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Chad in Its Regional Environment: Political Alliances and Ad Hoc Military Coalitions LIBYA d Secur n ity a e S c e a r i e e s P FES LIBYA MAURITANIA MALI NIGER CHAD SUDAN NIGERIA CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CAMEROON Amandine Gnanguênon Chad in its Regional Environment: Political Alliances and ad hoc Military Coalitions LIBYA MAURITANIA MALI NIGER CHAD SUDAN NIGERIA CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CAMEROON LIBYA MAURITANIA MALI NIGER CHAD SUDAN NIGERIA CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CAMEROON Amandine Gnanguênon Chad in its Regional Environment: Political Alliances and ad hoc Military Coalitions About the author Amandine Gnanguênon holds a PhD in political science from the University of Auvergne. She is an Associate Research Fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations and the United Nations University Institute on Comparative Regional Integration Studies (UNU-CRIS). Previously, she was the Director of the War and Political reconstruction project. Dr Gnanguênon has been a researcher at the Institute of Security Studies (ISS) in Dakar as well as the French Embassy and has also headed the sub-Saharan Africa programme at the Institute for Strategic Research, Ministry for Armed Forces, France, (IRSEM). Imprint Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Peace and Security Competence Centre Sub-Saharan Africa Point E, boulevard de l’Est, Villa n°30 P.O. Box 15416 Dakar-Fann, Senegal Tel.: +221 33 859 20 02 Fax: +221 33 864 49 31 Email: [email protected] www.fes-pscc.org © Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 2021 Layout: Green Eyez Design SARL, www.greeneyezdesign.com ISBN : 978-2-490093-26-7 Commercial use of all media published by the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) is not permitted without the written consent of the FES. The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation. CONTENTS Acknowledgements 04 List of Acronyms 05 Summary 06 Introduction 08 I. A COUNTRY AT THE INTERSECTION OF VARIOUS SECURITY COMPLEXES 10 Chad, a Regional Space of Influence for Libya 10 Sudan, a Rear Base for Chadian Rebels 11 Chadian Intervention in the Central African Republic 12 Quelling the Threat from Boko Haram in the Lake Chad Basin 13 II. A FOREIGN POLICY SHAPED BY PRESIDENTIAL OPPORTUNISM 15 2010–2020: A Decade of Proactive Diplomacy 15 Claiming Regional Military Power Status 17 About-Turn on the Sahel and Positioning in West Africa 17 III. REGIONAL ORGANISATIONS: DRIVERS FOR ACTION IN CHAD 19 The Lake Chad Basin Commission 20 The Economic Community of Central African States 20 The G5 Sahel 21 The Community of Sahel-Saharan States 21 The Central African Economic and Monetary Community 22 IV. DRIVING FORCES BEHIND CHAd’S PaRTICIPATION IN REGIONAL MiliTARY COALITIONS 23 A Supply and Demand Approach to Security 23 Securing Chad’s Peripheral Areas 24 International Recognition and Support 24 V. THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC COST OF THE REGIONAL SECURITY POLICY 25 Conclusion 28 Bibliography 30 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication was made possible by the rigorous scientific research undertaken by the Friedrich- Ebert-Stiftung Peace and Security Centre of Competence Sub-Saharan Africa (FES PSCC). It aims to analyse the driving forces behind African regional coalitions with a view to better understanding the involvement of Chadian decision-makers in security and diplomacy at the regional level. FES PSCC would like to express its deep gratitude to Dr Amandine Gnanguênon, political analyst and expert on peace and security issues in West Africa and the Sahel, who drafted this publication in accordance with the guidelines set by FES. Mr Philipp Manfred Goldberg Director of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Peace and Security Centre of Competence Sub-Saharan Africa 4 LIST OF ACRONYMS ABN/NBA Niger Basin Authority ACIRC African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises APSA African Peace and Security Architecture ARP Regional police academy (Académie régionale de Police) AU African Union CAR Central African Republic CEMAC Central African Economic and Monetary Community CEN-SAD Community of Sahel-Saharan States CILSS Permanent Inter-State Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel CONOPS Concept of operations ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States FC-G5S G5 Sahel Joint Force FMTS Joint Border Force FOMUC Central African Multinational Force FROLINAT National Liberation Front of Chad HDI Human Development Index LCBC Lake Chad Basin Commission MICOPAX Mission for the Consolidation of Peace in Central African Republic MINUSCA United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic MINUSMA United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali MISCA African-led International Support Mission to the Central African Republic MISMA/AFISMA African-led International Support Mission to Mali MNJTF Multinational Joint Task Force MONUSCO United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the DR Congo NGO Non-Governmental Organisation OAU Organisation of African Unity OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference PSC Peace and Security Council REC Regional Economic Community 5 Amandine Gnanguênon | Chad in its Regional Environment: Political Alliances and ad hoc Military Coalitions SUMMARY Chad is faced with an unstable regional security Consequently, this study focuses on a subject environment. The chaos in Libya post-2011, that has not been widely addressed, namely the fall of President Omar al-Bashir in Sudan the way Chad has positioned itself as a regional in 2019, the ongoing instability in the Central player through a combination of political alli- African Republic (CAR) and the presence of ances and ad hoc military coalitions. Indeed, Boko Haram and its affiliates in the Lake Chad to tackle the security challenges at its borders, Basin are among the uncertainties Chad is grap- Chad has a wide range of options to choose pling with. However, in the space of a decade, from, including the collective security systems Idriss Déby has managed to turn the insecurity of the United Nations, the African Union (AU), at his borders into an asset. regional organisations and ad hoc coalitions. One of the questions this study aims to answer The deployments of the Chadian army in the is what factors have influenced Chad’s choice Central African Republic (2012-2014), Mali to become systematically involved in regional (since 2013) and the Lake Chad Basin (since military operations. 2015) are perhaps the best examples of how international military operations have served Chad’s interest in ad hoc coalitions, such as the personal ambitions of the Chadian presi- the Multinational Joint Task Force and the dent and his international stature. In the eyes G5 Sahel Joint Force (FC-G5 Sahel), can be of its overseas partners, the country is in a explained by three motivations: a supply-and- “strategic position” at the crossroads of North demand approach to security, a will to secure Africa, Central Africa and the Sahel. Its image the country’s peripheral areas, and a wish to as a poor, underpopulated and landlocked garner international recognition and support. country has been replaced by that of an indis- Idriss Déby has thus been able to capitalise on pensable ally in the fight against the spread a changing regional environment to achieve of the jihadist threat in West and Central his objectives: to protect his regime, block his Africa. Chad’s military interventions and dip- political opponents and create alliances with lomatic positioning stem from Idriss Déby’s neighbouring countries to make sure that a ability to take advantage of the support of his rear base is not set up for Chadian rebels. foreign partners, and especially his French ally. However, this military diplomacy is inseparable Although ad hoc coalitions are its preferred from the changes that have taken place in the tool, Chad also continues to rely on regional or- institutional security landscape over the last ganisations as tools for implementing its military ten years. Like other countries with regional diplomacy. This “forum shopping” approach ambitions, Chad bases its policy of influence has met with little criticism, particularly as the on two levers: the ability to deploy its army five organisations analysed in this study (LCBC, in a multinational framework and the use ECCAS, G5 Sahel, CEN-SAD and CEMAC) cover of proactive diplomacy to position itself in different geographical areas corresponding to regional and international forums. Chad’s strategic interests at the crossroads of North, West, and Central Africa. Ultimately, 6 Amandine Gnanguênon | Chad in its Regional Environment: Political Alliances and ad hoc Military Coalitions LIBYA NIGER NIGERIA SUDAN CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CAMEROON the conflicts and insecurity in Chad and its crisis, as decades of armed conflict, a focus on neighbouring countries have strengthened its the military and inadequate governance have political, diplomatic and military position. In the done nothing to reduce the risk of internal long term, the main threat to the stability of instability. the Chadian regime remains a national political 7 Amandine Gnanguênon | Chad in its Regional Environment: Political Alliances and ad hoc Military Coalitions IntRODUctIon On 11 August 2020, when Chad celebrated with Sudan in 2010, while the modus operandi the sixtieth anniversary of its independence, has remained unchanged, military interven- Idriss Déby was promoted to the rank of tions against armed groups (rebels, criminals Marshal, highlighting the fact that his military or jihadists) have taken the form of joint multi- achievements outside the country gave him national operations.
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