Interaction of Trans-Retinol and 1,1-Diamino-2,2-Dinitroethylene (FOX-7)-A DFT Treatment

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Interaction of Trans-Retinol and 1,1-Diamino-2,2-Dinitroethylene (FOX-7)-A DFT Treatment To Chemistry Journal Vol 3 (2019) ISSN: 2581-7507 http://purkh.com/index.php/tochem Interaction of Trans-Retinol And 1,1-Diamino-2,2-Dinitroethylene (FOX-7)-A DFT Treatment Lemi Türker Middle East Technical University, Department of Chemistry Üniversiteler, Eskişehir Yolu No:1, 06800 Çankaya/Ankara, TURKEY [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: trans-Retinol is a highly conjugated molecule whose oxidized form trans-retinal has prime importance in the metabolism of vision. On the other hand, 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) is a pull-push type insensitive explosive material. The present study considers the interaction between trans-retinol and FOX-7 molecules at the level of B3LYP/6-31+G(d). Some structural, quantum chemical and spectral properties are obtained for the trans-retinol and FOX-7 composite. The calculations indicate that the mode of interaction in the composites of trans-retinol and FOX-7 in one hand and trans-retinal and FOX-7, on the other hand, is different. In the case of trans-retinol, possibly some orbital interactions happen with FOX-7 additionally. Keywords: Retinol, Vitamin A, FOX-7, DADNE, Explosive, DFT. 1. Introduction Retinol (Vitamin A) is a fat-soluble vitamin that belongs to a family of similarly shaped molecules, the retinoids, and occurs in several chemical forms, notably an aldehyde (retinal), alcohol (retinol), and an acid (retinoic acid). In foods of animal origin, the major form of vitamin A is an ester, primarily retinyl palmitate, which is converted to retinol. Precursors to the vitamin (provitamins) are present in foods of plant origin as some of the members of the carotenoid family of compounds [1]. It is readily available from a diversity of both plant and animal matter. Vitamin A is an essential human nutrient for normal metabolic functioning in both the embryo and the adult, including normal cell growth and development and vision [2]. In the metabolism of vision all-trans-retinol is converted to 11-cis-retinol[2]. Vitamin A actually refers to a family of similarly shaped molecules: The retinoids. The basic structure of the retinoid molecule consist of a cyclic end group, a polyene side chain, and a polar end group. The conjugated system formed by alternating C=C double bonds in the polyene side chain is responsible for the color of retinoids (typically yellow, orange, or red). Hence, many retinoids are chromophores. Alternation of side chains and end groups creates the various classes of retinoids [2]. The important part of vitamin A is the retinyl group, which can be found in several forms. CH3 CH3 H3C CH3 OH trans-Retinol CH3 The discovery of vitamin A stemmed from research dating back to 1906, indicating that factors other than carbohydrates, proteins, and fats were necessary to keep cattle healthy [3]. By 1917, one of these substances was independently discovered by Elmer McCollum at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Lafayette Mendel and Thomas Osborne at Yale University. Since "water-soluble factor B" (Vitamin B) had recently been discovered, the researchers chose the name "fat-soluble factor A" (vitamin A) [3]. Vitamin A was first synthesized, in 1947, by two Dutch chemists, David Adriaan van Dorp, and Jozef Ferdinand Arens. 85 To Chemistry Journal Vol 3 (2019) ISSN: 2581-7507 http://purkh.com/index.php/tochem FOX-7 (1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene, diaminodinitroethylene, DADNE) was synthesized in 1998 by researchers of the Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI) [4,5]. Since then, its explosive potential has been thoroughly investigated [6-20]. FOX-7 is a novel high-energy insensitive material which possesses good thermal stability and low sensitivity. It exhibits excellent application performance among the known insensitive ammunitions and solid propellants. FOX-7, although its structure and molecular composition are simple, exhibits abundant and surprising chemical reactivity (including coordination reactions, nucleophilic substitutions, electrophilic addition reactions, acetylate reactions, oxidizing and reduction reactions, etc., [21,22]). It is due to the presence of amino and nitro groups in its structure. 2. Method of Calculations Initially, MM2 method was employed for the structure optimizations leading to energy minima. Then, semi- empirical PM3 self-consistent fields molecular orbital (SCF MO) method [23,24] at the restricted level [25,26] was used. Subsequent optimizations were achieved at Hartree-Fock level by using various basis sets. Then, the optimizations were managed within the framework of density functional theory (DFT) using B3LYP functional [27,28] at the level of B3LYP/6-31+G(d). The exchange term of B3LYP consists of hybrid Hartree–Fock and local spin density (LSD) exchange functions with Becke’s gradient correlation to LSD exchange [28,29]. The correlation term of B3LYP consists of the Vosko, Wilk, Nusair (VWN3) local correlation functional [30] and Lee, Yang, Parr (LYP) correlation correction functional [31]. Also, the vibrational analyses were done at the same level of calculations employed for the optimizations. The total electronic energies (E) are corrected for the zero point vibrational energy (ZPE) to yield Ec values. The normal mode analysis for each structure yielded no imaginary frequencies for the 3N−6 vibrational degrees of freedom, where N is the number of atoms in the system. This indicates that the structure of each molecule corresponds to at least a local minimum on the potential energy surface. All these calculations were done by using the Spartan 06 package program [32]. 3. Results and Discussion FOX-7 molecule has electron donor amino groups and electron acceptor nitro groups oriented in such a way that a pull-push type system arises. It has a dipole moment of 8.66 D (calc.). On the other hand, trans-retinol possesses an endocyclic double bond but four trans double bonds constituting highly conjugated molecular system. The three methyl groups along the conjugated path are inductively electron donors. Note that endocyclic double bond may also be in conjugation with the unsaturated side moiety. When FOX-7 and trans-retinol systems are in the vicinity of each other, main factors of interaction might be charge-charge, dipole-dipole, charge-dipole even the orbital interactions. Figure 1 shows the systems considered presently. The notation, trans-retinol+FOX-7, stands for the composite system of trans-retinol and FOX-7. The figure also displays the direction of the dipole moment vectors. In the composite, the positive tail of the dipole moment vector resides on the retinol moiety, and the head aims at FOX-7. Thus, indicating the donor and acceptor components. FOX-7 86 To Chemistry Journal Vol 3 (2019) ISSN: 2581-7507 http://purkh.com/index.php/tochem trans-Retinol trans-Retinol+FOX-7 Figure 1. Optimized structures of the chemical systems considered (from different angles of view). As seen in the figure, the NO2 groups of FOX-7 molecule prefer to orient themselves nearby the carbinol part of the retinol system. Possibly, a hydrogen bonding forms. The shortest distance between O-H and NO2 oxygen is 2.078 Å. Figure 2 shows the calculated bond lengths of the optimized structures considered. The bond lengths of the composite system (trans-retinol+FOX-7) are different from the respective bond lengths of each component. Figure 3 shows the charges (ESP) on the atoms of the species considered (Hydrogens not shown). Note that ESP charges are obtained by the program based on a numerical method that generates charges that reproduce the electrostatic field from the entire wave function [32]. As seen in Figure 3, the charges on the respective atoms of each component are different from they are in the composite. Figure 4 shows the calculated IR spectra of the systems considered. As seen in the figure, the spectrum of the composite differs from the spectrums of the components in terms of positions and intensities of the peaks as well as some missing and additional peaks. FOX-7 87 To Chemistry Journal Vol 3 (2019) ISSN: 2581-7507 http://purkh.com/index.php/tochem trans-Retinol trans-Retinol +FOX Figure 2. Calculated bond lengths of the optimized structures considered (Hydrogens not shown). FOX-7 trans-Retinol 88 To Chemistry Journal Vol 3 (2019) ISSN: 2581-7507 http://purkh.com/index.php/tochem trans-Retinol+FOX-7 Figure 3. ESP charges on the atoms of the spcies considered (Hydrogens not shown). FOX-7 trans-Retinol trans-Retinol+FOX-7 Figure 4. Calculated IR spectra of the species considered. 89 To Chemistry Journal Vol 3 (2019) ISSN: 2581-7507 http://purkh.com/index.php/tochem Table 1 shows various energies of the systems considered where E, ZPE, and Ec stand for the total electronic energy, zero point vibrational energy and ZPE corrected total electronic energy, respectively. Table 1.Various energies of the systems considered. System E ZPE Ec FOX-7 -1570947.81 241.57 -1570706.24 trans-Retinol -2245823.53 1191.68 -2244631.85 trans-Retinol+FOX-7 -3816795.88 1438.46 -3815357.42 Energies in kJ/mol. Note that the sum of Ec values of FOX-7 and trans-retinol is -3815338.08 kJ/mol., whereas the respective value of the composite is -3815357.42 kJ/mol., which indicates that some stabilization exists in forming the composite system. On the other hand, using the information included in Table 2, ΔG˚reac for the composite formation is +47.95528 kJ/mol. Thermodynamically the composite formation is not favorable (at the standard conditions) which might be due to the unfavorable entropy change (-237 J/mol) accompanying the composite formation. System Hº (kJ/mol.) Sº (J/molº) Gº (kJ/mol.) FOX-7 -1570696.349 373.83 -1570807.808 trans-Retinol -2244597.167 589.24 -2244772.851 trans-Retinol+FOX-7 -3815316.229 726.07 -3815532.703 Figure 5 displays the UV-VIS spectra (time-dependent DFT) of the systems considered.
Recommended publications
  • Wise Traditions
    NUTRIENT-DENSE FOODS TRADITIONAL FATS LACTO-FERMENTATION BROTH IS BEAUTIFUL Wise $12 US THE WESTON A. PRICE FOUNDatION® Traditions THERAPIES NURTURING PARENTING PREPARED FARMING NON-TOXIC LABELING IN TRUTH ALERT! SOY for WiseTraditions Non Profit Org. IN FOOD, FARMING AND THE HEALING ARTS U.S. Postage Education Research Activism PAID #106-380 4200 WISCONSIN AVENUE, NW Suburban, MD Wise WASHINGTON, DC 20016 Permit 4889 Traditions IN FOOD, FARMING AND THE HEALING ARTS Volume 16 Number 1 Spring 2015 Spring 2015 ® HE ESTON RICE OUNDatION T W A. P F for WiseTraditions IN FOOD, FARMING AND THE HEALING ARTS Education Research Activism Volume NUTRIENT DENSE FOODS TRADITIONAL FATS LACTO-FERMENTATION BROTH IS BEAUTIFUL A CAMPAIGN FOR REAL MILK TRUTH IN LABELING 16 PREPARED PARENTING SOY ALERT! LIFE-GIVING WATER Number Cleansing Myths and Dangers Toxicity and Chronic Illness Gentle Detoxification NON-TOXIC FARMING PASTURE-FED LIVESTOCK NURTURING THERAPIES Great Nutrition Pioneers COMMUNITY SUPPORTED AGRICULTURE 1 The Fats on MyPlate Cooking with Blood A PUBLICatION OF THE WESTON A. PRICE FOUNDatION® You teach, you teach, you teach! Education Research Activism Last words of Dr. Weston A. Price, January 23, 1948 www.westonaprice.org COMMUNITY SUPPORTED AGRICULTURE LIFE-GIVING LIVESTOCK WATER FOR REAL MILK PASTURE-FED A CAMPAIGN Printed on Recycled Offset Printed with soy ink - an appropriate use of soy TECHNOLOGY AS SERVANT SCIENCE AS COUNSELOR KNOWLEDGE AS GUIDE 150123_cover.indd 1 3/24/15 7:07 AM WiseTraditions THE WESTON A. PRICE Upcoming Events IN FOOD, FARMING AND THE HEALING ARTS ® Volume16 Number 1 FOUNDatION Spring 2015 Education Research Activism 2015 EDITORS Sally Fallon Morell, MA The Weston A.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Vitamin a Status and Its Catabolism in the Regulation of Glucose and Lipid Homeostasis in Rats Under Physiological and Disease Conditions
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2014 Role of vitamin A status and its catabolism in the regulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis in rats under physiological and disease conditions Yang Li University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Molecular, Genetic, and Biochemical Nutrition Commons Recommended Citation Li, Yang, "Role of vitamin A status and its catabolism in the regulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis in rats under physiological and disease conditions. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2014. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3150 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Yang Li entitled "Role of vitamin A status and its catabolism in the regulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis in rats under physiological and disease conditions." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Nutritional Sciences. Guoxun Chen, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Jay Whelan, Ling Zhao, Michael Karlstad Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R.
    [Show full text]
  • 4:30 P. M. Thursday 16 April 1936 Yaleuniversity We Are Gathered
    MEMORIAL EXERCISES IN HONOR OF LAFAYETTE BENEDICT MENDEL Sterling Professor of Physiological Chemistry Born 5 February 1872 Died 9 December 1935 Speakers PRESIDENT JAMES ROWLAND ANGELL, Presiding RUSSELL HENRY CHITTENDEN FREDERIC COLLIN WALCOTT PHOEBUS AARON LEVENE 4:30 P. M. Thursday 16 April 1936 Strathcona Hall Yale University We are gathered here to pay our tribute of admiration and respect to Lafayette Benedict Mendel, who died on December 9th last. During his long years of faithful service in this University, he endeared himself to hundreds of students who owe to him the inspiration of intellectual leadership and the severe discipline given by a learned and accurate scholar. His striking accomplishments in a relatively new field put him early in the front rank of American scientists and his entire career reflected lustre upon his Alma Mater, whom he served so devotedly. We are fortunate in having here to refresh our memories of our friend, Dr. Russell Henry Chittenden, Director-emeritus of the Sheffield Scientific School, who was Dr. Mendel's first teacher and for many years his colleague; the Honorable Frederic C. Walcott, YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, VOL. 8, NO. 6 560 YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE formerly member of the United States Senate and now Commis- sioner of Welfare in Connecticut, who was a classmate; and Dr. Phoebus A. Levene of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, for many years an intimate friend. Forty-five years ago there appeared in my laboratory a young man desirous of beginning the study of physiological chemistry. He came with a letter of introduction from the then Dean of Yale College, Henry P.
    [Show full text]
  • IOWNER of PROPERTY NAME Trumbull Associates, Mr
    Form No. 10-300 (Rev. 10-74) UN1TI-D SI A IKS UhPART MHTWOF THt. INTERIOR. FOR NFS USE ONLY NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES RECEIVED INVENTORY « NOMINATION FORM DATE ENTERED SEE INSTRUCTIONS IN HOWTO COMPLETE NATIONAL REGISTER FORMS ____________TYPE ALL ENTRIES - COMPLETE APPLICABLE SECTIONS______ NAME HISTORIC Lafayette B. Mendel House AND/OR COMMON 18 Trumbull Street [LOCATION STREET & NUMBER 18 Trumbull Street —NOT FOR PUBLICATION CITY, TOWN CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT New Haven — VICINITY OF 3rd STATE CODE COUNTY CODE Connecticut 09 New Haven 009 UCLASSIFICATION CATEGORY OWNERSHIP STATUS PRESENTUSE -^DISTRICT —PUBLIC X-OCCUPIED —AGRICULTURE —MUSEUM X-BUILDING(S) ^PRIVATE —UNOCCUPIED XX_cOMMERCIAL — PARK —STRUCTURE —BOTH —WORK IN PROGRESS —EDUCATIONAL —PRIVATE RESIDENCE —SITE PUBLIC ACQUISITION ACCESSIBLE —ENTERTAINMENT — RELIGIOUS —OBJECT —IN PROCESS KXYES: RESTRICTED —GOVERNMENT -.-SCIENTIFIC _ -BEING CONSIDERED _YES UNRESTRICTED ^.INDUSTRIAL —TRANSPORTATION _NO —MILITARY —OTHER IOWNER OF PROPERTY NAME Trumbull Associates, Mr. Geoffrey A. Hecht (6/20/78) Eighteen -Trumtrolrlr -Street -InGQgpcreat&d r -Me ^ -Enank -Movar-o ,. -PrestdeHt STREET & NUMBER 18 Trumbull Street CITY. TOWN STATE New Haven VICINITY OF Connecticut LOCATION OF LEGAL DESCRIPTION COURTHOUSE, REGISTRY OF DEEDS, ETC Q£ STREETS NUMBER . Orange Street CITY, TOWN STATE New Haven Connecticut REPRESENTATION IN EXISTING SURVEYS TITLE None DATE — FEDERAL -STATE __COUNTY .. .LOCAL DEPOSITORY FOR SURVEY RECORDS CITY, TOWN DESCRIPTION CONDITION CHECK ONE CHECK ONE ^EXCELLENT —DETERIORATED XX UNALTERED ^ORIGINAL SITE _GOOD Restored —RUINS —ALTERED —MOVED DATE. -FA1R xT~Unrestored -UNEXPOSED DESCRIBE THE PRESENT AND ORIGINAL (IF KNOWN) PHYSICAL APPEARANCE Eighteen Trumbull Street, the Lafayette B. Mendel House, is located in New Haven, Connecticut. The house is a two-and-one-half story brick building.
    [Show full text]
  • “FOOD, YOUR FRIEND OR FOE” an Inaugural Lecture
    UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT “FOOD, YOUR FRIEND OR FOE” An Inaugural Lecture By Professor (Mrs) Joyce Oronne Akaninwor BSc. MSc. (UNIBEN), PhD (UNIPORT), FHNR Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science INAUGURAL LECTURE SERIES NO. 131 28TH April, 2016. i DEDICATION I dedicate this inaugural lecture to: The Almighty, Omnipresent and Omniscient God. My Parents, Late Ven. S. Y. Chukuigwe (Rtd) and Matron I. C. Chukuigwe (Rtd). My darling husband, Late Sir N.N. Akaninwor, loving children: Buduka, Chinwe, Habinuchi, Manuchimso, Akpenuchi and grandchild, Maxwell Manuchimso Ndy Wenenda. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Vice Chancellor Sir, permit me to appreciate and acknowledge those that made this day of my academic outing possible. First, I acknowledge my darling, amiable and charming husband, Late Sir N.N. Akaninwor for the privilege and support he gave me to work and study at the same time, irrespective of certain deprivations he must have experienced due to useful time I spent on academic work at the expense of family chores. My thanks go to my beloved children, Buduka, Chinwe, Habinuchi, Manuchimso and Akpenuchi who have always been my succour in times of tribulations as I was bearing and nurturing them alongside my studies and work; a task that was not very easy for all of us in all ramifications. My tribute goes to my Parents, Late Ven. S. Y. Chukuigwe (Rtd) and Matron I. C. Chukuigwe (Rtd) who made sure I was educated even when a girl-child education was not of priority, as well as my aunt, Chief (Dame) Eunice Igwe and her late husband, Sir I. Elechi Igwe, who nurtured me to what I am prior to my marriage; they were all indeed, my role models.
    [Show full text]
  • Retinoid Signaling Is a Context-Dependent Regulator of Embryonic Stem Cells
    3 Retinoid Signaling is a Context-Dependent Regulator of Embryonic Stem Cells Zoltan Simandi and Laszlo Nagy University of Debrecen Hungary 1. Introduction Although the beneficial effect of certain foods, such as liver, egg or carrot is known from ancient remedies, one of the common active substances, called Vitamin A, was not identified until 1913, when it has been independently discovered by Elmer McCollum at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and Lafayette Mendel and Thomas Burr Osborne at Yale University. Since then numerous studies have come to light documenting the effect of vitamin A on the health of the individual from birth to adult age. Hale has demonstrated among the first that deprivation of vitamin A during pregnancy induces congenital ocular malformation (Hale, 1933). Wilson and Warkany later described several other congenital malformations that occurred in fetuses from vitamin A-deficient (VAD) rats affecting the genito-urinary tract, heart and great vessels, ocular and respiratory system (Wilson and Warkany 1947; Wilson and Warkany 1950; Warkany 1954). In 1968 Saunders and Gasseling have shown that grafting a posterior margin zone (called zone of polarizing activity, ZPA) of a chick embryo limb bud to the anterior side is able to induce an extra set of limb structures (Saunders 1968). It suggested that the ZPA region contains a diffusible morphogen. Surprisingly, retinoic acid (RA), a derivative of vitamin A, has been found to have the same effect on the anterior side of the bud (Tickle, Alberts et al. 1982). There was a doubt that retinoic acid is responsible in vivo for the phenomenon, but in 1987 Thaller and Eichele demonstrated the graded distribution of endogenous retinoic acid from posterior to anterior in the limb bud (Thaller and Eichele 1987).
    [Show full text]
  • Drug Discovery: a History
    ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________ Drug Discovery A History Walter Sneader School of Pharmacy University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________ Drug Discovery ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________ Drug Discovery A History Walter Sneader School of Pharmacy University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK Copyright u 2005 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected] All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to [email protected], or faxed to (+44) 1243
    [Show full text]
  • The Vitamin a Story Lifting the Shadow of Death the Vitamin a Story – Lifting the Shadow of Death World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics
    World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics Editor: B. Koletzko Vol. 104 R.D. Semba The Vitamin A Story Lifting the Shadow of Death The Vitamin A Story – Lifting the Shadow of Death World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics Vol. 104 Series Editor Berthold Koletzko Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany Richard D. Semba The Vitamin A Story Lifting the Shadow of Death 41 figures, 2 in color and 9 tables, 2012 Basel · Freiburg · Paris · London · New York · New Delhi · Bangkok · Beijing · Tokyo · Kuala Lumpur · Singapore · Sydney Dr. Richard D. Semba The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Md., USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Semba, Richard D. The vitamin A story : lifting the shadow of death / Richard D. Semba. p. ; cm. -- (World review of nutrition and dietetics, ISSN 0084-2230 ; v. 104) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-318-02188-2 (hard cover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-3-318-02189-9 (e-ISBN) I. Title. II. Series: World review of nutrition and dietetics ; v. 104. 0084-2230 [DNLM: 1. Vitamin A Deficiency--history. 2. History, 19th Century. 3. Night Blindness--history. 4. Vitamin A--therapeutic use. W1 WO898 v.104 2012 / WD 110] 613.2'86--dc23 2012022410 Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents® and PubMed/MEDLINE. Disclaimer. The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vitamin a and Mortality Paradigm: Past, Present, and Future by Richard D
    REVIEW ARTICLE Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition/Naringsforskning Vol45:46-50, 2001 The vitamin A and mortality paradigm: past, present, and future By Richard D. Semba ABSTRACT Vitamin A deficiency contributes to the morbidity and mortality from some infectious diseases. Empirical observations and trials from the early twentieth century led to the paradigm that improvement of vitamin A status could reduce morbidity and mortality among women and children. Many seminal observations of vitamin A deficiency and infection were made in Scandinavia. International organizations in the 1930s and 1940s emphasized adequate vitamin A status to prevent morbidity and mortality. With improvement of nutrition and hygiene in Europe and the United States, vitamin A deficiency largely disappeared, and attention later turned towards developing countries. Over one hundred clinical trials have addressed the impact of vitamin A on infectious disease morbidity and mortality and show that adequate vitamin A status is important in measles and diarrheal disease but not in non-measles pneumonia. Current studies extend investigations of the role of vitamin A to malaria, tuberculosis, and human immuno- deficiency virus infection. Key words: Immunity, infection, morbidity, mortality, vitamin A introduction failure, even though the active agents were not named, isolated, Vitamin A deficiency is a major public health problem in at least and synthesized until hundreds of years later. Other parallels can sixty developing countries worldwide, and an estimated 253 be made with the early use of lemons and oranges for scurvy in million preschool children are affected by vitamin A deficiency the centuries prior to the vitamin hypothesis. Several physicians (1). Pregnant women and women of childbearing age also claimed to have "discovered" that cod-liver oil reduced mor- constitute a high risk group for vitamin A deficiency in develop- tality, and many disputes arose about the priority of this claim.
    [Show full text]
  • Mike Sutton Bites Into the Life of Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, the Biochemist Credited with Discovering Vitamins GRAHAM FOWELL GRAHAM
    Historical profile A nutritional revolution Mike Sutton bites into the life of Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, the biochemist credited with discovering vitamins GRAHAM FOWELL GRAHAM 56 | Chemistry World | December 2011 www.chemistryworld.org A century ago, the basic facts of Anne Stevens. (They had three human nutrition seemed clear. Most children, one of whom was the noted scientists agreed that we required archaeologist Jacquetta Hawkes.) nothing more than a sufficient supply The lectureship was poorly paid, of carbohydrate, fat, protein and and to support his family Hopkins water, plus traces of a few mineral also taught medical students basic salts. Physicians were aware of anatomy and physiology. Somehow several diseases which we now know he found time to publish more to be caused by vitamin deficiency, research, and in 1905 he was elected and a few scientists had already a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1910 suggested that these conditions prolonged overworking caused his were diet related. But their causes health to break down, and while he remained unclear, and the word was convalescing, Trinity College vitamin had yet to be coined. offered him a fellowship which Today, deficiency diseases are allowed him to reduce his teaching retreating in the developing world commitments considerably. In and are rarely seen in prosperous 1914 Hopkins became Cambridge’s nations. To prevent them, extra first professor of biochemistry, vitamins are routinely added to though the first world war soon basic foods such as bread, milk and marginalised his academic research margarine, while the production as government sponsored work and marketing of vitamin-based relating to nutrition and rationing dietary supplements is a huge took priority.
    [Show full text]
  • Russell Henry Chittenden - Wikipedia
    Russell Henry Chittenden - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Henry_Chittenden Russell Henry Chittenden (18 February 1856 – 26 Russell Henry Chittenden December 1943) was an American physiological chemist. He conducted pioneering research in the biochemistry of digestion and nutrition. Early life and education Career Publications References Sources External links Born February 18, 1856 New Haven, He was born in New Haven, Connecticut in 1856, graduated Connecticut from the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale in 1875, studied Died December 26, 1943 in Heidelberg in 1878-79, and received his doctorate at Yale (aged 87) in physiological chemistry in 1880. He was of English New Haven, ancestry, his first ancestor in America being Major William Connecticut Chittenden, an officer in the English army, who, having resigned, came to America from Cranbrook, Kent, with his Scientific career wife, Joanne Sheaffe, in 1639, and settled in Guilford Fields Chemistry Connecticut. Ancestors of the professor on both his father's Institutions Yale University [1] and his mother's side fought in the Revolutionary War. Columbia University United States National Research Council He was professor of physiological chemistry at Yale from Doctoral Wilhelm Kühne 1882 to 1922. He was director of the Sheffield Scientific advisor School from 1898-1922. He was also professor of physiology at the Yale School of Medicine starting in 1900. Doctoral Lafayette Mendel From 1898 to 1903 he was also a lecturer on physiological students chemistry at Columbia University, New York. He was a founding member of the American Physiological Society in 1887 and served as its president from 1895 to 1904.[2] He was a member of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitative Assessment of Vitamins a and E in Some Selected Edible Oils in Igbesa, Ogun State, Nigeria Madu, A
    International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemistry (IJSRCH) | Online ISSN: 2456-8457 © 2018 IJSRCH | Volume 3 | Issue 2 Quantitative Assessment of Vitamins A and E in some selected edible oils in Igbesa, Ogun State, Nigeria Madu, A. N.1, Agbasi2, U. M, Hassan. O.A. 3 1,2Industrial Chemistry Department, Crawford University Faith City Igbesa Ogun State Nigeria 3Department of Science Lab. Technology Imo State Polytechnic. Umuagwo, Nigeria ABSTRACT The Quantitative Assessment of Vitamins A and E in some selected edible oils in Igbesa, Ogun State, Nigeria has been successfully conducted with the intent to identify the extent to which both local and foreign manufacturers respond to the demand that they fortify vegetable oils with Vitamins A and E. These vitamins are usually lost as a result of processing and refining. The locally produced vegetable oils A, B and C gave low values of Vitamin A; 1.15 μg/100 mg, 1.45 μg/100 mg and 1.90 μg/100 mg while the foreign vegetable oils gave higher values; 3.40 μg/100 mg, 3.42 μg/100 mg and 3.50 μg/100 mg. In the same vein, the locally produced vegetable oils also gave lower values of Vitamin E; 0.0215 μg/100 mg, 0.0230 μg/100 mg and 0.0380 μg/100 mg whereas the foreign vegetable oil samples gave higher values as 0.0389 μg/100 mg, 0.0396 μg/100 mg and 0.0455 μg/100 mg. These results evidently shows that most local vegetable oil producers do not want to border about underwriting the cost of fortifying their vegetable oil products and nobody seem to be worried over that.
    [Show full text]