DOCSLIB.ORG

The Inca Empire

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Inca Empire The Inca Empire Background ■ The Inca originated in village of Paqari-tampu, about 15 miles south of Cuzco ■ Official language is Quecha ■ Polytheistic religion- Pantheon headed by Inti, the sun god ■ combined features of animism and worship of nature gods ■ offered food, clothing, and drink ■ rituals included forms of divination, sacrifice of humans and animals Events leading to Rise and Fall ■ 1438: Manco Capac established capital at Cuzco (Peru) ■ 1400-1500: Pachacuti gained control of Andean population about 12 million people ■ 1525: Emperor Huayna Capac died of plague; civil war broke out between two sons because no successor named ■ 1532: Spanish arrived in Peru ■ 1535: Empire lost Francisco Pizarro ■ 1527: Pizarro wanted to discover wealth; embarked on his third voyage to the New World ■ Sept. to Nov. 1532: The Cajamarca massacre- Pizarro led 160 Spaniards to Cuzco, slaughtering over 2,000 Inca and injuring 5,000 ■ November 16, 1532: Atahualpa captured by Spaniards, offered gold for his freedom. ■ Pizarro accepted more than 11 tons of gold ($6 million+) baubles, dishes, icons, ornaments, jewelry, & vases, but never released Atahualpa. ■ July 26, 1533: Atahualpa was killed Manco Capac (1022-1107) ■ founder of Inca dynasty ■ declared himself Sapa Inca, divine son of the Sun ■ skilled warrior and leader ■ chief religious leader ■ exercised absolute power Pachacuti (1438-1471) ■ Usurped throne form brother Inca Urcon ■ Considered the founder of the Inca Empire ■ Skilled warrior and chief religious leader ■ Claimed he was divine, son of the sun ■ Exercised absolute power Important Positions ■ Local governors responsible for exacting labor tax which could be paid by service in army, on public works, or in agricultural work ■ Coya carried out important religious duties and governed when Sapa Inca absent ■ Nobles ruled provinces w/ chieftains Inca conquered Political Philosophy ■ policy of forced resettlement ensured political stability ■ use of road system strictly limited to government, military business ■ private property forbidden, crime nonexistent, citizens never starved ■ no written records; oral tradition preserved through generations Economic Developments ■ constructed aquaducts, cities, temples, fortresses, short rock tunnels, suspension bridges, 2250mi road system ■ metal works of alloy, copper, tin, bronze, silver gold ■ developed important medical practices- surgery on human skull, anesthesia ■ resources-corn, potatoes, coffee, grain ■ created woven baskets, woodwinds Cultural Conflict & Cooperation ■ religious institutions destroyed by Spanish conquerors’ campaign against idolatry ■ Spaniards superior military technology ■ division & discontent among Inca, Spanish played on old feuds ■ disease brought by Europeans ■ survivors felt gods were less powerful than those of conquerors.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Collision of Civilizations
    Collision of Civilizations Spaniards, Aztecs and Incas 1492- The clash begins Only two empires in the New World Cahokia Ecuador Aztec Empire The Aztec State in 1519 • Mexico 1325 Aztecs start to build their capital city, Tenochtitlan. • 1502 Montezuma II becomes ruler, wars against the independent city-states in the Valley of Mexico. The Aztec empire was in a fragile state, stricken with military failures, economic trouble, and social unrest. Montezuma II had attempted to centralize power and maintain the over-extended empire expanded over the Valley of Mexico, and into Central America. It was an extortionist regime, relied on force to extract prisoners, tribute, and food levies from neighboring peoples. As the Aztec state weakened, its rulers and priests continued to demand human sacrifice to feed its gods. In 1519, the Aztec Empire was not only weak within, but despised and feared from without. When hostilities with the Spanish began, the Aztecs had few allies. Cortes • 1485 –Cortes was born in in Medellin, Extremadura, Spain. His parents were of small Spanish nobility. • 1499, when Cortes was 14 he attended the University of Salamanca, at this university he studied law. • 1504 (19) he set sail for what is now the Dominican Republic to try his luck in the New World. • 1511, (26) he joined an army under the command of Spanish soldier named Diego Velázquez and played a part the conquest of Cuba. Velázquez became the governor of Cuba, and Cortes was elected Mayor-Judge of Santiago. • 1519 (34) Cortes expedition enters Mexico. • Aug. 13, 1521 15,000 Aztecs die in Cortes' final all-out attack on the city.
    [Show full text]
  • Contrasting Views of Titu Cusi Yupanqui and Pedro Sarmiento De Gamboa
    Were the Incas Natural Lords of Peru? Contrasting views of Titu Cusi Yupanqui and Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa By Katherine Hoyt, Ph.D. Alliance for Global Justice (retired) Prepared for delivery at the 2021 Virtual Meeting of the Western Political Science Association April 3. 2021 Writing in 1570 from the last Inca stronghold of Vilcabamba, the Inca Titu Cusi Yupanqui begins his Relación de la conquista del Perú by saying that he is the grandson of the Inca Huayna Capac and son of Manco Inca Yupanqui, “the natural lords that used to rule these kingdoms and provinces of Peru.”1 The term “natural lords” was used by Spanish philosophers and theologians, including Francisco de Vitoria at the University of Salamanca in Spain, to indicate rulers of hierarchical societies whose subjects accepted their rule. Meanwhile, writing in Cuzco, the Spanish navigator and conquistador Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa was given the task by Viceroy Francisco de Toledo of proving exactly the opposite: that the Incas were not natural lords of their lands and were, in fact, tyrants. Vitoria had maintained that it was not legitimate to attack societies ruled by their natural lords except in the case of tyranny, protection of innocent people, or self-defense. Titu Cusi makes a special effort to show the devotion of the people to his father Manco Inca and thus prove that he ruled with their support and favor. On the other hand, Sarmiento de Gamboa worked to compile acts of cruelty and tyranny on the part of each Inca ruler in order to prove that the conquest had been justified.
    [Show full text]
  • Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor
    Silva Collins, Gabriel 2019 Anthropology Thesis Title: Making the Mountains: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor: Antonia Foias Advisor is Co-author: None of the above Second Advisor: Released: release now Authenticated User Access: No Contains Copyrighted Material: No MAKING THE MOUNTAINS: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads by GABRIEL SILVA COLLINS Antonia Foias, Advisor A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Anthropology WILLIAMS COLLEGE Williamstown, Massachusetts May 19, 2019 Introduction Peru is famous for its Pre-Hispanic archaeological sites: places like Machu Picchu, the Nazca lines, and the city of Chan Chan. Ranging from the earliest cities in the Americas to Inca metropolises, millennia of urban human history along the Andes have left large and striking sites scattered across the country. But cities and monuments do not exist in solitude. Peru’s ancient sites are connected by a vast circulatory system of roads that connected every corner of the country, and thousands of square miles beyond its current borders. The Inca road system, or Qhapaq Ñan, is particularly famous; thousands of miles of trails linked the empire from modern- day Colombia to central Chile, crossing some of the world’s tallest mountain ranges and driest deserts. The Inca state recognized the importance of its road system, and dotted the trails with rest stops, granaries, and religious shrines. Inca roads even served directly religious purposes in pilgrimages and a system of ritual pathways that divided the empire (Ogburn 2010). This project contributes to scholarly knowledge about the Inca and Pre-Hispanic Andean civilizations by studying the roads which stitched together the Inca state.
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring the Passage of Time in Inca and Early Spanish Peru Kerstin Nowack Universität Bonn, Germany
    Measuring the Passage of Time in Inca and Early Spanish Peru Kerstin Nowack Universität Bonn, Germany Abstract: In legal proceedings from 16th century viceroyalty of Peru, indigenous witnesses identified themselves according to the convention of Spanish judicial system by name, place of residence and age. This last category often proved to be difficult. Witnesses claimed that they did not know their age or gave an approximate age using rounded decimal numbers. At the moment of the Spanish invasion, people in the Andes followed the progress of time during the year by observing the course of the sun and the lunar cycle, but they were not interested in measuring time spans beyond the year. The opposite is true for the Spanish invaders. The documents where the witnesses testified were dated precisely using counting years from a date in the distant past, the birth year of the founder of the Christian religion. But this precision in the written record perhaps distorts the reality of everyday Spanish practices. In daily life, Spaniards often measured time in a reference system similar to that used by the Andeans, dividing the past in relation to public events like a war or personal turning points like the birth of a child. In the administrative and legal area, official Spanish dating prevailed, and Andean people were forced to adapt to this novel practice. This paper intends to contrast the Andean and Spanish ways of measuring the past, but will also focus on the possible areas of overlap between both practices. Finally, it will be asked how Andeans reacted to and interacted with Spanish dating and time measuring.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spanish Unraveling of the Incan Empire: the Importance of Fibers and Textiles of the Past
    University of Wisconsin–Superior McNair Scholars Journal, volume 2, 2001 The Spanish Unraveling Of the Incan Empire: The Importance of Fibers and Textiles of the Past Rhonda R. Dass, Art History William Morgan, M.F.A. Department of Visual Arts ABSTRACT Steeped in ancient traditions, modern day Peru can boast the continuation of cultural heritage dating back before 1000 BC. The coastal desert climate is perfect for the preservation of textiles long buried in the sacred graves of past peoples. From these artifacts we can see how important the textiles of the Incan culture were to its people. Some argue that internal strife was the main factor for the ease with which the Spaniards were able to conquer the advanced civilization of the Incas. Others argue that the empire was already in decline. Perhaps the textile– based economy of the Incan empire was the prime factor. History of the Incan Empire: Geographical and Political The area of South America, which once sustained the mighty Incan empire during the early half of the 10th millennium, is a diverse, breathtaking and often inhospitable land. As the Incans, led by Manco Capac, spread their empire across the South American continent they conquered numerous small tribes scattered throughout an awesome array of nature's wonders. They started their reign in the area surrounding Lake Titicaca, still considered a sacred place by their modern day ancestors, taking control of the local Tiwanaku peoples. From this region nestled in the Andes Mountains they battled their way across mountain ridges that draw a line down the coastal areas of South America.
    [Show full text]
  • The Inca Create a Mountain Empire MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES
    4 The Inca Create a Mountain Empire MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES POWER AND AUTHORITY The The Incan system of government •Pachacuti •mita Inca built a vast empire was similar to some socialist • ayllu • quipu supported by taxes, governed by governments in the 20th a bureaucracy, and linked by century. extensive road systems. SETTING THE STAGE While the Aztecs ruled in the Valley of Mexico, another people—the Inca—created an equally powerful state in South America. From Cuzco, their capital in southern Peru, the Inca spread outward in all directions. They brought various Andean peoples under their control and built an empire that stretched from Ecuador in the north to Chile in the south. It was the largest empire ever seen in the Americas. The Inca Build an Empire TAKING NOTES Categorizing Use a web Like the Aztecs, the Inca built their empire on cultural foundations thousands of diagram to identify the years old. (See Chapter 9.) Ancient civilizations such as Chavín, Moche, and methods the Inca used Nazca had already established a tradition of high culture in Peru. They were fol- to build their vast, lowed by the Huari and Tiahuanaco cultures of southern Peru and Bolivia. The unified empire. Chimú, an impressive civilization of the 1300s based in the northern coastal region once controlled by the Moche, came next. The Inca would create an even The Inca built a more powerful state, however, extending their rule over the entire Andean region. vast empire. Incan Beginnings The Inca originally lived in a high plateau of the Andes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Incas CHAPTER
    plots Grade 7 Bearcat Day 29 ELA 5 Grade 7 Bearcat Day 29 ELA p2 of 3. of5 Grade 7 Bearcat Day 29 ELA p Grade 7 Bearcat Day 29 ELA pttofs Grade 7 Bearcat Day 29 ELA psofs Grade 7 Bearcat Day 29 Math page loft plot 6 Grade 7 Bearcat Day 29 Science 2 of 6 Grade 7 Bearcat Day 29 Science page Grade 7 Bearcat Day 29 Science page 3 of 6 4 Grade 7 Bearcat Day 29 Science page of 6 Grade 7 Bearcat Day 29 Science page 5 off Grade 7 Bearcat Day 29 Science page 6 off Grade 7 Bearcat Day 29 Social Studies CHAPTER The city of Machu Picchu was a religious center of the Inca Empire. l of page 16 The Incas 26.1 Introduction In Chapter 25, you learned about daily life in the Aztec Empire of Mexico. Now you will learn about the Inca Empire, a great society that developed in llu- Andes Mountains of Soulh America. The Inca Empire arose in the 1400s C.E. It lasted until 1532, when the Incas were conquered by Spanish explorers. From north to south, the Inca Empire stretched more than 2,500 miles. To c o m m u n i - cate across this vast distance, the Incas used runners called chasquis to relay messages from one place to another. Imagine that you are a young chasqui. From your messenger station along the Royal Road, you see another chasqui racing toward you. You know he carries an important message from the emperor.
    [Show full text]
  • The Inca Empire the Formation and Disintegration of a Pre-Capitalist State 1St Edition Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    THE INCA EMPIRE THE FORMATION AND DISINTEGRATION OF A PRE-CAPITALIST STATE 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Thomas C Patterson | 9780854963485 | | | | | The Inca Empire The Formation and Disintegration of a Pre-Capitalist State 1st edition PDF Book Denmark Netherlands United Kingdom. It is not to say it is not worth exploring these ideas, just that more has to be said about the uncertainty. View Product. Within the domestic sphere, women were known as the weavers. See also. The Last Days of the Incas. Original Title. Book ratings by Goodreads. Francisco Pizarro. While the Conquistadors may have been slightly taller, the Inca had the advantage of coping with the extraordinary altitude. Anthropologist Gordon McEwan wrote that: [9]. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. Neo-Inca State. A Phenomenology of Landscape Christopher Tilley. Once married, the women were expected to cook, collect food and watch over the children and livestock. New Moon, 4 4 , Some of the most important languages were Quechua , Aymara , Puquina and Mochica , respectively mainly spoken in the Central Andes, the Altiplano or Qullasuyu , the south Peruvian coast Kuntisuyu , and the area of the north Peruvian coast Chinchaysuyu around Chan Chan , today Trujillo. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro and his brothers explored south from what is today Panama , reaching Inca territory by While Cusco was essentially governed by the Sapa Inca, his relatives and the royal panaqa lineages, each suyu was governed by an Apu , a term of esteem used for men of high status and for venerated mountains.
    [Show full text]
  • Maya, Aztec, and Inca Civilizations
    HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY Maya, Aztec, and Inca Civilizations Reader Maya pyramids Sapa Inca Aztec warrior Moctezuma II Book No. Enter information in spaces to the left as instructed. CONDITION Year ISSUED TO Used ISSUED RETURNED PUPILS to whom this textbook is issued must not write on any page or mark any part of it in any way, consumable textbooks excepted. 1. Teachers should see that the pupil’s name is clearly written in ink in the spaces above in every book issued. 2. The following terms should be used in recording the condition of the book: New; Good; Fair; Poor; Bad. Maya, Aztec, and Inca Civilizations Reader Creative Commons Licensing This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. You are free: to Share—to copy, distribute, and transmit the work to Remix—to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution—You must attribute the work in the following manner: This work is based on an original work of the Core Knowledge® Foundation (www.coreknowledge.org) made available through licensing under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This does not in any way imply that the Core Knowledge Foundation endorses this work. Noncommercial—You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike—If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. With the understanding that: For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Grade6socialscienceweekof6-1-20.Pdf
    Grade 8 Assignment Week of 6-1-20 Directions: Go to studentintranet.bpsma.org Log onto Clever using your BPS username and password. Click on Newsela. Copy and paste this link into your browser: https://newsela.com/subject/other/2000273428 Instructions: Before Reading Image Analysis: Look at the topographical map of South America. Use the map to reflect on the following questions: • Notice the country of Peru. Based on its physical features, what could be an advantage of starting an empire in this region? • Based on its physical features, what could be challenges that an empire in this region would face? • How do you think an empire started in Peru might adapt to its surroundings, and why? Choose one of the following two articles about the Inca Empire: • What endures from the ancient civilizations that ruled the Andes? • How the Inca Engineered a Road Across Extreme Terrain As you read, highlight in BLUE any details about the Inca Empire’s geography. Highlight in YELLOW any ways that the Inca Empire adapted to their geography. Use the Annotation tool to reflect on how adapting to their surroundings helped the Inca Empire become successful. Then read the following article about Brazil’s sugar and mining industries: • Brazil's Quilombos: Where Slaves Ruled As you read, highlight in YELLOW information that helps you understand what quilombos are. Highlight in GREEN information that shows ways that humans transformed the environment of Brazil throughout its history. Highlight in BLUE information that shows you how people today are still dealing with the impacts of these transformations.
    [Show full text]
  • Atahualpa and the Bible
    ATAHUALPA AND THE BIBLE CENTRAL HISTORICAL QUESTION ? Did Atahualpa hold the Bible to his ear? MATERIALS PowerPoint Presentation - Atahualpa and Pizarro Textbook Passage - Atahualpa and the Bible Historical Document A - Francisco de Xeres's Account Historical Document B - Pedro Pizarro's Account Student Handout - Graphic Organizer COMMON CORE ALIGNMENT Page 61 - #1 (Gr. 6-12), #2 (Gr. 6-8), #6 (Gr. 6-12), #8 (Gr. 6-12), #9 (Gr. 9-12), and #10 (Gr. 6-8) PLAN OF INSTRUCTION Use the PowerPoint to provide basic background information about Atahualpa and Francisco Pizarro. (Note: This lesson is not intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the Inca Empire or its conquest.) (a) Slide 2: Sapa Inca Atahualpa. Atahualpa was the 14th emperor of Tawantinsuyu, or Inca Empire, which spanned parts of present-day Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Colombia. At the time of Atahualpa’s reign, it was home to approximately 12 million people. He became Sapa Inca, or emperor, when he defeated his brother Huáscar in a civil war in 1532. (b) Slide 3: Francisco Pizarro. Pizarro was a Spanish conquistador and distant cousin of Hernan Cortés. His first two expeditions to conquer the Inca Empire failed due to lack of resources and hostilities of the Inca. During his third expedition, he captured and executed Atahualpa. He then traveled to Cuzco, the capital of the Inca Empire, signaling the conquest of Tawantinsuyu. Later he founded Lima, which became the capital of Peru under Spanish rule. STANFORD HISTORY EDUCATION GROUP SHEG.STANFORD.EDU (c) Slide 4: Meeting at Cajamarca. Atahualpa was traveling with his army to Cuzco to claim his position as emperor after his victory over Huáscar.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of the Incas by Brien Foerster
    A Brief History Of The Incas: From Rise, Through Reign, To Ruin Brien Foerster Copyright Brien Foerster 2011 Dedication This book is lovingly dedicated to Marjorie “Tippy” Fuchs, who along with her husband Dick were great supporters of my artistic endeavors for decades. Tippy died during the writing of this story, and she was a great supporter and benefactor of Native people and their culture wherever she traveled. I also want to thank my Mother, Ann, for her enduring love and support in everything that I have ever done or thought, Jim Gilbert, my surrogate uncle who fanned the embers of my early love of Native art, my father Darryl for his impeccable intellect and “old world” gentry qualities, and my blessed Irene for her amazing natural intelligence, warm heart, and wonderful infectious laughter. And finally, to the Inca themselves, whose true wisdom and wondrous accomplishments will not only withstand the tests of time, but will shine as beacons to future generations of how special humanity is as a creation of the divine source, the Sun beyond the sun. The main purpose of this book is to give an overview, concise yet thorough, of the origin of the Inca Civilization, its achievements and splendour, and the reasons why it was overtaken and destroyed by a relatively small group of Spanish soldiers of fortune. The majority of early written accounts of the history and culture of the Inca have been penned by people of European ( mainly Spanish ) origin, and Peruvian Native and/or Mestizo ( mixed blood ) who were heavily influenced, one might even say corrupted and censored, by the Spanish establishment; both church and state.
    [Show full text]