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Evidence of Shock Metamorphism Effects in Allochthonous Breccia Deposits from the Colônia Crater, São Paulo, Brazil

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Evidence of Shock Metamorphism Effects in Allochthonous Breccia Deposits from the Colônia Crater, São Paulo, Brazil International Journal of Geosciences, 2013, 4, 274-282 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2013.41A025 Published Online January 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ijg) Evidence of Shock Metamorphism Effects in Allochthonous Breccia Deposits from the Colônia Crater, São Paulo, Brazil Victor F. Velázquez1, Claudio Riccomini2, José M. Azevedo Sobrinho3, Mikhaela A. J. S. Pletsch1, Alethéa E. Martins Sallun3, William Sallun Filho3, Jorge Hachiro2 1Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil 2Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil 3Instituto Geológico, Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, São Paulo, Brasil Email: [email protected] Received October 16, 2012; revised November 17, 2012; accepted December 19, 2012 ABSTRACT The 3.6 km-diameter Colônia impact crater, centred at 23˚52'03"S and 46˚42'27"W, lies 40 km to the south-west of the São Paulo city. The structure was formed on the crystalline basement rocks and displays a bowl-shaped with steeper slope near the top that decreases gently toward the centre of the crater. Over recent years were drilled two boreholes inside the crater, which reached a maximum depth of 142 m and 197 m. Geological profile suggests four different lithological associations: 1) unshocked crystalline basement rocks (197 - 140 m); 2) fractured/brecciated basement rocks (140 - 110 m); 3) polymictic allochthonous breccia deposits (110 - 40 m); and 4) post-impact deposits (40 - 0 m). Petrographic characterisation of the polymictic allochthonous breccia reveals a series of distinctive shock-metamorphic features, including, among others, planar deformation features in quartz, feldspar and mica, ballen silica, granular tex- ture in zircon and melt-bearing impact rocks. The occurrence of melt particles and very high-pressure phase transforma- tion in suevite breccia suggest a shock pressure regime higher than 60 GPa. Keywords: Colônia Crater; Polymictic Allochthonous Breccia; Shock Metamorphism Effects 1. Introduction continuously being reworked and the likelihoods of pre- serving an impact structure are remote. The proposal of impact cratering as a geological process The origin of the Colônia Crater by extraterrestrial was severely criticised by some scientists at the begin- body impact was firstly proposed by Koller et al. [7]. In ning. Only in the sixties, and particularly in the nineties, when fragments of the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 collided order to better characterise the structure, several studies colossally on the dense atmosphere of Jupiter [1], the were later conducted by Crósta [8,9] and Riccomini et al. studies on the interplanetary collisions and the formation [10,11], suggesting that the circular depression of Co- process of impact craters were heightening gradually. lônia could have been generated by an extraterrestrial Since that time, the field of impact geology has increased impact. Subsequently, geophysical studies were carried substantially, and exhaustive investigations have been out by Mota and Flexor [12], Masero and Fontes [13] and conducted to determine the physical transformations Neves [14], providing the first models of impact crater- caused by the hypervelocity impact [2]. ing. Although no direct evidence has been found (shatter According to PASSC [3], 183 individual craters have cone, PDFs in minerals and diaplectic glass), an inte- already been confirmed worldwide. However, only six grated analysis of the geological and geophysical data structures were heretofore catalogued in Brazil. This fact available in the literature led Riccomini et al. [15,16] to is due in large part because the Brazilian territory has a postulate a meteorite impact origin for the Colônia struc- complex geological history with several episodes of com- ture. pressional and extensional deformation, multiple igneous Individual circular structure is usually quoted as an intrusions and volcanic eruptions [4-6]. Likewise, an important record of hypervelocity impact cratering [17]. Atlantic tropical climate prevails over the coastal region Nevertheless, morphological features are only a prelimi- that heightens the processes of weathering and erosion. nary indication of a possible impact crater, being insuffi- In such geological settings, the terrestrial crust material is cient to discern their origin of other geological processes Copyright © 2013 SciRes. IJG V. F. VELÁZQUEZ ET AL. 275 [18,19]. At the impact place, the kinetic energy is trans- formed into high-pressure shock waves that propagate at a supersonic velocity [2]. Under these extreme physical conditions, rocks and minerals are strongly modified and a wide variety of unusual microstructures of irreversible changes is formed [20-23]. According to Langenhorst [24] and French and Koeberl [25], marks of shock waves in minerals are convincing proofs and, often, the last dis- tinctive register of impact cratering. In this paper is re- ported, for the first time, a set of representative optical features of shock-inducted microdeformations in rock fragments and mineral clasts that were preserved in al- lochthonous breccia deposits from the Colônia Crater. 2. Geological Setting The Colônia Crater is located at 40 km of the São Paulo city, centred at 23˚52'27"S and 46˚42'36"W, in the Parel- heiros district. The name is attributed to the smalltown of Figure 2. Simplified geological map of the Colônia impact Colônia placed near the rim NE of the structure. This crater (extracted of Riccomoni et al. [31]). ring-like depression, with 3.6 km rim-to-rim diameter, represents the most outstanding geomorphological fea- siliciclastic deposits of Palaeogene age can be correlated ture in the region [11]. On satellite images, it is possible with the Resende Formation of the São Paulo Basin. noting a circular outline formed by several flattened hills The youngest sediments are those of Quaternary age that configure a smooth bowl shape, with gentle slope of which extends up to the present. This unit is widely dis- the inner walls and a difference of 120 m relief between tributed within the crater and consists of a succession of the rim and the crater floor (Figure 1). alternate layers that comprise chiefly psammitic and or- The Colônia Crater is a simple relatively small struc- gano-pelitic sediments. ture that was formed on a complex orogenic zone, known Excepting the alluvial deposits, several superimposed in the literature as Ribeira Fold Belt [26]. Three major structures occur in the crystalline basement and sedi- lithostratigraphic units may be distinguished in the region mentary rocks. The deformations include a wide range of (Figure 2): 1) the Precambrian crystalline basement; 2) faults and fractures that reveal a pattern of unusual ori- the Tertiary sediments; and 3) the Quaternary deposits entation, a significant variation of the palaeostress field [27]. The basement rocks form part of the Embu Com- and fluid’s percolation along the planes. plex [28], which is largely composed of mica schist, gneiss, quartzite, migmatite, diorite and quartz diorite 3. The Borehole Samples [27,29]. In the south and south-eastern rims of the crater, Over recent years, two boreholes were drilled inside the the crystalline basement is partially covered by sediment- crater for groundwater exploration. The wells have dep- tary deposits. According to Riccomini et al. [30], these ths of 142 and 197 m, and, in both cases, the drillings crossed a thick sequence of chaotic sedimentary deposits reaching up to the crystalline basement rocks. During the drilling step were collected 500 g of crushed rock sam- ples to each 2 m depths. Despite the samples were not obtained from continuous coring drill, the material re- veals a geological profile consisting of, at least, four dif- ferent lithological associations (Figure 3): 1) unshocked crystalline basement rocks (197 - 140 m), formed mostly by fragments of mica schist, gneiss, quartzite and granite; 2) fractured/brecciated basement rocks (140 - 110 m), similar to the former unit, although with a remarkable Figure 1. Morphological aspect of the Colônia impact crater. deformation. The brittle and ductile structures are much The dotted circle delineates the crater rim, and the yellow more intense and pervasive than those exposed along the arrow indicates the place of the boreholes. Inset: Schematic outer margin of the crater; 3) allochthonous crater-fill map location. deposits (110 - 40 m), include a complex mixture of Copyright © 2013 SciRes. IJG 276 V. F. VELÁZQUEZ ET AL. lithic fragments and mineral clasts derived from crystal- 4. Shock-Induced Microdeformation line basement rocks and, more rarely, of older sedimen- Features tary rocks. Such materials show different stages of A careful petrographic examination was performed on a shocked metamorphism, from intensely fractured mineral set of 60 samples selected from different depth levels, clasts, PDF in single crystal up to impact-melt rocks; and which allowed identifying a series of shock metamorphic 4) post-impact deposits (40 - 0 m) consist of fine- to effects in lithic fragments and mineral clasts. coarse-grained siliciclastic sediments, very-poorly sorted, with some intercalations of organo-pelitic materials. The 4.1. Polymictic Allochthonous Breccia terrigenous sediments include, in order of abundance, disaggregated clasts of quartz, K-feldspar, mica, tourma- The term “polymictic allochthonous breccia” is used here line and clay minerals. Other smaller constituents are following the nomenclature proposed by Stöffler and zircon, epidote, biotite,
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