Universidade Federal Fluminense Departamento De Ciência Política Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciência Política

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Universidade Federal Fluminense Departamento De Ciência Política Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciência Política UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA DOUTORADO EM CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA ALVARO AUGUSTO DIAS MONTEIRO COOPERAÇÃO NAVAL E A SEGURANÇA MARÍTIMA DO ATLÂNTICO SUL. O CASO DO ACORDO DE COOPERAÇÃO NAVAL BRASIL – NAMÍBIA. (1994/2010) NITERÓI, RJ 2017 M775 Monteiro, Alvaro Augusto Dias. Cooperação naval e a segurança marítima do Atlântico Sul. O caso do acordo de cooperação Brasil-Namíbia (1994/2010) / Alvaro Augusto Dias Monteiro. – 2017. 238 f. Orientador: Eurico de Lima Figueiredo. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Política) – Universidade Federal Fluminense. Departamento de Ciência Política, 2017. Bibliografia: f. 218-238. 1. Brasil. 2. Namíbia. 3. Oceano Atlântico Sul. 4. Política externa. 5. Defesa. 6. Segurança internacional. I. Figueiredo, Eurico de Lima. II. Universidade Federal Fluminense. Departamento de Ciência Política. III. Título. ALVARO AUGUSTO DIAS MONTEIRO COOPERAÇÃO NAVAL E A SEGURANÇA MARÍTIMA DO ATLÂNTICO SUL. O CASO DO ACORDO DE COOPERAÇÃO NAVAL BRASIL – NAMÍBIA (1994/2010) Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política (PPGCP) da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciência Política, na área de Estudos Estratégicos Orientador: EURICO DE LIMA FIGUEIREDO NITERÓI, RJ 2017 ALVARO AUGUSTO DIAS MONTEIRO COOPERAÇÃO NAVAL E A SEGURANÇA MARÍTIMA DO ATLÂNTICO SUL. O CASO DO ACORDO DE COOPERAÇÃO NAVAL BRASIL – NAMÍBIA (1994/2010) Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política (PPGCP) da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciência Política, na área de Estudos Estratégicos Data de aprovação: 22 de setembro de 2010 BANCA EXAMINADORA _____________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Eurico de Lima Figueiredo – Orientador e Presidente da Banca Examinadora (PPGCP/ UFF) _____________________________________________________________________ Examinador Titular Interno: Prof. Dr. Jonuel Gonçalves (UFF) _____________________________________________________________________ Examinador Titular Interno: Prof. Dr. Adriano de Freixo (UFF) _____________________________________________________________________ Examinador Titular Externo: Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Alves Pereira (UERJ) _____________________________________________________________________ Examinador Titular Externo: Prof. Dr. Williams da Silva Gonçalves (UERJ) SUPLENTES ____________________________________________________________________ Examinador Suplente Interno: Prof. Dr. Vágner Camilo Alves (UFF) _____________________________________________________________________ Examinador Suplente Externo: Prof. Dr. Wanderley Messias da Costa AGRADECIMENTOS Ao iniciar esta empreitada no outono de minha vida, eu tinha plena consciência de que não seria capaz de concluí-la sem a ajuda de muitos. Tentar agradecer-lhes, nominalmente, seria indevido; foram tantos os que me ajudaram, e de tão diversas formas que, por certo, cometeria injustiça por alguma omissão, ainda que involuntária. A todos, indistintamente, apresento meu profundo reconhecimento, pois de todos recebi incentivos que jamais esquecerei. Todavia, ao encerrar esta pesquisa, não poderia deixar de expressar de público minha eterna gratidão a alguns que por circunstâncias peculiares por mais tempo caminharam comigo nesta jornada. Aos amigos da Escola de Guerra Naval que desde o primeiro instante incentivaram-me a enfrentar este desafio colocando-se a meu lado para ajudar-me a enfrentar as procelas que porventura encontrasse nesta singradura. Aos professores que tive cujos saberes indicaram-me, seguramente, o rumo a navegar. A meus filhos, Luisa e Luciano, cuja presença em minha vida é a motivação maior para que eu aceite novos desafios e cuja convivência eu espero poder desfrutar ainda por muito tempo. A minha Lucia Maria, mulher que tantas cores trouxe à paleta da minha vida, a quem, inebriado por minha avareza profissional e pessoal, sempre pedi muito, embora muito pouco lhe tenha dado em troca. A meu orientador, estimado Professor Eurico de Lima Figueiredo, a quem devo tudo nesta realização. Sem sua condução segura e serena, eu não teria sido capaz de concluir esta tarefa que me enche de orgulho. Sobretudo, sou-lhe para sempre grato por sua confiança. Sem sua crença em meu potencial, eu sequer teria tido a chance de iniciá-la. Não existe vento favorável para o marinheiro que não sabe aonde ir. Sêneca É muito bom discutir acordos tendo por trás de si uma esquadra com credibilidade. Barão de Rio Branco RESUMO Esta pesquisa concentra-se no Acordo de Cooperação Naval Brasil – Namíbia (ACNBN), estabelecido em 1994, que se mantém efetivo até os dias de hoje, em que a Marinha do Brasil coopera com a criação, organização e desenvolvimento da Marinha da Namíbia. Acordo que desperta atenção, entre outros aspectos, por ter se tornado o eixo principal da relação entre Brasil e Namíbia, países que, até então, não desfrutavam de laços culturais comuns, nem visíveis afinidades outras. Fato que adquire, ainda, maior relevância, quando considerado no contexto da segurança marítima do Atlântico Sul, em que acordos de cooperação naval são essenciais para o desenvolvimento de arquiteturas de segurança transnacionais, imprescindíveis para sua preservação. Elegendo o ACNBN como um estudo de caso, esta investigação buscou verificar se entre as motivações que levaram esses dois países a estabelecê-lo e a mantê-lo por todo esse tempo, preponderaram aspectos concernentes à segurança marítima do Atlântico Sul, bem como, se esse acordo resultou de uma ação articulada entre as políticas externa e de defesa brasileiras, consentânea com uma iniciativa estratégica do Estado brasileiro visando à preservação da segurança marítima dessa área marítima. O mapeamento do processo do ACNBN e a análise dos contextos brasileiro e namibiano que condicionaram suas tratativas evidenciaram que, sob a perspectiva namibiana, as questões relativas à segurança marítima foram prioritárias, o que não foi o caso, contudo, sob a perspectiva brasileira, em que prevaleceram motivações concernentes à projeção do poder naval brasileiro na costa ocidental africana, além de expectativas de ganhos comerciais. Restou evidente, também, que a articulação entre as políticas externa e de defesa, no caso do ACNBN foi, senão inexistente, incipiente. Palavras-chave: Brasil. Namíbia. Atlântico-Sul. Cooperação Naval. Segurança Marítima. Política Externa. Política de Defesa. ABSTRACT This research focuses on the Namibian-Brazilian Naval Cooperation Agreement (ACNBN), signed in 1994, which remains effective until now. By this agreement, Brazilian Navy cooperates with the creation, organization and development of the Namibian Navy. This agreement attracts attention, among other factors, for becoming the main axis of the relationship between Brazil and Namibia, countries that until then had not developed any cultural ties or other perceivable affinities. This fact acquires even greater relevance when considered in the context of South Atlantic maritime security, as naval cooperation agreements are essential tools for the development of transnational security architectures. Defining ACNBN as a case study, this investigation sought to verify if, among the motivations that led the two countries to sign it and to keep it going until now, aspects concerning the South Atlantic maritime security were relevant, as well as, if that agreement resulted from articulated strategic initiatives of the Brazilian foreign and defense policies, aiming at the preservation of the maritime security in South Atlantic. The process tracing of the ACNBN and the analysis of the Brazilian and Namibian contexts that conditioned its dealings demonstrated that, from the Namibian perspective, maritime security was a priority. That was not the case of Brazil, in which prevailed concerns about Brazilian naval power projection on the Africa’s West Coast, as well as expectations of commercial gains. It also remained evident that the articulation between the Brazilian foreign and defense policies, in the case of the ACNBN was, if non-existent, incipient. Keywords: Brazil. Namíbia. South Atlantic. Naval Cooperation. Maritime Security. Foreign Policy. Defense Policy. LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS, SIGLAS E SÍMBOLOS ACNBN Acordo de Cooperação Naval Brasil-Namíbia ALCA Aliança de Livre Comércio das Américas ALTE Almirante BNDES Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social BRICS Acrônimo do agrupamento econômico formado por Brasil, Rússia, Índia e África do Sul CASA Comunidade Sul-Americana de Nações CDS Conselho de Defesa Sul-Americano CMG Capitão de Mar e Guerra CIAA Centro de Instrução Almirante Alexandrino CIAGA Centro de Instrução Almirante Graça Aranha CIAW Centro de Instrução Almirante Wandenkolk CFN Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais da Marinha do Brasil CPLP Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa CSNU Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas DNOG Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra END Estratégia Nacional de Defesa EMGEPRON Empresa Gerencial de Projetos Navais EN Escola Naval (Brasil) EUA Estados Unidos da América FDN Forças de Defesa da Namíbia FHC Fernando Henrique Cardoso GAT-FN Grupo de Assessoramento Técnico de Fuzileiros Navais GPS Global Position System IBAS Fórum de Diálogo Índia, Brasil e África do Sul IMO International Maritime Organization IONS Indian Ocean Naval Symposium LEPLAC Levantamento da plataforma continental MAP Military Assistance Programm MB Marinha do Brasil
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