalised, church arrest, accused of resisting the confiscation institutions lost their right to legal of church valuables. Under the pressure of personality, and all schools were separated foreign public opinion (a telegram dated 31 from the church, leaving only a small May 1922 was sent to Lenin by the leaders aperture for teaching the Christian faith in of all the churches in the United Kingdom private; church buildings in future would and published in The Times on 1 June) be leased to parish councils. The Patriarch Tikhon was eventually released Bolshevik onslaught against the church in June 1923, but only after he had made any enactment of the Sobor’s “repented” before the Supreme Court and decisions impossible: it was, sadly, a stated, “from now on I am no enemy of Vatican II “manqué”. Soviet power”. He died in April 1925 while in hospital and, according to a Patriarch Tikhon, like many at the time, respected Moscow priest, this had been assumed that the Bolsheviks would soon hastened by the secret police. He was be defeated and condemned them on 19 Keston Newsletter No 27, 2018 3 canonised by the Moscow Patriarchate in curriculum: only one third should be 1989. devoted to theology, and two thirds should include study of secular subjects, especially The 1917 Sobor remains to this day the scientific disciplines, so that students were measuring rod against which are judged the equipped to counter anti-Christian governance, practice and policies of the arguments. As a result of his activity, Russian Orthodox Church. During the Talantov began to be regularly vilified in Khrushchev period, when the Communist the local press; eventually he was arrested Party unleashed another anti-religious in 1969 and sentenced to two years in campaign (1959-64), many thousands of prison. He died in the prison hospital on churches were closed and priests removed. (Orthodox) Christmas Eve 1971. A humble provincial maths teacher in a town north-east of Moscow, Boris More recently Fr Pavel Adelheim, a Talantov, saw through the Party’s promises Russian Orthodox priest, who would be about a future Communist utopia and tragically murdered in his own kitchen in came to the defence of the Russian 2013 by a deranged young man, criticised Orthodox Church. From 1958 he began his church’s current governance, arguing planning books and writing articles on the that it was becoming increasingly nature of the Soviet system and on the centralised which infringed the principles inevitable ideological conflict between it laid down at the 1917 Sobor. The and religious believers. In a long structure of church governance, Fr Pavel document dated November 1966 he argued, was crucial because in its present described in detail how 53% of churches form it undermined Christian unity: the open in 1959 in his diocese were now church had become an administrative closed. In 1965 he worked out a reform system rather than a living organism plan for the Russian Orthodox Church inspired by the Holy Spirit; it was being aimed at its renewal and democratisation, built on foundations of obedience and based on decisions taken at the 1917 discipline, of fear and compulsion, rather Sobor.
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