. Weekly

Operational Preview

August 08, 2021

Prepared by:

Risk Analysis Team, Libya

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1 202 1 © Table of Contents

Outlook ...... 3 Short Term Outlook ...... 3 Medium to Long Term Outlook ...... 3 Executive Summary ...... 3 Political Developments ...... 3 Military Developments ...... 4 Security Developments ...... 4 Coronavirus ...... 4 Oil & Gas Developments ...... 5 Threat Matrix ...... 5 Key Dates ...... 5 Assessment ...... 6 Political Developments ...... 6 Military Developments ...... 6 Security Developments ...... 6 Coronavirus ...... 7 Coronavirus ...... 7 Regional Assessment ...... 7 Region ...... 7 Region ...... 8 Fezzan Region ...... 9 Offshore ...... 10 Acronym List ...... 11 GardaWorld ...... 12 Information Services ...... 12 Global Leader in Comprehensive Security and Risk Management...... 12

This is an abridged version of the GardaWorld Weekly Libya Operational report. To subscribe to our full report or to request a quote for security services in Libya please contact Nicholas Bennett, Regional Director, Libya.

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1 202 2 © Outlook

Short Term Outlook

▪ Political progress is slowing as enduring divisions surface within the Libyan political scene. The proposed December elections are looking increasingly at risk after the LPDF failed to come to a consensus at the start of July. The UN-backed process is beginning to show signs of fracturing as the pressure builds. With tensions flaring, efforts to find a consensus have become more difficult. ▪ Cases of COVID-19 have begun increasing significantly in Libya, likely driven by the introduction of the Delta variant. As a result, the border with has been closed and curfews and lockdowns are now in use. Medical infrastructure in Tripolitania and Fezzan are coming under increasing strain as the number of cases increase. Efforts to accelerate the vaccine campaign in areas with higher caseloads are ongoing while additional oxygen supplies have been secured to create a national stockpile. ▪ Crime (including carjackings, armed robberies, murders, and kidnappings) remains common in many areas of the country with perpetrators exploiting local gaps in security to carry out attacks. Crime reporting remains high across all regions.

Medium to Long Term Outlook

▪ Enduring divisions are resurfacing, threatening the progress seen in the first half of 2021 when a new united government was installed. The UN process and Berlin outcomes are beginning to unravel which is leaving space for other external actors to increase their influence, furthering their own agendas. The UN is likely to come under increasing pressure to get the political process back on track in a bid to keep the December elections a realistic prospect however, various compromises will be needed. ▪ Islamic State continues to suffer attrition in Libya and remains mostly dormant from an operational perspective. However, political fragility will continue to present conditions in which the group could begin to reconstitute some of its capability, and it retains a presence in the country. Increasing political unity could prove a motivating factor for the group to try and destabilize Libya as it tries to move towards scheduled elections in December. Other terrorist factions also remain active with some representing a kidnap threat, especially in more remote areas, while some have exploited the last conflict with the LNA to embed themselves within security forces in . Executive Summary

Political Developments

▪ The Libyan Political Dialogue Forum (LPDF) Bridging Proposals Committee (BPC) has been unable to progress the issue of the constitution after four meetings. They have submitted the four proposals back to the full LPDF which is now expected to meet and vote on August 11. The issue of the constitution had been passed to the LPDF which was supposed to act as a “fail-safe” after the House of Representatives (HoR) and the High Council of State (HCS) were unable to come to a consensus. ▪ This week, the HoR failed to vote on the election law drafted by one of their committees in Rome at the end of July. The issue has been postponed until the next HoR session where the issue will be debated again. The HoR has threatened to take a unilateral decision on the issue, excluding the HCS. This is a parallel track that emerged mid-July as the LPDF process began to lose traction and unravel.

▪ The budget remains unapproved, however, there is some optimism growing around the issue after the Government of National Unity (GNU) resubmitted a new draft which included a substantial sum for the Libyan National Army (LNA). Although it also had large sums for some of the Tripoli militia

Proprietary groups which have already caused tensions with the east. In another positive development, the

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1 202 3 © speaker of the HoR, Aquila Saleh, instructed the prime minister to use the 1/12 method of the budget law, freeing up some funding for the government. ▪ The High National Elections Commission (HNEC) has extended voter registration until August 17 after the process began to gain traction after a slow start. The Libyan diaspora will be able to start registering from August 18 via a link on the HNEC website. Over 2.7 million people out of around 4.4 million eligible voters have been registered so far. ▪ Prime Minister (GNU) Abdulhamid Dbeibah conducted another high-level visit to Istanbul this week meeting with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Reports indicate that President Erdoğan is now planning on visiting Tripoli in October. The last visit by Erdoğan took place in 2011 when the National Transition Council was in power and clashes were ongoing with Gadhafi loyalists. He was on a regional tour at the time which took him to Tunisia and , both countries where political Islam was taking hold. His visit in October will find a notably different set of dynamics in Libya, as well its neighbours, Tunisia, and Egypt.

Military Developments

▪ The Presidential Council (PC) has ordered all military units across Libya to follow its orders as the “Chief Commander of the Libyan Army.” The statement appears to be a direct response to decisions by the LNA General Command over this last week and could result in tensions between the council and the LNA. ▪ The US special envoy to Libya, Richard Norland, stated this week that while Moscow and Ankara have indicated they are willing to withdraw Syrian mercenaries from Libya, the withdrawal of other forces “remains a challenge.” This came as the media office of Operation Volcano of Rage claimed there had been 112 Cham Wings flights transporting Syrian mercenaries to the LNA between October 2020 when the ceasefire was signed and August 05. ▪ An anonymous military source has stated to the media that a commission has been formed along the lines of the 5+5 Joint Military Commission to supervise the monitoring of the ceasefire. The committee will have five members from each side with international observers from UNSMIL also selected to join the monitoring process. The creation of a ceasefire monitoring team would be another positive step forward for the military track after the reopening of the coastal road on July 30.

Security Developments

▪ Tensions between the Stability Support Authority (SSA) and opposition groups in Zawiyah remain high with a further escalation on the evening of August 03. PC member, Abdulla Al-Lafi, who comes from Zawiyah, is due to meet with elders from Warshefana has efforts continue to try and find a resolution. ▪ The kidnap of the First Deputy Prime Minister (GNU) for the east, Reda al-Fraites, has triggered tensions in the east, especially in Derna, Fraites hometown. Fraites was kidnapped in Dahra, Tripoli on July 30 by unknown perpetrators. The incident was condemned by the Human Rights Committee while the Silphium Foundation for Studies and Research called for the GNU to relocate to Sirte, blaming a militia in the capital for the kidnapping. His kidnapping will raise concerns about the safety of politicians and staff as the GNU tries to promote unity and the elections.

Coronavirus

▪ The prime minister has indicated this week that he intends to make the COVID-19 vaccination mandatory for all Libyans once the country has enough supplies. Take-up appears to remain somewhat slow although anecdotal reporting suggests some attitudes are softening towards receiving the vaccination as cases continue to increase.

▪ The GNU has imposed a 72-hour lockdown in central Libya, greater Tripoli, along the west coast, and the Nafousa Mountains as they try to slow the spread of COVID-19. The curfew has notably reduced movement in the capital with various security force checkpoints stopping traffic to ascertain

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1 202 4 © ▪ Some isolation centres in Tripolitania, as well as Sabha, have continued to struggle with low oxygen supplies this week. The GNU has imported some from Egypt and a factory in Sirte has come back online however supplies remain problematic. The GNU has also reportedly ordered one million litres from a foreign country in order to create a “strategic stockpile.”

Oil & Gas Developments

▪ The NOC has discussed “contributing to the development of fields and refineries and increasing its activity in the marketing of Libyan crude” with Shell. NOC Chairman Mustafa Sanalla stated that the situation in Libya had improved since the GNU came to power and stated that “the conditions are ripe for Shell’s activity to resume.” Threat Matrix

Region Political Terrorism Militancy Crime Kidnap

Tripolitania High High High High High

Tripoli High High High-Extreme High High

Cyrenaica High Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate

Benghazi High Moderate-High Moderate High High

Fezzan High High High-Extreme High High

Sabha High High High High High

Threat Scale Minimal Low Moderate High Extreme

Key Dates

Date Occasion Comment

August 10, 2021 Muharram (Islamic New Year) Public Holiday

Extended deadline for people to register for August 17, 2021 HNEC elections

August 18, 2021 Open of registration for Libyans living abroad HNEC

September 15, 2021 Close of registration for Libyans living abroad HNEC

September 16, 2021 Martyr’s Day

October 19, 2021 The Prophets Birthday Public Holiday

December 24, 2021 Libyan elections / Independence Day Public Holiday

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1 202 5 © Assessment

Political Developments

LPDF: Voting on constitution proposals expected on August 11 The LPDF’s Bridging Proposals Committee (BPC) held its fourth virtual meeting this week but was again unable to progress the issue of the constitution. As a result, the four proposals were passed back to the full LPDF on August 05 by SRSG Jan Kubis. Kubis took the opportunity to remind the LPDF that “in considering any proposals, it is necessary to fully respect the requirement that none undermines your promise to the Libyan people to hold elections within the timeline set by your Roadmap.”

HoR: Voting on election law could take place on August 09 While the LPDF is still working on a constitution, the HoR has tried to push ahead with the creation of an election law. The house began debating the draft law at its session on August 02 after the GNU recalled the draft budget for amendments. The HoR spokesman, Abdallah Belheeg, stated that they “had begun to discuss the draft law to elect the president directly by the Libyan people.” The debate did not move to a vote however and will now be discussed at the HoR’s next session which is expected to be held on August 09. As a result, it's possible the HoR could decide on an election law prior to the constitution being decided by the LPDF.

GNU: Budget amendments raise total figure At the start of the week, the GNU requested the HoR return the draft budget this week and not debate it to enable them to make amendments. The HoR had been pressuring the GNU to reduce the overall value from around 100 billion LYD to around 70 billion with the budget only covering the rest of the year. The GNU has now resubmitted a new draft with a total of around 111 billion LYD. Despite the increase, there is however optimism that the budget may now pass a HoR vote. This is due to the additional funding being given to the east, including 2.5 billion LYD for the LNA. This is on top of concessions in June when the Central Bank of Libya began paying the salaries of additional public sector workers hired by the east since 2014 and pay rises for others.

Military Developments

PC: Attempt to exert control over Libya’s military forces The Presidential Council (PC) has ordered all military units across Libya to follow its orders as the “Chief Commander of the Libyan Army” regarding promotions, forming or disbanding military units, the appointment of military zone commanders and other operations. The PC stated that the decisions will be made by all three members (which represent the three regions).

New military commission formed to monitor ceasefire Unconfirmed reports have suggested that a new commission has been formed to monitor the October 2020 ceasefire. The new commission is reportedly along the same lines as the existing 5+5 JMC with five offices from both sides tasked with monitoring the ceasefire. International observers from UNSMIL have also been selected to join the monitoring process. This would mark another positive step forward for the military track and would build on the momentum created after the reopening of the coastal road near Sirte on July 30.

Security Developments

Tensions continue as SSA continues its expansion Tensions along the north-west coastline have continued through the week and saw another escalation on the night of August 03. An armed confrontation took place at the 55 Battalion (SSA) controlled Checkpoint 27 along the coastal road to the east of Zawiyah while several shootings and troop

Proprietary mobilisations were reported in western Tripoli. Tensions have been brewing for a number of months

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1 202 6 © along the coastline and had initially been centred on however these have spread eastwards towards Zawiyah and now, towards Tripoli. This latest round of tensions was triggered on July 30 after a vehicle belonging to the SSA was allegedly targeted by Zawiyah opposition forces in Surman. This in turn may have been in response to the stopping of fuel trucks smuggling fuel through Checkpoint 27.

Coronavirus Coronavirus Overview Cases reduced this week with 14,410 reported compared to 19,987 last week. The GNU has imposed a full lockdown for 72 hours from August 07 in several areas of Tripolitania as it seeks to slow the spread of the virus.

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11-Apr 16-May 20-Jun 25-Jul 29-Aug 03-Oct 04-Apr 18-Apr 25-Apr 02-May 09-May 23-May 30-May 06-Jun 13-Jun 27-Jun 04-Jul 11-Jul 18-Jul 01-Aug 08-Aug 15-Aug 22-Aug 05-Sep 12-Sep 19-Sep 26-Sep 10-Oct 17-Oct 24-Oct 31-Oct 07-Nov 14-Nov 21-Nov 28-Nov 05-Dec 12-Dec 19-Dec 26-Dec 02-Jan 09-Jan 16-Jan 23-Jan 30-Jan 06-Feb 13-Feb 20-Feb 27-Feb 06-Mar 13-Mar 20-Mar 27-Mar 03-Apr 10-Apr 17-Apr 24-Apr 01-May 08-May 15-May 22-May 29-May 05-Jun 12-Jun 19-Jun 26-Jun 03-Jul 10-Jul 17-Jul 24-Jul 31-Jul 07-Aug 0 28-Mar

Cases

Graph: Weekly COVID-19 cases reported in Libya with seven day moving average Regional Assessment

Tripolitania Region

Significant Incidents ▪ Demonstration - Aug 01, Province, Misrata: A demonstration was held against Field Marshal (LNA) Khalifa Haftar following a football match. Demonstrators placed pictures of Haftar on the coastal road where people drove over them. On August 05, members of the 5+5 JMC denounced the demonstration stating it was carried out by spoilers looking to disrupt the recent

reopening of the coastal road near Sirte. ▪ HMG - Aug 01 06:00, , Tobacco Factory: Heavy machine gun fire was reported in

the area.

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1 202 7 © ▪ SAFire - Aug 01 06:00, Tripoli Province, Tobacco Factory: Anti-aircraft artillery fire was reported in the area. ▪ HMG - Aug 01 15:00, Az Zawiyah Province, Almamoura: Heavy machine gun fire was reported in the area. ▪ Troop Movements - Aug 01 18:00, Al- Province, Warshefana: Forces mobilised in the area. This was likely in response to tensions around the Maya area. ▪ SAF - Aug 01 18:30, Az Zawiyah Province, Maya: Small arms fire was reported in the area. ▪ Troop Movements - Aug 01 23:00, Az Zawiyah Province, Maya: Forces mobilised in the area with reports of some families evacuating. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Aug 02 00:00, Az Zawiyah Province, Sabratah: An armed group member, Farhat Krir, was murdered. His body was found in the Aqar area. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Aug 02, Tripoli Province, Tajura: A member of the Tajura Lions was murdered by a member of Rahbat Tajura (Bugra), resulting in tensions in the Tajura/ Bivio Traffic Lights area of Tripoli. ▪ HMG - Aug 02 19:45, Tripoli Province, Edraiby: Heavy machine-gun fire was reported in the area. ▪ HMG - Aug 03 03:00, Tripoli Province, Tajura: Heavy machine-gun fire was in use. This comes after tensions in the area following the murder of an armed group member by a rival group. ▪ SAF - Aug 03 08:50, Tripoli Province, Bivio: Small arms fire was reported in the area of the Al- Jaliyah junction near Bivio. This comes after tensions in the area following the murder of an armed group member by a rival group on August 02. ▪ Troop Movements - Aug 04 18:00, Az Zawiyah Province, Hashan Junction: Forces aligned with 55 Battalion mobilised south of Checkpoint 27. ▪ Security Operation - Aug 04 22:30, Al-Jabal Al-Gharbi Province, Qadamat Checkpoint: 444 Combat Brigade launched an operation near the Qadamat Checkpoint to "target alleged outlaw groups." ▪ Arrest - Aug 05, Tripoli Province, Swani: The Internal Security Service arrested the assistant manager of Tripoli Power Plant as well as the procurement manager on corruption charges and referred them to the Attorney General. ▪ IED - Aug 05 06:00, Az Zawiyah Province, Bir Sardine: A shop was targeted in a suspected bombing causing considerable structural damage to the shop and a neighbouring electricity substation. The shop was targeted as it is owned by the brother of one of the leaders of 55 Battalion (commanded by Muammar Al-Dhawi). 55 Battalion accused militias in Zawiyah of conducting the attack as revenge for clashes the week before. ▪ Armed Clash - Aug 06 17:45, Nuqat Al-Khams Province, Jadida: Intermittent armed clashes were ongoing from 2030hrs to around 2240hrs between Al Fehri militia and Al Roba/ Ben Nasr families. Medium and heavy weaponry was in use. ▪ Arrest - Aug 07, Al-Murqub Province, Khoms: Two men were arrested by Ministry of Interior (GNU) forces. The men were accused of armed robbery of a man and the theft of his Kia Cerato 2005 vehicle. ▪ Mass Grave - Aug 07, Al-Murqub Province, Tarhunah: Another mass grave has been uncovered near Tarhunah. This is the latest in a string of finds since Kani Brigade was ousted from the town in mid-2020./ ▪ Armed Clash - Aug 07 16:45, Misrata Province, Misrata: A tribal clash took place. ▪ Armed Attack - Aug 07 19:00, Nuqat Al-Khams Province, : Armed confrontations took place between local security forces and forces from the Western Military Region over human trafficking operations. ▪ SAF - Aug 07 22:00, Tripoli Province, Equestrian Bridge: Small arms fire was reported in the area. ▪ Troop Movements - Aug 07 23:00, Sirte Province, CP 30: 604 Battalion (LNA) ousted Ministry of Interior (GNU) forces from Checkpoint 30, west of Sirte.

Cyrenaica Region

Significant Incidents ▪ Armed Robbery - Aug 01 09:00, Province, Residence Garden Area: An armed robbery

Proprietary was carried out by perpetrators mobile in a Hyundai Verna.

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1 202 8 © ▪ Murder/ Execution - Aug 01 23:00, , Garden District: A murder took place in the Garden District. ▪ Demonstration - Aug 02, Al-Butnan Province, : A small demonstration was held against President Erdogan of Turkey and Prime Minister (GNU) Abdulhamid Dbeibah. This came a day after a protest against Field Marshal (LNA) Khalifa Haftar in Misrata. ▪ Demonstration - Aug 02, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar Province, Bayda: A small demonstration was held against President Erdogan of Turkey and Prime Minister (GNU) Abdulhamid Dbeibah. This came a day after a protest against Field Marshal (LNA) Khalifa Haftar in Misrata. ▪ Demonstration - Aug 02, Al-Wahat Province, : A small demonstration was held against President Erdogan of Turkey and Prime Minister (GNU) Abdulhamid Dbeibah. This came a day after a protest against Field Marshal (LNA) Khalifa Haftar in Misrata. ▪ Demonstration - Aug 02, , Derna: A small demonstration was held against President Erdogan of Turkey and Prime Minister (GNU) Abdulhamid Dbeibah. This came a day after a protest against Field Marshal (LNA) Khalifa Haftar in Misrata. ▪ Demonstration - Aug 05, Derna Province, Derna: Residents of Derna called upon the GNU to secure the release of First Deputy Prime Minister (GNU) for the east, Reda Faraj al-Fraites, who was kidnapped in Tripoli at the end of July. ▪ Security Operation - Aug 05, Benghazi Province, Corniche, Benghazi: The Municipal Guard in cooperation with the Joint Security Chamber launched patrols to remove various market stalls from public beaches and remove all obstacles which prevent people from accessing the beach and corniche. A warning had been issued a number of days previously with the deadline of August 05 for these stalls to be removed. ▪ Demonstration - Aug 05, Benghazi Province, Benghazi: A number of demonstrators demanded that parliamentary and presidential elections be held on time in December. They also protested against the Muslim Brotherhood. ▪ Security Operation - Aug 06, Al-Wahat Province, Ajdabiya: Units of 152 Infantry Brigade have begun security operations deep into the , southeast from Ajdabiya. The operation is under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Abdel Hakim Imzab. The operation is aimed at securing the oilfields and the GMMR. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Aug 06 05:00, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar Province, Bayda: An argument ensued between two CID members. The situation escalated and resulted in one being murdered.

Fezzan Region

Significant Incidents ▪ Arrest - Aug 01 11:30, Sabha Province, Sabha: Security forces attempted to arrest a suspect in military uniform following a series of armed robberies in the area. The suspect opened fire on security forces in an attempt to avoid arrest. ▪ Accident - Aug 01 13:30, Al-Jufra Province, Zillah: Random small arms fire was believed to have caused a fire at a palm fire, resulting in the loss of over 1,600 palm trees with the fire ongoing. Locals have reportedly been unable to extinguish the fire due to a lack of equipment. ▪ Demonstration - Aug 01 13:30, Wadi Al-Hayaa Province, Obari: GECOL employees protested over unpaid salaries. ▪ Airstrike - Aug 02 02:30, Al-Jufra Province, Harouj Mountains: The LNA reportedly carried out airstrikes, possibly against IS targets in the Harouj Mountains area following aerial reconnaissance. ▪ Armed Clash - Aug 03 12:40, Sabha Province, Jadid: Clashes erupted in the area with reports of at least one person being wounded. ▪ Armed Clash - Aug 04 20:30, Sabha Province, Mansheya: An armed clash took place near the vegetable market resulting in the wounding of at least one individual. ▪ Armed Clash - Aug 05 21:20, Sabha Province, Mansheya: Armed clashes took place near the market.

▪ Armed Clash - Aug 06, Sabha Province, Sabha: The Sabha Security Directorate and Tariq Bin Zayed Battalion (LNA) clashed near the Tariq Roundabout. The incident was triggered after the directorate let someone through a checkpoint with tinted windows.

Proprietary ▪ Murder/ Execution - Aug 06 13:50, Sabha Province, Jadid: Ibrahim Abdullah al-Hadiri was

murdered in a drive-by shooting as he went to Friday Prayers at the Omar Bin Abdulziz Mosque.

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1 202 9 © The perpetrators were driving a black Hyundai Sonata coloured vehicle. The incident is a revenge attack linked to tribal tensions. ▪ Health - Aug 07, Wadi Al-Shatii Province, Wadi Al-Shatii: The Victims Organisation for Human Rights has demanded the prime minister, attorney general and minister of health open an investigation into the death of a child named Maree Mohammed. The child died from a scorpion sting due to a lack of anti-venom in hospitals. This follows recent reporting from Sabha and Bani Walid, warning of increasing cases and a lack of anti-venom. ▪ Armed Attack - Aug 07, Wadi Al-Shatii Province, Brak al-Shati: The Arab Cooperative Association for the Transport of Oil and its Derivatives has stopped fuel transportation to southern regions after repeated attacks on drivers in the Brak Shati area. ▪ Carjacking - Aug 07 12:00, Wadi Al-Shatii Province, Mahruqah: A police vehicle was carjacked. ▪ Armed Clash - Aug 07 23:00, Sabha Province, Hijarah: A land dispute triggered a clash between different tribes in the Hijarah area.

Offshore

Significant Incidents ▪ Rescue - Aug 01, International Waters, Undetermined International West: The SEAWATCH 3 rescued 26 people in distress at sea. The NGO stated that they had 250 people on board the SEAWATCH 3 and were in need of a safe port immediately. ▪ Rescue - Aug 01, International Waters, Undetermined International West: The OCEAN VIKING announced that it had rescued 400 migrants off the coast of Libya including two pregnant women and 33 minors, 22 of which were unaccompanied. ▪ Rescue - Aug 04, Libyan Territorial Waters, Undetermined Territorial West: The Libyan Coastguard rescued 110 people from a rubber boat. One woman gave birth during the rescue operation. The migrants were disembarked at Tripoli Naval Base and transferred to the Anti-Illegal Migration Agency. ▪ Rescue - Aug 07 02:00, Libyan Territorial Waters, Undetermined Territorial West: The Libyan Coastguard rescued 97 migrants on a fishing boat. The migrants were handed over to the General Administration of Coastal Security in Tripoli where they received humanitarian aid before being handed over to the Anti-Migration Agency.

Disclaimer: The information and opinions expressed in this Report are the views of GardaWorld and constitute a judgment as at the date of the Report and are subject to change without notice. The information and opinions expressed in this Report have been formed in good faith on the basis of the best information and intelligence available at the time of writing, but no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made as to its accuracy, completeness or correctness. GardaWorld accepts no liability arising out of or in connection with the comments made or the information set out in this Report and the reader is advised that any decision taken to act or not to act in reliance on this Report is taken solely at the reader's own risk. In particular, the comments in this Report

should not be construed as advice, legal or otherwise.

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1 202 10 © Acronym List

AQ - Al-Qaeda BAM – Al Bunyan Al Marsous (Misratan-led) BDB – Benghazi Defense Brigade / Saraya Defend Benghazi (SDB) (Al Qaeda-aligned – AAS and RSCB associated/umbrella group) CBL – Central Bank of Libya CNI – Critical National Infrastructure DACOCT - Deterrence Apparatus for Combating Organized Crime and Terrorism (SDF) DDR - Disarmament, demobilising and reintegration DF – Direct Fire DPF – Derna Protection Force (an amalgamation of all militias in Derna, including the MSCD) GECOL – General Electricity Company of Libya GMMR – Great Man-made River GNA – Government of National Accord (2016) GNC – General National Congress (2012) GNU – Government of National Unity (2021) GTUC - Greater Tripoli Union Council (Tripoli militias and others, established in June 2020) HNEC – High National Elections Commission HoR – House of Representatives (Tobruk-based) IDF – Indirect Fire (mortars/rockets) IDP - Internally Displaced Persons IED - Improvised Explosive Device IOC - International Oil Company IS - Islamic State LIFG – Libyan Islamic Fighting Group LNA – Libyan National Army LNG – Libyan National Guard LPA – Libyan Political Agreement (2015) LPDF - Libyan Political Dialogue Forum (2020) LROR - Libyan Revolutionary Operations Room MoD - Ministry of Defense MoF - Ministry of Finance MoFA - Ministry of Foreign Affairs MoI - Ministry of Interior MoJ - Ministry of Justice MoO - Ministry of Oil MoT - Ministry of Transportation MSCD – Mujahideen Shura Council of Derna (AQ aligned) NFDK - No Further Details Known NGO - Non-Governmental Organisation (aid/charity) NOC – National Oil Company NSG – National Salvation Government (GNC) NSTR - Nothing Significant To Report PC – Presidency Council (GNA) PG – Presidential Guard PFG - Petroleum Facilities Guard RPG - Rocket Propelled Grenade RSCB - Revolutionary Shura Council of Benghazi RTA - Road Traffic Accident SAF - Small Arms Fire SDB – Saraya Defend Benghazi / BDB (Al Qaeda-aligned – AAS and RSCB associated/umbrella group) SDF – Rada Deterrence Force/ Special Deterrence Force/ Rada Technical - An improvised weapon-mounted pick-up truck TPF – Tripoli Protection Force (TRB, Nawasi 8 Force, Bab Tajoura Brigade and Ghneiwa umbrella group, established in December 2018)

UXO - Unexploded Ordnance

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