Obchodní Akademie, Šamánkova 8, 460 01, Liberec 1

Praktická odborná část maturitní zkoušky z anglického jazyka

London Bridges

Autor práce: Petra Kroužková Obor: ekonomické lyceum Třída: 4. B Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Vlad ěna Petržilková Školní rok: 2004 / 2005 Termín odevzdání: 18. 3. 2004

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Why I have chosen this topic, what I expect from my work...... 3 1.2. Brief introducing of my work...... 5 2. MAIN PART OF THE WORK 2.1. List of Bridges in ...... 6 2.2. History of bridges in London – since the first Bridge was built to the present ...... 7 2.3. Description of ...... 10 2.4. Description of ...... 18 2.5. Description of Millennium Bridge...... 21 3. PUBLIC SURVEY 3.1. Public survey in English...... 23 3.2. Results of public survey...... 24 4. RESULT OF MY WORK 4.1. My own impressions of the visit in London . . . 26 4.2. Conclusion...... 27 5. RESUMÉ 5.1. Résumé in Czech ...... 29 5.2. Résumé in English ...... 30 6. ENCLOSURE 6.1. Public survey in Czech...... 31 6.2. Pictures...... 32 6.3. Graphs...... 35 7. SOURCES...... 36

1. INTRODUCTION

1. 1. Why I have chosen this topic, what I expect from my work

I have chosen this topic, because I think it is an interesting way how to get knowledge about such a city like London. London is situated on the , which is sometimes called “flowing history” and now, in 21 st century, many bridges decorate it.

Since the first settlement was established, people started to think about possibilities how to get over the river. The river divides the city into two parts – Southern and Northern and what the river divides, the bridges connect. Without the river Thames, London would probably never been established. The Thames has always been important for water transport and even today, except ships overcrowded by tourists, there are sailing ships with huge cargos. Without the Thames there would not be the port, which was the biggest and most important in 19 th century, even when London is not situated at the seacoast.

I expect that my work will be an interesting look at the history of London and it will bring much information not just about bridges, but about this city, too. I hope that it will be interesting work for me, because I would like to learn something about London and this is a really good way.

- 3 - Then I plan to find out, what my friends and students in my age know about this topic.

- 4 - 1. 2. Brief introduction of my work

I will tell you something about the history of ways to get over the river Thames in London, and then I will make a more detailed description of three bridges – London Bridge, Tower Bridge and Millennium Bridge. I have chosen these three bridges, because they are the most interesting for me.

London Bridge is the first bridge that was ever built and it has a long history. It was many times rebuilt and replaced by new bridges. The old London Bridge is now in Lake Havasu in Texas.

Tower Bridge is the best-known bridge in London. It is a bascule bridge, which is raised in the middle to let tall ships to pass up and down the river. It has the original mechanism with hydraulic equipment using steam to drive big motors inside the bridge.

Millennium Bridge is the last bridge that was built in London and it is a pedestrian bridge. It was built to the celebration of new millennium and opened by The Queen, but two days after it’s opening it was closed, because of the swaying.

A part of my work is a public survey, from which you will learn, what students in Liberec aged from 16 to 20 years know about London bridges.

- 5 - 2. MAIN PART OF THE WORK

2. 1. List of London Bridges

Albert Bridge Barnes Bridge London Bridge Bridge Millennium Bridge Battersea Railway Bridge Bridge Blackfriars Railway Bridge Putney Railway Bridge Richmond Bridge Cannon Street Railway Bridge Richmond Railway Bridge Chiswick Bridge Tower Bridge Grosvenor Railway Bridge Twickham Bridge Hammersmith Bridge Bridge Hungerford Railway & Foot Bridge Bridge Bridge Bridge Kew Railway Bridge

- 6 - 2. 2. History of bridges in London – since the first bridge was built to the present

The first bridge in history of London was built about in the 1st century AD. It was the first London Bridge in the Roman settlement Londonium. After it there were many wooden bridges built and the first medieval stone London Bridge was built in 1209. Built by Peter de Colenchurch the bridge lasted for 622 years and until 1750 it was the only bridge in London.

The foundation stone of was laid in 1739 and the bridge was opened in 1750. The construction of Kew Bridge designed by John Barnard started in 1758 and it was opened in 1759. In 1760 started the construction of Blackfriars Bridge designed by Robert Mylne. The name of this bridge should have been Pitt Bridge after the prime minister in that time, but in 1769 when the bridge was opened Pitt did not have this office yet, so the bridge was renamed. Battersea Bridge was constructed during 1771 and 1772. The construction of Richmond Bridge designed by James Paine and Kenton Couse was in progress since 1774 to 1777. Kew Bridge was dismantled and new Kew Bridge designed by James Paine was opened in 1789. The construction of Strand Bridge (in 1816 renamed to Waterloo Bridge) started in the same year it was opened in 1817. In 1816 was opened , it was demolished in 1904 and the new bridge was opened in 1906. Southwark Bridge was opened three years later, in 1819, it was demolished during 1913 to 1921 and the new bridge was constructed later. John Rennie’s design

- 7 - of new London Bridge was approved in 1823 and it was opened in 1831. Hammersmith Bridge was opened in 1827, it was demolished and the new bridge was built in 1887. In 1831 old London Bridge was demolished and the river became much faster, so it undermined foundations of the Westminster Bridge, which became a danger and was demolished too. Hungerford Railway and Pedestrian Bridge was opened in 1845. Richmond Railway Bridge (originally Richmond, Windsor and Staines Bridge), designed by Joseph Locke, was opened in 1848, but it collapsed in 1891. Barnes Bridge, designed by Joseph Locke and Thomas Brassey, was opened in 1849. The construction of Chelsea Bridge (at first called Victoria Bridge), designed by Thomas Page, was in progress since 1851 to 1858. Grosvenor Bridge (also known as Victoria Bridge) was opened in 1858.

1860’s were the most eventful years for building of bridges in London. Lambeth Bridge, designed by P. W. Barlow, was opened in 1862, new Westminster Bridge was opened in the same year. St Paul’s Bridge was constructed since 1862 to 1864, Blackfriars Bridge was built next to this twenty years after. At least St Paul’s bridge became just a widening of Blackfriars Bridge. Cannon Street Railway Bridge was opened in 1866, Battersea Railway Bridge was opened in 1863, the Albert Bridge started to be constructed in 1864. New Hungerford Railway and Pedestrian Bridge was opened in 1864. It was the only bridge in London that combined railway and pedestrian traffic.

- 8 - The Albert Bridge and Wandsworth Bridge were both opened in 1873. In 1878 the design of Tower Bridge was made by Sir Horace Jones and Tower Bridge was built in 1894. The construction of Putney Railway Bridge started in 1880 and the construction of Putney Bridge lasted since 1882 to 1886. The third structure of Kew Bridge designed by John Wolf Barry and C. A. Breton, was constructed in 1903. The bridge became also new name - King Edward VII. Bridge, but it was unpopular, so it was renamed again at Kew Bridge. New Richmond Railway Bridge was opened in 1908. The construction of new Lambeth Bridge, designed by George Humphreys, started in 1929 and the bridge was opened in 1932. Chiswick Bridge, designed by Sir Herbert Baker, was opened one year later, in 1933. The demolition of Chelsea Bridge and the construction of new one were in progress during 1935 – 1937. Richmond Bridge was widened in 1939. Waterloo Bridge built by women during the WWII was opened for pedestrians and for two lines of traffic and in 1945 the completed bridge was opened. In 1967 started the demolishing of London Bridge and current bridge was opened in 1973. Tower Bridge’s bascules were driven by steam until 1976, since that time, they are driven by electricity and its bascules were replaced the same year. Two new footbridges were built in the place where Hungerford Bridge was in 2000. In 1996 started the competition to find design of the new pedestrian bridge. The architect Foster and partners, Anthony Caro and the engineers Ove Arup and partners won this competition and they built the bridge to celebrate the new millennium. The last, Millennium Bridge for pedestrians was built in 2002.

- 9 - 2. 3. Description of London Bridge

In this part of my work I would like to describe the history of the bridges that stood on the same place where is now London Bridge and I would like to make more detailed description of three of these bridges with the name ‘London Bridge’. The first is the medieval bridge built by Peter de Colechurch, the most important and longest time lasting bridge. Then there was next bridge built by John Rennie that was dismantled and sent to America and the last is current bridge.

The first bridge ever was built near the place where now stands the current London Bridge in the 1 st century AD. It was built by the Romans when London did not exist yet, the name of the settlement was Londonium. The first record about the wooden bridge comes from the Saxon times. The next record comes from 1014, when the Danes held London and they were attacked by Vikings from Norway. The wooden bridge was pulled down by the Vikings. There were over ten bridges with the name ‘London Bridge’ since that time. These bridges were never thought to be permanent, they were wooden and they often burned down or felt down or were swept away by storms. When there was no bridge, there were the ferries.

- 10 - MEDIEVAL BRIDGE Designed by: Peter de Colechurch Opened: 1209 Dismantled: 1831 - 1832 Width: 20 feet Piers: 19 Arches: 20

This was the first stone bridge built in London. Peter de Colechurch was appointed to be a builder, but he did not have any knowledge in this branch and everyone could see it on the bridge. It was asymmetrical and none two piers of its nineteen were identical, nevertheless the bridge lasted for 622 years.

Henry II. levied a tax on wool products to help to pay for the bridge. It had been built for 33 years during reign of three monarchs – Henry II., Richard The Lionheart and John The Lackland. Colechurch probably designed every pier according to the number of material he had at the time. Before the bridge was completed, some piers were already destroyed, so they had to be repaired. The bridge was completed in 1209, it had 19 piers built from elm trees, oak trees and stone. It was told to be the strangest bridge in medieval times, but this bridge lasted for more than 600 years and it was not replaced because of some structural

- 11 - defect, but because of the need of wider bridge and because the wide piers blocked the river’s flow.

There was a chapel dedicated to the memory of St. Thomas Becket on the ninth pier. It was a clever step from the St. Mary Colechurch, because every pilgrim travelling to Canterbury from the north of England crossed the river via the bridge. The chapel was built in the 12 th century and rebuilt in 14 th century. Peter de Colechurch died in 1205 and he was buried in the crypt of the chapel. His bones were found when the chapel was dismantled, and they were thrown into the river. This happened without any ceremonial to thank him that he built a bridge that was so important for the history of London.

The waterwheels were installed under two north arches to supply Londoners with the first piped Thames water in 1582. Water-powered grain mills were installed under two south arches in 1591.

Even when there was the bridge, there were some boatmen and ferrymen, who were transporting people over the river and some of them, who were brave enough, shot the bridge (so called bridge-shooters). The Thames is a tidal river and the upstream and downstream sites differed, so sometimes they capsized when they went over the falls. Every year about 50 boatmen and ferrymen died in these falls under the London Bridge.

- 12 - People and merchants started to build big houses and shops on the bridge in 1212.

In 13 th century Henry III. gave London Bridge to his wife, unpopular Queen Eleanor, as a present, but she spent all money for the bridge on herself instead of spending it on the bridge. People were angry and the old song ‘The London Bridge is falling down’ became criticism on the Queen. The bridge returned to the control of the City of London in 1281, but during the hard winter few piers had fallen into the water and temporary timber piers had to be built on this part of the bridge.

There were two towers on the bridge one in the south and one in the north. The North tower became famous, because it was the place, where heads of famous traitors were displayed on the pikes. First record of this practice comes from the beginning of 14 th century, when the victims were William Wallace and his rebels. The famous victim was also Thomas More. This tower was dismantled in 1577, the display of heads was moved to the South tower and this practice lasted until 1678.

The bridge was attacked by Jack Cade and his rebels in 1450, a lot of houses were burnt down, a lot of people were killed or died in flames, but the rebellion was put down and Cade’s head was placed on the tower.

- 13 - The houses on the bridge caught the fire in 1633. It was the biggest disaster in the history of bridges, because 43 houses were burnt and about 3000 people died when the sparks from one end of the bridge were taken by the wind to the second site and the fire trapped the people, who came to have a look at it. One of the gaps that were made by this fire saved entirely southern half of the city from the Great Fire of London in 1666.

Afterward the buildings were rebuilt, because living on the bridge was really popular. Even when the residents drank the same water in which they threw their sewage, it was a quite healthy environment, because when there was the London’s Great Plague in 1665, only two victims were residents of the bridge.

The traffic on the bridge was very reduced by the houses and shops, because it took a lot of place. The bridge was entire bordered by buildings in 1553, some even with cellars. Houses were connected in upper floors by the walkways, so in some parts of the bridge it looked like a tunnel.

London Bridge was the only way over the river until 1750 when the Westminster Bridge was built.

The houses were pulled down, the piers were enlarged and the road on the bridge was widened in 1763. Some piers were entirely dismantled and replaced by others to improve navigation on the river, but the effect was nearly opposite, because the stream of the river became faster and it started

- 14 - to scour the bottom of the river and it almost destroyed the adjacent piers.

John Rennie started to build the new bridge 180 feet from old London Bridge in 1824, so Londoners could see for some time two London Bridges side-by-side on the river.

JOHN RENNIE’S BRIDGE Designed by: John Rennie (built by his son, also John) Opened: 1831 Dismantled: 1962 Length: 928 feet Width: 49 feet Piers: 4 Arches: 5

In 1825 John Rennie convinced the House of Commons so it made the decision that his design is the best to be built. It was built 180 feet upstream from the medieval bridge. On the picture there are both, the old and the new bridge side-by-side. The bridge was opened by King William and Queen Adelaide in 1831. John Rennie was knighted for this work. The old bridge was dismantled after opening of the new one and the river changed its behaviour. It became faster and it started

- 15 - picking sand and gravel from the bottom of the river and started scouring the piers of other bridges on the river. Blackfriars Bridge, Waterloo Bridge and Westminster Bridge had to be replaced. During 1902 – 1904 the bridge was widened because of traffic. Rennie’s bridge was destroyed by the river behaviour and by the modern traffic, too. The piers were sinking and one side was 4 inches below the level of the second site in 1924, so the bridge was dismantled, but it was not its end.

The founder of The Lake Havasu City in the USA, Arizona, and Chairman Robert McCulloch learned that the bridge is for sale and he bought it for 2 460 000 dollars. The bridge was sent to Lake Havasu in Arizona. Each peace was marked by numbers to define the right position, but in fact it was used just to cover a modern structure. The reconstruction began in 1968 and the bridge was erected again in 1971.

When I was looking for the information about this bridge, I found out, that McCulloch was mistaken and he thought that he is buying more famous Tower Bridge.

CURRENT BRIDGE Designed by: John Mowlen & Co Opened: 1973

The last bridge with the name London Bridge was erected on the same spot as

- 16 - Rennie’s bridge. It was constructed by John Mowlen & Co and during the construction it was possible to let the traffic on the bridge continue. This is the only hollow bridge on the river Thames. The bridge has heated footpaths for the winter.

It was opened by Her Majesty Elizabeth II. in 1973 with the celebrations and the exhibition about the long history of London Bridge. This bridge continues the long history of the bridges at that point, where so many bridges have crossed the river yet.

- 17 - 2. 4. Description of Tower Bridge

Designed by: Horace Jones Opened: 1894 Width: 35 feet Length: 800 feet Weight from foundations: 293 feet Piers: 2

Tower Bridge is a characteristic sign of London. It is built in Gothic style and it is called after its two towers. It is the last bridge in London to the east before its mouth to the sea. This Victorian bridge is the only movable bridge on the river Thames and it is the most famous example of a bascule bridge in the world. The Tower Bridge is bascule bridge, it means that there are two leaves (bascules) which can raise to let tall ships pass up and down the river. In the history it used to be raised about fifty times a day, because there was a busy port in this part of the city, but nowadays it is raised just about five times a week (but in this point the sources are not very similar). The Tower Bridge “works” on the river Thames for more than 100 years without any mistake.

In the end of 19 th century there was a need of new crossing over the river to the east from London Bridge, because the city grew and there were big traffic jams on London Bridge. Since 1874 people started to write petitions, because they

- 18 - wanted a new bridge via the river or widening of London Bridge. The corporation of London was responsible for this part of the city, so it started to think about some possibility how to built a new bridge without disturbing traffic on the river. Finally they opened the public competition to find the design of the new bridge.

There were about 50 designs of low-level bridges with opening of various kinds, high-level bridges with lifts at both sides and also line built at the bottom of the river or just simple ferry boats, but finally the design by Horace Jones, the bascule bridge, won this competition. It was also important that the design of the bridge should be similar to its surroundings (Tower of London).

Horace Jones (who was knighted for his design of Tower Bridge) died in 1885 and John Wolf Barry continued his work. The building of Tower Bridge lasted for eight years (1886 – 1894) and there were 423 people working on its construction. Two piers were sunk into the riverbed and the steel framework was built. Then there were given Cornish granite and Portland stone over the framework to protect it from corrosion and to give the bridge a better look. This is the reason why many people think that Tower Bridge is a stone bridge, but it is a steel bridge.

The bridge has two leaves and each leaf is 160 feet long and its weight is about 1200 tons. It is able to open and close them in 5 minutes. When it was built the leaves were driven by steam, but since 1976 they are driven by electricity. You

- 19 - can still see the original mechanism driven by steel in one tower. In each tower there is situated a hydraulic lift which goes to the top of the tower to high-level walkways.

The public was at first quite appalled with Tower Bridge and the magazine The Builder called it “the most monstrous and preposterous architectural sham that we have ever known” 1) , but after it was painted in 1977, it became more popular.

Tower Bridge has a very interesting history. For example in 1912 Frank McClean had to fly between the high-level walkways and the leaves, because there was some breakdown on his plane and in 1952 London bus had to jump from one leave to the other, because the bridge started to raise when the bus was still crossing it.

There are also some important facts about the bridge. In 1910 there were built two walkways for pedestrians between the towers, but they were closed soon, because of lack of using. People preferred to wait and watch the leaves rising. One source even says that these walkways were closed because of big number of suicides. In 1977 some parts of the bridge were painted with blue, white and red colours. Tower Bridge Experience that is telling about the history of the bridge was opened in 1993.

1) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/tower.h tml

- 20 - 2. 5. Description of Millennium Bridge

Designed by: The architect Sir Norman Foster with the sculptor Sir Anthony Caro and the engineers Ove Arup Opened: 10th June 2000 Closed: 12th June 2000 Reopened: 27 th February 2002 Length: 330 m Width: 4 m

The bridge consists of two piers and eight cables, four on each side. It is 4 metres wide and 330 metres long, it is supported by structural arms, connected with the cables in eight metres intervals. The lightening is in the structure and is activated by photocells at dusk.

The bridge is situated between Southwark Bridge and Blackfriars Bridge. It is the last bridge that was built in London and the first bridge designed only for pedestrians. The bridge is free of traffic and accessible to everyone. Even when it is the last bridge to be built, it has the most nicknames. It is called “blade of light”, “ribbon of steel” or “the wobbly bridge”. It links the St Paul’s Cathedral with The New Tate Modern Art Gallery. It was built to celebrate the new millennium, but it’s opening was a big fiasco.

- 21 -

It is designed by the winners of the competition, the architect Sir Norman Foster with the sculptor Sir Anthony Caro and the engineers Ove Arup.

The bridge was opened with a big glory on 10 th June 2000 by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. and it became one of the most demanded attraction in London. During three days after it was opened a huge number of people crossed the bridge and it started to wobble. The bridge was closed. The engineers decided to use damping system to stop the wobbling of the bridge. There are dampers situated under the deck and around the piers. The bridge was re-opened to the public in February 2002.

- 22 - 3. PUBLIC SURVEY

3. 1. Public survey in English

Have you ever been to London? YES Which river flows through London? Which bridge did you like the most? Have you ever read (seen on the TV...) something about bridges in London? How old are you?

Have you ever been to London? NO Which river flows through London? Do you know any bridge in London? Which one? Have you ever read (seen on the TV...) something about bridges in London? How old are you?

- 23 - 3. 2. Results of public survey

I made this public survey among people from my school, my friends and other students on secondary schools, so they were aged from 16 to 20 years. I have divided the questions of the public inquiry into two parts - for people who were in London and for those who were not. From 60 asked students 37% have been in London and 63% have not.

I was interested, whether they know, which river flows through London and whether they have ever read or seen on TV something connected with this topic. From those who were in London I wanted to know which bridge did they like most. From those who were not in London I wanted to know whether they know some bridge. Some answers surprised me a lot.

All of asked students who were in London know which river flows through London. From students, who were not in London 87 % know that London is situated on the Thames and 13 % think that it is some other river.

18 % of asked students who were in London have read or seen on TV something connected with this topic and 82 % have not. 23 % asked students who were not in London have read or seen on TV something connected with this topic and 77 % have not. This was quite surprising for me, because I have never seen on TV anything connected with this topic and I have read information about it just when I was interested in it and I found something by myself.

- 24 - 81 % of the students who were in London liked Tower Bridge the most, the rest liked London Bridge (5 %), Westminster Bridge (5 %) or none (9 %). Students who were not in London know just Tower Bridge (66 %) or London Bridge (29 %). 5 % of them know none bridge. I was surprised that there were people who were to London and did not remember even one bridge in London and also that there were more people among those who were to London who did not know any bridge, than among the people who have never been there. Some answers were also quite funny, for example there were people who thought that Cambridge or Trafalgar Square are London Bridges.

From these answers I made conclusion that people who I have asked are not very interested in this topic and it is not very popular for them. I did not expected this result, because I think that travelling is nowadays a very popular activity for young people, but it seems they do not want to learn something new or maybe just nobody is interested in the bridges.

- 25 - 4. RESULT OF MY WORK

4. 1. My own impression of visit to London

I have been in London just once in my life. During the day that I spent in London, I crossed the river about four times, but I remember just two bridges.

When I came to spend a day in London, we started on parking- site just by Tower Bridge. The bridge is much bigger, than I expected. The street on the bridge is bright and on both sides are footpaths and you can go on footbridge up between the towers, too. It must be an amazing experience to watch the huge bascules rising, but nowadays it is raised just rarely, so unfortunately we have not seen it.

Then we crossed Westminster Bridge. From this bridge we enjoyed a beautiful view of Houses of Parliament.

In the end of the day, when we came back to the parking-site by Tower Bridge, we enjoyed the view of lit Tower Bridge at night, so the best impression of my visit in London is definitely Tower Bridge.

- 26 - 4. 2. Conclusion

Bridges have been built in London since the 1 st century AD and nowadays there are almost thirty bridges. The bridges were many times in history rebuilt or replaced and there has never been a bridge just as the historical beauty, like for example our Charles Bridge in Prague. All bridges have been always used and as soon as they were destroyed by traffic they were rebuilt or entirely replaced. The first stone bridge was opened in 1209. It is about at the same time as in other big cities in Europe, for example the first bridge in Prague was opened in 1182 and the first bridge in Florence in 1176.

London grew fast, there were more and more people and there was a need of new bridges during 18 th and 19 th centuries. The most eventful years for building of bridges were 1860’s. During this period seven bridges were built.

I think that the most important event in the history of bridges in London was the dismantling of the medieval London Bridge. This bridge existed for 622 years, because it had a strong structure and a lot of bright piers. But because of the piers it impeded the flow of the river and when the bridge was dismantled, the behaviour of the river changed a lot. It became faster and it started to scour the bottom of the river and also the piers of other bridges. Blackfriars, Waterloo and Westminster Bridge had to be replaced after the dismantling of this bridge.

- 27 - I think that this medieval London Bridge was the most important, because it was the longest lasting bridge in London. I was surprised when I found out that when Peter de Colechurche’s bones were found in the crypt of the old chapel on London Bridge, they were thrown into the river, because Peter de Colechurch was a man who built a bridge which was so important for the history of London and there was no ceremonial to thank him for that.

In the introduction I wondered if this work will be interesting and if I will learn something during writing it. Now, in the end of my work I can say that I am really glad that I have chosen this topic. The work was interesting, I learned a lot of new things about London and I was amused by it. I was surprised that I could not find many information about the topic in books and most of them are from the Internet, so sometimes they differed, but I hope that all information in my work are right.

Also, in the introduction I wrote that I look forward to the results of the public survey, because I asked people at my age and I was interested what do they know about the London bridges. I was quite surprised by some answers and I was also surprised that it seems that young people are not interested in this topic.

- 28 - 5. RÉSUMÉ

5. 1. Résumé in Czech

Moje práce se zabývá londýnskými mosty. Snažila jsem se vyhledat všechny mosty, které byly v Londýn ě postaveny a popsat jejich stru čnou historii, a to od prvního London Bridge, který byl postaven v prvním století p ř. n. l., až do roku 2000, kdy byl postaven poslední, Millenium Bridge. Vybrala jsem si t ři mosty, které jsem popsala podrobn ěji – Tower Bridge, Millenium Bridge a London Bridge. Mezi mosty, které stály na stejném míst ě jako sou časný London Bridge se podle mého názoru řadí i nejd ůležit ější ze všech most ů, které kdy v Londýn ě stály, a to st ředov ěký London Bridge. Tower Bridge jsem si vybrala protože je to nejznám ější most v Londýn ě. Millenium Bridge je poslední most, který byl v Londýn ě postaven a je ur čen pouze chodc ům. Částí mojí práce je také m ůj vlastní zážitek z návšt ěvy Londýna a anketa, ze které se dozvíte, co o tomto tématu v ědí studenti libereckých st ředních škol.

- 29 - 5. 2. Résumé in English

My work is about London bridges. I tried to find all bridges on the river Thames in London, then I wrote the history of London Bridges, which starts in the 1 st century AD, when the first, London Bridge was built, and ends in 2000, when the last, Millennium Bridge was built. I wrote more detailed description of three bridges that were the most interesting for me. London Bridge was the first bridge in London, and I think that one of these bridges that stood at the place where the current London Bridge is, specifically the medieval bridge, was the most important of all bridges in London ever built. Next two bridges I described are Tower Bridge, the best-known bridge in London, and Millennium Bridge, the last bridge built in London, which is used by pedestrians only. The part of the work is a public survey, which tells you what students from Liberec, aged from 16 to 20 years, know about this topic. In my work there is also my own impression of visit to London.

- 30 - 6. ENCLOSURE

6. 1. Public survey in Czech

Byl/a jsi n ěkdy v Londýn ě: ANO Jaká řeka protéká Londýnem? Který most se ti v Londýn ě nejvíc líbil? Četl/a jsi n ěkdy (nebo vid ěl/a v TV) n ěco o mostech v Londýn ě? Věk

Byl/a jsi n ěkdy v Londýn ě: NE Jaká řeka protéká Londýnem? Znáš n ějaký londýnský most? Který? Četl/a jsi n ěkdy (nebo vid ěl/a v TV) n ěco o mostech v Londýn ě? Věk

- 31 - 6. 2. Pictures

London in 13 th century

- 32 -

London in 17 th century

- 33 -

London in 19 th century

Bridges that I have chosen for the description – Tower Bridge, London Bridge and Millennium Bridge

- 34 - 6. 3. Graphs

Have you been to London?

37% Yes No 63%

Answers from those, who were to Answers from those, who were not to London London

Which river flows through London? Which river flows through London?

0% 13%

Thames Thames Other Other

100% 87%

Which bridge did you liked the most? Do you know any bridge in London?

Tower Bridge 29% London Bridge 5% 9% Tower Bridge 5% London Bridge None Westminster Bridge None 5% 66% 81%

- 35 - 7. SOURCES

Robert P. Gwinn, Chairman, Board of Directors, Peter B. Norton, President McHenry, Editor in Chief The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., volume 7, Chicago MICROPAEDIA, ISBN 0-85229-571-5

Robert P. Gwinn, Chairman, Board of Directors, Peter B. Norton, President McHenry, Editor in Chief The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., volume 11, Chicago, MICROPAEDIA, ISBN 0-85229-571-5

Christopher Hilbert LONDÝN, životopis m ěsta Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, Praha, 1998 ISBN 80-7106-214-6

David Arscott, Heather Barraclough, Michael Z. Brooke, Joe de Casa, Gill Davies, Martin Marix Evans, Angus McGeoch, Andrea Russ, Alexander Sabo, Philipp Zitzlsperger LONDÝN ANGLIE A WALES, Nelles Verlag GmbH, Mnichov, ISBN 3-88618-233-9

Eyewitness Travel Guides: London Main contributor: Michael Leapman DORLING KINDERSLEY ISBN 0-7513-0009-8

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