The US Navy Japanese/Oriental Language School Archival Project The Interpreter Archives, University of Colorado at Boulder Libraries Number 130 Remember September 11, 2001 [email protected] December 1, 2008

Our Mission He was a member of Trinity Angel: What did you volunteer for? and, when no more transmissions United Methodist Church, Cedar were picked up from that ship, we In the Spring of 2000, the Lodge No. 430 F&AM, Morley: Naval Intelligence. I was knew we had played a vital part in its Archives continued the origi- Exchange Club and the Zoning looking around to see where I might sinking. For us at the Annex it was nal efforts of Captain Roger fit when a classmate, Bob an antiseptic business…..but deadly Board, all in Orrville. He was Schwantes, who later became for all that. (to be cont’d) Pineau and William Hudson, also a member of the Al Koran important in the Asia Foundation, Robert Angel and the Archives first at- Shrine and the Delta Tau Delta told me that the Navy was recruiting Japan Considered tempts in 1992, to gather the Fraternity. people for a Japanese Language March 21, 2005 papers, letters, photographs, Surviving in addition to his School that had been set up in University of South Carolina and records of graduates of wife are a son, H. Calvin (Diane) Boulder, Colorado. [Webpage of College of Arts and Sciences the US Navy Japanese/ Leitzel Jr. of Middleburg U.S. Navy Japanese/Oriental Department of Political Science Language Archive Project (JSLP)] I ______Oriental Language School, Heights; a daughter, Cynthia University of Colorado at didn’t know anything about the (David) Withrow of North Japanese language—I don’t believe Chronicles Boulder, 1942-1946. We Lawrence, two grandchildren that I had ever seen it written or of My Life assemble these papers in and a great-grandchild. heard it spoken—but learning recognition of the contribu- A brother, Richard Leitzel, something new appealed to me, so I in the 20th Century tions made by JLS/OLS applied, was accepted, and headed died previously. 7. Enamored by 'The Tale of instructors and graduates to West. The Daily Record (Wooster) the War effort in the Pacific Genji' Autobiographical essays Obituaries, February 20, 2003 Angel: What was the Navy Japanese by and the Cold War, to the ______creation of East Asian Language School like? At first there was so little

language programs across Interview fighting between and with Morley: 15 months of intensive the country, and to the study, all day and sometimes, all Germany that people laughed at development of Japanese- Professor night. The texts were the Naganuma the "phoney war," but in 1940, American cultural rec- James W. Morley Readers, written originally for the the most depressing year of my onciliation programs after instruction of missionaries. The life, the German army suddenly World War II. (ret.) teachers were mostly Japanese drawn struck, first at Denmark and from the Relocation Camps. They Norway, then at Holland and Henry C. Leitzel Angel: Welcome to Japan were a dedicated group and made up Belgium. The Maginot Line, Considered, Professor Morley. How in enthusiasm for what they lacked in teaching experience. Grammar, of which was supposed to protect 1920-2003 did you first become involved with France against German Japan? course, went by the boards. Why is BIC the language constructed this way? invasions, was easily bypassed

by the Germans, and half of ORRVILLE -- Henry C. Leitzel, Introduction to Japan and the War we’d ask, and the answer was always given, ―Because that’s the way we France was soon occupied. 83, of Jerome Drive, died Years say it!‖ Later that year the aerial Tuesday morning, Feb. 18, 2003, bombing of Britain began. It at Wooster Community Hospital, Morley: December 7, 1941 when the radio blared into my college room Angel: And after graduating…. seemed almost impossible for the following a ten-day illness. that the Japanese had attacked Pearl British to resist the Germans. I Services will be Friday at 11 Morley: I was sent to Washington to Harbor. Before that I had had no could hardly bear to read the a.m. at the Trinity United work in the Communication Annex, contact with Japan and I’m not sure I newspapers, dreading the latest Methodist Church in Orrville could have located it on a map. where I was assigned to a section news of Nazi conquests. I spent with the Rev. Dennis Rinehart working round the clock to break the codes used in Japanese capital ship more and more time trying to officiating. Angel: Where were you and what transmissions. memorize Chinese characters, He was born on Jan. 1, 1920 year were you in college? though I realized that this study in China to Henry Samuel Morley: I was just finishing the first Angel: Can you talk about that or is without aims was an unreal Howard Leitzel and Ruth it a quiet subject? semester of my junior year at pursuit. But in the autumn of (Rossiter) Leitzel Firestone. He Harvard College; and while I had 1940, most unexpectedly, at the married Charlotte Zema on June Morley: It was quiet then—top become alarmed by the trends in worst point of the conflict within 26, 1943 in Boulder, Colo. She world politics, I was deeply secret, but now? So much has me between hatred of war and survives. immersed in the study of American changed. The Japanese capital ships—the carriers, battleships, and hatred of the Nazis, a kind of He lived in China until the history and literature and inclined cruisers—transmitted their messages deliverance came my way. age of 19, graduated from toward pacifism. in an enciphered code. For our Navy At that time there was in Allegheny College and served in Pearl Harbor changed all that. Once to engage the Japanese Navy Times Square, the center of New the US Navy during World War successfully, the location of the our country was attacked, I felt York, a bookshop that II. He entered the US Navy Japanese ships had to be pinpointed, instinctively that we had to fight and specialized in remainders, and I Japanese Language School in and the best way to do that was to that I had to get ready. I quickly would look in every time I was December 1942. piled on courses so as to graduate read their electronic transmissions. in the area. One day I saw a He worked for the that summer, and in December 1942, The assignment of my section was to break through the numerical stack of books called "The Tale Westinghouse Electrical after putting in a few months at the ciphers. We were not consistently of Genji." I had never heard of Corporation in Pittsburgh and Fletcher School of Law and successful, but on many occasions this work before, but I examined Orrville for 41 years, retiring in Diplomacy—where I had the good fortune to meet my wife—I we were. Then, crucial messages a volume out of curiosity. I could 1985 as an electrical engineer. volunteered in the Navy. were read, the Fleet was informed, tell from the illustrations that the was Jack Kerr, had lived several Our tutor, Inomata Tadashi, and director of publications for book must be about Japan. The years in Japan and taught taught us from the elementary Stanford University Graduate School book, in two volumes, was English in Taiwan. He had some reader that began saita, saita, of Business where he was for five priced at forty-nine cents. This command of spoken Japanese, sakura ga saita. Unlike the other years. He was then a turn-around manager and was president /CEO of seemed a bargain, and I bought but had never learned to read the two students, I could not say numerous companies including it. language. One of his students even the simplest thing in Barnes-Hind Pharmaceuticals and I soon became engrossed in from Taiwan, of Japanese Japanese, but I recognized kanji I Velo Bind, Inc. Most recently, Ridge "The Tale of Genji." The ancestry, had been born in had learned in Chinese. I was was chairman of LandRay translation (by Arthur Waley) America and had recently excited at the thought of learning Technology, Inc. principal of Harlan was magical, evoking a distant returned. Kerr intended to spend another language, but the other Communications, founding investor and beautiful world. I could not the summer at his house in the two gradually lost interest in and principal of ComputerEyes stop reading, sometimes going mountains memorizing kanji. For me, the Corporation and a private investor. Ridge belonged to the Olympic back to savor again details. I studying Japanese with his complicated way that Japanese is Club and the Family Club. contrasted the world of "The former student. He feared, written was one of its attractions. He is survived by his wife Tale of Genji" with my own. In however, that if he was the only If Japanese were written in Marjorie of 30 years; son Ridge the book antagonism never one studying he would not be romaji, I might not have felt the Harlan of Yuba City, CA and wife degenerated into violence, and very diligent. Competition would desire to conquer its difficulties. Robyn; two daughters, Brooke there were no wars. The hero, help, and he was therefore trying Kerr later taught Japanese Williams of Petaluma, CA, and Hikaru Genji, unlike the heroes to find three or four others who history at various American Holly Harlan of Granite City, CA; of European epics was not wished to learn Japanese during universities and wrote excellent four grandsons; and two great- granddaughters; sister-in-law, described as a man of muscles, the summer. That was why he books on Taiwan and Okinawa, Dorothy Harlan of Columbia, MO; capable of lifting a boulder that had invited me to dinner. relying mainly on materials in and many nieces and nephews. Ridge not ten men could lift, nor as a Despite my love of "The Tale Western languages. It was was preceded in death by his parents, warrior who could single- of Genji," I had not considered normal at that time for professors George and Dale Harlan; and a handedly slay masses of the studying Japanese because I of Chinese or Japanese history or brother, Dale Harlan. enemy. Nor, though he had many feared it might hurt the feelings art at American universities not He was interred in the National love affairs, was Genji interested of my friend Lee. But the chance to be able to read the languages. Memorial Cemetery in Phoenix, AZ (like Don Juan) merely in adding to get out of hot New York in the I did not see Kerr much after I on January 9, 2006. names to the list of women he summer and spend it in the returned to Columbia to begin San Francisco Chronicle had conquered. He knew grief, mountains was too tempting to my fourth year, but I saw Blum January 7, 2006 not because he has failed to seize resist. fairly often. At a time when I the government but because he There were three pupils--Jack still had not made up my mind [Ed. Note: We caught up with Mr. Harlan a year before his passing, was a human being and life in Kerr, myself, and Paul Blum. I whether to continue my study of during 2004’s run through this world is inevitably sad. did not know it, but Blum had Chinese and Japanese or devote Google™. Mr. Harlan was one of the Until this time I had thought recently escaped from France. myself to my first love, French late entries to the OLS, who were of Japan mainly as a menacing He was considerably older than literature, Blum (although transferred to Stillwater and were militaristic country. I had been myself--about 45 to my 19--but originally a French citizen) urged given those choices when the War charmed by Hiroshige, but Japan we easily became friends. He me to study Japanese. He pointed came to an end. Nevertheless, when was for me not the land of had been born in out that many Americans had Marjorie Harlan called to inform us beauty but the invader of China. where his father, a Frenchman, grown up in France and spoke of his passing, she told me that he enjoyed reading the newsletter. He Lee was bitterly anti-Japanese. was in business. About the time perfect French, but few knew was reading the Slesnick’s Kanji & When we went to the New York he graduated from Yale his Japanese. (to be cont’d) Codes at the time of his death.]

World's Fair we visited the father died, leaving him a ______Donald L. Keene various foreign pavilions, but he considerable income. Blum JLS 1943 The Diplomatic absolutely refused to enter the decided to use his inheritance in Daily Yomiuri Online Japanese pavilion. I sympathized travel, hoping to record his February 27, 2006 Contribution of with him and his country, but experiences in books that he ______the USN JLS/OLS this did not prevent me from would write. I was fascinated by Ridge L. Harlan enjoying "The Tale of Genji." his conversations, especially his Much has been made by Roger No, "enjoy" is not the right word; accounts of the distant places he 1917-2006 Dingman and Pedro Loureiro regarding the academic contribution I turned to it as a refuge from all had visited. He described so well Ridge Latimer Harlan, February 25, of JLS/OLS graduates, and rightly I hated in the world around me. that I could all but see the red 1917 – January 2, 2006, passed away so. In 2006, Katie Cumpsten One day in the spring of 1941 city of Tananarive in in Vacaville following a long illness. completed a paper, quantifying the I was studying in the East Asian Madagascar and the lonely town He was 88. roles played by JLS/OLS academics Library at Columbia University in Brazil where he had once Ridge was born in Pilot Grove, after the War. I have also, in my when a man I did not know came spent New Year. The one place MO. Ridge graduated from the editorial notes briefly discussed the up to me and said, "I have seen he had never gone was the University of Missouri, Columbia in role played by USN JLS/OLS you eating at the Chinese Seychelles Islands in the Indian 1939 with a bachelor’s of journalism graduates in the fields of diplomacy restaurant every day. Would you Ocean. He felt he should leave degree. He did post graduate work at and intelligence. At this time, I Harvard, the University of Colorado would like to recognize the influence have dinner with me there one place unvisited. and Stanford. He attended the US that these graduates had on tonight?" Paul Blum had learned Navy Oriental Language School and US/Asia/Soviet diplomacy and to Naturally, I was surprised by Japanese as a boy, but like many served in the Navy during World call for research on this topic. I think this invitation. My first reaction foreigners who spent their lives War II. the best way to do this would be to was fear that I might not have in Japan, he could not read the After the War, Ridge was creative sketch the lives of JLS/OLS enough money to pay my share language and his vocabulary was director for the advertising firm of graduates who went into careers in of the bill. But, intrigued by the limited to what a boy would BBDO, then had his own agency, the US Foreign Service. unexpected invitation, I soon know. That was why he had Harris, Harlan and Wood. He left Richard Boswell Finn, JLS 1943, advertising to become assistant dean was a former naval intelligence agreed. The man, whose name joined us. officer, diplomat and scholar of “Relocation” by Fromm Institute and began our forced move Interview Japanese affairs. student Kaya Sugiyama portrays her inland for the duration of the with Mr. Finn was the author of family’s epic journey to maintain war. Since curfew was strictly ''Winners in Peace: MacArthur, their dignity in the face of prejudice enforced, no one from the family Professor Yoshida and Postwar Japan'' and the misguided policies of a James W. Morley (University of California Press, nation at war. “Relocation,” which saw us off; a social worker from 1992), and edited a ''U.S.-Japan will be serialized in the next four the Y.M.C.A. escorted us to the Columbia University Ferry (ret.) Relations'' series issued by issues, now takes you back to the Transaction Publications. 1940’s and a surprising connection Building, and without uttering a (cont’d) End of the War and Mr. Finn was born in Niagara to this summer’s cinematic word, he gripped and shook our Early Study of Japan Falls, N.Y., and graduated from blockbuster. hands good-bye. The short ride

Harvard College in 1939 and from on the ferryboat gave us enough Angel: And did you go to Japan in (Cont’d) Father was furious at the Occupation? Harvard Law School in 1942. He time to adjust our thoughts, for attended the Navy's Japanese Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor language school in Boulder, Colo., and became indignant when he the long journey on the ―Zephyr‖ Morley: No, I could have, but I entered Naval Intelligence, then learned that the to Denver was ahead of us. With decided against it. By the end of the became a Foreign Service Officer was incarcerating every one of feelings of bewilderment, war I was burdened with the thought and remained in Japan until 1954. Japanese descent to relocation frustration and uncertainty we of all the deaths my country—and Later he was an adjunct professor camps. He immediately decided watched from the top deck of the I—had contributed to, and the idea of participating in the Occupation when at American University and that my brother, George, and I ferry boat the fog-shrouded administered Harvard's United skyline of San Francisco slowly I knew so little about Japan, seemed were to continue with our to me absurd. What I really felt I had States-Japan Program from 1983 to disappear. The fog drew together 1987. The Japanese Government education, and not become to do was to learn more about Japan, awarded him an imperial decoration pawns to the war hysteria. a natural curtain, for by this time how we became involved in this war in 1987. there was no time to reflect; we and how we could make sure that it Philip Manhard (1921-1998), JLS could only forge ahead to the would never be repeated. I had 1944, was featured in Issue #5. BA waiting train. completed an MA in international USC, Phi Beta Kappa, 1943, he was The two nights and days spent relations at the School of Advanced International Studies while serving in a Marine officer from 1944-1946. He on the ―Zephyr‖ from Oakland to later joined the Foreign Service and Denver, Colorado, were a Washington, but Japan was on my mind—and so was the USSR, which was Vice Consul at Tianjin, 1949-50; harrowing experience. We and had assignments in Korea, was looming up as another 1951-1953; Tokyo, 1953-1958; the imagined ourselves being formidable adversary. So, thanks to East Asian Bureau, in Washington, intercepted at each stop, for the GI Bill, I headed for Columbia DC, 1959-62 and 1964-67; and stories of shootings and University in New York and entered Vietnam. Always on the front-line of lynchings in Wyoming and other the History Department. . diplomacy, he was placed under Arriving at the Tanforan Assembly states had filtered into the house arrest by the Red Chinese and Area Angel: Whom did you work with at Japanese community before we the North Koreans, and was the Those were, indeed, difficult left San Francisco. In mortal fear Columbia? highest US Civilian to be captured in times; nothing seemed logical. for our lives, George and I Morley: I had hoped to work with Vietnam. After his repatriation he The only university west of was appointed Ambassador to huddled together, not even Hugh Borton, who had begun a Mauritius, 1974-1976. In 1976, Chicago which accepted us was attempting to go to the dining car course at Columbia on modern Manhard was designated Deputy the University of Colorado at during the entire trip. As the Japanese history just before the war Representative for Micronesian Boulder. $5000 was to be in each ―Zephyr‖ finally pulled into the and who was then in the State Status Negotiations. (to be cont’d) of our bank accounts, so that we Denver Station, our exhaustion Department helping to plan and monitor the Occupation. David M. Hays would not become wards of the immediately changed to that of state nor of the University of exhilaration, for a placard with Unfortunately, he did not return Archivist and Editor before I completed my course work. ______Colorado. our names was held high by Sir George Sansom gave a rather When our acceptance to the three students from the formal reading of his lectures, but University of Colorado was university. Dottie, Muggie, and somehow in person conveyed none verified, the federal government Pris were our welcoming of the excitement I had felt when informed us to leave the West committee. When we spotted the first reading his Short Cultural Coast immediately before any placard and ―the three‖, the relief History. I was left primarily on my changes of policy occurred. from our imagined fears brought own devices on modern Japan, so I George and I were reluctant to on a flood of tears. Undoubtedly, plunged into Russian studies with the become separated from the guidance of Philip Mosely, and the passengers on the train were especially into Japanese cultural family during this crisis, but not even aware of our presence, history, taught then and for many father was determined that his for it was our personal tragedy Tanforan Race Track years after by Tsunoda Ryusaku. two college bound teen-agers which gripped and haunted us Tsunoda or ―Sensei‖ as we always were to be spared any mental and into this sensitive and releasing called him, was a Zen Buddhist, who RELOCATION (1) emotional trauma which could brought the Japanese library to scene. George and I, two Student By-Lines develop from the incarcerated sobbing, Asians alighted from Columbia and for many years taught an extremely influential course on camp experiences. He was the train. (To Be Continued At the movies this summer (2003), Japanese thought. He not only thinking ahead about our adult Next - A New Life in Boulder) everyone was reacquainted with enriched my Columbia years, but has Seabiscuit and reminded of life in the lives, and wished to protect us By Kaya Kitagawa Sugiyama remained an inspiration throughout 1930s, the Depression and of the from any possible negative From the Rooftop my life. I must mention also my American character of that time. This effects which might occur from The Newsletter of The Fromm fellow students, especially Ted week, Student By-Lines, begins an the wartime edict. Institute for Lifelong Learning deBary, Donald Keene, Ed equally compelling story that looks Shortly after the decision was Vol. 84, Issue #3 Seidensticker, Arthur Tiedemann, back at another significant moment made to leave for the university, September 22, 2003 and Phil Yampolsky, who provided in our nation’s past and the ______comradeship then and later and more we boarded the ―Eureka‖ from character of the its people. the Ferry Building to Oakland, than enough challenge! following year, he was appointed student who had registered. I thought later, he was accused of taking long Angel: How did the dissertation American Consul General in Kobe it would be a waste of Tsunoda walks without a dog, proof that he come about? You published it later, I and Osaka, Japan from 1963-64, sensei's time to teach one student, a was a spy. The judge dismissed the believe as The Japanese Thrust Into which was followed by service as the student who knew virtually nothing case and Tsunoda sensei returned to Siberia, 1918. Counselor of Embassy at the about Japan, but when I offered to Columbia where he spent the war American Embassy in Tokyo from withdraw, he answered, "One is teaching as usual. Morley: I wanted to do something in 1964-66. In 1968 he served as enough." The empty classroom, more than recent history, something that Department Chief Mission Embassy For the next few weeks, until two the newspapers or the gossip of my brought my two interests together, to Tel Aviv, Israel, a post which he Japanese-American students joined classmates, made me aware that my Japan and Russia. Japan’s Siberian held until 1973. After which time he the class, Tsunoda sensei prepared student days would soon end. I Expedition seemed like a natural was stationed in Washington, D.C. as the lectures for me alone. When I probably would have to join the since so little was known about it. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State arrived in the classroom the military. I could not imagine myself The problem, of course, was that for East Asian Affairs, from 1974– blackboard would be covered with charging with a bayonet or dropping none of my sponsors could suggest 1976. Capt. Zurhellen was then the inscriptions, mainly in classical bombs from an airplane, but I how to go about it. At that time there first United States Ambassador to Chinese, which I could not learned of another possibility: the had been no real research in Japanese Surinam (formerly Dutch Guiana), understand but which I laboriously Navy had a Japanese language archives, and in any event, no one and served there from 1976 until his copied. He also would have a stack school where it trained men to be knew what the archives might hold. retirement from government service of books relating to the Japanese translators and interpreters. So my first move was to go to in 1978. Following this retirement, thinkers of the period he was Not long after the Japanese attack on Washington to examine the archives he became a director of the Foreign planning to discuss that day, just in Pearl Harbor I heard a radio of the Japanese Army, which had Policy Association and taught case I had a question that he could commentator declare that only 50 been seized and transported to the political science at Manhattanville not answer from memory. Americans knew Japanese. I Library of Congress. To my College in New York until his death I also took lessons in Japanese wondered if, on the basis of my disappointment, they were locked up on November 5, 1990. [We have a language from an American, a man summer in the mountains, I was one and without any guide. I was, small collection of the Zurhellen of great kindness and sensitivity to of the 50. The commentator was however, permitted to have them Papers]. (to be cont’d) Japanese art and poetry but who misinformed. Not fifty but hundreds withdrawn in sequence, and after unfortunately knew little Japanese. A of thousands of Japanese-Americans David M. Hays several months, during which I new textbook had been issued that knew Japanese and some had been Archivist & Editor compiled a guide, I did find some ______(unlike the saita, saita text) was educated in Japan. The best I could useful material. I then turned to intended to teach foreign adults to do, with the help of two dictionaries, Japan. (to be cont’d) Chronicles read Japanese; but the professor, who was to read a simple newspaper Robert Angel rarely prepared the lessons, was article. I could not utter one sentence Japan Considered of My Life obliged to look up words he did not in Japanese, and did not understand University of South Carolina in the 20th Century know in his dictionary while the Japanese when it was spoken. College of Arts and Sciences students were translating. The I was painfully aware, of course, Department of Political Science 8. Pearl Harbor & language school contrast with Tsunoda sensei could of these limitations. That is why, ______Autobiographical essays by Donald not have been greater. when I learned of the Navy Japanese

Keene On December 7, 1941 I went Language School, I wrote to the The Diplomatic hiking with Inomata on Staten Island. Navy Department asking to be Contribution of We all left North Carolina after about When the ferry returned to the admitted. A letter came from two months in the mountains. southern tip of Manhattan Island, a Washington soon afterwards the USN JLS/OLS Inomata and I went by train to New man was selling newspapers with the requesting me to appear for an York. My recollection is that the headline "Japs Attack U.S. Hawaii, interview. I don't recall what I was (Cont’d) I continue the list of those train was dismal, both because of the Philippines bombed by Airmen." I asked during the interview, but a few USN JLS/OLS graduates who clouds of cigarette smoke and the laughed at the headline. The weeks later I received a notice stating contributed to diplomacy. hard seats. The worst moment was newspaper, the only one published that I should report to the University Joseph Owen Zurhellen Jr. in when the conductor approached us on Sunday afternoon, often had of California for induction into the on July 8, 1920. He and, looking at Inomata's face, asked sensational headlines in order to language school. graduated from Columbia University if he were a white man. This was my attract customers. Inomata and I A train journey from New York to in 1943. He entered the Japanese first visit to the South, and I had been separated, he for Greenwich Village, San Francisco at that time took about Language School in Boulder, appalled when I went into the towns I for Brooklyn. When I got back four days by the direct route across Colorado in 1942, and graduated the by the open and intense home I discovered that the the middle of the United States. I had following year. He served as 2nd and discrimination against black people. I newspaper, for once, had not never travelled in America before, so 1st Lt. in the US Marine Corps from had even, in a tiny show of defiance, exaggerated. Realizing how upset I chose a more circuitous route that 1943-1946, remaining on the Marine drunk water from a fountain marked Inomata would be by the news, I took five days. On the day of my Corps reserve until his retirement at "colored." The conductor seemed wanted to find and reassure him. I departure my mother and several the rank of Captain. He returned to never to have encountered an Asian searched everywhere in Greenwich aunts saw me off at the station. My Japan in 1947 as a Foreign Service before. I hastened to say that Inomata Village without success. He later told mother wept, perhaps fearing for my Officer, and served as in a sequence was undoubtedly white, and the me that, fearing violence against safety, but I felt happy. At last I was of Diplomatic/ Counsular posts conductor went away, not forcing Japanese, he had spent the night in an leaving New York. I did not feel any beginning with a position in Inomata to ride in a carriage for all-night cinema where he remained contradiction between the prospect of Yokohama from 1948-50. He served blacks only. It was a relief when the undetected. joining the Navy and my pacifism. I as Consul to Fukuoka from 1950-53 train reached Washington and left The next day at the university was going to learn Japanese. and returned to Yokohama for one behind the segregation laws of the students formed little clusters year in 1954. He held the post of Donald L. Keene South. exchanging rumors on how many Second Secretary, American JLS 1943 Inomata and I became friends. I ships had been sunk in Pearl Harbor Embassy in Tokyo from 1948-56, Daily Yomiuri Online helped to find him a room in or what the American strategy would then served as staff assistant to March 6, 2006 Greenwich Village and a job with a be. At noon, eating with Lee in the Assistant Secretary of State for Far ______bookshop that specialized in books Chinese restaurant, we heard Eastern Affairs. He was assigned to on Asia. At Columbia, on Kerr's President Roosevelt announce that David Hays the National War College from 1959- recommendation, I registered for war had been declared. My longtime Archives 60, and was the Deputy Principal Tsunoda Ryusaku sensei's class in nightmare had become reality. University of Colorado at Boulder Officer American Consulate in the history of Japanese thought. The I went as usual to Tsunoda 184 UCB Munich, Germany from 1960-62. He study of Japan was not popular at the sensei's classroom, but he did not Boulder, Colorado 80309-0184 returned to Japan as Department ______time, but it was nevertheless a shock appear. He had been interned as an Secretary at the American Embassy to discover that I was the only enemy alien. At his trial, some weeks in Tokyo, Japan from 1962-63. The