Palm Oil Developments 71 (December 2019) p. 4-12 MPOB’s Role in Sustaining Quality and Environmental Competitiveness of Malaysian Oleochemical Industry

Razmah Ghazali*; Noorazah Zolkarnain*; Mohd Azmil Mohd Noor*; Siti Afida Ishak*; Hajar Musa*; Fadzlina Abdullah*; Asma Liyana Shaari* and Nur Azmina Roslan*

INTRODUCTION economy, to manufacturing- based economy has prospered The Malaysian industry has experienced significant growth since the Malaysian oleochemical oil palm was first introduced into the country from West Africa in the late industry in the 1980s (NSTOnline, 1870s. In 2018, crude palm oil (CPO) and oil (PKO) production 2017). Since the beginning of the achieved 19.52 million tonnes and 2.30 million tonnes, respectively oleochemical industry in , (Kushairi et al., 2019). Palm oil is mostly consumed as food, while nearly the participation of foreign 20% are used for non-food applications. Despite the small size of non- investors has helped to form most food applications, this is an important area of application as most palm oil of the Malaysian oleochemical products have been converted into high value-added products. companies by contributing capital and technology (including captive With the successful development of the palm oil refining industry in the market for the products), and has 1980s, Malaysian entrepreneurs naturally look for further opportunities in thus secured strong foot-holds the downstream processing of palm oil. At that time, oleochemicals offered at the source of the renewable good profitability and had good demand, hence, the industry started raw materials (Choo, 2000). In blooming with the establishment of the first oleochemical plant in Penang addition, an ample supply of PKO (MOSTA, 2014). and palm oil has led to the further development of oleochemical industry in the country (MPOC, 2012). In the past, the technology joint ventures with local companies Oleochemical Industry available for oleochemicals due to the abundant supply of in Malaysia manufacturing was limited, e.g. raw materials and low production only one supplier of technology cost. In addition, the Malaysian Malaysia is currently one of the for a specific process. This situation government has been providing world's primary oleochemical no longer exists today because support such as incentives, e.g. producers and exporters, taking the oleochemical manufacturing through the Industrial Master Plan, advantage of its productivity, which recognised the oleochemical technology is superior and efficient innovations, and competitiveness industry as the potential growth compared to the technology used in palm oil-based products. There sector of the palm oil industry. in the 1980s (Qua, 2018). were various factors contributing The Second Industrial Master Plan to the rapid development of the (1996-2005) emphasised on the The industry is now one of Malaysian oleochemical industry. increase of production and export the world’s largest oleochemicals The most significant is the multi- of high value-added oleochemicals complex with a production capacity national companies’ involvement in to further develop the Malaysian of about 2.67 million tonnes palm oil industry. (MPOB, 2019a). For Malaysia, the * Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), oleochemical industry contributes 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, , Malaysia. The change in policy from the substantial additional revenue E-mail: [email protected] agriculture- and mining-based over the basic value of palm oil. In

4 MPOB’s Role in Sustaining Quality and Environmental Competitiveness of Malaysian Oleochemical Industry

2018, the export of oleochemical in 2017, the palm oil industry high revenue oleo derivatives products was 3.09 million tonnes, contributed significantly to the and occupying a larger share of worth RM19.119 billion (MPOB, Malaysian economy (Kushairi et oleochemical market. This is the 2019b). al., 2019). The industry, supported way forward for Malaysia since by government's strategic we can no longer expand oil palm China was the major export policies along with research and plantation due to land scarcity. market for the Malaysian development activities of the oleochemicals in 2018 with a Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), REACh and GLOBAL capacity of 0.53 million tonnes, has maintained steady growth CHEMICALS accounting for 17.2% of total over the years with the exciting RegISTRATIONS oleochemical exports. This is developments in the downstream followed by the EU of 0.44 million sector. The Malaysian government Malaysia, being a net exporter of tonnes or 14.2%, USA of 0.33 has taken initiative to launch the oleochemicals, has to keep abreast million tonnes or 10.7%, and Japan economic transformation plan with the new development on of 0.24 million tonnes or 7.9% in 2010 with the aim of turning regulations. In many countries (MPOB, 2019b). Malaysia into a high-income across the globe, chemical country by 2020. Under the Palm substances are required to be Principally, oleochemicals are Oil National Key Economic Area registered by manufacturers products obtained from the (NKEA), a total of eight Entry Point and importers. In the EU, all splitting of oils and fats, i.e. fatty Projects (EPPs) were introduced imported or manufactured chemical acids and glycerol (Kushairi et al., (ETP, 2011). EPP 6, which covers substances above a quantity of 2018). Besides fatty acids and a scope of developing high-value 1 t yr-1 are subjected to registration glycerol, oleochemicals also consist oleo derivatives and bio-based under the Registration, Evaluation, of derivatives from further chemical chemicals, will steer the production Authorisation and Restriction of or biological modification of fatty of value-added oleo derivatives Chemicals (REACh) regulation. acids’ carboxylic acid group, and from basic oleochemicals. This Similar registration requirements other compounds obtained from will also contribute to the growth and regulations also exist for the reactions of these derivatives. of the downstream market while other markets. In countries such Oleochemicals are often classified insulating the upstream segment as Canada, the United States, into basic oleochemicals such as from volatile commodity price Australia, Russia, Switzerland, fatty acids, fatty methyl esters, fatty shocks, as there is a worldwide Korea and China, notification is alcohols, fatty amines and glycerol, move from non-renewable fossil- also mandatory for new chemicals and their derivatives are attained based chemicals to renewable introduced in the market. from chemical modifications of resources-based chemicals. these basic oleochemicals (Metzger, The introduction of EU REACh, 2009; Yeong et al., 2012). Through The world has now witnessed a new European Community these various chemical reactions, the rise of green consumerism Regulation which commenced on thousands of products of different where the impulse to ‘go green’ 1 June 2007, dictates manufacturers properties could be derived and is clearly gaining momentum and importers to document applied to different fields such (Katie Young, 2018). In addition the safe production and use of as detergents, cosmetics and to population growth, increased their chemical substances by personal care, textile, plastics, environmental awareness and addressing both human health pharmaceuticals, etc. (Salmiah demand for eco-friendly products and environmental risks. REACh et al., 1998; Zulina et al., 2006; are also driving the development aims to protect human health and MPOB, 2010; Yeong et al., 2010; of today’s product. Nowadays, the the environment through earlier Hazimah et al., 2011; Rosnah et al., strategic direction of the industry is identification of the basic properties 2015; Zulina et al., 2017a; Zulina et to further develop downstream by of chemical substances. Basically, al., 2017b). adding value to basic oleochemicals, there is insufficient information focussing on market and technology about the substances on the market DRIVERS FOR driven R&D, maintaining the high that pose a threat to human health Oleochemical quality of products and increasing and the environment. Therefore, Downstream Activities manufacturing capacities and this is one of the main objectives export. It is expected more high- for commencement of the REACh With over 5.85 million hectares value oleochemical plants will come regulation to fill these information of oil palm planted area recorded into existence by 2020, producing gaps and enable industry to gain

5 Palm Oil Developments 71 easy access on hazards and risks has documentary evidence of REACh Regulation. The regulation of the substances. Subsequently, this. was introduced in 2013 with the the industry can identify and first registration deadline ended in implement the risk management The second registration 2015. It is a staggered process over measures to protect humans and deadline for 100-1000 t yr-1 10 years until 2023. the environment (EC, 2016). phase-in chemicals manufactured/ imported ended on 31 May 2013, In countries such as US, The first deadline for phase- while the final phase of ≤100 t yr-1 Canada, Switzerland and Russia, in substances, manufactured or chemicals manufactured/imported new chemical substances must imported ≥1000 t yr-1, was 2010, was on 31 May 2018. be notified in accordance with where the Malaysian oleochemical the respective country’s act or companies registered their products Substances that are not in any regulation, while Australia requires with the European Chemical of the above criteria are known manufacturer or importer of Agency (ECHA) through the as non-phase-in substances. substances to include a set on only representative. They were Basically, these substances have toxicological and ecotoxicological also involved in the Substance not been manufactured, placed data in the registration dossier Information Exchange Forum (SIEF) on the market or used in the EU (DH1, 2017). with the aim to obtain complete before 1 June 2008. Manufacturers dossier of the product particularly and importers of non-phase- As a result of this development, on impact to environment and in substance have to follow up it is imperative for Malaysia that human. Phase-in substance is a with ECHA for their registration MPOB, especially as the guardian chemical that falls in at least one of status, whether an application has of the Malaysian palm oil industry, the below criteria (HSE, 2017): already been submitted for the to act as a one-stop center for the R&D of oleochemicals and provide same substance, and subsequently testing facilities to help the industry 1. It is in the European Inventory register the substance before it can with the establishment of safety of Existing Commercial be manufactured or imported into and environmental information of Chemical Substances the EU. their products. (EINECS) list. 2. It was manufactured in China has also imposed MPOB’s Role IN the Community, or in the REACh-like regulation for chemical ENSURING THE countries acceding to the EU substances since 2010, known competitiveness on 1 January 1995 or 1 May as Provisions on Environmental of THE Malaysian 2004 or 1 January 2007, but Administration of New Chemical oleOchemical industry not placed on the market by Substances. This regulation the manufacturer or importer, requires companies to submit new Through the Advanced at least once in the 15 years chemical substance notification to Oleochemical Technology Division before the entry into force the Chemical Registration Centre (AOTD), MPOB has transformed of this Regulation, only if the of Ministry of Environmental the basic oleochemicals into manufacturer or importer has Protection irrespective of the multifunctional types of chemicals documentary evidence of annual tonnage. This regulation through a value-added and this. applies to chemicals other than the diversified strategy to take the 3. It was placed on the market approximately 45 000 substances lead in developing downstream in the Community, or in the listed in the Inventory of Existing oleochemicals in Malaysia. These countries acceding to the EU Chemical Substances Produced or activities have been identified as on 1 January 1995 or 1 May Imported in China (IECSC). The one of the new economic growth 2004 or 1 January 2007, scope of this notification covers areas of the country and have before the entry into force new substance on its own, in received government support. of this Regulation and was preparation or articles intended to The R&D efforts are geared considered as having been be released, and new substances at developing technologies to notified in accordance with used as ingredients or intermediates produce value-added derivatives the first indent of Article 8(1) for pesticides, veterinary drugs, from basic oleochemicals or to find of Directive 67/548/EEC but pharmaceuticals, food additives, more value-added uses. Derivatives does not meet the definition cosmetics, etc. (DHI, 2017). The or finished products usually provide of a polymer as set out in Korean chemicals regulation higher margin (20% on average) this Regulation, only if the (K-REACh) has tonnage-based than basic oleochemicals (7% on manufacturer or importer data requirements similar to the EU average), and thus by venturing

6 MPOB’s Role in Sustaining Quality and Environmental Competitiveness of Malaysian Oleochemical Industry

TABLE 1. LIST OF ANALYTICAL TESTING SERVICES

No. Analysis Methods Equipment 1. - Trace metals (Pb, Cu, Ni, Fe and As) AOCS Ca 18-79 Analyst 600 - Arsenic In-house method

2. Ash (%) MPOB p3.6:2004 Wet analysis

3. Cloud point (oC) AOCS Cc 6-25 (92) Wet analysis

4. Colour MPOB p4.1:2004 - Lovibond (ISO 17025 Accreditation) - Lovibond Tintometer - APHA - - Gadner MPOB c2.4:2004 - Heat stability

5. Density Instrument method Anton Paar DMA 5000M - Liquid (Instrument) MPOB p4.5:2004 Wet analysis - Pykonometer

6. Free fatty acid/acid value MPOB p2.5:2004 Wet analysis (ISO 17025 Accreditation) MPOB c2.7:2004

7. Gas chromatography In-house method GC - Agilent 6890 & - Cholesterol AOCS Ce 1-62 & Ce 2-66 Agilent 5890 - Fatty acid composition (FAC) In-house method (ISO 17025 Accreditation) AOCS Ce 2-66 & Ce 1f-96 - Partial glyceride MPOB p3.3:2004 - Trans fatty acid (TFA) - Triglyceride (Carbon Number)

8. Glycerol content ISO 2879 Wet analysis

9. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) In-house method Varian PL-GPC 50 Plus

10. HPLC - Antioxidants (TBHQ, BHA, BHT)* Vol 9, No 1 June’97 HPLC – Agilent 1100 Series - Diesel JAOCS,Vol 78, No. 5-2001 - Polyglycerol In-house method

11. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Instrument FTIR - Nicolet

12. Impurities (%) MPOB p2.2: 2004 Wet analysis

13. Iodine value AOCS Cd 1d-92 Wet analysis (ISO 17025 Accreditation)

14. Melting point (oC) Instrument Stuart - SMP30

15. Moisture (%) Instrument KF Mettler, DL 39 - Karl Fisher MPOB p2.1:2004 (P1) Wet analysis - Oven (ISO 17025 Accreditation) MPOB k1.2: 2004 - Hot plate

16. Oil content (%) MPOB k1.3:2004 Wet analysis

17. Peroxide value AOCS Cd 8b-90 Wet analysis

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18. Refractive index Instrument Instrument

19. Saponification value MPOB p3.1:2004 Wet analysis

20. Slip melting point (oC) AOCS Cc 3-25 Wet analysis (ISO 17025 Accreditation)

21. Titre (oC) MPOB p4.6:2004 Wet analysis - Fatty acids - - Soaps AOCS Tr 1a-64 (1997) - Palm oils

22. Total fatty matter (%) BS 1715 (1963) Wet analysis - Soaps BS 1715(1963) - Detergents MPOB p3.7:2004 - Palm oils

23. Unsaponifiable matter (%) AOCS Tk 1a-64 Wet analysis AOCS Ca 6a-40 AOCS Ca 6b-53

24. UV–VIS spectrophotometer MPOB p2.4:2004 Spectrophotometer - Anisidine value MPOB p2.6:2004 Perkin Elmer - Carotene MPOB p2.9:2004 Lambda 25 - DOBI (ISO 17025 Accreditation) MPOB p2.14:2004 - Specific extinction (233,269)

25. Partition coefficient OECD 117 HPLC

26. Water solubility OECD 105 HPLC

27. Surface tension OECD 115 Kruss K100MK3 Tensiometer 28. Viscosity (low viscosity) Instrument Digital reading viscometer LVDV-III + Ultra 29. Dissociation constant (pKa) Titration weak acid with base Eutech instrument

Note: * TBHQ - Tertiary butylhydroquinone; BHA - Butylated hydroxyanisole and BHT - Butylated hydroxytoluene. into downstream activities, the products. Oleochemicals are the With growing demand for exports earnings from oleochemical preferred choice for manufacturers environmentally safe products, derivatives or finished products are as they help companies or the Malaysian oleochemicals expected to increase dramatically producers to adhere to the REACh and finished products, which (PEMANDU, 2010). regulation and reduce their carbon depend largely on palm-based footprint (Frost and Sullivan, resources, are beginning to gain Oleochemicals offer substantial 2012). Moreover, these naturally consumer preference. In order advantages over petrochemicals due sourced chemicals guarantee a to meet the industry needs and to its renewability and sustainability. higher degree of product safety. comply with various regulations The REACh regulation is seen as Consequently, they are replacing introduced by importing countries the driver for the competitiveness petrochemicals for applications as commercialisation requirements of the oleochemicals market, which in consumer products such as of new products, the establishment has otherwise attained maturity. detergents and cosmetics. Their of R&D program and testing Manufacturers and consumers numerous benefits also contribute facilities for quality, environmental are now more aware of the to their expanding applications, and safety assessment of palm- environmental issues and choose ranging from personal care and based products are geared to to adopt sustainable chemicals plastics to detergents and soaps, rapid development, quality production and eco-friendly coatings, food and pharmaceuticals. assessment and verified validation

8 MPOB’s Role in Sustaining Quality and Environmental Competitiveness of Malaysian Oleochemical Industry of methods for quality control of Analytical Testing Services (ATS) Manual and Standard Operating palm oil and oleochemicals, and and Ecotoxicology Laboratories in Procedures. In order to guarantee evaluation of their environmental AOTD, MPOB. The successful set- the tests and results obtained performance and safety evaluation up of both laboratories marked an from the ATS Laboratories are via ecotoxicology, toxicology important milestone for MPOB, internationally recognised, AOTD and life cycle assessments. These as they enhances MPOB’s ability has implemented the ISO/IEC assessments are important to to deliver a complete package of 17025 quality management system. uphold the integrity of palm oil and R&D, and services in quality and It is the single most important oleochemical exports, and to assure ecotoxicology assessment of palm- standard for calibration and testing palm-based products are safe to based products within MPOB as laboratories, and is accepted human and environment. well as to the Malaysian palm oil and worldwide. The accreditation oleochemical industries. The main is voluntary and reviewed by REACh put accountability objectives of these laboratories a third party. The ISO/IEC to manufacturers to handle the are to provide vicinity for officers 17025-accredited laboratories have risks of chemicals hazards and to conduct R&D and method proved their technical competence to provide safety information development in the area of quality and are able to generate accurate on the substances. Non- control, environmental performance and precise test and/or calibration compliant chemical producers or and life cycle assessment of data. The most important objectives manufacturers will not be allowed palm-based products, establish are to ensure that the analytical to export into or trade their physico-chemical properties, as results issued by the laboratory chemicals in the European countries. well as to attest the environmental meet the needs and expectation Conducting the tests at the source friendliness of the products in terms of customers who require precision and accuracy of analysis, and to be of chemicals is more efficient and of biodegradability, ecotoxicity certified according to international cost saving. The rapid development and environmental impact of the standards. The ATS Laboratories of new palm-based chemicals and products. The combined effort of also serve as a reference laboratory products has increased the demand the analytical and environmental for the analysis of palm oil and for the above assessments so as to program will strengthen and oleochemicals when handling ensure their quality, environmental support the Malaysian palm oil and discrepant results or in cases of friendliness and safe use. oleochemical industry. dispute between buyer and seller in the trading of these products. Table RESEARCH AND SERVICES 1 lists the quality services provided DEVELOPMENT to the industry. List of recently The establishment of MS ISO/ offered analytical techniques is In order to meet the industry needs IEC 17025-accredited Analytical displayed in Table 2. and satisfy commercialisation Testing Services (ATS) Laboratories requirements of new products, and Organisation for Economic With the ISO/IEC 17025 the program on Analytical and Cooperation and Development accreditation and participations Environmental Assessment of palm- (OECD) Good Laboratory Practice in various cross-check programs, based products was established (GLP)-compliant Ecotoxicology as well as recognition from to develop and validate methods Laboratories enhances MPOB’s international and domestic for quality control of palm oil and ability to deliver a complete professional bodies like the oleochemicals, and evaluation of package of R&D and services in American Oil Chemists' Society their environmental performance quality, environmental and safety (AOCS), Department of Standards via life cycle and ecotoxicological assessment of palm-based products Malaysia and Malaysian Institute assessments. within MPOB as well as to the palm of Chemistry (IKM), the industry is oil and oleochemical industry. confident with the analysis results The program has resulted in produced by the laboratory. Besides the formulation of R&D projects Analytical Assessment the local industry, the services related to issues pertaining to are also being used by overseas the presence of contaminants The Analytical Testing Services companies. The request from these in oleochemical products, (ATS) Laboratories aims to provide companies reflects the confidence adulteration of edible oils, method the palm oil industry worldwide with and recognition of ATS Laboratory development for quality control accurate, prompt and independent capabilities in establishing the and environmental assessments of services according to procedures scientific data, which also enhances products, and the establishment of set in the Laboratory Quality the competency of MPOB services.

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TABLE 2. LIST OF RECENTLY OFFERED ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES TABLE 3. LIST OF ECOTOXICOLOGY TESTING SERVICES Analysis Method Equipment Test Methods Determination of volatile organic In-house Headspace compounds in polyurethane GC-MS Biodegradation OECD 301 D, (Journal of Oil Palm foams Closed Bottle Test Research, 27(3):273-281) OECD 301 F, Manometric Respirometry Test Determination of palm OECD 102 Melting Point/ DSC oleochemical thermal properties Melting Range Ecotoxicity OECD 201 – Freshwater algae, Gas chromatography-flame In-house GC-FID Growth Inhibition ionisation detection method for (Journal of the Test determination of 1,4-dioxane American Oil Chemists' OECD 203 – Fish, in palm-based fatty alcohol Society 91(7):1103-1110) Acute Toxicity Test ethoxylate

Determination of isopropyl In-house HPLC- p-toluenesulphonic acid ester in (MPOB TS No. 153, 2015) diode array Life Cycle Assessment cosmetic products detector

(DAD) Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an environmental management Bio-based content determination In-house Liquid of palm based polyols using (MPOB TS No. 183, 2019) Scintillation tool for assessing and optimising radiocarbon technique Counter the environmental quality of (LSC) a production system over the whole life cycle. The LCA involves collation and assessment of the inputs, outputs and the potential Ecotoxicology Assessment clinical health and environmental environmental burdens of a product safety are planned, performed, or a service throughout its life cycle. Apart from quality, the monitored, recorded, archived and The LCA is also used to measure the environmental, sustainability and reported. The system ensures the impact from materials and energy safety concerns are gaining generation of high quality and used and wastes released, and to importance in many areas. reliable test data. The principles identify and assess opportunities Substances to be registered of GLP are designed to harmonise for environmental improve-ments. under REACh will require a set testing procedures for the Mutual of ecotoxicology data, mainly Acceptance of Data (MAD). There is also a need to establish for handling purposes and for Through MAD, test data generated LCA for palm-based products determination of the risk posed according to OECD GLP in any to overcome all issues related to to humans and the environment member country shall be accepted sustainability and the environment. from all stages of a substance life in other member countries for The LCA evaluates the burdens cycle. The data can also be used for various purposes, including associated with a product’s life registration purposes, classification assessment and practices related cycle. These include impacts during and labelling of a chemical, to the protection of human health raw materials’ extraction, and hazard and risk assessment, pre- and the environment. Malaysia manufacturing, transportation, manufacturing or pre-marketing is one of the non-EU countries use and disposal or recovery of data to support approval of new that receives full adherent status the product after its service life. chemicals in commerce, etc. of MAD. Therefore, Malaysia will The LCA has become a tool for accept data from OECD countries decision makers, especially those In order for the data to be and vice versa (OECD, 2017). involved in policy. On the other accepted by EU countries, the tests hand, the industry can assess the must be conducted by OECD GLP- MPOB’s Ecotoxicology Labora- impacts of a product’s or process’s compliant test facilities. The OECD tories also offer several tests based life-cycle. This development is GLP is a quality system related to on the OECD test guidelines. The driven by three factors. First, a the organisational conditions and services offered to the industry by manufacturer is accountable for processes where studies on non- this laboratory are shown in Table 3. the burdens from the production

10 MPOB’s Role in Sustaining Quality and Environmental Competitiveness of Malaysian Oleochemical Industry of his products, including inputs, accommodate issues highlighted of-expertise/product-safety-and- usage, transportation and disposal. by the respective industry, in terms environmental-risk, accessed on 10 This is implemented through ‘life- of quality, environmental and October 2018. cycle accountability’. Second, safety concerns. The availability the initiatives to incorporate of these facilities has been made EC (European Commission) (2016). LCA and product stewardships known to the stakeholders through REACh. http://ec.europa.eu/ executed voluntarily are gaining publications, conferences, lectures, environment/chemicals/reach/ more involvement from business discussions, etc. The establishment reach_en.htm, accessed on 10 sectors. Third, environmental of Analytical Testing Services and October 2017. ‘preferability’ has been included as Ecotoxicology Laboratories marked a criterion in the end user markets an important milestone to MPOB ETP (Economic Transformation Program) (2011). Annual Report and government procurement as the availability of the laboratories 2011. http://etp.pemandu.gov. guidelines. All these factors have enhances its ability to deliver a my/annualreport2011/12_ positioned LCA as an important complete package of services in National_Key_Economic_Areas- tool for detecting cradle-to-gate quality, ecotoxicology and life cycle @-Palm_Oil.aspx, accessed on 9 impacts from both raw materials assessment of palm-based products October 2017. and the finished products. within MPOB as well as to the palm oil and oleochemical industry. The Frost and Sullivan (2012). To-date, several LCA studies on testing facilities helped to generate Oleochemicals to benefit from production of basic oleochemicals physico-chemical and quality data, demand for sustainable chemicals. and derivatives have been and evaluate the performance http://www.frost.com/prod/ completed and some are still in of oleochemicals and derivatives servlet/press-release. progress, including study on palm- in terms of biodegradability, pag?docid=270074624, accessed based polyol (Noorazah et al., ecotoxicity and environmental on 9 October 2017. 2015), methyl ester sulphonates impact of these products. (Noorazah et al., 2016), methyl Hazimah, A H; Kosheela Devi, P ester (Noorazah et al., 2017), fatty With the availability of P; Tuan Noor Maznee, T I; Mohd acids and glycerol. laboratories, facilities and expertise, Norhisham, S; Hoong, S S; Yeong, in addition to recognitions received S K; Salmiah, A and Ooi, T L As shown in Table 4, MPOB from local and international bodies, (2011). Palm-based polyols and provides the industry with LCA MPOB has now become a one- polyurethanes: Two decades of services for oleochemicals and oleo stop center to embark on quality experience. Oil Palm Bulletin, 63: derivatives through AOTD. and environmental issues on palm 33-42. oil and oleochemical products, thus TABLE 4. LIST OF LCA SERVICES supporting the industry to meet the HSE (Health and Safety Executive) challenges of global regulation. (2017). Glossary. http://www. hse.gov.uk/reach/definitions.htm, Test Methods accessed on 10 October 2017. LCA on the ISO 14040 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT production of fatty and 14044 Katie Young (2018). The rise of acids standards The authors would like to thank the green consumerism: What do Director-General of MPOB for his brands need to know? https:// LCA of methyl ester ISO 14040 permission to publish this paper. blog.globalwebindex.com/chart- production and 14044 standards of-the-week/green-consumerism/, REFERENCES accessed on 24 April 2019. LCA of methyl ester ISO 14040 Choo Yuen May (2000). Chemical sulphonates (MES) and 14044 Kushairi, A; Soh Kheang Loh; production standards industry in Malaysia with special. Azman, I; Elina Hishamuddin; Federation of Asian Chemical Meilina Ong-Abdullah; Zanal Bidin Societies (FACS) Newsletter. Mohd Noor Izuddin; Razmah, G; http://www.facs-as.org/a145.html, Shamala Sundram and Ghulam CONCLUSION accessed on 10 October 2018. Kadir Ahmad Parveez (2018). Oil palm economic performance in The laboratories and testing facilities DHI Group (2017). REACh and Malaysia and R&D progress in established in MPOB have been used global chemicals registration. 2017. J. Oil Palm Res., 30(2): 163- to cater the industries’ need and https://www.dhigroup.com/areas- 195.

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