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From Tribal Rebellions to Revolution: British Counter-Insurgency Oper
From Tribal Rebellions to Revolution: British Counter-Insurgency Oper... http://www.history.ac.uk/resources/e-journal-international-history/maw... Home » Publications » Electronic Journal of International History Electronic Journal of International History - Article 5 ISSN 1471-1443 Introduction | Contents From Tribal Rebellions to Revolution: British Counter-Insurgency Operations in Southwest Arabia 1955-67 by Spencer Mawby Department of Politics, University of Leicester, UK 1. During the post-1945 era British political and military leaders switched their attention from the conduct of a total war to the prosecution of small wars in defence of imperial commitments around the world. The history of counter-insurgency campaigns in Malaya, Kenya and Cyprus provide evidence for the notion that British post-war leaders remained wedded to the global role despite the existence of new commitments on the continent of Europe. The purposes of Britains late colonial wars varied but as a minimum they had as their aim the establishment of sufficient order for the smooth hand-over of power to local elites sympathetic to western interests. By this criterion the least successful of all these small wars was fought in Southwest Arabia. In the town of Aden and the surrounding Protectorates British determination to maintain their interests came into conflict with the sudden emergence of an active independence movement fuelled by the post-Suez growth of Arab nationalism. During the course of the late 1950s and 1960s Aden became the site of a campaign of urban terrorism in which opposition groups fought with the British and each other. Outside the town in the Western Aden Protectorate (WAP) tribal rebellions began to take the form of nationalist uprisings. -
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ARABTA-THE BRITISH SPHERE D. A. Nicholas Jones I IN the years immediately following the Second World War, Britain continued to hold positions of strength in Libya, Egypt, Palestine, Jordan, Iraq, as well as South Arabia: that is, the eastern and southern fringes of the Saudi Kingdom. When Arab nationalists list the key events in Britain's retreat in the later 'fifties, the items read: the Egyptian-Czech arms deal, the failure of the Templer mission in Jordan, the dismissal of Glubb, the nationalization of the Canal, the failure of the Suez invasion, the end of the Anglo-Jordan treaty, the formation of the United Arab Republic, the association of the Yemen with the United Arab Republic, the breach with Iraq.' South Arabia is the last place in the Arab world where Britain has control and sufficient power still to make decisions. The successive retreats of Britain are all pre- sented, of course, as the result of Arab initiatives. Less publicized is the development of the Middle East oil-fields and the deterioration of Britain's position. In 1939 the British share of Middle East oil produc- tion was 60 per cent, while that of America was only 13 per cent. Within fifteen years from the end of the war, the American share was 65 per cent, with only 30 per cent going to British-controlled firms. If Arab nationalists want to present an objective history of Britain's decline in the Middle East, they should begin with this fact rather than a list of political defeats, although these are not unimportant. -
ASPECTS of SOUTH YEMEN's FOREIGN POLICY L967-L982 by Fred Halliday Department of International History London School of Economic
ASPECTS OF SOUTH YEMEN'S FOREIGN POLICY L967-L982 by Fred Halliday Department of International History London School of Economics and Political Science University of London Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 1985 Thesis Abstract This study analyses the foreign relations of South Yemen (since 1970 the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) from independence in 1967 until 1982. It covers the first four Presidencies of the post- independence period, with their attendant policy changes, and ends with the resolution of two of the more pressing foreign policy conflicts with which South Yemen was concerned, its support for the guerrillas in North Yemen, who were defeated in the spring of 1982, and its conflict with the Sultanate of Oman, with whom diplomatic relations were concluded in October 1982. Chapter One provides an outline of the background to South Yemen's foreign policy: the outcome of the independence movement itself and the resultant foreign policy orientations of the new government; the independence negotiations with Britain; and the manner in which, in the post-independence period, the ruling National Front sought to determine and develop its foreign policy. The remaining four chapters focus upon specific aspects of South Yemen's foreign policy that are, it is argued, of central importance. Chapter Two discusses relations with the West - with Britain, France, West Germany and the USA. It charts the pattern of continued economic ties with western European states, and the several political disputes which South Yemen had with them. Chapter Three discusses the issue of 'Yemeni Unity' - the reasons for the continued commitment to this goal, the policy of simultaneously supporting opposition in North Yemen and negotiating with the government there, and the course of policy on creating a unified Yemeni state. -
UNITED NATIONS Generkl ASSEMBLY
~ UNITED NATIONS GENERkL ASSEMBLY ENGLISH I I SPECIAL COMMIT'lj'E;E ON THE SITUATION WI'I'H REGARD TO TH_lj; IMPLEMENTAT I ON OF THE DECLARATI ON GN THE GRANTING OF INDEPENDENCE TO COLONIAL COUNTRIES AND PEOPLES DRAFT REPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMI'ITEE ON THE SITUATION W 'IH REGARD TO 'I'HE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECLARATION ON THE GRANTING OF I NDEPENDENCE TO COLONIAL COUNTRIES AND PEOPLES* (covering its work during 1965) Rapporteur : Mr. K. NATWAR SI NGH (India) ADEN CONTENTS Paragr phs Page I. INFORMATION ON THE TERRITORY 1 - 8 2 A. General . 1 - 2 B. Political and Constitutional developments 3 - 0 3 C. EconJmic conditions 41 - 14 D. Soci 1 conditions 69 - 21 E. Educational conditions 85 - 23 II. CONSIDERJ}TI ON BY THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE 99 - 75 28 .. Introduction . 99 00 28 ✓ ,. A. Written petitions and hearings 101 - 20 28 B. Statements by members . 121 - 75 34 • III. ACTION T"4KEN BY THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE 276 - 02 78 ANNEX: REPORT OF TEE SUB - COMMITTEE ON ADEN * This docu1ent contains the draft chapter on Aden. Part I was previously issued as Annex III of the report of the Sub - Committee on Ade (A/AC.109/L.194 and Corr.1). Other chapters of the draft report of the Speci 1 Cammi ttee will ,. be reproduced as separate documents . / ... ' A/AC .109 /L .236 English Page 2 (!· .; I. INFORMATION ON THE TERRITORY A. GENERAL 1. The Territory of Aden consists of the Colony of Aden, no ...· known as Aden State and twenty Protectorates known as the Protectorate of South Arabia. -
The Southern Reality Between Discord and Consensus
Study The Southern Reality Between Discord and Consensus A Vision in History, Politics and Society South Yemen 1960 – 2021 Farida Ahmed | August 2021 South 24 Center for News and Studies South24 Center for News and Studies The Southern Reality Between Discord and Consensus A Vision in History, Politics and Society South Yemen Farida Ahmed | August 2021 Center for News and Studies (All Rights Reserved for South24) (The opinions expressed in this study represent the author) 1 South24 Center for News and Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Topic 3 Summary 6 Introduction 7 General background 8 First: a historical glimpse about South 11 ● A union on the end road 13 Second: the political reality’s influence on South 15 ● Stages between discord and consensus 18 ● Components of the Post – 2015 war in Yemen 2015 19 Third: the southern society 20 ● Local identities and their diversity 23 ● The Southern tribal composition 25 ● Religious identity 26 Conclusion 28 Recommendations 30 References 2 South24 Center for News and Studies Summary Understanding the reality of South Yemen is currently of urgent importance. in spite of the discord and consensus aspects among the Southerners through different historical stages, and the great political influence caused by the interrelation, there are deeper ties and a state of national richness that has found their way in a society of variable cultural, social and economic characteristics as well as other fields. Such a thing requires maintenance and observance. it becomes clear that the coherent religious identity in South, based upon coexistence and harmony has not been affected by the sharp sectarian dimension during the latest Yemeni War, which turned by some Yemeni parties, such as the Islah party, ideologically affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood, and the Iranian-backed Houthis, to a religious and sectarian conflict. -
Aabenraa (Denmark), 946, Bii5 Aachen (Germ,), 1052, 1076-77
INDEX Aabenraa (Denmark), 946, Bii5 Acholi (Uganda), 516 Aachen (Germ,), 1052, 1076-77 Acklin's Is. (Bahamas), 142 Aalborg (Denmark), 946, 9.5.5 Aconcagua (Chile), 883 Aalst (Belgium) see Alost Acre (Brazil), 849, 854 Aargau (Switz.), 1468, 1470 Acre (Israel), 1179 Aarhus (Denmark), 946-47, 955 Adana (Turkey), 1501, 1511 Aas (Norway), 1307 Adapazari (Turkey), 1501 Aba (Nigeria), 479 Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), 976-81 Abaco Is. (Bahamas), 142 Adelaide (S. Aust.), 269, 277, 318, Abadan (Iran), 1143 319, 322 Abaiang Is. (Gilb. & Ellice Is.), 186 Adelie Land (Antar.), 264, 288 Abajo (Cuba), 931 Aden (city) (Fed. of S. Arabia), Abakan (USSR), 1536, 1.550 174-75 Abancay (Peru), 1341 Aden (state) (Fed. of S. Arabia), Abdal Magid (Sudan), 1447 173-76 Abemama Is. (Gilb. & Ellice Is.), 186 Aden (Eastern Protectorate), 175, Abeokuta (Nigeria), 479, 483 177 Aberdeen (S.D.), 751 Adilabad (India), 399 Aberdeen (UK), 73, 77, 83 Adiyaman (Turkey), 1501 Aberystwyth (UK), 82-83 Adizhan (USSR), 1532 Abhazia Rep. (USSR), 15.58, 1560 Adjara Rep. (USSR), 1558, 1560-6l Abidjan (Ivory Coast), 1036-37 Admiralty Is. (Bismarck Arch.), 343- Abilene (Tex.), 7.56-.57 44 Abo (FinIand), see Turku AdoJa (Ethiopia), 979 Abo·Björneborg (Finland), 983 Adrar (Mauritania), 1040 Abomey (Dahomey), 1038 Adrianople (Turkey), 1501 Abqaiq (Saudi Arabia), 1397 Adygei Aut. Region (USSR), 1541, Abruzzi and Molise (Italy), 1188 1549 Abu Dhabi (Trucial St.), 1333, 1335, lEgean Is. (Greece), 1090, 1094 1337-39 lEtolia (Greece), 1089 Abu Hamad (Sudan), 1449 Afghanistan, 9, 11, 793-98 Abu Kodis (UAR), 1.589 Afyon (Turkey), 1501 Abu Road (India), 414 Afyonkarahisar (Turkey), 1505 Abu Taluka (India), 424 Agadez (Niger), 1041 Abu Zabad (Sudan), 1449 Agadil' (Morocco), 1266, 1268 Abyan (Aden), 186 Agalega Is. -
Airpower in the Aden Protectorate
AIRPOWER IN THE ADEN PROTECTORATE by *- JAMES GILBERT ALLEN B. A., Drury College, 1966 A MASTER'S REPORT submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement! for the degree MASTER OF ARTS Department of History KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 1968 Approved by: Major Professor ID ftu CA PREFACE Since the end of the 1939-1945 World War, Britain's presence on the land area of the Middle East has been steadily reduced. By studying the military techniques, the how of British presence in South Arabia, rather than the political why of that presence, it is hoped that certain lessons might be derived that will act as keys to any study of such security operations in the area. An attempt has been made to limit the consi- derations solely to the area of South Arabia. However, descriptions of military actions which Involve the expendi- ture of wealth and manpower, can never attain the dignity of history un- less larger political and social factors are weighed in the balance as well. Military operations do not exist in a vacuum. The effects of outmoded military techniques and thinking are usually, though not always, fatal. Such shortcomings are evident in the South Arabian operations studied, though each campaign was properly considered successful. The British position deteriorated becauae of Ideological and nationalistic pressures, and not because of military impotence. The very successes that failed to maintain an imperial power in South Arabia are worthy of study if future events in the newly independent states are to be fully Interpreted. It is hoped that this report will point up, not only areas for further research, but some of the basic facts of the situation in South Arabia. -
History of Islamic Empire in Urdu Pdf
History of islamic empire in urdu pdf Continue This article lists successive Muslim countries and dynasties from the rise of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad and early Muslim horses that began in 622 PO and continue to this day. The history of Muslim countries The early Muslim wars began in the life of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. In addition to the work of southern Europe and the Indian sub-corner, his successors hit the great sheep of the Middle East and North Africa. In the decades after his death, the caliphate, founded by his oldest successors, known as the Rashidun Caliphate, inherits the Umayyad caliphate and later the Abbasid caliphate. While the caliphate gradually broke and fell, other Muslim dynasties rose; Some of these dynasties have been overgroced into Islamic empires, with some of the most notable being the Safavid dynasty, the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire. Regional Empires Iran Shah Ismail I, Founder of Safavid Dynasty Qarinvand Dynasty (550-1110) Paduspanid (655-1598) Justanids (791-1004) Dulafid dynasty (800-898, Jibal) Samanid Empire (819-999) Tahirid Dynasty (821-873) Saffarid Dynasty (861-1003) Shirvanshah (861-1538) Alavid Dynasty (864-928) Sajid Dynasty (889-929) Ma'danids (890-1110, Makran) Aishanids (912-961) Husaynid Dynasty (914-929) Ziyarid Dynasty (928-43) Banu Ilyas (932-968) Buyid Dynasty (934-10) 62) Rawadid Dynasty (955-1071) , Tabriz) Hasanwayhid (959-1015) Annazidi (990-1180; Iran, Iraq) Ma'munid dynasty (995-1017) Kakuyid (1008-1141) Great Seljuq Empire (1029-1194) Nasrid dynasty (Sistan) (1029-1225) -
Yemen : Dancing on the Heads of Snakes / Victoria Clark
3107_FM_UK.qxp 5/7/10 3:59 PM Page i 1 2 3 4 YEMEN 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 31 32 33 3107_FM_UK.qxp 5/7/10 3:59 PM Page ii 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 31 32 33 3107_FM_UK.qxp 5/7/10 3:59 PM Page iii 1 2 3 4 5 6 YEMEN 7 DANCING ON THE HEADS OF SNAKES 8 9 VICTORIA CLARK 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS 31 NEW HAVEN AND LONDON 32 33 3107_FM_UK.qxp 1/23/12 2:12 PM Page iv 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Copyright © 2010 Victoria Clark 10 The right of Victoria Clark to be identified as author of this work has been asserted 1 by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. 2 All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright 3 Law and except by reviewers for the public press) without written permission from 4 the publishers. 5 For information about this and other Yale University Press publications, please contact: 6 U.S. -
The Aden Protectorate Levies, Counter-Insurgency and the Loyalist Bargain in South Arabia, 1951-1957
The Aden Protectorate Levies, Counter-insurgency and the Loyalist Bargain in South Arabia, 1951-1957. Huw Bennett Edward Burke European powers depended upon indigenous collaboration to conquer new colonial territories and then to make their rule sustainable. As the seismic changes in global order brought about by the Second World War shifted the very basis of that rule, colonial powers were compelled to re-negotiate the terms of collaboration. This chapter takes the West Aden Protectorate case to illuminate how the loyalist bargain was maintained, and why that process was so difficult. The episode shows that the colonial power in the form of the Aden and British governments, far from being master manipulators in the business of divide-and-rule, struggled to exercise control over a numerically insubstantial opponent. While most writing on indigenous collaboration, or loyalism, is concerned with the creation and maintenance of colonial orders in general, this chapter focuses on the implications of the relationship for violence. It centres upon the position of the local security forces, particularly the Aden Protectorate Levies (APL), as the primary intermediaries. It argues that the intensity of colonial violence towards a resistant population was diminished by the effective military tactics adopted by rebels, a growing reluctance by the APL soldiers to punish their own people, and the impotence of the only viable military alternative – aerial bombardment. In combination, these three factors forced the civil and military authorities in Aden to halt their expansionism. However, the colonial administration in Aden was so determined to revive their offensive “forward policy” that they won a bureaucratic battle to displace the Royal Air Force from controlling the local security forces, and several years later renewed the fighting in the West Aden Protectorate with British Army assistance instead. -
Abyani Tribes and Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula in Yemen
ABYANI TRIBES AND AL QAEDA IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA IN YEMEN SASHA GORDON JULY 2012 A REPORT BY THE CRITICAL THREATS PROJECT OF THE AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE ABYANI TRIBES AND AL QAEDA IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA JULY 2012 Introduction Ansar al Sharia, the insurgent wing of al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), surrendered the city of Azzan to the Yemeni military on June 23, 2012. Its fall was the last blow in the Yemen army’s campaign to retake the cities of Ansar al Sharia’s “emirate” in south Yemen. These cities had fallen over the course of the month to militias composed of local tribesmen partnered with the military. The prospect of relying entirely on tribes to police south Yemen for AQAP and Ansar al Sharia is tempting given this success. Yemen’s tribes are well armed and numerous, and their support has been courted by many governing powers over the centuries. In fact, working with and through the Yemeni tribes will be the key to any long-term solution to the Ansar al Sharia and AQAP problem. But it would be unwise to rely entirely on the tribes to keep AQAP out of south Yemen, where tribal culture has been damaged by government policy and there are signs of tribal fracturing and weaknesses. The progress that tribes have made against AQAP has also required the deployment of a significant portion of the Yemeni army (see Figure 1). A sustainable “tribal solution” to AQAP and Ansar al Sharia is unlikely to be effective by itself for these reasons.