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Quel Ristorante Di Lugano in Cui Iniziò La Guerra Fredda

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Quel Ristorante Di Lugano in Cui Iniziò La Guerra Fredda Corriere del Ticino Martedì 3 marzo 2020 LUGANESE 11 Quel ristorante di Lugano in cui iniziò la Guerra fredda STORIA / Esattamente 75 anni fa, in una sala del Grand Café al Porto, un incontro tra agenti segreti diede il via all’operazione Sunrise Per molti storici accelerò la fine della guerra in Italia, ma per altri contribuì a esacerbare i rapporti tra Stati Uniti e Unione Sovietica John Robbiani È possibile che la Guerra fred- da sia iniziata esattamente set- tantacinque anni fa - il 3 marzo 1945 - nella sala del cenacolo fiorentino del Grand Café al Porto di Lugano? Sembra una provocazione, un’esagerazio- ne, ma diversi storici (per esem- pio la tedesca Kerstin von Lin- gen, autrice nel 2015 del volu- me Allen Dulles, l’OSS e i crimi- nali di guerra nazisti) sembrano concordare sul fatto che l’ope- razione Sunrise contribuì a peggiorare notevolmente i rap- porti tra alleati e Unione Sovie- tica e a far credere a Stalin che gli Stati Uniti stessero prepa- rando una pace separata con la Germania, in barba all’accordo di Casablanca (del 1943), per poi iniziare un conflitto con l’URSS. A tavola con il capo della CIA Ma veniamo ai fatti. È come det- to il 3 marzo di esattamente 75 anni fa e seduti a un tavolo del Gran Café al Porto - all’epoca Ri- storante Bianchi - si trovano in gran segreto due ufficiali tede- schi delle SS (Eugen Dollmann e Guido Zimmer), il barone ita- liano Luigi Parrilli, un agente dei servizi segreti americani In questa sala, in gran segreto, militari svizzeri, tedeschi e statunitensi iniziarono a trattare la resa delle truppe naziste in Italia. (Paul Blum) e due agenti sviz- zeri: il maggiore Max Waibel e re imputato al processo di No- ruolo di Waibel infatti non era ta solo il 29 aprile del 1945 a Ca- il dottor Max Husmann. Sedu- Stalin pretese rimberga (verrà processato so- solo quello di mediatore. Il 19 serta (un giorno prima della Porte aperte ti a quel tavolo - in una Lugano lo nel 1962 e condannato a 15 an- marzo organizza addirittura morte di Hitler e 8 giorni prima che pullula di spie - discutono da Roosevelt ni, scarcerato dopo 6, per la de- una spedizione armata (in cui della definitiva caduta della la resa dell’esercito tedesco nel la cessazione delle portazione di 300.000 ebrei prende parte anche un agente Germania). Sunrise permise Visitare il luogo Nord Italia. È, appunto, l’inizio trattative di pace verso il campo di Treblinka). ticinese) a Cernobbio proprio comunque agli angloamerica- e scoprirne le vicende dell’operazione Sunrise («Alba»). per liberare Wolff, nel frattem- ni, secondo Halbrook, di avvi- Tutti sanno che la Germania - in corso in Svizzera Il coinvolgimento elvetico po arrestato dai partigiani. cinarsi a Trieste (occupata da- attaccata a Est dall’Armata ros- Ma come mai la neutrale Sviz- gli jugoslavi) e farsela poi ricon- sa e da Ovest e Sud dagli anglo- Temeva che gli alleati zera si è prestata a un’operazio- L’ira di Mosca segnare prima dell’arrivo dei americani - perderà la guerra. firmassero una pace ne di questo tipo? Un’operazio- Per la sua partecipazione sovietici. E proprio per questo, Parleranno gli esperti Occorre solo capire come e ne che ancora oggi non è del all’operazione Waibel venne re- come detto, c’è chi considera Il Grand Cafè al Porto, in quando. Blum risponde ad Al- separata con tutto stata chiarita? Ufficial- darguito dalla Confederazione Sunrise come una delle primis- collaborazione con len Dulles (responsabile dell’in- i tedeschi in funzione mente Waibel - lo afferma lui (ma poi nominato addetto mi- sime azioni della Guerra fred- l’Associazione per la Rivista telligence americana in Euro- anticomunista stesso nella sua biografia - ha litare a Washington). Berna po- da. Ma c’è dell’altro. In un docu- militare Svizzera di lingua pa e poi, dal 1953, direttore del- agito da solo e senza informa- teva infatti venir accusata di mento della CIA - da tempo de- italiana, organizza due giornate la CIA), Dollmann al generale re il Consiglio federale. «In quei non aver rispettato la neutrali- classificato - si parla di Guido di porte aperte al cenacolo Karl Wolff, plenipotenziario giorni – scrive l’ufficiale nelle tà. Non a caso il 7 aprile 1945 Sta- Zimmer (l’ufficiale che per pri- fiorentino, e dunque alla sala che militare in Italia. Cosa hanno da sue memorie – ho capito che è lin, in una lettera a Roosevelt, mo, al Porto, iniziò a trattare la accolse i primi incontri segreti offrire i tedeschi? La resa dei lo- molto più facile iniziare una chiese di bloccare ogni tratta- resa). Un documento in cui si dell’operazione Sunrise. Venerdì ro 800.000 soldati ancora stan- guerra che concluderla». Vole- tiva di pace in corso in Svizze- dice che Zimmer già nel 1944 - 6 e sabato 7 marzo si potrà fare ziati in Italia e la garanzia di non va evitare all’Italia ulteriori e ra. Il Cremlino temeva appun- in un’operazione tedesca chia- una visita guidata (alle 15, alle 16 applicare le volontà di Adolf Hi- inutili ferite e contribuire a una to che si stesse elaborando una mata Woof - aveva suggerito un e alle 17) in cui verrà rievocato tler, che aveva ordinato la stra- rapida conclusione del conflit- pace separata e che questa contatto in Svizzera con gli al- quell’avvincente periodo tegia della «terra bruciata» e, to («Il 23 aprile, quando i pleni- avrebbe permesso ai tedeschi leati. «Più che un colpo ameri- storico. dunque, della distruzione com- potenziari tedeschi arrivarono di trasferire truppe a Est da op- cano – termina il documento – pleta del sistema industriale del in Svizzera per presentare la re- porre all’Armata Rossa. Secon- è stato un affare tedesco». Un Nord Italia. sa gli alleati stavano ancora a do lo storico Stephen P. Hal- tentativo elaborato dai nazisti sud del Po. Quanto sangue si sa- brook, Stalin sabotò l’operazio- per «sfaldare» il fronte alleato e Luci e ombre rebbero potute evitare se non ne Sunrise poiché temeva che mettere in crisi l’alleanza con È però possibile - questa per avessero più dovuto sferrare la resa delle truppe tedesche in la Russia. La verità forse non la esempio è la tesi di von Lingen l’attacco a nord del fiume»). E, Italia avrebbe impedito l’espan- sapremo mai, così come mai sa- - che l’operazione Sunrise sia probabilmente, anche dimo- sione dell’influenza sovietica premo quante vite sono state servita a Wolff a evitare di fini- strare qualcosa agli alleati. Il in Austria e in Italia. Resa firma- salvate da Sunrise..
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