NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 (3-82) Exp. 10-31-84

United States Department of the Interior For NPS use omy National Register of Historic Places received JUL 2 5 isee Inventory Nomination Form date entered See instructions in How to Complete National Register Forms Type all entries complete applicable sections______1. Name______historic______N/A____*______Connecticut State Park and Forest Depression-Era Federal Work Relief and or common Programs Structures Thematic Resource______2. Location______street & number See inventory Forms______-M/Anot for publication city, town______See Inventory Forms _ vicinity of______state______Connecticut code 09_____county See Inventory Forms___code " 3. Classification Category Ownership Status Present Use district _ X_ public _X- occupied agriculture museum _ X- building(s) private unoccupied commercial _ X-park structure both work in progress educational private residence site Public Acquisition Accessible entertainment religious object in process _X- Ves: restricted government scientific X thematic being considered - yes: unrestricted industrial transportation group IN/A no military other: 4. Owner of Property Commissionier Stanley Pac name Department of Environmental Protection street & number 165 Capitol Avenue city, town___Hartford______vicinity of______state Connecticut 06106 5. Location of Legal Description______Multiple courthouse, registry of deeds, etc. See Continuation Sheet______street & number______"______ti city, town______state______6. Representation in Existing Surveys tit>e State Register of Historic. Places has this property been determmeo eligible? __yes _&no date 1986 ______—— federal x state county local depository for survey records Connect1cut Historical Commission 59 S. Prospect Street city,town Hartford state Connecticut 7. Description

Condition Check one Check one X excellent deteriorated X_ unaltered X original site X good ruins x altered moved date ...... unexposed

Describe the present and original (if known) physical appearance

OVERVIEW The thematic group is composed of 14 structures and one complex of 7 buildings built between 1933 and 1942 by Depression-era federal work relief programs in Connecticut's state parks and forests. Although one of the structures (Tunxis Forest Ski Cabin built in 1937) is less than 50 years old, it was the product of programs that were initiated in 1933. Located in 14 different towns throughout the state, the well-preserved structures represent a variety of building types associated with the use and administration of the facilities as well as the work relief camps themselves. Four structures and the complex are administrative in use and include one lumber shed (Natchaug Forest Lumber Shed), two stone structures built as Civilian Conservation Corps camp headquarters (Paugnut Forest Administration Building, Tunxis Forest Headquarters House), a complex of seven frame buildings for use as a maintenance yard (State Park Supply Yard) , and an existing ca. 1790 central-chimney Colonial-style house rehabilitated for a camp headquarters (Avery House). The recreational structures include three multi-purpose assembly buildings (Rocky Neck Pavilion, Peoples Forest Museum, Oak Lodge), two open shelters (Massacoe Forest Pavilion, Shade Swamp Shelter), one observation tower (Sleeping Giant Tower), one log cabin (Tunxis Forest Ski Cabin), and three log Adirondack shelters (Cream Hill Shelter, Red Mountain Shelter, American Legion Shelter) . As varied as the uses is the scale of the structures, which ranges from the small gazebo-like shelter at Shade Swamp to the monumental 356 f -long three-story pavilion at . With the exception of the Natchaug Forest Lumber Shed and and the State Park Supply Yard, which are modest frame vernacular structures, the buildings were executed in the rustic Adirondack style and emphasize the use of indigenous materials, often in their natural form. With the exception of the Rocky Neck Pavilion, dramatically sited on a rocky outcrop overlooking Long Island Sound, all the structures enjoy a wooded setting in large parks or forests of at least 150 acres. None are located in major metropolitan areas. While the work of the Depression-era work relief programs was broader in scope than erecting buildings in state parks and forests, the focus of the nomination is limited to structures built throughout Connecticut on state-owned property under the management of the Park and Forest Commission, the state agency responsible for the historic development of the state park and forest system. The structures built by the Civilian conservation Corps (CCC), the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), and the Civilian Works Administration (CWA) and its administrative successor, the Works Progress Administration (WPA), have a common historical association with the federal work relief programs and the development of the public-sector program of recreation and forest land development in the state. Although 12 of the 15 individual components of the nomination were built by the CCC, the works of the other programs are included because of the administrative similarities and social/humanitarian objectives shared (continued) NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (3-82) Expires 10-31-87 Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form CT State Park & Forest Depression-Era Federal Work Relief Continuation sheet Programs Structures Thematic Ifajjflfljfifoe, 5 Page 1

LOCATION OF LEGAL DESCRIPTION

Barkhamsted Town Clerk Hamden Town Hall Town Hall 2372 Whitney Ave. Route 318 Hamden, CT Pleasant Valley, CT

Sharon Town Hall Hartland Town Clerk's Office Main Street Route 179 South Road Sharon, CT East Hartland, CT Town Clerk's Office Eastford Town Clerk Town Office Building Eastford Town Office Building 760 Hopneadow Street Westford Road Simsbury, CT Eastford, CT Cornwall Town Clerk Griswold Town Clerk Pine Street 50 School Street Cornwall. CT Jewett City, CT Killingworth. Town Clerk's Office Town Office Building 323 Route 81 Killingworth, CT , Torrington Land Records Municipal Building 140 Main Street Torrington, CT Town of East Lyme 108 Pennsylvania Ave. East Lyme, CT 06357 Farmington Land Records Town Hall 1 Montheith Drive Farmington, CT Madison Town Clerk Meetinghouse Lane Madison, CT NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Wo. 1024-0018 (3-82) Expires 10-31-87 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form CT State Park & Forest Depression-Era Federal Work Continuation sheet Re11ef Work Programs Strucutre^lj^^c Resource Page

DEP Cultural Resource Survey No 1985 State Connecticut Historical Commission 59 S. Propsect Street Hartford, Connecticut 06106 NFS Form 10-900-a 0MB Wo. 1024-0018 (3-82) Expires 10-31-87 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form ^ ...... GT Park & Forest Thematic , , Continuation sheet______Item number 7______Page 1_____

by those programs and the CCC as well as the types of facilities they constructed on state-owned park and forest lands administered by the Park and Forest Commission. All the projects selected were administered by Park and Forest Commission personnel as part of the federal/state cooperative effort that characterized the programs. While the Civilian Conservation Corps was limited by Congress to "works of a public nature in connection with the forestation of lands belonging to the United States or the several states," the other programs were not so restricted and executed a variety of projects on the local, state, and federal levels. Regardless of use or program responsible for construction, most of the buildings erected by federal work relief labor are characterized by high standards of styling, detailing, and craftsmanship for their genre. Most of the structures exhibit one or more of the three types of construction in which the work relief programs excelled: masonry, wrought-iron, and woodworking. The buildings represent the highest standards of workmanship and design of the day. Even the vernacular, utilitarian structures are well-proportioned and well-constructed, demonstrating the skill and attention brought to the most modest project. The larger buildings are distinguished by a quality of design and detailing that is unmatched in other recreational structures in the state system. Of particular merit is the masonry work, which is distinguishable not only by the quality and variety of the coursing and joint styles but also by the handsome and often unusual styling of the particular feature, whether it be a chimney or a load-bearing wall.

METHODOLOGY The 15 nominated sites were identified during the 1985 statewide survey of the above-ground resources in state parks, forests, hatcheries, and wildlife management areas owned by the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, the administrative successor of the Park and Forest Commission since 1971. Thirty-six structures in sixteen different parks and forests were identified as having been built or altered by work relief programs and were evaluated by the surveyor and the professional staff of the Connecticut Historical Commission/State Historic Preservation Office to determine which ones met National Register criteria. In response to the similarities in building types and styling as well as the common historical connection with the development of the park and forest system in Connecticut and the federal work relief programs, it was decided to consider the eligible resources as a thematic group. Because of the integrity and (continued) NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No . 1024-0018 <3'82> Expires 10-31-87 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form

Continuation sheet Ct Park & Forest Thematic Item number 7 Page 2

remarkably complete state of preservation that many of the CCC, FERA, CWA, and WPA structures enjoy, those structures and complexes that were not as complete were determined not to meet the criteria but were included in the Connecticut Statewide Survey of Cultural Resources. The camps themselves were temporary in nature and the buildings were, with the exception of the Paugnut Forest Administration Building, Tunxis Forest Headquarters House, and Avery House, of modest types of construction and therefore did not survive. Many were sold for salvage when the programs were dismantled in 1942. Sites of camps were noted and recorded when their location was adjacent to extant resources. Fortunately, the resources that appear to meet National Register criteria are representative of the full spectrum of types of structures and facilities developed by the work relief programs in the state parks and forests, from the State Park Supply Yard in Madison, which, with its masonry oil house, workshop, and barns, is representative of the utilitarian, administrative, and maintenance aspect of the park and forest program, to the limited use and access rustic Adirondack trailside shelters. Most of the structures built and used by the CCC to mill and store lumber products, one of its major activities, have been removed or extensively altered. The Natchaug Forest Lumber Shed, most complete of the structures associated with forest product production, was included in the thematic group as representative of one of the significant aspects of the CCC program in the state. Major forest product operations were also housed in buildings in (Voluntown) and (Cornwall). While several related buildings survive at Mohawk, most have been altered and the complex has been enlarged with incompatible structures. The CCC also remodeled at least six pre-existing houses for use as administration buildings or ranger's residences. Most of the rehabilitations resulted in the loss of a great deal of historic fabric, which lessened the historical and architectural significance of the property. The Avery House in Griswold, however, a locally important late Colonial-style central-chimney dwelling with a hewn overhang on the gable ends, was sensitively reworked by the CCC for use as a camp administration building. It is included in the thematic group as the best example of CCC rehabilitation activities and because the structure itself is architecturally distinguished. ORIGINAL APPEARANCE Prior to the inception of the federal work relief programs in 1933, most of Connecticut's approximately 73,000 acres of park and forest (continued) NPS Form 10-900-a QMB NO. 1024-0018 <3'82> Expires 10-31-87 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form

Continuation sheet CT Park & Forest Thematic item number 7______Page 3_____

land was not in good condition. Most of the forest acreage was depleted as a result of forest fires, improper clearing and/or harvesting, or agricultural use. With the exception of the three major shoreline parks, Hammonasset (Madison), Rocky Neck (East Lyme), and Sherwood Island (Westport) , which were developed to include public conveniences to accommodate heavy seasonal day and overnight camping use, few of the parks and forests had been improved with more than quarters for the caretaker, which was often a pre-existing structure that came with the land, and a maintenance building. In addition to providing the men and materials to erect facilities for public use, which are the focus of the nomination, the work relief programs, especially the CCC, also improved the forests by planting, thinning, and disease and insect control, as well as constructing roads and that opened areas to the public that previously had been inaccessible or underutilized. Most of the nominated structures are located on sites that were developed by activities related to the work relief programs, and when appropriate, the nominated acreage includes the historic setting (see inventory forms). The CCC also constructed dams that created local swimming ponds at Massacoe Forest (Simsbury) and Chatfield Hollow (Killingworth) as part of its overall development of recreational areas. Its activities, coupled with those of the FERA, CWA, and WPA and the Connecticut Park and Forest Commission, transformed an undeveloped and underutilized assemblage of publicly held acreage into the nucleus of the state park and forest system as it is known today. The buildings themselves are in a remarkably complete state of preservation and some rank among the architecturally most distinguished structures in the entire park and forest system. INVENTORY

A. RECREATIONAL STRUCTURES Barkhamsted. American Legion Forest CCC Shelter. Saddle-notched log rustic Adirondack trailside shelter built by the CCC in 1935. Barkhamsted. Peoples Forest Museum. Superbly detailed fieldstone structure with bellcast gable roof built by the CCC in 1935. Cornwall. Red Mountain Shelter. Saddle-notched log rustic shelter built along the Appalachian bv the CCC in 1934. East Lyme. Rocky Neck Pavilion. Monumental stone building dramatically sited on Lands End Point overlooking Long Island Sound. Built in 1934-36 by the CCC, FERA, and CWA. NPS Form 10-900-a QMB No. 1024-0018 <3'82) Expires 10-31-87 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form

Continuation sheet Ct Park & Forest Thematic Item number 7 __ ___Page 4 ^^^

Farmington. Shade Swamp Shelter. Small, well-designed cedar log shelter built by the CCC in 1934. Hamden. Sleeping Giant Tower. Large fieldstone Romanesque lookout tower built atop Sleeping Giant ridge by the WPA in 1936-7. Hartland. Tunxis Forest Ski Cabin. Saddle-notched log structure with pyramidal corners and exterior fieldstone chimney built by the CCC in 1937. Killingworth. Oak Lodge. Superbly detailed frame structure with casement windows and bellcast gable roof built in 1936 by the CCC on the west side of a manmade pond created by the CCC in 1935. Sharon. Cream Hill Shelter. Saddle-notched log rustic Adirondack shelter built along the by the CCC in 1935. Simsbury. Massacoe Forest Pavilion. Handsome, nicely detailed open post-and-beam shelter with fieldstone floor. Built by the CCC, FERA, and CWA in 1935. B. ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGS Eastford. Natchaug Forest Lumber Shed. Modest vernacular 3-bay barn of post-and-beam construction built by the CCC in 1934 for storage of milled lumber. Griswold. Avery House. Ca. 1790 central-chimney Colonial-style house rehabilitated in 1935 by the CCC for the camp office and administration building. Hartland. Tunxis Forest Headquarters House. One-and-one-half-story stone-ended dwelling built by the CCC in 1936 as part of the Camp Robinson complex. Madison. State Park Supply Yard. Complex of seven vernacular structures built by the CCC in 1933-35 for storage and maintenance operations of the state park system. Torrington. Paugnut Forest Administration Building. Fieldstone gable-ended bungalow built by the CCC in 1937 as the camp administration building. 8. Significance

Period Areas of Significance—Check and justify below __. prehistoric archeology-prehistoric community planning landscape architecture religion _.._._ 1400-1499 archeology-historic . conservation _ law ._.... science _1500-1599 _ agriculture . __ economics literature ... sculpture __1600-1699 _x architecture .education military ._x social __. 1700-1799 ..art engineering _..._ music humanitarian __1800-1899 -__.. commerce .._. exploration'settlement _... philosophy ..._... theater _X 1900- -- communications industry .... politics government __transportation ... invention _X other (specify) __.____...... _.... _ ._.._...... ___.._...... _..._.. _.._..._._Beer eati OIL. Specific_dates 1933-1942 Builder/Architect $ ee inventory Forms ______

Statement of Significance (in one paragraph) No programs had greater impact on the development of the Connecticut park and forest system than the Depression-era work relief programs (Civilian Conservation Corps, Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Civilian Works Administration, and Works Progress Administration) initiated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 as part of his great "Hundred Days" legislative action to put a despondent nation back to work (criterion A) . The work relief programs were a boon to Connecticut's fledgling effort to develop a statewide system of recreational parks and forests begun only 20 years earlier when the park system was established by the Connecticut General Assembly. By opening and improving forest and park areas as well as erecting some of the handsomest and best-constructed recreational structures located on publicly held lands (criterion C), the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and other work relief programs accomplished in the nine years of the programs' existence what it has been conservatively estimated would have taken fifty without federal assistance. The legacy of the Depression-era work relief programs continues as the nucleus of many individual parks and forests, thus establishing the framework of the state's involvement in open-space management and conservation as it is known today. The Civilian Conservation Corps was one of the most successful work relief programs developed by Franklin D. Roosevelt during his first 100 days in office. Nicknamed "Roosevelt's Tree Army," the program was designed to put the unemployed to work on projects "of a public nature in connection with the forestation of lands belonging to the United States or the several states...."! It was administered jointly by federal and state agencies, with the Department of Labor recruiting single men between 17 and 28 from high unemployment, usually metropolitan, areas; the Departments of Army, Interior, and Agriculture handling transportation, camp construction, and management; and the forestry department of each state developing and managing specific projects. The individual camps, housed in temporary, makeshift buildings, operated on a structured, military-like routine with an average of 250 men per camp. Their projects were many, including roadbuilding, planting and thinning forests, timbering, surveying, charcoal production, trail building, fire prevention, insect and disease control, recreational area development, and construction projects. Over 30,000 men were employed in the 20 different camps in Connecticut between 1933 and 1942. In addition to its primary functions of silviculture and roadbuilding, the CCC frequently constructed small recreational and support (continued) NPS Form 10-900-a OM B No. 1024-0018 <3'82> Expires 10-31-87 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form

Continuation sheet CT Park & Forest Thematic |tem number 8_____

structures in conjunction with its overall park and forest development. The sites designated for inclusion in the National Register represent not only the high quality of craftsmanship and design that characterizes the best CCC buildings, but also the wide variety of building types erected, from the well-designed small rustic shelter at Shade Swamp to the utilitarian Central Park Supply Yard in Madison and the stone museum at in Barkhamsted. The structures are an important, tangible record of one of President Roosevelt's most effective short-term relief programs and architecturally rank among some of the most significant buildings, both individually and collectively, in the entire state park and forest system. The more modest sturctures are important for their historical association with the work relief programs as well as their representation of the types of structures historically associated with the administration and management of public lands. Initially the program was immensely successful, but by 1937 enrollment and morale were down and desertions were high. Plagued by political infighting, managerial problems, and budget cutbacks, the program declined markedly during the late 1930s and was dealt a deathblow by the build-up of the armaments industry and America's subsequent entry into World War II on December 7, 1941. The Civilian Conservation Corps ceased to be a federal program on January 1, 1942. Although the Civilian Conservation Corps was the largest federal work relief program operating in the state's parks and forests, it was not the only one. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), the Civilian Works Administration (CWA) (created six months after the CCC as a temporary program to provide relief during the winter of 1933-34), and the Works Progress Administration (WPA) (established as the administrative successor to the FERA and CWA in 1935) were also active, doing much of the same work and in the same manner as the CCC but in different locations. The FERA, CWA, and WPA were responsible for the Rocky Neck Pavilion (East Lyme), Sleeping Giant Tower (Hamden), and Massacoe Forest Pavilion (Simsbury). Whether built by the CCC, FERA, CWA, or WPA, the structures are characterized by high quality styling, careful detailing, and/or excellent workmanship. Constructed under the supervision of LEMs (local experienced men), the structures were built to provide hands-on training for the enrollees, who were taught masonry, carpentry, and blacksmithing by proficient craftsmen. The skill and attention to detail brought to the individual structures are remarkable, as is the complete state of preservation that most enjoy, (continued) NPS Form 10-900-a 0MB No. 1024-0018 (3-82) Expires 10-31-87 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form

Continuation sheet CT Park & Forest Thematic Item number 8______Page 2______

Although Connecticut began its involvement in state-held land for public benefit in 1901 when the position of State Forester was created by the General Assembly, it was not until the establishment of the Park Commission in 1913 (reorganized as the Park and Forest Commission in 1921) that the state actively set out on a comprehensive program of land acquisition and development. While forestry interests continued promoting and implementing proper woodland development and management, park proponents emphasized acquisition of what was becoming increasingly scarce and expensive shoreline and river frontage and areas of scenic beauty, which frequently came to state ownership through private bequest or donation. By concentrating its activities on securing for state ownership desirable parcels within a 25-mile radius of all major population centers, the Park and Forest Commission was able to do little to actually develop most of its holdings, which ranged from the three major shoreline parks to forest acreage in the sparsely settled northeast and northwest corners of the state. By 1932 the state owned approximately 73,000 acres, but most of the land was in poor condition, and few of the facilities were developed for extensive recreational use. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's work relief programs initiated in 1933 provided the state with the men, materials, and money to realize the Park and Forest Commission's aspiration of site improvement, and the state/federal partnership effected the rapid development of forests and recreational areas that would have taken decades without federal involvement. The structures built by the federal work relief programs under the supervision of the Connecticut Park and Forest Commission are a lasting testimony to the success and impact of the cooperative effort that sought to improve the lot of the unemployed and promote projects to benefit the nation as a whole.

ENDNOTE 1. Perry Merrill, Roosevelt's Tree Army (Montpelier, Vermont: Perry Merrill, 1981), p. 17. 9. Major Bibliographical References______

Adams, Grace. Workers on Relief. New Haven: Yale Univeristy Press, 1939. See Continuation Sheet 10. Geographical Data______Acreage of nominated property See Inventory Forms Quadrangle name See inventory forms & continuation Sheet Quadrangle scale 1:24,OOP UT M References A _I I I . l-. . I I i I i I . . I Zone Easting Northing Zone Easting Northing

cL^J I I i I i i I I i I i I i i I D|___| Mill! 1,1,1,

El . I I I , I i i I I , I i I i , I Fl ! I I I I I , I I 1.1,1,,

Gill I I i I i i I I i I l I l i I Hi l I I I l I i i I I l I , I i ,

Verbal boundary description and justification See Inventory Forms

List all states and counties for properties overlapping state or county boundaries N/A state code county code N/A state code county code 11. Form Prepared By edited by John Herzan, name/title Mary Elizabeth McCahon, Consultant, National Register Coordinator

organization Connecticut Historical Commission date December, 1985

street* number 59 S. Prospect Street telephone (203) 566-3005

city or town Hartford state Connecticut 12. State Historic Preservation Officer Certification

The evaluated significance of this property within the state is: __ national _X _ state __ local As the designated State Historic Preservation Officer for the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89- 665), I hereby nominate this property for inclusion in the National Register and certify that it has been evaluated according to the criteria and procedures set forth by the National Par£ Service.

State Historic Preservation Officer signature ^^^> Director, Connecticut Historic ission date June 24, 1986 For NFS use only I hereby certify that this'property is

____ Chief of Registration

894-78* NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No _ 1024-0018 (3-82) Expires 10-31-87 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form CT State Park & Forest Depression-Era Federal Work Relief Program Continuation sheet Structures Thematic Resource Item number 9______Page___

Hawes, Austin. History of Forestry In Connecticut. Vol. II. Typed manuscript deposited with the State Forester, Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, Hartford, Connecticut, 1952. Merrill, Perry. Roosevelt 1 s Tree Army. Montpelier, Vermont: By the Author, 200 Elm Street, 1981. Park and Forest Commission. Biennial Report to the Governor. 1930-44. NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet

Section number Page Connecticut State Park and Forest Depression-Era Federal work Relief Programs Structures TR

ADDITIONAL DOCUMENTATION TO COVER

APPROVED NFS Form 10-900-a 0MB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) * United States Department of the Interior National Park Service im|y| \ 4 NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES NATIONAL CONTINUATION SHEET Section number 7 Page 1

Connecticut Park and Forest Depression-Era Federal Work Relief Programs Structures (Amendment)

DESCRIPTION Overview This amendment to the Connecticut State Park and Forest Depression- Era Federal Work Relief Programs Structures listing adds four small stone-arch bridges in Devil's Hopyard and Fort Shantok State Parks. Like the other structures and buildings in that listing, the bridges are of rustic construction and were built in the 1930s by the Connecticut Park and Forest Commission, aided by two federal work- relief programs, the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Works Progress Administration. All four bridges are characterized by fieldstone rubble masonry set in concrete-based mortar and spandrels that continue upward to form low railings along the roadway. The three Devil's Hopyard State Park bridges are almost identical 24- foot-span arches; the Fort Shantok State Park bridge is shorter, a 12-foot-span, and it includes wing walls on either side of the arch. All four bridges cross small brooks in densely wooded settings.

Methodology The four bridges were identified as part of the Connecticut Department of Transportation's statewide Inventory of Historic Bridges (1991), a survey of bridges with an overall length of 20 feet or more located on public roads. Although situated within state parks, the bridges carry state-numbered highways and are administered by the Department of Transportation. These were the only state-park bridges of this type identified in the survey.

Original Appearance All four bridges have their historic appearance preserved almost entirely intact. The three Devil's Hopyard bridges have been repointed, and they have an added concrete structural reinforcement imbedded within them. This rehabilitation work resulted in no loss of integrity. NFS Form 10-900-a 0MB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior JJK t 4 1993 National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section number 7 Page 2

Connecticut Park and Forest Depression-Era Federal Work Relief Programs Structures (Amendment)

Inventory East Haddam. Bridge No. 1603, Devil's Hopyard State Park. Devil's Hopyard Road (Route 434) over unnamed brook, 24-foot-span stone arch, 1937. East Haddam. Bridge No. 1604, Devil's Hopyard State Park. Devil's Hopyard Road (Route 434) over Muddy Brook, 24-foot-span stone arch, 1937. East Haddam. Bridge No. 1605, Devil's Hopyard State Park. Devil's Hopyard Road (Route 434) over unnamed brook, 24-foot-span stone arch, 1937. Montville. Bridge No. 1860. Fort Shantok State Park. Massapeag Side Road (Route 433) over Shantok Brook, 12-foot-span stone arch, 1936. NFS Form 10-900-a 0MB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) JUN 14 (993 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section number 8,9 Page 3

Connecticut Park and Forest Depression-Era Federal Work Relief Programs Structures (Amendment)

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The four added bridges are significant for the same reasons as the 14 structures and 7 buildings included with the original nomination. They were built by the Connecticut Park and Forest Commission in cooperation with two federal work-relief programs, the Civilian Conservation Corps (C.C.C.) and the Works Progress Administration (W.P.A.). Such park structures are among the state's most tangible reminders of the 1930s federal efforts to counteract the effects of the Depression through government action. Tens of thousands of Connecticut residents were employed by New Deal programs, and numerous public works, especially in the state parks and forests, were completed. The bridges also illustrate the period's concern with developing parks and forests as recreational areas to be enjoyed by all. The roads associated with these bridges were essential in providing public access to picnicking, hiking, and otherwise enjoying the beauties of nature offered by the parks. Architecturally, the bridges embody the same rustic aesthetic found in other park buildings and structures of the period. The use of the arched form itself was considered scenic, and their rough fieldstone rubble masonry furthered the compatibility of the structures with their wooded surroundings. Although stone had long been superseded by concrete and steel as materials for bridge building, the labor intensity of stone masonry was actually an advantage in the case of these park bridges, since they were intended in part to provide both training and work-relief for those who constructed them.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Historic Bridge Inventory. Connecticut Department of Transportation, 1991. NFS Form 10-900-• 0MB .Vo . 1024-0018 (342) Expires 10-31-87 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form

Continuation sheet Item number Page

Multiple Resource Area dnr-11 Thematic Group

Name Connecticut State Park and Forest Depression-Era Fede^il We State Hartford & other Counties, CT Nomination/Type of Review

1. American Legion Forest CCC Shelter

2. Avery House

3. Cream Hill Shelter

4 < Massacoe Forest Pavilion

5 Natchaug Forest Lumber Shed

Oak Lodge

7. Paugnut Forest Administration Building

8. Peoples Forest Museum

9. Red Mountain Shelter

Attest . Rocky Neck Pavilion

Attest NPS Form 10-900-* 0MB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form

Continuation sheet Item number Page

Multiple Resource Area Thematic Group

Connecticut State Park and Forest Deression-Era Fp.dp.ral Work State CT Programs Structures TR Nomination/Type of Review Date/Signature

11. Shade Swamp Shelter Attest

12. Sleeping Giant Tower ^(Keeper Attest

13. State Park Supply Yard Attest 14. Tunxis Forest Headquarters House

15. Tunxis Forest Ski Cabin

. Bridge No, 1603

Bridge No, 1604

Bridge No. 1605

19. Bridge No. 1860

20.