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Machine Guns and Machine Gun Gunnery

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Machine Guns and Machine Gun Gunnery MCWP 3-15.1 Machine Guns and Machine Gun Gunnery U.S. Marine Corps PCN 143 000014 00 MCWP 3-15.1 Machine Guns and Machine Gun Gunnery DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY Headquarters United States Marine Corps Washington, D.C. 20380-0001 1 September 1996 Foreword 1. PURPOSE Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) 3-15.1, Machine Guns and Machine Gun Gunnery, describes how various machine guns are maintained and employed by the U.S. Marine Corps' machine gun crews. It also provides the principles and techniques for their use in engaging and destroying enemy targets. 2. SCOPE This reference publication is designed for machine gunners, platoon commanders, platoon sergeants, S-3 officers and chiefs, armorers, and ammunition technicians. It outlines a stan- dardized way to train Marine machine gunners through the use of gunnery tables. 3. SUPERSESSION FMFRP 6-15, Machineguns and Machinegun Gunnery, dated 17 August 1988. 4. CHANGES Recommendations for improving this manual are invited from commands as well as directly from individuals. Forward suggestions, using the User Suggestion Form format, to— Commanding General Doctrine Division (C 42) Marine Corps Combat Development Command 3300 Russell Road Suite 318A Quantico, Virginia 22134-5021 5. CERTIFICATION Reviewed and approved this date. BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMANDANT OF THE MARINE CORPS PAUL K. VAN RIPER Lieutenant General, U.S. Marine Corps Commanding General Marine Corps Combat Development Command Quantico, Virginia DISTRIBUTION: 143 000014 00 User Suggestion Form From: To: Commanding General, Doctrine Division (C 42), Marine Corps Combat Development Command, 3300 Russell Road Suite 318A, Quantico, Virginia 22134-5021 Subj: RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING MCWP 3-15.1, MACHINE GUNS AND MACHINE GUN GUNNERY 1. In accordance with the foreword to MCWP 3-15.1, which invites individuals to submit suggestions concern- ing this FMFM directly to the above addressee, the following unclassified recommendation is forwarded: ____ __________________ _______ ______________ Page Article/Paragraph No. Line No. Figure/Table No. Nature of Change: Add Delete Change Correct 2. Proposed new verbatim text: (Verbatim, double-spaced; continue on additional pages as necessary.) 3. Justification/source: (Need not be double-spaced.) Note: Only one recommendation per page. iii (reverse blank) MCWP 3-15.1 Record of Changes Change Date of Date of No. Change Entry Organization Signature v (reverse blank) MCWP 3-15.1 Machine Guns and Machine Gun Gunnery Table of Contents Page Chapter 1. Introduction to Machine Guns Chapter 2. Machine Gun, Light, Squad Automatic Weapon, M249 Section 1. Introduction 2-5 Section 2. Disassembly and Assembly 2-8 Section 3. Functioning 2-20 Section 4. Malfunctions and Stoppages 2-24 Section 5. Mounts and Accessories 2-27 Section 6. Maintenance 2-29 Section 7. Ammunition 2-37 Section 8. Operation and Firing 2-40 Section 9. Qualification Firing 2-45 Chapter 3. Machine Gun, 7.62mm, M240G Section 1. Introduction 3-5 Section 2. Disassembly, Assembly, and Nomenclature 3-7 Section 3. Functioning 3-19 Section 4. Malfunctions and Stoppages 3-23 Section 5. Mounts and Accessories 3-27 Section 6. Maintenance 3-38 Section 7. Ammunition 3-41 Section 8. Operation and Firing 3-45 Section 9. Gun Drill 3-50 Section 10. Qualification Firing 3-56 Section 11. Firing with Blank Ammunition 3-62 Chapter 4. Machine Gun, Caliber .50, Browning, M2HB Section 1. Introduction 4-5 Section 2. Disassembly, Assembly, and Nomenclature 4-7 Section 3. Headspace and Timing 4-26 Section 4. Functioning 4-29 Section 5. Malfunctions and Stoppages 4-35 Section 6. Mounts and Accessories 4-39 Section 7. Maintenance 4-43 Section 8. Ammunition 4-47 Section 9. Operation and Firing 4-53 Section 10. Gun Drill 4-56 Section 11. Qualification Firing 4-64 vii MCWP 3-15.1 Chapter 5. Machine Gun, 40mm, MK-19 MOD 3 Section 1. Introduction 5-5 Section 2. Disassembly, Assembly, and Nomenclature 5-7 Section 3. Functioning 5-15 Section 4. Malfunctions and Stoppages 5-20 Section 5. Mounts and Accessories 5-22 Section 6. Maintenance 5-30 Section 7. Ammunition 5-32 Section 8. Operation and Firing 5-36 Section 9. Gun Drill 5-40 Chapter 6. Employment and Gunnery Section 1. Introduction 6-5 Section 2. Characteristics of Fire 6-9 Section 3. Classes of Fire 6-12 Section 4. Range Determination 6-16 Section 5. Traversing and Elevating Mechanism 6-18 Section 6. Fire Control 6-21 Section 7. Methods of Target Engagement 6-25 Section 8. Overhead Fires 6-36 Section 9 Techniques of Predetermined Fire 6-42 Section 10. Final Protective Lines 6-46 Section 11. Range Cards 6-49 Section 12. Firing From Defilade Position 6-53 Section 13. Machine Gunner's Mathematics 6-60 Section 14. Antiaircraft Gunnery 6-64 Section 15. Firing Positions 6-72 Section 16. Wire Communications 6-75 Appendices Appendix A. M60E3/M240G Firing Tables A-1 Appendix B. M2 .50 Cal Firing Tables B-1 Appendix C. MK-19 MOD 3 Firing Tables C-1 Appendix D. Destruction of Machine Guns D-1 Appendix E. Infantry Plotting Board M17 E-1 Appendix F. Adjustment of Indirect Machine Gun Fire F-1 Appendix G. Final Protective Lines G-1 Appendix H. Acronyms and Abbreviations H-1 Appendix I. References and Related Publications I-1 Notes Note-1 viii Chapter 1 Introduction to Machine Guns 1001. History “The machine gun acts by fire alone; move- ment of this weapon has no other purpose than to Despite their post-Civil War development, modern secure positions from which more effective fire can machine guns didn’t begin to exhibit their full poten- be delivered. Maximum usefulness is obtained only tial in battle until World War I. The effects on em- when every gun within range of the enemy is firing 4 ployment of these new weapons systems altered the effectively against him.” doctrinal way of waging war for both Allied and Axis powers. Properly employed machine guns “Although machine guns lend themselves proved to be devastating to massed infantry forma- more readily to the defense than to the attack, this is tions and paved the way for the creation of a whole no excuse for a failure to exact the utmost from them new methodology of warfighting. The machine gun in support of advancing troops. The handicaps to became the keystone of the infantry defense and a their effective employment in the attack can be and 5 major supplier of organic firepower in the offense. must be overcome.” New tactics were being developed by both sides to not only exploit the effects of the machine gun, but Though the weapons themselves have changed over to counter the enemy’s machine gun employment the years and will continue to do so, the basic con- capabilities. siderations for their employment remain constant. The excerpts from FMFRP 12-2, listed above, The machine gun changed the face of modern war- serve as reminders of this fact, and the lessons con- fare just as surely as the development of aircraft and tained in them are just as applicable today as when precision indirect fire artillery. The impact of this they were first written. weapon can be seen not only in military writings of that period, but in the principles of employment still 1002. Types of Machine Guns in use today. FMFRP 12-2, Infantry in Battle, a compilation of lessons learned from World War I, Machine guns are classified as light, medium, or provides a wealth of knowledge concerning the em- heavy. Classifications are determined by a combi- ployment of machine guns. These lessons remain ap- nation of weapon caliber, weapon system weight, plicable and are still studied today, almost 70 years crew size, and the primary type of intended target. later. The proper employment of machine guns has won many a battle at the company and platoon level, a. Light Machine Guns/Automatic Rifles. The and a well rehearsed, proficient machine gun team light machine gun (LMG) classification generally in- can sometimes make the difference between success cludes .22 to .250 caliber (5.45mm to 6mm) auto- and failure on the battlefield. Military history is matic weapons. An LMG typically weighs between filled with examples of the impact that machine guns 15 and 30 pounds, complete. An LMG is normally and their gunners have had in turning the tide of manned by a crew of one or two individuals depend- battle: ing on the accessories being used. Neither a tripod nor a spare barrel is normally used with an LMG “Machine guns affect the outcome of battle when it is manned by a single individual. Bullet by fire power alone. Guns that have not fired have weights for LMGs normally range from 45 to 72 not attacked, no matter how many times they have grains. They are optimally employed against ex- been placed in position.”3 posed and lightly protected personnel at ranges less MCWP 3-15.1 Introduction to Machine Guns than 1,000 meters. In this category, the Marine c. Heavy Machine Guns. The heavy machine Corps employs the squad automatic weapon, M249, gun (HMG) classification generally includes .50 5.56mm. Figure 1-1 provides an example of a Ma- caliber or larger (12.7mm to 15mm) automatic rine using an LMG. weapons. The system weight of a heavy machine gun is substantial. In a ready to fire configuration b. Medium Machine Guns. This medium ma- using a ground tripod, an HMG without ammunition chine gun (MMG) classification generally includes can weigh more than 125 pounds. An HMG is nor- .264 to .33 caliber (6.5mm to 8mm) automatic mally manned by a crew of four or more personnel weapons.
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