ARTICULATIONS OF THE SPINE AND THORAX
Pages 8 -12, 42 and 57 Arthrology
. joint, articulation or union between two or more bones . Classification by degree of movement or tissue that bind the bones together By Degree of Movement . synarthrodial joint - allows no movement; flat bones of the skull . amphiarthrodial joint - partially movable . diarthrodial joint - freely movable
By Joint Tissues . fibrous connective tissue . cartilage . combination of connective tissue and cartilage . cartilage and joint cavity
The Fibrous Joint . suture - between bones of the skull . syndesmosis - partially movable; two bones connected by a fibrous interosseous membrane . gomphosis - articulation between the teeth and the alveolar processes
The Synchondroses . primary cartilaginous joint . plate of hyaline cartilage between apposing surfaces = area of growth between bones . sphenooccipital synchondrosis in the young → fuses after adolescence The Symphyses . secondary cartilaginous joint . partially movable . apposing bony surfaces are covered with cartilage but separated by intervening fibrous tissue or fibrocartilage . intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis
The Synovial Joint . freely movable . surfaces of the opposing bones are covered by articular cartil. . the inner aspect of articular cavity is lined with a synovial membrane (not articular surfaces of the cartilage) → produces intervening film of synovial fluid . some joints contain discs or meniscus interposed between articular surfaces . reinforcing ligaments . bursae - flattened sacs that contain synovial fluid and reduce friction . tendon sheath - bursa that wraps around a tendon that is subject to friction
The Multiaxial Joint . provides the greatest degree of movement in three planes . Ball-and-Socket and Saddle/Ellipsoid joint
The Biaxial Joint . allows movement in two planes . the shape of the joint surfaces prevents rotation around a vertical axis . Condyloid joint membrane
The Uniaxial Joint . allows movements in one plane only . Plane, Hinge/Ginglymus and Pivot joint
Articulation of Spine Joints of the Vertebral Bodies . intervertebral disc . anulus fibrosis - concentric layers of fibrocartilaginous fibers . pulpal nucleus - fibrogelatinous material . anterior longitudinal ligament . posterior longitudinal ligament
Joints of the Vertebral Arches . between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae - zygapophysial/facet joints . angulations of the articular facets determine types of movements . the cervical vertebrae allow a range of flexion, lateroflexion and rotation coupled with lateroflexion . the thoracic should be particularly mobile in rotation (is limited by the attachment of ribs) . in the lumbar region - flexion, extension and little rotation
Accessory Ligaments of the Intervertebral Joints . ligamenta flava (yellow) . interspinous and supraspinous ligaments . nuchal ligament . intertransverse ligament
Craniovertebral Joints . atlanto-occipital joints . anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membranes . atlanto-axial joint . lateral atlanto-axial joints . median atlanto-axial joint . cruciate ligament of atlas . transverse ligaments . longitudinal bands . alar ligaments . tectorial membrane . ligamentum apicis dentis
Articulation of Thorax
. costovertebral joints . costochondral joints and interchondral joints . sternocostal joints Costovertebral Joints . head of the rib articulates with the inferior and superior costal facets of two adjacent vertebral bodies and the intervening intervertebral disc . allow elevation and depression of the ribs Costotransverse Joints . costotransverse ligaments - limit movements to slight gliding . radiate ligament (ligamentum capitis costae radiatum) Costochondral Joints Interchondral Joints (6th-9th) Sternocostal Joints . sternocostal radiate ligaments . membrana sterni externa et interna
Movements of the thoracic wall during inspiration produce increases in the intrathoracic volume and diameters of the thorax