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Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) Report Of Public Disclosure Authorized Government of Nepal Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transport Department of Roads Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) Report Of Public Disclosure Authorized Kakarbhitta – Pathalaiya Road Corridor, including Kamala - Dhalkebar – Pathalaiya Road Segment, of Mahendra Highway (MRM) CONTRACT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: NIRTTP-DOR-S-QCBS-2 Submitted to: Public Disclosure Authorized Department of Roads, Foreign Cooperation Branch, NIRTTP And Geo-Environment and Social Unit (GESU), Chakupat, Lalitpur Kathmandu, Nepal Prepared by: JV of Environment & Resource Management Consultant (P) Ltd.; Group of Engineer’s Consortium (P) Ltd. And Public Disclosure Authorized Udaya Consultancy (P.) Ltd. January 2020 Table of Contents Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. vii List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. viii Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1: Introduction ..............................................................................................................1 1.1 Project Background ............................................................................................................1 1.2 Purpose of this Document ..................................................................................................2 1.3 Structure of the Report .......................................................................................................3 1.4 Methods adopted to prepare the ESA Report ....................................................................3 CHAPTER 2: Regulatory and policy network for ESA process in Nepal .......................................4 2.1 Legal requirements in Nepal ..............................................................................................4 2.2 Legal and institutional framework for EIA and IEE process in Nepal ..............................5 2.3 International agreements and treaties .................................................................................7 2.4 World Bank Environment and Social Framework .............................................................8 World Bank ESF Policy, Directives and Standards – Extent of Relevance .............................................. 8 2.5 Analysis of legal and institutional issues and gaps in implementation of social and environmental plans ...............................................................................................................14 CHAPTER 3: Project Description .................................................................................................17 3.1 Motivation of the Project .................................................................................................17 3.2 Site Description ................................................................................................................18 3.3 Project Area of Influence .................................................................................................18 3.5 Description of the Project Area ........................................................................................18 CHAPTER 4: Baseline Conditions ................................................................................................20 4.1 Physical Environment and Selected Valued Environmental Components (VECs) .........21 4.1.1. Topography and Geomorphology ............................................................................22 4.1.2. Natural Drainage and Watershed Management .......................................................23 4.1.3. Soils ......................................................................................................................25 4.1.4 Land Use .......................................................................................................................27 4.1.5. Atmosphere (Air and Noise, Solid Waste Management etc.) ..................................27 4.2 Biological Environment and Selected Valued Environmental Components ...................30 4.2.1. Environmentally Sensitive Areas .............................................................................30 4.2.2. Terrestrial Habitat ................................................................................................41 4.2.3. Aquatic Habitat ........................................................................................................46 4.2.4. Threatened and Endangered Species .......................................................................48 4.3 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment and Selected Valued Social Components (VSCs)....................................................................................................................................53 4.3.1. Land and Resource Use ...........................................................................................53 4.3.2. Population, Infrastructure and Services ...................................................................55 4.3.3. Economy and Well-being ........................................................................................57 4.3.4. Community Life .......................................................................................................58 CHAPTER 5: Analysis of Alternatives .........................................................................................61 5.1 Existing Issues and Predicted Impacts in the Project Area on Valued Components .......61 5.2 Alternative 1: “Do Nothing” ............................................................................................62 5.3 Alternative 2: Upgrades of Existing Road to 4-lane Highway ........................................64 5.4 Site-specific Alternatives .................................................................................................69 5.4.1. New Bridge Construction ........................................................................................69 5.4.2. By-pass Area in the Populated Urban Centers .........................................................70 5.4.3. Alternative Roads in Environmentally Sensitive Areas ...........................................70 5.4.4. Coordinated Linear Structure Plans and Mitigation Measures ....................................70 5.4.5. Summary of Additional Adjustments to Design ..........................................................71 CHAPTER 6: Significant Environmental Impacts ........................................................................77 6.1 Beneficial Issues ..............................................................................................................77 6.1.1. Construction Stage .......................................................................................................77 6.1.2. Operation Stage ............................................................................................................78 6.2 Adverse Issues .................................................................................................................81 6.2.1. Physical and Chemical Environment ...........................................................................81 6.2.2. Biological Environment ...............................................................................................89 CHAPTER 7: Social Impacts.......................................................................................................104 7.1 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment ...................................................................104 7.2 Adverse Impacts on Socio-economic Environment ..................................................105 7.3 Management Issues ....................................................................................................108 7.5 Enhancement and Other Issues ......................................................................................109 CHAPTER 8: Assessment OF CUMULATIVE Impacts ......................................................110 8.1 Specific assessment of the Road Segments along the KP Corridor ..............................110 8.2 Scenario-based Analysis of Environmental and Social Impacts ....................................110 CHAPTER 9: Environmental and Social Management Plan .................................................123 9.1 Management Strategy/Plan ………………………………………………………………….123 9.2 Objectives of Environmental and Social Management Plan ..........................................124 9.3 Summary of Potential Environmental and Social Impacts ............................................125 9.3.1 Construction Phase.................................................................................................125 9.3.2 Operations Phase ....................................................................................................126 9.3.3 Environmental and Social Safeguards ...................................................................126 9.4. Mitigation Measures .....................................................................................................126 9.4.1. Design Phase ..........................................................................................................127
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