2005 Petra Krouzkova LONDO
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Obchodní Akademie, Šamánkova 8, 460 01, Liberec 1 Praktická odborná část maturitní zkoušky z anglického jazyka London Bridges Autor práce: Petra Kroužková Obor: ekonomické lyceum Třída: 4. B Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Vlad ěna Petržilková Školní rok: 2004 / 2005 Termín odevzdání: 18. 3. 2004 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Why I have chosen this topic, what I expect from my work. 3 1.2. Brief introducing of my work. 5 2. MAIN PART OF THE WORK 2.1. List of Bridges in London . 6 2.2. History of bridges in London – since the first Bridge was built to the present . 7 2.3. Description of London Bridge. 10 2.4. Description of Tower Bridge . 18 2.5. Description of Millennium Bridge. 21 3. PUBLIC SURVEY 3.1. Public survey in English. 23 3.2. Results of public survey. 24 4. RESULT OF MY WORK 4.1. My own impressions of the visit in London . 26 4.2. Conclusion. 27 5. RESUMÉ 5.1. Résumé in Czech . 29 5.2. Résumé in English . 30 6. ENCLOSURE 6.1. Public survey in Czech. 31 6.2. Pictures. 32 6.3. Graphs. 35 7. SOURCES. 36 1. INTRODUCTION 1. 1. Why I have chosen this topic, what I expect from my work I have chosen this topic, because I think it is an interesting way how to get knowledge about such a city like London. London is situated on the River Thames, which is sometimes called “flowing history” and now, in 21 st century, many bridges decorate it. Since the first settlement was established, people started to think about possibilities how to get over the river. The river divides the city into two parts – Southern and Northern and what the river divides, the bridges connect. Without the river Thames, London would probably never been established. The Thames has always been important for water transport and even today, except ships overcrowded by tourists, there are sailing ships with huge cargos. Without the Thames there would not be the port, which was the biggest and most important in 19 th century, even when London is not situated at the seacoast. I expect that my work will be an interesting look at the history of London and it will bring much information not just about bridges, but about this city, too. I hope that it will be interesting work for me, because I would like to learn something about London and this is a really good way. - 3 - Then I plan to find out, what my friends and students in my age know about this topic. - 4 - 1. 2. Brief introduction of my work I will tell you something about the history of ways to get over the river Thames in London, and then I will make a more detailed description of three bridges – London Bridge, Tower Bridge and Millennium Bridge. I have chosen these three bridges, because they are the most interesting for me. London Bridge is the first bridge that was ever built and it has a long history. It was many times rebuilt and replaced by new bridges. The old London Bridge is now in Lake Havasu in Texas. Tower Bridge is the best-known bridge in London. It is a bascule bridge, which is raised in the middle to let tall ships to pass up and down the river. It has the original mechanism with hydraulic equipment using steam to drive big motors inside the bridge. Millennium Bridge is the last bridge that was built in London and it is a pedestrian bridge. It was built to the celebration of new millennium and opened by The Queen, but two days after it’s opening it was closed, because of the swaying. A part of my work is a public survey, from which you will learn, what students in Liberec aged from 16 to 20 years know about London bridges. - 5 - 2. MAIN PART OF THE WORK 2. 1. List of London Bridges Albert Bridge Lambeth Bridge Barnes Bridge London Bridge Battersea Bridge Millennium Bridge Battersea Railway Bridge Putney Bridge Blackfriars Railway Bridge Putney Railway Bridge Blackfriars Bridge Richmond Bridge Cannon Street Railway Bridge Richmond Railway Bridge Chelsea Bridge Southwark Bridge Chiswick Bridge Tower Bridge Grosvenor Railway Bridge Twickham Bridge Hammersmith Bridge Vauxhall Bridge Hungerford Railway & Foot Bridge Wandsworth Bridge Kew Bridge Westminster Bridge Kew Railway Bridge Waterloo Bridge - 6 - 2. 2. History of bridges in London – since the first bridge was built to the present The first bridge in history of London was built about in the 1st century AD. It was the first London Bridge in the Roman settlement Londonium. After it there were many wooden bridges built and the first medieval stone London Bridge was built in 1209. Built by Peter de Colenchurch the bridge lasted for 622 years and until 1750 it was the only bridge in London. The foundation stone of Westminster Bridge was laid in 1739 and the bridge was opened in 1750. The construction of Kew Bridge designed by John Barnard started in 1758 and it was opened in 1759. In 1760 started the construction of Blackfriars Bridge designed by Robert Mylne. The name of this bridge should have been Pitt Bridge after the prime minister in that time, but in 1769 when the bridge was opened Pitt did not have this office yet, so the bridge was renamed. Battersea Bridge was constructed during 1771 and 1772. The construction of Richmond Bridge designed by James Paine and Kenton Couse was in progress since 1774 to 1777. Kew Bridge was dismantled and new Kew Bridge designed by James Paine was opened in 1789. The construction of Strand Bridge (in 1816 renamed to Waterloo Bridge) started in the same year it was opened in 1817. In 1816 was opened Vauxhall Bridge, it was demolished in 1904 and the new bridge was opened in 1906. Southwark Bridge was opened three years later, in 1819, it was demolished during 1913 to 1921 and the new bridge was constructed later. John Rennie’s design - 7 - of new London Bridge was approved in 1823 and it was opened in 1831. Hammersmith Bridge was opened in 1827, it was demolished and the new bridge was built in 1887. In 1831 old London Bridge was demolished and the river became much faster, so it undermined foundations of the Westminster Bridge, which became a danger and was demolished too. Hungerford Railway and Pedestrian Bridge was opened in 1845. Richmond Railway Bridge (originally Richmond, Windsor and Staines Bridge), designed by Joseph Locke, was opened in 1848, but it collapsed in 1891. Barnes Bridge, designed by Joseph Locke and Thomas Brassey, was opened in 1849. The construction of Chelsea Bridge (at first called Victoria Bridge), designed by Thomas Page, was in progress since 1851 to 1858. Grosvenor Bridge (also known as Victoria Bridge) was opened in 1858. 1860’s were the most eventful years for building of bridges in London. Lambeth Bridge, designed by P. W. Barlow, was opened in 1862, new Westminster Bridge was opened in the same year. St Paul’s Bridge was constructed since 1862 to 1864, Blackfriars Bridge was built next to this twenty years after. At least St Paul’s bridge became just a widening of Blackfriars Bridge. Cannon Street Railway Bridge was opened in 1866, Battersea Railway Bridge was opened in 1863, the Albert Bridge started to be constructed in 1864. New Hungerford Railway and Pedestrian Bridge was opened in 1864. It was the only bridge in London that combined railway and pedestrian traffic. - 8 - The Albert Bridge and Wandsworth Bridge were both opened in 1873. In 1878 the design of Tower Bridge was made by Sir Horace Jones and Tower Bridge was built in 1894. The construction of Putney Railway Bridge started in 1880 and the construction of Putney Bridge lasted since 1882 to 1886. The third structure of Kew Bridge designed by John Wolf Barry and C. A. Breton, was constructed in 1903. The bridge became also new name - King Edward VII. Bridge, but it was unpopular, so it was renamed again at Kew Bridge. New Richmond Railway Bridge was opened in 1908. The construction of new Lambeth Bridge, designed by George Humphreys, started in 1929 and the bridge was opened in 1932. Chiswick Bridge, designed by Sir Herbert Baker, was opened one year later, in 1933. The demolition of Chelsea Bridge and the construction of new one were in progress during 1935 – 1937. Richmond Bridge was widened in 1939. Waterloo Bridge built by women during the WWII was opened for pedestrians and for two lines of traffic and in 1945 the completed bridge was opened. In 1967 started the demolishing of London Bridge and current bridge was opened in 1973. Tower Bridge’s bascules were driven by steam until 1976, since that time, they are driven by electricity and its bascules were replaced the same year. Two new footbridges were built in the place where Hungerford Bridge was in 2000. In 1996 started the competition to find design of the new pedestrian bridge. The architect Foster and partners, Anthony Caro and the engineers Ove Arup and partners won this competition and they built the bridge to celebrate the new millennium. The last, Millennium Bridge for pedestrians was built in 2002. - 9 - 2. 3. Description of London Bridge In this part of my work I would like to describe the history of the bridges that stood on the same place where is now London Bridge and I would like to make more detailed description of three of these bridges with the name ‘London Bridge’. The first is the medieval bridge built by Peter de Colechurch, the most important and longest time lasting bridge.