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Genetic Effects on Maternal, Growth and Carcass Traits of Swine Satjar Ravungsook Iowa State University

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Genetic Effects on Maternal, Growth and Carcass Traits of Swine Satjar Ravungsook Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1996 Genetic effects on maternal, growth and carcass traits of swine Satjar Ravungsook Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, Animal Sciences Commons, and the Genetics Commons Recommended Citation Ravungsook, Satjar, "Genetic effects on maternal, growth and carcass traits of swine " (1996). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 11564. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/11564 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfihn master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter &ce, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. 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UMI A Bell & Howell Infonnation Company 300 North Zedb Road, Aon Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Genetic effects on maternal, growth and carcass traits of swine by Satjar Ravungsook A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Animal Breeding Major Professor Lauren L Christian Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1996 mil Nxunber: 9712593 UMI Microform 9712593 Copyrigiit 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 ii Graduate Collage Iowa State University This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation of Satjar Ravungsook has met the dissertation requirements of Iowa State University Signature was redacted for privacy. Major Professor Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Progn Signature was redacted for privacy. Fiof the Graduate Colleg iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Dissertation Organization 3 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 Characteristics of Chinese Pigs 4 Reproductive traits 5 Growth and carcass traits 8 Meat quality traits 10 Stress Susceptibility in Swine 12 Metiiods of detection 13 Phenotypic screening 13 Halothane screening 14 Blood levels of Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) 15 Blood antigen typing 15 Effect of PSS on reproductive traits 17 Effect of PSS on quantitative performance and carcass traits 19 Effect of PSS on qualitative carcass traits 20 Genetic Parameters of Selected Economic Traits in Swine 22 Reproductive traits 23 Growtii and carcass ti-aits 26 Meat quality traits 30 Mixed Model Methodology 32 iv BREED AND STRESS GENE EFFECTS IN DUROC AND MINZHU SWINE 38 Abstract 38 Introduction 39 Materials and Methods 40 Data description 40 Litter traits 42 Growth traits 45 Carcass traits 46 Meat quality traits 47 Statistical analysis 48 Statistical models for comparison among different stress genotypes 48 Statistical models for comparison among different breed combinations 49 Results and Discussion 51 Comparison among different stress genotypes 51 Litter trait analyses 51 Growth trait analyses 53 Carcass trait analyses 55 Meat quality trait analyses 58 Comparison among different breed combinations 61 Litter trait analyses 61 Carcass trait analyses 66 Meat quality trait analyses 69 Implications 71 V References 71 Appendix 75 PERFORMANCE OF SYNTHETIC AMERICAN-CHINESE SWINE SELECTED FOR LEAN GROWTH 98 Abstract 98 Introduction 99 Materials and Methods 100 Data description 100 Litter traits 102 Growth traits 104 Carcass traits 104 Meat quality traits 105 Statistical analysis 108 Statistical models for comparison among different synthetic lines 108 Statistical models for comparison among different breed combinations 110 Results and Discussion 112 Comparison among different synthetic lines 112 Litter trait analyses 112 Growth trait analyses 114 Carcass trait analyses 116 Meat quality trait analyses 119 Comparison among different breed combinafons 121 Litter trait analyses 121 vi Growth trait analyses 125 Carcass trait analyses 126 Meat quality trait analyses 129 Implications 130 References 131 Appendix 133 ESTIMATES OF GENETIC PARAMETERS FOR MATERNAL AND GROWTH TRAITS OF SWINE BREEDS RAISED IN THAILAND 146 Abstract 146 Introduction 147 Materials and Methods 148 Data description 148 Statistical analysis 151 Results and Discussion 153 Estimates of genetic parameters for litter traits 153 Estimates of genetic parameters for growth traits 159 Implications 168 References 168 Appendix 171 GENERAL SUMMARY 187 GENERAL REFERENCES 189 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 204 vli LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Breed combinations and lines CL - randomly selected control lean gain line DD - purebred Duroc DDZ - Duroc x (Duroc X Minzhu) DZ - Duroc X Minzhu HL - high lean gain select line LL - low lean gain select line YM - Yorkshire x Meishan YM® - inter se-crossed of Yorkshire x Meishan ZZ - purebred Minzhu Carcass traits ACBF10 - adjusted carcass tenth rib backfat thickness ACLBBF - adjusted carcass last lumbar backfat thickness ACLMA - adjusted carcass longissimus muscle area ACLRBF - adjusted carcass last rib backfat thickness CADG - average daily gain from weaning weight to slaughter weight CADLGA - average daily lean gain of age CADLGT - average daily lean gain from weaning weight to slaughter weight CD105 - adjusted age to 105 kg based on slaughter weight LENGTH - actual carcass length LP - calculated carcass lean percentage YIELD - dressing percentage viii Genotypes NN - homozygous nomrial Nn - heterozygous stress carrier nn - homozygous stress positive Growth traits ALBF10 - adjusted live pig tenth rib backfat thickness ALLMA - adjusted live pig longissimus muscle area LADG - live pig average daily gain LADLGT - live pig average daily lean gain LBL - live pig body length LD105 - adjusted age to 105 kg based on scanning weight Litter traits AL21WT - adjusted 21 day litter weight AL42WT - adjusted 42 day litter weight ANBA - adjusted number piglets bom alive per litter AP21WT - adjusted 21 day piglet weight AP42WT - adjusted 42 day piglet weight LAWT - litter alive weight LBWT - litter birth weight N21 - number piglets nursed at 21 days NB - number total piglets bom per litter NBA - number piglets bom alive per litter NW - number piglets weaned per litter PBWT - piglet birth weight ix PREADG pre-weaning average daily gain Meat quality traits COLOR longissimus muscle color score DRIP drip loss FIRM longissimus muscle flrmness score HUNTER longissimus muscle Minolta Hunter L color MARBLING longissimus muscle marbling score MINOLTA longissimus muscle Minolta color reflectance PH ultimate pH of longissimus muscle 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Chinese pigs, particularly those of the Meishan, Feijing, and Minzhu breeds, are known as highly prolific because of their large litter size (Rothschild, 1986; Haley and Lee, 1990; Youngs, 1993). These Chinese breeds, however, have undesirable fat composition (Gianola et al., 1982; Legault et al.. 1985; Gandemer et al., 1992; Patrick etal., 1993). Since the improvement of reproduction traits, espedally litter size, has a huge influence on economic return, researchers have attempted to determine the genetic potential of using the Chinese pig breeds in the commercial swine industry. The method of choice for improving the reproductive performance of Western swine using Chinese breeds is to crossbreed these prolific breeds with less prolific ones (Yen et al., 1991). Several studies have provided strong evidence that appropriate products can be developed and released to the markets (Legault et al.. 1985; Rothschild, 1986; McLaren, 1990; Young, 1992a, b). The porcine stress syndrome (PSS), first described by Topel et al. (1968). as an inherited neuromuscular disorder in pigs (Christian, 1972). Three possible genotypes (normal, canier, and stress positive) are controlled by a defective recessive allele at a single locus. Animals carrying this mutant have increased meat composition (Lundstrom et al., 1989; Murray et al., 1989; Aalhus et al., 1991; Pommier et al., 1992; Leach et al., 1996) but produce poor quality meat (Christian, 1972; Christian and Rothschild, 1981; Jones et al., 1994;
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