ANNUAL REPORT 1 annual report

2009 The Continuous Plankton Recorder survey Est. survey Est. Recorder Plankton The Continuous 1931 Monitoring the health of the oceans since 1931 Monitoring Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science Foundation Hardy Sir Alister for Ocean Science for Sir Alister Hardy Foundation Foundation Hardy Sir Alister ANNUAL REPORT 2 4-13 2-3 DIRECTOR’S ANNUAL REVIEW CPRSURVEY OPERATIONS Global CPRNetwork Technological development Taxonomic analysis anddatabase Tow logistics andoperations Ms BGreenaway Dr REmmerson Dr HDooley Dr KMBrander Treasurer) Mr AGWates MBE(Honorary Dr RPHarris(VicePresident) Professor PHolligan (President) SAHFOS TRUSTEES www.sahfos.ac.uk ©2010 SirAlister Hardy Foundation for OceanScience(Charitynumber 1001233) Editorial team: M.Edwards, D.G. McQuatters-Gollop Johns&A. The Laboratory, Citadel Hill,Plymouth, PL12PB, England Printer Tel: 01752633288,Fax: 01752600015 Design andLayout Printed onrecycled paper : Kingfisher, Totnes, Devon, England E-mail: [email protected] : M.Edwards Professor RWilliamson Professor AWarner Professor RJPentreath Mrs CMitchell Professor TMalone Dr GHosie Professor PHart 31-32 24-30 14-23 annual report

B. Shipping companiesB. Shipping summary Financial A. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS APPENDICES EDUCATION ANDPUBLICATIONS Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for OceanScience

200 9 ANNUAL REPORT 3 paper was lead by Prof. Chris Reid and co-authored with and co-authored Chris Reid Prof. lead by paper was was published It countries. ten from 32 other scientists Marine Biology (2009) 56: 1-150. in in Advances its to increase continues SAHFOS A further way During requests. data visibility is through international data. CPR survey for 53 requests received 2009, we were requests numerous most the far Although by in Canada (2), Denmark the UK (32), scientists from (3), (1), Norway (7), Italy (3), Ireland (2), Germany data with also provided (1) were Spain (2) and Sweden our the use of increase to keen are We of charge. free enquiries welcome would further and SAHFOS data not we’ve with whom scientists particularly from before. interacted to run continues scheme Researcher Our Associated to awards 11 new made the end of 2009 we and at well during staff SAHFOS work with to who wished scientists Denmark, from included scientists 2010. The awards as as well and USA Ireland Greece, Germany, France, in later presented are the 2009 awards from UK. Results of uses for the wide variety and demonstrate this report CPR data. Fischer, Astrid Camp, Rob welcomed we During the year good- and said the staff to Usha Jha and Gill Tanner John and Horne, Tony Trevor Julie Finlayson, to bye analysts were and Tony Both Alistair Lindley. Alistair will be and they skill and experience of considerable have and Tony Alistair us. Fortunately sadly missed by used in a be to like would they that both indicated has Tony and basis in their retirement consultancy Brisbane and Hobart liaising with time in spent already CPR Survey. the Australian role in the a significant to play continues SAHFOS (PMSP). During Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership chairmanship of the PMSP Board I handed over the year Association. of the Marine Biological the Director to a new in 2009, funding for downturn With the economic partners bring the research-active to centre research to PMSP will continue However disappeared. together of the individual and harness the capabilities recognise PMSP projects conceived jointly deliver to partners possible. wherever Welcome to our to Welcome 2009 Annual Report outline in which we some of the activities year. of the past One of our major 12 themes in the last has been the months of internationalisation While our our work. Director’s review of the year review Director’s Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science Foundation Hardy Sir Alister The theme of internationalisation is also reflected in reflected is also The theme of internationalisation a small rather has SAHFOS Although our publications. authored have they staff, number of research-active with 29 of these published during the year, 49 papers 90% of the peer- Over literature. in the peer-reviewed co-authorship, international involved papers reviewed work. One in our collaborations growing the reflecting review a state-of-the-art of 2009 was papers of our key This Change. Impacts of the Oceans on Climate entitled During the year, we have extended our studies of our studies extended have we During the year, new with Arctic the European into the North Atlantic & Mosjøen (Norway) between established now routes Bodo (Norway) (Iceland) and between Reydarfjordur This is a significant (Svalbard). and Longyearbyen the northward monitor us to it allows because step the Norwegian across plankton of Atlantic movement during should be obtained results that Sea. The first Pacific, indeed. Similarly in the exciting 2010 will be very with Japan funding plankton has been taken step a new We are Pacific. in the western research analysis step this important take Japan is able to that delighted basins of the and eastern the western which will ensure studied. now are North Pacific goals remain to continue to monitor and understand and understand to monitor continue to remain goals of the North communities in the plankton changes and Southern Ocean, our Science Pacific North Atlantic, an dictates details) for (see www.sahfos.ac.uk Strategy We embark on perspective. international increasingly evidence- for needed the information obtain this to of biological sustainability achieving based policy for oceans and of our stretches broader across resources EU, BAS, Defra, NERC, to grateful are do this we seas. To and the USA the Netherlands Ireland, Canada, France, research. to fund our continuing for 9 200 report annual ANNUAL REPORT 4 April 2010 Peter Burkill Council meeting inGalway. the IrishMarineInstitute for hosting ourautumn2009 In concluding theyear’s review, Iwould like to thank them. involve many challenges for SAHFOS. We lookforward to monitoring oftheBenguelaupwelling system. Thiswill African andNamibianmarinescientists and collaborative Cape Town. Itwillinvolve closecollaboration withSouth up aregional CPRSurvey intheSouthAtlantic centred in the next phaseof“Going Global”. Thiswillinvolve setting A majorfuture challenge for SAHFOS in2010isplanning CPR survey NorthernHemisphere northern Norway to Svalbard. into Arctic waters with tows from survey expanded itsoperations 2009. During2009,theCPR Northern Hemisphere during Recorder samples taken inthe Fig.1. Continuous Plankton Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for OceanScience ANNUAL REPORT 5 Clark Ross James Stad Stad Beagle’s Darwin Expedition Beagle’s was was Amsterdam Stad During 2009 the CPR survey its expanded into operations the Arctic supplied with plankton recorders 177 and recorders supplied with plankton the shown were crew 180. The Bosun and while methods recovery and deployment in Plymouth Sound. anchored the ship was trained was Texel Philippart of NIOZ, Katja in unloading, servicing and reloading this imparted Katja cassettes. the filter Arthur the 2nd Mate to knowledge this coordinating are NIOZ Hoogstad. company television with the Dutch project The the clipper. chartering VPRO tows 12 recorder completed Amsterdam UK and Rio de Janeiro, Falmouth, between 12 October to 3 September from Brazil 4486 was towed distance 2010. The total impeller recorder’s miles. The nautical being for allow to be adjusted had to pitch of being instead a sailing vessel from towed of a motor wash thrust in the propeller part of the 200th are ship. These tows birth and of Charles Darwin’s Anniversary in the is following Amsterdam the Stad of HMS tracks recorders The plankton the world. around to Rio de Janeiro from returned were 2009. See Plymouth in October SAHFOS, further details. 26 for page to South Orkneys Falkland Islands Antarctic: and South Georgia James In January and April 2009 the RRS between 2 tows completed Clark Ross 28 From and the Falklands. South Georgia 31 December 2009, the to October First sailing vessle to tow Continuous Continuous tow to sailing vessle First Darwin Expedition Recorders: Plankton Rio de UK to Falmouth, from re-enactment Brazil Janeiro, 250 foot 2009 the large, August On 31st sailing clipper on the SB and on the D route. on the D route. on the PR Bretagne Perseus J Perseus on the new NI route. NI route. on the new on the HE route. June - on the HE route. sailing clipper Amsterdam Stad Atlantic Companion Atlantic September - September Rio de Janeiro) to FR (Falmouth on the new - November route. December - route. July - IB routes. working and safe The planned maintenance the fleet across continued program 2009. throughout Peter Pritchard, Operations Manager Pritchard, Peter of the Continuous operation The physical 78 the past over Survey Recorder Plankton economically been have not would years support generous possible without the charterers, managers, owners, of ships, consistent The agents. and port operatives from plus the assistance tows monthly getting in and port operatives the agents are vessels the and from to the recorders industry. to the shipping testament a fine marine, fisheries, The international and oceanographic meteorological to them. indebted greatly are communities during participating and companies Ships with in Appendix B, shown 2009 are inside the the vessels of photographs ships During 2009 the 24 tow covers. routes miles on 31 logged 126,165 nautical 115,724 analysable were There worldwide. 92.3% sampling overall miles. The nautical testament in 2009 is a fine success rate work of the CPR the conscientious to a 31 December 2009 Until team. workshop been miles have of 5,703,497 nautical total since September the 290 ships by towed 1931. in 2009: occurred of ships changes Seven - Armorique on the PR route. February Hafnia - Tor May BBC Reydarfjordur Tow logistics and logistics Tow operations

CPR survey operations survey CPR

Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science Foundation Hardy Sir Alister www.sahfos.org CPR operations ANNUAL REPORT 6 between Svalbard andtheNorthCapeofNorway. We are Reefers, Bergen completed six tows ontheST route From June to December2009the Arctic andNorth East Atlantic charterers Geest Bananas(UK)Ltd for theirassistance. We are grateful to Seatrade NV, themanagers, andthe the Broute eachmonth from 40°Wto Portsmouth, UK. The refrigerated cargo ship June 2009theAtlantic Companion Hapag Lloyd declinedpermissionto usethisship.From charter by aHapagLloyd containership. Unfortunately andFebruaryin January 2009.Theshipwas replaced on Hamburg didthetwo Droute tows from 33°Wto 7°W assistance. The grateful to Atlantic Container Lineof Sweden for their of CapeRace,Newfoundland throughout 2009.We are route between New York, Halifax, Nova Scotia andsouth ro-ro/containership during 2009.Theirassistance ismuchappreciated. The the Zroute from Newfoundland to Reykjavik eachmonth The Reykjafoss Immingham to SEIceland(V)route from theSelfoss. They also allow theFoundation to tow CPRsonthe Skogafoss, etc.), andpresently, thechartered Reykjafoss. Newfoundland andIceland(EZ)routes, ( CPRs from theeast coast oftheUSA to Nova Scotia, since 1933.They have allowed successive ships to tow Reykjavik have steadfastly supported theCPRsurvey Reykjafoss Plankton Recorders to andfrom theZroute ship, Gislason organise thetransfer oftheContinuous survey. Teresa daSilva DrAstthor andher supervisor Reykjavik for thecontinuous logistical support tothe Hafrannsoknastofnunin (MarineResearch Institute) of The Foundation isgreatly indebted to the Iceland andtheNorthAtlantic Survey, Cambridge co-ordinates thisongoing project. returned to theUK.DrPeter Ward ofthe BritishAntarctic case intemperature controlled storage until theship tough bagsandplacedinablackwatertight polythene the cassettes, had4% formalin added, were sealedin and theSouthOrkneys. Thespoolswere removed from completed 5tows between SouthGeorgia, theFalklands at Reykjavik. EimskipShippingCompany of ofReider ShippingBV, Netherlands towed Jonni Ritscher Atlantic Companion Benguela Streamtowed ofTranseste Schiffahrt, Green Frost ofGreen took over theDroute. covered theE Godafoss, for permissionto tow CPRs from DFDS Tor Line’s fleet over many decades. Thesurvey isgreatly indebted monitored eachmonth by ships of theDFDSTor Line The C, HEandLG routes have beenconsistently North Sea Skaubryn for theircontinued assistance. Vancouver Island.We are indebted to Seaboard andthe the DrSoniaBatten, DougMoore andtheCPR team on above successrate isattributable to the care taken by successfully run onthethree sets ofVJ route tows. The 98.9% success.TheBrancker +Funitwas XR620CTD tows. There were with9657analysable nm.Thisgave route intheCPRsurvey. 9762nm were loggedover 21 nm tows. At 3500nm thisispresently thelongest annual of thethree westbound tow sets comprised seven 500 by for three tow sets over May, July, August andSeptember The VJ route between Vancouver andJapanwas towed professional co-operation by alloftheabove. continued successofthis route isadue to the excellent gang plusforemen, Ken Clinton andVern Poulsen. The Superintendent, Danny Ellis,andHorizon Lines’shore CPRs to andfrom the ship.Thanks are dueto theShip’s Tacoma container terminal shore gang handledthe for placingbackaboard theship.TheHorizon Lines, Robert Bendareturned themto Anchorage ready organised theirairfreight to Valdez. After reloading, Galloway andPam Moore ofHorizon Lines,Anchorage watertight plastic Peli cases, care ofHorizon Lines.Lori three towed filter cassettes were landed atAnchorage in attributable to the care taken by theabove people.The andreloading.servicing Thesuccessrate of96.9%was Scott Bendalooked after thefilter cassette unloading, Sound CommunityCollege, Valdez, Alaska withhisson CPRs aboard theship.DrRobert BendaofPrinceWilliam Kodiak 167/0, 167/1,167/2was used.Thecrew oftheHorizon CPRnumber167withcassetteswith 5893nmlogged. Fifteen individual tows were completed to September, containership Anchorage, Alaska was resumed inMarch by the The AT route between Tacoma, Washington and Pacific Logistics ShippingAgency A/S for assisting thesurvey. Leer, Germany plusEimskipthecharterers andGrieg Phoenix Reederei, managers EMSConbulkandBBCof month in2009.We are very grateful to theowners, chartered BBCReydarfjordur Norway andReydarfjordur, Iceland was started. The On 23June2009thenew NIroute between Mosjøen, Transport ofBodø, Norway for theirassistance. indebted to Green Reefers A/Sandthecharterers Zahl Skaubryn ofSeaboard International Shipping Ltd. Each performed allrunningrepairs ofthe andservicing Horizon Kodiak Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for OceanScience towed theroute each ofHorizon LinesLLC, USA. ANNUAL REPORT 7

Samples analysed (bars) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 have towed towed Armorique have

1 0 2 3 4 5 6 7

6 0 0 2

1 0 0 2

6 9 9 1

and Bretagne

1 9 9 1

6 8 9 1

1 8 9 1

which has towed monthly from Bilbao (43° 30’N, from monthly which has towed

6 7 9 1

Haren Ems Germany resumed the SB and IB routes in routes SB and IB the resumed Germany Ems Haren December. Larne, Northern Ltd, Irish Sea of P&O Ferries The Norbay month each plankton the monitors consistently Ireland on the and Dublin buoy Bar light the Liverpool between at Ferries the ship and P&O to grateful are We IN route. their assistance. for Liverpool Dock, Gladstone and of Biscay Bay NW Spanish coasts, and Portuguese the Channel containership, chartered Ltd , the MacAndrews Velazquez January to from SB route on the each month has towed (38°50’N 9°53’W) Cabo da Roca This is from September. bodies with (41°15’N, 8°58’W). The recorder Leixoes to off re launched then were inside cassette the same filter 46°North in Biscay. to and towed Leixoes and the Pride of P&O Ferries to grateful very are We Bilbao (50°N, off the Casquets to Ushant 3°10’W) around the National between 2°20’W) since 2004. A comparison and a Brancker readings Ferrybox Centre’s Oceanography sensor fitted and depth temperature XR620 conductivity data is being made. Sea temperature in the CPR tails Exeter. Office, the Meteorological to is also forwarded Ferries’ Brittany much are We (PR) route. to on the Plymouth each month this facility. them for to indebted 1 7 9 1

6 6 9 1

1 6 9 1

6 5 9 of 1

1 5 9 1

Aberdeen

6 4 9 1

1 4 9 1

6 3 9

towed on the C and LG the C and LG on towed 1

1 3 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 of Jüngerhans Maritime Services, of Jüngerhans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 4 6 8 0 2 4 Tor Petunia Tor

1 1 1

) e n i l ( d e w o T s e l i M Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science Foundation Hardy Sir Alister and

Perseus J Perseus Fig.2. Continuous Plankton Recorder samples collected during 2008. During 2008, the CPR survey expanded its during 2008. During 2008, the CPR survey collected samples Recorder Plankton Fig.2. Continuous Svalbard. to from northern Norway tows with waters Arctic into operations of Norbulk Shipping, Glasgow. DFDS Tor DFDS Tor Shipping, of Norbulk Glasgow. chartered from Imperial Shipping Gothenburg, Imperial from chartered Miles towed and samples analysed since 1931 and samples analysed Miles towed Tor Hafnia Tor The 46°N in Biscay to 53°N (IB route) has been run each has been 53°N (IB route) to The 46°N in Biscay . The charterers the Velazquez by September to month managed of London. The ship is Ltd MacAndrews are (BBC) of Contor, Bereederungs Burger by and owned The Germany. The A route between Lerwick and Aberdeen has been Lerwick and Aberdeen between The A route Hascosay ro-ro the freight by each month towed Irish Sea of Sea Cargo A/S, Bergen. Sea Cargo of Bergen and and of Bergen Sea Cargo Bergen. A/S, of Sea Cargo many for the survey kindly assisted very have Aberdeen years. their for grateful very are We Ltd. NorthLink Ferries the survey. to assistance professional The M route, between Aberdeen and Tananger has been Tananger and Aberdeen between The M route, S. C. ro-ro the freight by each month towed has towed the R route between the between the R route Maersk Flanders has towed and Hook of Holland since July 2000. Bank Shipwash Line, Netherlands Norfolk from tow The permission to Terminal, at Dooley Line by Norfolk help and logistical appreciated. is much Felixstowe routes. headquarters in Copenhagen, and for the logistical help logistical the for and in Copenhagen, headquarters and Gothenburg. at Immingham offices port their from Dania, Tor towed on the HE route to March 2009 and was replaced replaced was 2009 and March to the HE route on towed by Ficaria Tor Line’s ANNUAL REPORT 8 analysis. 12 March 2010,4,897sampleswere allocated for generated more samples thanitdidin2008.Upto In 2009theCPRSurvey towed more milesand Sample analysis Phytoplankton Workshop. analysts attended thejointly hosted SAHFOS/MBA two-day workshop on copepods, andmost ofthe drawing techniques. Janet Bradford-Grieve leda the Natural History Museumto learntaxonomic Dr ClaudiaCastellani andMarianneWootton visited copepods, cysts andotherresting stages of plankton. for analysts, covering Ceratiaceae, Rhizosoleniaceae, We ran several in-housepractical training sessions plankton identification. PhD student was trained over oneweek ingeneral her to take upregular analysis. Alice Jones,aCASE her research demandshave madeitimpossiblefor Abigail McQuatters-Gollop trained asananalyst but Chiba for thePacific Survey (working from Japan).Dr. Davies, allfrom theAustralian Survey, andSanae surveys: Anita Slotwinski,David McLeodandClaire have trained four plankton biologists for oursister As well asthethree new Plymouthanalysts, we Analyst training samples. and are now analysing NorthAtlantic andNorthSea and UshaJha.Allthree have completed their training Our three newcomers are Astrid Fischer, Robert Camp an enormouscontribution to theanalysis effort. left thesurvey after 14 years, duringwhichshemade offer theirhelpin retirement. JulieFinlayson hasalso and dedication, however, asbothhave found time to have not entirely lost thebenefits oftheirknowledge samples ever collected inthesurvey’s 78years. We 13,242. Between them,they analysed 11%ofallthe years’ headstart allowing Anthony’s himto beat (just) John. Alistair hasanalysed 13,357samples,histwo Edinburgh, andhewas joinedin1969by Anthony started withthesurvey in1967,whenitwas still at three leaving andthree joiningus.Alistair Lindley 2009 hasseenabigchange intheAnalysis Team, with Tanya Jonas Taxonomic analysis anddatabase management , SeniorAnalyst samples will be returned to Plymouth in summer 2010. BAS carried outfive more tows intheScotia Sea; these were passedto BAS inearlyMarch 2010.Inlate 2009 or species.Quality-controlled data from thesetows copepods; some euphausiidswere identified to genera developmental stages ofmost ofthe‘eye count’ They usedstandard procedures andrecorded the team looked at 84samplesfrom 13,15and18SF. 18SF), intheScotia Sea.Asmall, experienced analyst Antarctic Survey (BAS) carried outsix tows (13 to During theaustral summerof2008/9,theBritish South Atlantic survey copepods are identified in Pacificsamples. sister laboratories, somedevelopmental stages of to thestandard analysis procedures followed by the meridian isanalysed by JAMSTEC inJapan.Inaddition August/September. Everything west ofthe180° Japan, andwas towed inApril/May, June/July and longest regular CPRroute, runsfrom Vancouver to March, April,May, JuneandAugust. TheVJ, the Alaska, to Tacoma, Washington, andwas towed in Vancouver Island.TheAT route runsfrom Anchorage, yielding 388samplesfor analysis at Plymouth and The two Pacific routes sampled15,819nmin2009 Pacific survey the soledata recording method. testing year. From 2010onwards, theConsolewillbe together withthestaff changeover, made for a very ensure continuity of reliable figures. Thisextra work, Console aswell asontheexisting paper system, to During theyear, we entered ourdata onthenew CPR year. DA andIBhaving fewer than10tows duringthe the area were regularly sampledwithonlytheD, to NorthernNorway). Alltheotherroutes for (Mosjøen, Norway to Iceland)andST (Svalbard Two new routes started intheearlysummer:NI 4479 samplesfor analysis (Figure 2,AppendixB). During 2009,126,165milesofCPRtows yielded North Atlantic survey Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for OceanScience ANNUAL REPORT 9 the sample via a valve block into one of several plastic plastic one of several block into the sample via a valve purposes. We medical bags of the type used for was discussion it after design and the latter for opted capable an instrument produce to feasible considered 12 samples of about 100 ml up to and storing of taking each. 2009 in March produced was instrument A prototype the Plymouth by in a CPR mounted towed and was was E1 on 28th April. This instrument Station to Quest During intervals. pre-set 4 samples at of taking capable 4 samples the sampler collected this 20 mile tow iodine. Note with Lugol’s preserved later which were 100% fill and for set samples 1, 2 and 4 were that 50%. for set sample 3 was on the towed was On 10th June the instrument and Plymouth Roscoff between CPR route standard vessel Armorique Ferries the Brittany by (PR route) of the CPR was 21 knots. The depth speeds up to at with a period of 6-7 m. The of the tow most 4-5 m for voyage. They have made have They Beagle voyage. Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science Foundation Hardy Sir Alister twelve tows between Plymouth and Rio de between tows twelve silks miles. Only four 4,373 sampling for Janeiro, but we Plymouth so far, to been returned have the to analyse our chance awaiting eagerly are route. longest this, our samples from followed the route of Charles the route followed Amsterdam Stad HMS Darwin’s Special CPR tows in 2009 Special CPR tows Sampler (WaMs) Sampler (WaMs) , Instrumentation Walne Anthony Technological development: the Water and Microplankton and Microplankton the Water development: Technological In September 2008 the electronics workshop at CEFAS CEFAS at workshop 2008 the electronics In September for two plans outline produced Lowestoft, laboratory, One design used a series the instrument. designs for and the sample storage for of spring-loaded syringes pump which directed design used a peristaltic second Discussions started between SAHFOS, CEFAS and Defra and Defra CEFAS SAHFOS, between Discussions started the production the end of 2008 concerning towards could sampler that and microplankton of a water seen as potentially on a CPR. This was be carried under requirements and the UK’s to Defra contributing and Directive Framework the EU Marine Strategy already the molecular analysis to also complimentary of The main objective SAHFOS. being done at currently enable the sampler is to and microplankton the water of plankton range the full size monitor to CPR survey (which the CPR plankton the larger in the oceans from size plankton nano and pico the samples) to already sampler is also and microplankton The water ranges. Bloom Algal the smaller Harmful monitoring aimed at (HAB) species. ANNUAL REPORT 10 taken. Theinstrument was delivered inearly2010and sensor andwillrecord thesevariables whenasampleis a previous sample.Italsohasadepthandtemperature contamination with water inthepumpandtubingfrom The instrument alsohasaflushfunction to avoid cross- tow vessel’s schedule)andcapable oftaking 10samples. start ofastandard CPRtow isvariable dependingonthe instrument withaseawater switch (thetimingofthe prototype instrument, SAHFOS commissioned asecond Following thisassessment ofthesuitability ofthe from theMBA culture collection was checked. the water samplerusingaculture ofTetraselmisstriae sp. taken at pre-timed intervals. InJulytheperformance of instrument retained 4sampleseachofabout110ml such asmolecularanalysis andflow cytometry. Fig.3. TheContinuous Plankton Recorder samplingthewholeplanktonic community withadditional techniques Flow cytometry Light microscopy Genetic analysis world ecological datasets inthe database oneoftherichest recorded makingtheCPR Upto 400speciesroutinely Nano andpico-plankton plankton Meso andmicro- The CPRsurvey: plankton samplingthewhole community plankton Mega andmacro (example) (1) Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) Multi-decadal samplearchive at ocean-basinscale. Molecular probes for plankton andHABs. Routine analysis of~500plankton taxa. the world. Longest sustained marinebiological time-seriesin (2) Water andMicroplankton Sampler(WaMS) DNA library. Molecular probes andbarcoding. Flow cytometry. plankton community. Aimed at smallersize-fraction nanoandpico understanding ofplankton communities. of theplankton andoffer upnew horizons in our will allow theCPRto sampleanew component by PMLshows great promise. Ifthisdevelops, it initial sampleanalysis carried outcytometrically water samplescollected by WaMs ontheSB route, cytometry to analyse smallerphytoplankton. Using We are alsoinvestigating theutilityof flow routine CPR route. is currenly operational inthesouthernNorthSeaona Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for OceanScience community whole planktonic Sampling the along CPRroute Timed water samples Placed inrear ofCPR

ANNUAL REPORT 11 North Pacific CPR survey Southern Ocean CPR survey North Atlantic CPR survey North Global CPR Network Global Fig.4. Continuous Plankton Recorder sampling in the Northern and Recorder Plankton Fig.4. Continuous to build a global CPR way under are Efforts Southern Hemispheres. a oceans into the world’s from all CPR data combining database form. centralised Venezuela who are likely to prepare and use the CPR prepare to likely who are Venezuela in the instruction in the Southern Ocean. I provided and and basic theory of the CPR, its advantages history and preparation by maintenance followed limitations, sea including deployment of the CPR, use of CPR at issues and safety changing cassettes and recovery, practiced All participants such as the use of formalin. and all are silk on the cassettes, loading and re-loading The workshop CPR deployments. future for ready now Science and National the Brazilian by supported was Environmental on Antarctic Institute Technology Tecnologia de Ciência e Nacional de (Instituto Research the South INCT–APA), e Antártica, Ambientais Pesquisas Marine Biodiversity on Antarctic Network American Science and Technology the Brazilian (BioMAntar), (Instituto Institute Antarctic the Chilean Council (CNPq), Global CPRGlobal Network Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science Foundation Hardy Sir Alister . This is an important region in relation to in relation region . This is an important the Antarctic krill fishery and also the proximity of the proximity fishery krill and also the the Antarctic We will Peninsula. Antarctic western warming rapidly Dr Lucia Campos (Brazil), annually. tows be conducting of LA-CAML, and Dr Manuela Bassoi coordinator hosted in South America SO-CPR coordinator (Brazil) University the Federal at CPR workshop an extensive 14 train 2009, to November (UFRJ) in of Rio de Janeiro Ecuador and Peru, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, people from The South American CAML (LA-CAML) consortium of consortium CAML (LA-CAML) The South American Ecuador and Peru, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, in 2008/09 officially joined the SO-CPR Survey Venezuela the Brazilian from Passage Drake across with tows on the Chilean vessel and a trial tow Ary Rongel vessel Galvarino Traditionally we have relied on research vessels research relied on we have Traditionally travelling vessels or supply Antarctic in the operating tows successful seven In 2008/09 stations. Antarctic to and the Ross Zealand New between conducted were continue vessel. This will fishing a commercial Sea from future, foreseeable for the summer each Antarctic in the of plankton the monitoring improving greatly by the work is supported region. This Pacific western of Fisheries and the National Ministry Zealand New (NIWA), Research Atmospheric and Water of Institute company. operating vessel’s with the in cooperation a in 2008/09 the CAML sponsored these tows Following (NZ plankton Robinson Ms Karen for workshop training the SO-CPR from techniques learn processing to analyst) Division. Antarctic the Australian at team and plankton The Southern Ocean CPR Survey (SO-CPR) had a CPR Survey The Southern Ocean following sampling season in 2008/09, quiet relatively the Census of 2007/08 season for busy the extremely (CAML) during the International Marine Life Antarctic completed were tows Forty-four (IPY). Year Polar with nearly double that compared vessels five from were season. The bulk of the tows number the previous Japan (8), New by (26), followed Australia by completed Chile, covering by one trial tow (3) and (7), Brazil Zealand 2615 miles and providing 13,075 nautical approximately with a number also marked 2009 was samples. The year milestones. of important Director of the SCAR SO-CPR survey, survey, of the SCAR SO-CPR Director Hosie, Graham Division (AAD) Antarctic Australian SCAR Southern Ocean CPR survey SCAR Southern ANNUAL REPORT 12 November 2009.Copyright DrManuelaBassoi(UFRJ). Federal University ofRiodeJaneiro (RiodeJaneiro, Brazil) 9to 11 Fig. 5.Participants at theSouthernOceanCPR Training Course at the Circumpolar Current (ACC) isaunique current that as acontribution to CAMLandtheIPY. TheAntarctic spatial patterns ofplankton diversity around Antarctic circum-Antarctic synoptic assessment ofthecurrent was animportant samplingseasoninproviding a I noted inthe2008SAHFOS AnnualReport that 2007/08 decreasing to earlierlevels. the pre-2004/05 levels of~5%.Numbers now seemto be numbers inmuchoftheIndianOceansector instead of represented between 50to 75%oftotal zooplankton foraminiferan numbers inthe2004/05 seasonwhenthey vessels. Theseshowed asubstantial increase inpelagic Southern OceanCPRtows conducted from Japanese (NIPR), wholooked at longterm results from the Kunio Takahashi, National Institute of Polar Research Another CPRpresentation at Sapporo was given by Dr of CPRtows. and west ofAustralia where there isthehighest density abundant species/taxa andfocuses ontheregion south The atlas comprises distribution maps ofthe50most of Polar Sciencelater in2010(McLeodet al.,inpress). and willbepublishedinthesymposium’s specialissue SCAR BiologySymposium inSapporo, Japan,July2009 season oftheIPY. Theatlas was presented at the10th of 2007/08Antarctic season,which was alsothefirst using theCPRdata gathered from 1991upto theend of thefirst zooplankton atlas oftheSouthernOcean Another notable milestone in2009was thecompletion future expansion ofCPRtows around SouthAmerica. and supportoffered by SouthAmerica augurs well for Antártico Chileno, INACH) andLA-CAML. Theenthusiasm becomes more global. staff between ourlaboratories astheCPRprogramme valuable andwe lookforward to more exchanges in analyst JohnKitchener. Theexchange was extremely AAD taxonomic expert, notably withtheSO-CPRsenior his identifications ofthe Antarctic plankton withthe turn thevisitprovided theopportunityfor Tony to check SO-CPR andAusCPRteams are beingcorrectly applied.In counting and colour indexing methods employed by the visit was to ensure that theSAHFOS phytoplankton respective datasets. Thesecondary purposeof Tony’s will allow reliable intercomparison andmerger ofour working ondeveloping adata analysis procedure that counts between thetwo methods, however we are now programmes. Asexpected there were differences inthe meet specific objectives inthe Antarctic and Australian washing offthesilk.Thelatter method wasadopted to SO-CPR andAusCPRcount allofthezooplankton after zooplankton onsilkinaseriesoftraverses, whereas the SAHFOS method involves counting aportionofthe methods used by SAHFOS, Part SO-CPRandAusCPR. of the visitwas to compare thezooplankton processing by theAusCPRandSAHFOS. purposeof Theprimary CSIRO Cleveland laboratories nearBrisbane,supported senior analyst ofSAHFOS, to the AAD inHobartandthe was theexchange visitofTony John,recently retired Finally, oneofthesignificant highlights ofthe year Symposium inSapporo. in GenoaMay 2009andalsoat the10thSCARBiology of thiswork were presented at theCAMLSymposium travelling ontheACC conveyor belt.Preliminary results in otherwords there appears to bejust onecommunity composition is relatively consistent withinthecurrent, or be found withintheACC. Thisindicates that thespecies evident, noreal longitudinal(east-west) zonation could while latitudinal (north-south) zonation wasclearly hosted by SAHFOS. Analyses ofthedata showed that The week longworkshop was supported by CAMLand Takahashi andBrianHunt, University ofBritishColumbia. small data analysis workshop withcolleagues Drs Kunio the April2009SAHFOS Councilmeeting I conducted a at approximately thesamepoint intime. Following bands oftheACC by comparing transects collected if speciescomposition was consistent inthe various sampling alsoprovided theopportunityto determine flows uninterrupted around Antarctica. The2007/08 Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for OceanScience ANNUAL REPORT 13 Fig.6. Phytoplankton Colour Index recorded on the Brisbane to on the Brisbane to recorded Colour Index Fig.6. Phytoplankton in July 2009. Melbourne route routes, but will also increase the number of routes in the number of routes but will also increase routes, the across routes new will be two There the survey. (one annually and the other Zealand New to Tasman for surveys hydro-acoustic with seasonal) in conjunction will route fish and squid. Another new level mid-trophic monthly sampling using a CPR internal mechanism in mechanism internal using a CPR sampling monthly has route vehicle. This towed undulating an Acrobat concurrent 1998, and includes since been conducted oxygen, salinity, of temperature, measurements fast radiation, active photosynthetically nitrate, fluorometry, chlorophyll fluorometry, rate repetitive from samples Plankton counting. plankton and optical Sorting Centre, Polish the at analysed are all routes ASCII files and QC’d databases SAS Gdynia, Poland. During 2009 the CPR Narragansett. at maintained are in 483 5012 nm, resulting totaling sampled transects very are We 5 mile blocks. and four mile blocks, ten containerships of the crews and the officers to grateful Iceland), and Reykjavik, (Eimskipafelag, Reykjafoss Hamilton, Lines Ltd., Container Oleander (Bermuda support this Bermuda), without whose generous not be would programme ocean monitoring important possible. Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science Foundation Hardy Sir Alister Currently, AusCPR has two areas of operation. The first The first of operation. areas AusCPR has two Currently, Brisbane (27°S) from extending coast is on the east other CPR routes most Melbourne (38°S). Unlike to an targeted specifically have we the world, around a Current, Australia the East feature, oceanographic boundary western warm-water southward-flowing, 60 the last over has intensified This current current. of ~350 km, and in the advance with a poleward years, global of 2.28 ºC/century; a rate at south is warming will continue this current that models suggest climate aboard installed was point A CPR towing strengthen. to was tow 2009 and our first in March the ANL Windarra since. The second tows in June with monthly completed is in the Southern Ocean, south of of operation area the SCAR Southern Ocean with in collaboration Australia the AAD (see the Southern Ocean based at CPR Survey AusCPR in 2009 was for news Some good CPR report). mid-2013. This funding until the securing of increased existing of the the continuation will not only guarantee survey Scientific of the Commonwealth project AusCPR is a joint and the (CSIRO) Organisation Research and Industrial plankton to monitor Division (AAD) Antarctic Australian to the health of Australia’s as a guide communities forms part in 2008 and initiated oceans. AusCPR was (IMOS), an Marine Observing System of the Integrated Government. of the Australian initiative Plankton Recorder (AusCPR) (AusCPR) Recorder Plankton Hosie & Graham Richardson J. Anthony The Australian Continuous Continuous The Australian This, the longest running sister survey, which started which started survey, sister running This, the longest uses the same design of CPR as in the mid 1970s, in operation. currently routes and has three SAHFOS C0) (route Scotia and Nova Boston Sampling between the CPR staff by conducted was in 1961 when it began US The Edinburgh. Laboratory, of the Oceanographic (B0) route in 1977. The second assumed its operation City York New the shelf and slope from over extends since Bermuda, and has been in existence toward and Narragansett (N0) covering route 1976. A third and Rhode Island Sound includes Hope Bays, Mount U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA Narragansett Narragansett NOAA of Commerce, Dept. Jack Jossi, U.S. USA Laboratory, (US-CPR) CPR survey (US-CPR) The United States West Atlantic Atlantic West States The United ANNUAL REPORT 14 the supportofSAHFOS. Inparticular, Tony Johnhas been easy, andwould nothave been possiblewithout past year. Starting andrunninganew CPRsurvey hasnot the staff at SAHFOS for their continued support over the We would like to take thisopportunityhere to thank upwelling cellinAustralia. passes through theBonney Upwelling centre thelargest Brisbane to Melbourneroute through to Adelaide;this larvae, forams, pteropods). We willalsoextend our coccolithophores,CPR (e.g., echinodermandmussel could beaffecting calcifying organisms collected inthe This willenableusto understand how changes inpH with ashipofopportunityfitted witha pCO2 sensor. be alongtheGreat BarrierReef lagoon, inconjunction

Fig.7. Mapofexisting (solid)andfuture (dashed)AusCPR routes. Integrated systems marineobserving Marine Observing SystemMarine Observing (IMOS). and routes inAustralia form partoftheAustralian Integrated Commission (BCC)State oftheEnvironment Information System; South Africa andNamibia willcontribute to theBenguela Current Atlantic Zone Monitoring Program (AZMP); new CPR routes in routes inthewestern NorthAtlantic form partoftheCanadian Marine Monitoring andAssessment Strategy (UKMMAS);theCPR The SAHFOS CPRsurvey isanintegral partoftheUnited Kingdom reality. – withouttheirdedication theSurvey would notbea Coman, Claire Davies, David McLeodandAnita Slotwinski we would also like to thanktheAusCPRteam –Frank to train staff inphytoplankton identification. Finally, visited theAusCPRsurvey (inbothBrisbaneandHobart) Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for OceanScience ANNUAL REPORT 14 levels, coincided withthat of the basisofexamination ofthree trophic observedthe boundary by theseauthors on between 9°Cand10°C.Itisworth notingthat from 9°C to 12°Cwithapeakofvariability in areas characterised by annualSST ranging high local biological variance hasbeenfound abundance ofthespecies(seeFig.8a-b).A rapidly to alevel inferior to 5%ofthetotal the potential production egg rate decreased 8°C and12°Cwithinwhichabundance the nicheby apronounced gradient between defined optimum separated from the rest of The nicheswere characterised by awell- field. reflecting the concentration of diatoms inthe the realised nicheby usingSST andanindex diatoms. Therefore, we chose to characterise reported that thespeciesisamajorgrazer of was more complicated. Many studies have the selectionofsecond dimension realised nichewas therefore straightforward, SST asthe first dimension to assessthe monthly scales. Whilethechoiceto select the NorthAtlantic Ocean at bothannualand the NorthAtlantic Ocean of Calanusfinmarchicus Macroscale ecophysiology its effect on SST will have onlyalimited In thesubarctic gyre, climate change and the macroecological level (i.e.abundance). the spatial distribution of to bethemost conspicuous factors driving correlates oxygen andnutrients, appeared temperature, andto alesserextent its environmental parameters. Seasurface Euclidean spaceasafunctionof few key the spatial distribution ofthespeciesinan realised nichewas evaluated by projecting experiences itsenvironment. Here, the used to helpunderstand theway aspecies an essential tool inmacroecology that can be the ecological nicheofspecies,constitutes n-dimensional hypervolume, representing The concept ofthe Hutchinson’s Pierre Helaouët, CPR research highlights SAHFOS C. finmarchicus C. finmarchicus in in

changes to bemore accurately anticipated. be better understood andmay allow future observed for this key-structural speciesto niche hasenabledpatterns ofchanges on theHutchinson concept ofthe ecological biological carbon pump.Ourapproach based energy inecosystems andthe strength ofthe theAtlantic(e.g. theflow of Cod),modifying ecosystems, altering thediet ofexploited fish abundance of of key-structural species.Changes inthe changes to modifications indominance from phenological to biogeographical Consequences ofrisingtemperature extend and ultimately thesurvival oftheindividuals. consecutively: reproduction, growth, feeding by risingtemperature isexpected to affect (Fig. 9b).Thephysiological stress induced warm year and5months duringacold year its thermalpreferendum for 8months ina century, C.finmarchicus contrast, bereinforced. At theendof (Fig. 9b).Thepattern ofchange might, in is unlikely to reverse inthenext few decades (Fig. 8b)andindicates that thephenomenon approach explains well thepattern ofchange the genus by thebeginningof2000s.Our Calanus the speciesrepresented 80%ofthetotal in theabundanceof documented hasbeenapronounced decline One ofthemajorchanges that hasbeen substantial changes inecosystem state. In recent decades, the North Sea experienced trophodynamics oftheecosystem (Fig.9b). temper theeffect of variation in SST onthe at theoptimum ofitsecological nichemay this century. Thepositionof the Subarctic Gyre) willbeseverely affected the NorthAtlantic Drift Province (including trophodynamics, itistherefore unlikely that 9a). Asanimportant component ofthe physiological stress may beevident (Fig. of thiscentury whensomedegree of not beaffected by climate until theend warm year suggest that thespecieswill of The modest variations inbothabundance impact on C. finmarchicus Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for OceanScience whereas itrepresented only20%of C. finmarchicus C. finmarchicus between acold anda C. finmarchicus could beoutside (Fig.8aand9a). C. finmarchicus may affect . In1962,

ANNUAL REPORT 15 Fig. 9. Projection of annual SST for the coldest (in blue) and coldest for the of annual SST Fig. 9. Projection (2010-2019, decades of the three years (in red) warmest 2050-2059 and 2090-2099) using scenario A2 in (a) the and (b) the North Sea. Thermal limits of Gyre Subarctic the 95th (dashed line) to niche corresponding the realised on the cumulated calculated and 99th (line) percentiles superimposed. abundance are (standardised between 0 and 1) as between (standardised Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science Foundation Hardy Sir Alister Fig. 8. The realised niche is defined by the abundance of by the abundance niche is defined Fig. 8. The realised Calanus finmarchicus abundances of diatoms categorised a function of both Ocean. (a-b; circles) the whole North Atlantic for and SST 1973 (in white; the coldest abundances of the species for for the North Sea) and the and 1964 Gyre the Subarctic for and Gyre the Subarctic (in black; 2002 for year warmest the North Sea) of the whole time period (1960- 2001 for and abundance of as functions of SST represented 2002) are niche corresponding Thermal limits of the realised diatoms. line) percentiles line) and 99th (red the 95th (dashed red to abundance. on the cumulated calculated ANNUAL REPORT 16 10 year record. emphasising that 2009was notanunusualyear inour were notasearlyinthewarmer years of2004-06, warmer temperatures butthephenologyindices 2008 by about3weeks, consistent withthesomewhat copepod, with apeakinMay. Thetimingofthedominant spring of mesozooplankton in2009was closeto theaverage eventual numberto beanalysed. Theseasonalcycle samples analysed inBC, Canada–about25%ofthe Data for theremaining months are basedonthe for theNEPacific up to andincludingJune2009. At the timeofwritingsampleanalysis is complete 2010. conditions andtheinfluence oftheElNiño evident in overall 2009willlikely beatransition year with warmer set thescenefor theplankton indicesshown here but a feature of2008(thecoldest inover 50years). This cold conditions (andnegative PDO)that were such Oscillation index. The year began, however, withthe half oftheyear saw aweakly positive Pacific Decadal were notyet apparent intheNEPacific, thesecond event intheequatorial Pacific andalthoughthe effects The endof2009saw thedevelopment ofanElNiño Sonia Batten, North Pacific plankton indicators

Point Lighthouse (mean ofJune,JulyandAugust, bottom). mean summertemperature (°C)asmeasured at Amphitrite to meansummermesozooplankton biomass(top) andthe Fig 10.Thecontribution (%)ofeachmajor taxonomic group 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1997 1997 Neocalanus plumchrus 2000 2000

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2002 2002

2003 2003

2004 2004

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2006 2006

2007 2007

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2009 2009 1 12 13 14

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d h s s y p e r i d s Pacific plankton communities – watch thisspace! 2009/10 ElNiñoalsohasastrong influence on theNE summer temperature. Itwillbeinteresting to seeifthe is significantly (p<0.01)positively correlated withthe no explanation for that year as yet. The y-dimension of astrong ElNiño, asdoes2007 althoughthere is 1997 stands outasanunusualyear –itwas thestart tentatively 2009 cold to warm again) plotinthecentre. to warm, 2006transitioning from warm to cold and bottom. Transition years (2003 transitioning from cold at thetop of theplotandcoldest years plotting atthe (Fig. 11)shows acleargradient withthewarmest years abundance data for individualmesozooplankton taxa Multidimensional Scaling analysis oflog-transformed north inwarm years. Amore detailed non-metric southern, copepods doingbetter and extending further species preference withthesmaller, typically more years somore may bepresent insummermonths) and (the seasonalcycle oflarge copepods isdelayed incold correlated (p<0.01).Thisisbothbecause ofphenology while large copepods are significantly negatively Amphitrite lighthouse, Pt shown inthebackground) (p<0.01) withsummertemperatures (asmeasured at overall biomassissignificantly positively correlated groups andthecontribution ofsmall copepods to the the breakdown ofbiomassinto broad taxomonic community composition (Fig.10and11).Fig.shows show aclearrelationship between temperature and samples (thoughdata for 09are notyet finalised) Community composition analyses ofthesummer

each mesozooplankton taxon. annual (from June28th-August 31st) abundancedata for Fig. 11.Non-metric MDSplotoflog(x+1)transformed mean - - 2 1 0 1 2 - 2 S t r e s 0 7

=

0 . 0 - 1 6 0 8 Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for OceanScience 9 0 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 5 0 3 4 0 2 1 9 7 2 ANNUAL REPORT 17 Melanogrammus ), haddock ( ), flatfish) and hydroclimatic data to elucidate to elucidate data hydroclimatic and flatfish) ), Gadus morhua and variance. This has important implications, as the implications, This has important and variance. thresholds critical exceeding of situations probability fact, In substantially. changes distribution) of (i.e. tails through identified extremes, of annual the analysis contrasting unveils distribution, Pareto the generalized relative forcing dynamics in the main atmospheric this, the peak- to seas. In accordance European to in climate the change plot plainly illustrates to-peak regime the low temperature (Fig. 12). Under variability of the variations the interannual the 1980s), (before (the regular curve roughly lie on a closed signal climatic underlying a quasiperiodic dynamic, slice of a torus) than lower 3-fold where whose mean and variance under the high temperature observed the variability towards case, the dynamics shifted In the latter regime. peak amplitudes and with larger attractor a new extremes, unprecedented times, where return shorter period, occur and novel to the 1950-2005 relative reached. are maxima scenarios of climate contrasting to The exposure dynamics, as web the food has altered forcing however, Seas. These results in European documented of the properties into insights interesting new provide of anomalous the probability quantifying by the system related levels) trophic between (i.e. uncoupling events or the 1980s, low before In fact, extremes. climate to in the predator- events of uncoupling null probability both in the North Sea and found dynamics was prey to an increase of warm water-species, in particular in particular water-species, of warm increase an to is a avirostris . P. avirostris Penilia the cladoceran therefore species; temperate-subtropical non-native in the Skagerrak/Kattegat dominance its increasing related warming of a SST is a possible indication region in observed previously as changes, hydroclimatic to al. 2005). (Johns et CPR data using the other regions phytoplankton phase of the project During the second to in relation will be analysed data and zooplankton fish species the commercial for index a recruitment (e.g. ( cod anglofinus processes recruitment the mechanisms regulating al. 2003). et 2004; Beaugrand and Richardson (Edwards novel will provide in progress research this Ultimately management a sustainable for developing information re-building of and the conservation for framework research This stocks. fish exploited these commercially project international to the contribution activity is a North Sea Fish Stocks Study on – Recruitment RECNOR of Marine Institute Geir Ottersen, 2007-2010 – PI: Dr. for and the Centre Norway) (IMR, Bergen, Research University (CEES, Synthesis and Evolutionary Ecological Norway). of Oslo,

Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science Foundation Hardy Sir Alister Statistical analysis of hydroclimate conditions in the hydroclimate of analysis Statistical reveals to 2005 the period 1950 over North Atlantic the covers The former main thermal regimes. two generally by 1970s and is characterized 1950-late years mean, the long term to with respect mean values low the signal since which has dominated and the latter in both mean an enhancement the 1980s, showed A current challenge in global ecology is the expansion is the expansion in global ecology challenge A current a quantification to of trends the analysis from for and their consequences extremes of climate however, ecology functioning. In plankton ecosystem focused on the dynamics of has attention little both theoretical for their importance despite extremes, documented The broadly reasons. and management few phenomena in the last in climate modifications the to changes subsequent produced have decades and, variables of atmospheric mean and the variance in the probability to an increase led have theoretically, on the dynamics of results new Here, of extremes. in pelagic and their consequences extremes climate North Sea and the in the central communities advanced. are Mediterranean Northwestern variability in European Seas in European variability Germany IFM -GEOMAR, Juan Carlos Molinero, Climate extremes and plankton and plankton extremes Climate management. with Priscilla in collaboration research Current of SAHFOS deals with the use SAHFOS at Licandro between the links exploring for database plankton of processes and recruitment dynamics plankton Skagerrak-Kattegat fish species in the commercial CPR The for management. and its implications area, the North Sea-Skagerrak-Kattegat covering data analysis statistical The first investigated. were area (PCA) method Analysis using a Principal Component and phytoplankton standardized based on was the period covering species abundance zooplankton of major shifts the presence detect 1993-2007 to of at the data look A closer in species composition. in the change a significant that 81 species revealed 2000, due around occurred composition zooplankton Kattegat area: implications for implications area: Kattegat fish species in the Skagerrak- in the fish species of Fisheries, Sweden Board Swedish Belgrano, Andrea recruitment of commercial of commercial recruitment Linking plankton data to to data plankton Linking ANNUAL REPORT 18 was undertaken at Gwennap Head(Cornwall) between Balearic Shearwaters andothermigratory megafauna For thethird yeareffort-based running, monitoring of the focus ofintensive monitoring offsouthwest England. as baskingsharks, oceansunfish andcetaceans are also Balearic shearwater, butothermigratory seabirds aswell megafauna. Thepriorityisthecritically endangered the spatio-temporal distribution ofmigratory marine investigating how bioticandabiotic factors control as partoftheSeaWatch SW project. Thisproject is to RussWynn in2009 for research beingundertaken An Associated Researcher grant was again awarded Russ Wynn, NationalOceanography Centre SeaWatch SW project magnified by humanperturbations related to ecosystem webs underscenariosofclimate change, whichcould be results warn ofthefragility ofEuropean pelagicfood frequency ofsuchevents was observed (Fig.13).These 1980s, anoticeableenhancement oftheprobability and the Northwestern Mediterranean, whereas after the indicate ahigherrecurrence ofhydroclimate extremes. amplitudes andshortreturn timesinthesecond period line indicated thevariability after the 1980s. Thelarger peak significant peaks identified before the1980s,while red period 1950to 2005.Thebluelinedenotes thevariability of hydroclimate conditions intheNorth Atlantic over the Fig. 12.Peak-to-peak dynamicsoftheinterannual variability Seafloor andHabitat Mapping at NOCS, providing further UK. RussWynn has recently beenappointed as Headof topographic fronts onmarineecosystems offsouthwest research into theinfluence oftidal-mixingandtidal- SAHFOS isanamedcollaborator), proposing to expand is alsounderconsideration withNERC (David Johnsof new activities.Afurther grant application for £90,000 was awarded by theTotal Foundation to support these being usedfor thefirst timein2009.A grant of£15,000 and passive acoustic monitoring ofsmallcetaceans all multibeam bathymetry, insitu zooplankton sampling sharks isnow beingintensively monitored, withhi-res front) onforaging seabirds, cetaceans andbasking Runnelstone reef (anditsassociated tidal-topographic totalling almost 1000 hours. The influence of the offshore 93 consecutive days, with ‘dawn-to-dusk’ observations volunteer observers helpedmanthewatchpoint for 15 JulyandOct2008.Ateam of experienced noticed duringthe1980sintheseecosystems. seas, andmay helpto understand thereorganizations climate processes onthefunctioningofEuropean shelf provide insights into themajorrole ofhemisphere-wide degradation and overexploitation. Also, these results lower panel. extremes intheNorthAtlantic. Note theinverse scale inthe and appears concurrent withtheincrease inhydroclimate function, dramatically increase inthe two cases after 1980, assessed by thegeneralized Pareto probability density Mediterranean). Theprobability ofanomalousevents, Sea) andcopepods-gelatinous carnivores (Northwestern in decadal records of copepods-phytoplankton (North Mediterranean (lower panel).Predator-prey couples consist the central NorthSea(upperpanel)andNorthwestern prey couples throughout theperiod1967to 1993in Fig. 13.Probability ofanomalousevents inpredator- Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for OceanScience ANNUAL REPORT 19 of unsettled weather on marine fauna. This led to an This led fauna. on marine weather of unsettled Man-o- Portuguese of influx early mid-summer unusually petrels, storm of Wilson’s influx an unprecedented War, including black- seabirds of unusual southern and a run These conditions petrel. Fea’s and albatross browed breeding of productivity to low also be contributing may RSPB), and also by monitored region (as in the kittiwakes summer in sightings shark surface the dearth of basking the anomalous highlighting and autumn. A paper Gwennap off of basking sharks distribution temporal mid- unsettled by driven years, three Head in the last International the first at presented was summer weather, on the Isle of Man, and has been asking Shark Workshop volume. special to an accompanying submitted tangible outputs in the to yield continues The project A NERC-funded and media publicity. of publications form SAHFOS) by (Alice Jones, CASE-sponsored PhD student together SW data, work on SeaWatch to is continuing of A full programme students. Masters-level with several and all 2010. Further details for is scheduled fieldwork on the found can be 2009 field season the from the news (www.seawatch-sw.org). website project a larval stage in which the abdomen has functional in which the abdomen has functional stage a larval pass the Some crustaceans appendages. swimming Others a zoea. as hatching nauplius in the egg before the egg in the from shrimp hatch such as the mysid stages of isopods, the larval In the case adult form. are pouches and the larvae passed in marsupial are to In addition environment. seen in the marine never chelicerata of the pycnogonida, larvae the crustacea, thirty- are included. There are (mites) and arachnida forms with some juvenile three forms and larval five is key The key. included in the characteristics larval of the major with illustrations format in a printed Java version, computerized types. In addition a larval use on for which is suitable language, programming has been Java capable of supporting platform any for file is being developed image A digital developed. will the key When completed version. the computer scientific refereed in the for publication be submitted literature. Smithsonian Institution, USA Smithsonian Institution, Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science Foundation Hardy Sir Alister The third annual South West Marine Ecosystems (SWME) (SWME) Marine Ecosystems annual South West The third meeting, in December 2009 again held in Plymouth / SAHFOS SW SeaWatch between linkages helped forge NGOs and universities agencies, government and various were this meeting The outputs from in the region. Online and in regional Earth Planet on NERC featured year the impact of a third media. A major theme was A paper outlining the status of Balearic shearwaters in of Balearic shearwaters the status A paper outlining in published 2006 was to 2004 from waters UK and Irish records Balearic shearwater A further 900 British Birds. the UK and SW from to SeaWatch submitted were spatio-temporal the overall reinforcing in 2009, Ireland These multi- seen in 2007 and 2008. pattern distribution conservation to ongoing contributing now are data year by Natural commissioned report a action, including be to Bay Lyme for potential the England investigating tagging this species. A Balearic shearwater for a SAC collaboration in 2010 (in is being initiated programme in of Oxford), University at Tim Guilford with Prof and distribution at-sea the understand better to order of the species. behaviour opportunities to investigate environment-ecosystem environment-ecosystem to investigate opportunities in UK waters. linkage arthropod larvae arthropod John A. Fornshell, has been larvae marine arthropod to key A taxonomic body is based on the morphology, the key developed; and of appendages, numbers patterns, segmentation used are i.e. which appendages mode of locomotion, In the case the larvae. by or walking swimming for be can stages larval three crustaceans of decapod All crustaceans zoea and megalopa. nauplius, identified: as a larval which is defined a nauplius stage, have and second first of appendages, pairs with three stage used for and mandibles, all of which are antennae the nauplius is followed In the Decapoda, swimming. the megalopa by which in turn is followed the zoea, by functional thoracic as having is defined The zoea larva. This does swimming. used for which are appendages, no longer are appendages the cephalic not mean that as is defined stage The megalopa used in locomotion. Taxonomic key to marine to key Taxonomic ANNUAL REPORT 20 diatom abundanceandspatiotemporal environmental non-monotonic andnon-linearrelationships between were appliedto recognise andlearnthecomplex Northeast Atlantic. ArtificialNeural Networks (ANNs) for thesamespatial and temporal coverage inthe sensing andCPRinsitumeasurements was collated data matrix composed ofconcurrent satellite remote been reported inthe literature. Inthepresent work, a climatic change intheNorth Atlantic Ocean have A decreasing abundanceandtheirvulnerability to by larger predators suchasfishandmarinemammals. food for copepods that are subsequently consumed production,global primary andare regarded asa key responsible for ~20%ofglobalcarbon fixation, ~25%of A) Diatoms exist inalmost every aquatic regime, are international peer-review journals. colour dataset. Bothresults were published/Inpress in biogeochemical modelsusingtheCPR50-year ocean reaction to furtheroceanicandB) warming, validate affect diatom abundanceandpredict theirpotential hypotheses. A)To identify macroscale factors that Here theCPRdata were usedto test two different Greece Dionysios E.Raitsos, CPR data biogeochemical modelsusing warming andvalidate global potential reaction toclimate Towards understanding diatom Institute ofOceanography, Athens, ocean ecosystems. in order to accurately simulate decadal variability in tonecessary includeinfuture biogeochemical models highlights under-represented processes that may be of themodeloutput,data andclimate indices the regime shifts evident inthePCIdata. Comparison reproducing interannual variability, butcannot simulate GFDL TOPAZ model.Themodeldemonstrates skillat we validate decadal variability inchlorophyll from the allows adirect comparison withmodeloutput.Here the PCIto chlorophyll values usingSeaWiFS data since 1948,isanexample ofsuchadataset. Converting survey, whichhasbeensamplingtheNorthAtlantic (PCI) record from theContinuous Plankton Recorder biological datasets. ThePhytoplankton ColourIndex is limited by thesparsity ofconsistent, long-term change. However, thevalidation ofdecadal variability order to assesstheirabilityto predict biogeochemical hindcast past variabilityyet ischallenging, vital in B) Assessingtheskillofbiogeochemical modelsto of diatoms to climatic change. advance ourunderstanding ofthepotential response information ontheecology ofdiatoms that may other climatic conditions. These results provide SST decrease diatom abundancesregardless ofthe (Fig. 14).Themodelsindicated that extreme positive strongly influenced by SeaSurface Temperature [SST] a regular seasonalcycle withtheirabundancemost The results ofthisstudy revealed that diatoms have the diatom distribution inthemarineecosystem. systems, ANNsproved far more effective inmodelling factors. Dueto theirabilityto mimicnon-linear rapidly inascenariowhere SST exceeds 21ºC. the SST ishigh(14-20ºC);however itdecreases winter months (November-December) when abundance duringlate autumnandtheearly The modelalsopredicts anincrease indiatom decreases during late summer and early autumn. of 14and23ºC.Thepattern ofabundance increases rapidly between atemperature range while duringAprilandMay diatom abundance remains andFebruary, low duringJanuary almost every SST scenario, diatom abundance diatoms inrelation to temperature changes. For networks, predict thepossiblereaction of 3D plots,basedonthetraining set ofneural diatom abundancefor SST versus month. The Fig. 14.Three dimensionalplotpredicting Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for OceanScience ANNUAL REPORT 21 Total zooplankton biomass has been decreasing in the in the has been decreasing biomass zooplankton Total is region Orkney/Shetland since 1958. The North Sea spatio-temporal greatest the showing areas one of the that group being the meroplankton with variability, Meroplankton changes. these to the most contributed the early 1980s and until continuously decreased (Fig. 15 lower in 1984 a sudden increase underwent panel). groups, functional zooplankton other to In contrast in the shallow mainly concentrated are meroplankton avoiding North Sea, western southern and north It is in this northern quadrant. the deeper northeast the showed this functional group where quadrant main (Fig.15). Three changes spatial remarkable most for meroplankton, recognized can be distributions 1977 and 1984. The relative the years by separated the Orkney-Shetland 1970s around in the late decrease in the detritivorous a decrease by driven primarily was biomass meroplankton total 1983, After bivalves. Forth region off Firth of the over decreased relatively in resulting of Orkney-Shetland east and increased and the maximum of a secondary the development This distribution. spatial of a two-core establishment to an increase was primarily due change spatial second (detritivorous). in echinoderm larvae Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science Foundation Hardy Sir Alister University of Oslo, Norway and Priscilla University of Oslo, Fig.15. Meroplankton spatial patterns. Spatial distributions of the meroplankton biomass for the three main periods detected in the North Sea detected three main periods the for biomass meroplankton distributions of the Spatial patterns. spatial Fig.15. Meroplankton pixel for each meroplankton level of predicting the by derived were values The meroplankton analysis. the statistical (upper panels) through for each period deviations the positive are contours among periods. The red comparison side) allows (right scale The colour within each regime. from calculated were contours) (black dashed intervals confidence The 95% upper and lower each regime. during the intercept to referred deviations are as they for inter-comparison cannot be used for each period, they areas the richer identify Although it helps to bootstrapping. vertical for the whole North Sea. The averaged evolution temporal its panel shows for each period). The lower (different the intercept from intercepts. different three the represents red line while the horizontal above, shown is pattern regimes, whose spatial the dashed lines define Although marine plankton populations reorganize reorganize populations plankton Although marine studies the scales, temporal and spatial many at primarily focused have their dynamics addressing simultaneously explore we Here scales. on temporal zooplankton variability of the the spatio-temporal Plankton by the Continuous collected functional groups apply we in the North Sea. In our approach, Recorder includes the spatial which simultaneously an analysis model, statistical same in the variation and temporal distributions periods of different identify being able to time is analyzed over The variation itself. the data from distribution fashion and the spatial in a continuous formulation The model contours. by described patterns Models (GAM) Additive is built under the Generalized or two the inclusion of one, but allowing framework GAM threshold i.e., distributions, spatial different more formulation. the last 50 years the last Llope, Marcos SAHFOS Licandro, dynamics in the North Sea over over North Sea in the dynamics Meroplankton spatio-temporal spatio-temporal Meroplankton ANNUAL REPORT 22 and Northeast Atlantic appears to beinfluenced by densities of available. Overall, theseasonaloccurrence ofhigh Mediterranean where long-term records are also our results to observations ofcnidariainthe Western occurred intheNortheast Atlantic, we have compared 30°W. To helpunderstand thechanges that have frequency, i.e.between 40°Nto 58°Nand10°Wto coincident withthegreatest recent increase injellyfish holoplanktonic speciesoccurred over alarge area cnidarian inCPRsamples.Thiswarm-temperate scyphomedusa, The results ofourresearch show that the 1°W to 26°W. Sea during2007and2008between 45°Nto 58°Nand outbreaks inNortheast Atlantic andNorthernNorth jellyfish taxa inCPRsamplesthat were responsible for we usedmolecularmethods to identify themain in CPRsamplesisimpossible.Inanewapproach (Fig.16). Themorphological identification ofcnidarians persist longer through thewinter months, since2002 where cnidariansnow appearearlierintheyear and since themiddle1980sandinNortheast Atlantic, been recorded from theCPRSurvey intheNorthSea An increase intheoccurrence has ofcnidariajellyfish of Plymouth Priscilla Licandro, SAHFOS andRichard Kirby,University Recorder by theContinuous Plankton A study onjellyfish collected P. noctiluca intheWestern Mediterranean Pelagia noctiluca, was thedominant Northeast Atlantic CPRsamples in1958-2007. Fig. 16.Average monthly frequency ofcnidaria in(a)NorthSeaand(b) previously. extend over agreater proportion ofthe year than bloomsthatjellyfish may become more frequent and environments withhigherfood resources, promoting seas, may carry P. noctiluca andothercnidariansinto of warmer andoffshore waters into coastal shelf warm. Inthat scenarioincreased advection andmixing Northeast Atlantic andNorthSeawill continue to Predictions ofglobalclimate change suggest the influenced P. noctiluca populations inthat region. waters intheNortheast Atlantic may have similarly their increasing frequency inthisregion. Warmer increase inWestern Mediterranean SST could explain appear to beassociated withwarm winters, therecent are now more frequent. Asoutbreaks of late 19thcentury reveal that outbreaks of Long-term records from theMediterranean sincethe the eastern oftheEuropean slopeboundary basin. surface Continental SlopeCurrent, whichflows along progression oftheNorthAtlantic Current andthe outbreaks of Mediterranean basin.IntheNortheast Atlantic, before circulating anticlockwise around the Western Strait ofGibraltar alongtheNorthAfrican coast that flows eastwards from the Atlantic through the progression oftheAtlantic Surface Water stream, the occurrence ofP. noctiluca swarms follows the surface hydrography. IntheWestern Mediterranean, P. noctiluca appearto follow the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for OceanScience P. noctiluca P. noctiluca ANNUAL REPORT 23 and was recorded recorded was spp. dominated the counts. spp. dominated Heterorhabdus austrinus Heterorhabdus Calanus simillimus, Rhincalanus gigas Rhincalanus Calanus simillimus, for the first time ever in a few of the CPR samples few of the CPR in a ever time the first for euphausiids recorded Of the 15 and 18SF tows. from Thysanoessa during the austral tows further six a conducting are BAS of a will be the last These tows summer 2009/10. contract. year five SAHFOS/BAS present the series for have thus far CPR programme of the BAS The results Front of the Polar the region biogeographically, shown in the taxa key a number of of and the distribution continue to like would BAS and SAHFOS Sea. Scotia seeking funding presently and are the collaboration currently are With this in mind BAS tows. future for use to government South Georgia with the negotiating patrols, vessel, during its monthly a fisheries protection and so Islands and South Georgia the Falkland between region. in the the CPR survey continue were the most commonly recorded recorded commonly most the were lucens Metridia copepods. bloom had apparently all but gone with very low low with very gone all but had apparently bloom few a and just no dinoflagellates of diatoms, counts and hyperiids euphausiids Copepods, coccolithophores. in the zooplankton of the larger the majority formed samples. s carried s carried James Clark Ros RRS Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science Foundation Hardy Sir Alister Fig. 17. Positions of the CPR samples analysed from 13 15 and 18SF. from of the CPR samples analysed Fig. 17. Positions . By April the phytoplankton April the phytoplankton . By antarctica Eucampia out six tows (13 to 18SF), in the Scotia Sea. SAHFOS SAHFOS Sea. the Scotia 18SF), in (13 to out six tows three from samples collected 84 of the 136 analysed 2008); 25 from 13SF (November 29 from of the tows; 18SF (April 2009, 15SF (December 2008) and 30 from Fig. 17) and silicoflagellates, diatoms, year, Each the phytoplankton dominated have coccolithophores High Phytoplankton no exception. and 2008/9 was on 15SF samples recorded (PCI) values Colour Index of numbers to large mainly be attributed could , Thalassiothrix antarctica kerguelensis Fragilariopsis and A prototype Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) was (CPR) Recorder Plankton Continuous A prototype in 1926, during the Hardy, by Alister deployed first Some eighty Atlantic. to the South expedition Discovery (BAS), Survey the British Antarctic in 2005, later, years a series of austral started with SAHFOS in partnership Ocean. During Atlantic in the South summer CPR tows, ship 2008/9, the BAS tows Jonas, SAHFOS Tanya Continuous Plankton Recorder Recorder Plankton Continuous British Antarctic Survey Survey Antarctic British ANNUAL REPORT 24 Education andpublications laboratory andworkshops. plankton, plus aguidedtour oftheSAHFOS about theCPRsurvey andtheimportance of College visited SAHFOS inMarch for atalk Nature. Students from Ridgeway Community to theevent to learnmore aboutNaming members ofthegeneral publiccame along Around 500schoolchildren and100 Laboratory andtheUniversity ofPlymouth. alongside PlymouthMarine Art Gallery Week at thePlymouth CityMuseumand celebrate National ScienceandEngineering at sea.SAHFOS ran aninteractive event to making ashortfilmaboutplastic pollution also visited by aFrench filmcrew who were the CPRcollects plankton at sea.We were and presenter onashortcruiseto show how Anthony Walne accompanied thefilmcrew about plankton inMarch. LanceGregory and BBC OneShow came to make ashortfilm March was abusy month for theteam. The Future MarineTechnologist’. Devonport HighSchoolfor Boys asthe‘Best Clare BucklandchoseAshley Phillips from the finalists to complete. Lance Gregory and designed andran aCPRbasedchallenge for of Cornwall Hotel inJune,where SAHFOS College. Thecityfinal was held at theDuke School for GirlsandSaltash Community Community College, Devonport High SAHFOS carried outchallenges at Torpoint of Year 12students infulltimeeducation. aims to enhancetheemployability skills Plymouth basedemployers. Theproject Education Business Partnership andother ‘You’re Hired’ competition alongside Tamar running schoolchallenges for thesuccessful In 2009,SAHFOS decidedto continue activities in2009 Education andOutreach night dive to collect plankton. Wembury Beachandalsotook partina carried outnet samplingofplankton from taking partinabat survey at night. SAHFOS anything from plants, insectsandbirds to joining experts inthefield to catalogue with many members ofthegeneral public River Yealm. Theevent was ahuge success many habitats at Wembury Point andthe produce afullinventory ofspeciesfrom Museum’s OPAL Project andaimedto The project was partoftheNatural History in BIOBLITZat Wembury BeachinAugust. SAHFOS andotherorganisations took part completed inSpring2010. out by SAHFOS. Theanimation isdue to be marine environment andthework carried help promote therole ofplankton inthe on ourwebsite andat outreach events to animation. The3Danimation willbeused designing andproducing thenew SAHFOS Clare BucklandandStrike Designsstarted in joining‘FriendsoftheOceans’. InAugust, the endofJulyandinvited thoseinterested of theOceans’. We alsoheldanopenday at promoting membership through the‘Friends and workshops. Thiswas partofSAHFOS SAHFOS andhadatour ofourlaboratory In July, Wembury PROBUS group visited SAHFOS. took alongpublicitymaterials to promote Burkill alsogave atalk andClare Buckland chaired oneoftheworkshop sessions,Peter Abigail McQuatters-Gollop gave a talk and researchers to present theirresearch. aimed to encourage young Plymouth University ofPlymouth.Thesymposium Symposium was heldinAprilat the The PlymouthMarineSciencesPartnership Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for OceanScience ANNUAL REPORT 25 were complimentary about the MBA and SAHFOS and SAHFOS MBA about the complimentary were by the put in of effort the amount and appreciated included: comments Specific organisers. I’ve done and the most course “This is the third taxonomy very organised, friendly and all the Very far! by enjoyable extremely approachable. Thank you all very were staff it too” much, I think I learned a lot and enjoyed have been very well chosen. “I think the various tutors in specialist be a passionate of them seemed to Each their specific area” SAHFOS and the CPR survey on T.V. and the CPR survey SAHFOS Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science Foundation Hardy Sir Alister We managed to secure expert speakers including Prof. Prof. including speakers expert secure to managed We Dr USA), of North Carolina, (University Carmelo Tomas Dohrn, Napoli, Anton Zoologica Diana Sarno (Stazione Oceanolgique (Observatoire Linda Medlin Prof Italy), and Dr Barry Leadbeater France) de Banyuls-sur-mer, proved of Birmingham, UK). The workshop (University and the course enjoyed the delegates successful, very The workshop was limited to twenty delegates from 9 from delegates twenty to limited was The workshop Ocean Strategic the NERC with support from countries The Society. Ecological and the British Funding Initiative Society and the Challenger Society British Phycological students. various of the attendance supported The first International Phytoplankton Taxonomy Taxonomy Phytoplankton International The first to and the MBA SAHFOS by organised was Workshop of scientists knowledge taxonomic the present improve a comprised The workshop on phytoplankton. working sessions with an and laboratory of presentations mixture skills. microscopy emphasis on practical Taxonomy Workshop Taxonomy International Phytoplankton Phytoplankton International ANNUAL REPORT 26 experiments andobservations and throughout its voyage 250 ftluxury clipperisequipped to outscientificcarry taken by thehistoric Beaglearound theglobe.The from PlymouthonSeptember 1st to re-sail theroute voyage theStad Amsterdam, aDutch clipper, set sail visited theGalapagos Islands.To commemorate this expedition aboard HMSBeagle,where hefamously collected byonafive Darwin year round-the-world Much oftheevidence for ofevolution thetheory was selection; andof evolution. due to environmental pressures; aprocess ofnatural genetic differentiation overmillenniaandselection result ofacombination ofprocesses: a result ofgradual the world where man,far from beingat itscentre, was a society’s deeplyheldbeliefs. Itdescribed thehistory of world around them,itbrought into question someof did thiswork challenge how scientists perceived the controversial, work –OntheOriginofSpecies.Notonly publication ofhismost famous, and still tothis day since the anniversary the 150th and Darwin of Charles of thebirth anniversary the 200th celebrate saw people globe 2009 Across the across theglobe Stad Amsterdam tows theCPR members ofthePlymouthCPR team. of theseepisodeshave includedfootage oftheCPRand and are intheprocess ofmakinga35partseries.Several company hasbeenfollowing events onboard theship of thisfamous expedition, VPRO, aDutch television To document andshare withthepublicrecreation Atlantic waters. has beenusedto sampleplankton from tropical south towed by asailingship,itisalsothefirst timeaCPR successful. Notonlyisthisthefirst timeaCPRhasbeen all 12tows madebetween Falmouth andBrazil were Although notyet delivered backto theUK,itseems used to collect theplankton. technical set-up andmaintenance ofthetwo CPRbodies (NIOZ) received tuitioninall tasks associated withthe from theRoyal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research the Plymouthlaboratory for training. Katja Philippart the voyage, amarinescientist memberofcrew visited of eachCPRdeployment throughout the4,500nmlegof installed aCPRonboard theship.To ensure thesuccess clipper’s journey, from Falmouth to RiodeJaneiro, and the opportunityto sampleplankton alongpartofthe Following inDarwin’s footsteps SAHFOS eagerly took surrounding himwere teeming withmicroscopic life. made hisown plankton net andsaw that thewaters During acalm periodonboard theBeagle,Darwin to astrobiologists. will host awiderange ofscientists, from microbiologists Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for OceanScience ANNUAL REPORT 27 zooplankton’ which evaluates current and potential potential and current evaluates which zooplankton’ EU policy UK and to with respect indicators plankton initiatives. Impacts Partnership Change Climate Marine The UK’s Change of Marine Climate (MCCIP) issued a series in 2009 which take Cards Report Linkages Ecosystem the links understanding to approach a ‘big picture’ oceans. impacts on the change climate between to two contributed data and CPR expertise SAHFOS ‘A reports: review and associated cards of the report and food changing seas, seabirds above: from view During 2009 species’. ‘Marine non-native and sources’ Integrated 2: An Progress on Charting continued work of UK Seas. This report, of the State Assessment the collation involves HBDSEG, by commissioned UK from and information of data and assessment to be published in 2010, Due initiatives. monitoring indicators ‘Biological chapter is leading the SAHFOS such as these Assessments the plankton’. of state: information scientific transfer a mechanism to provide the evidence-based and facilitate decision makers to and policy programmes of monitoring development measures. also and CPR data expertise In 2009 SAHFOS the for products policy-relevant to contributed bodies: and international UK, European following Scottish Committee, Conservation Nature Joint Defra, the European the EU, OSPAR, Heritage, Natural (EMODNET), Network and Data Marine Observation Foundation, Science the National WWF, ICES, of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada, and the Department has research As in 2008, SAHFOS government. French Environment Science for in the EU’s been featured Alert Service. News DG Environment Policy: SAHFOS Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science Foundation Hardy Sir Alister The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), Directive Framework The Marine Strategy and on the protection strategy thematic the EU’s came into of the marine environment, conservation to achieve is in 2008. The aim of the MSFD effect seas of Europe’s (GES) status environmental good of and assessment the monitoring 2020 through by Historically, targets. GES towards indicators ecological been aligned with the Directive’s has CPR research particularly in the fields of biodiversity, targets, GES marine impacts, HABs, climate eutrophication, is SAHFOS coupling. and benthic-pelagic webs food of these indicators to the development contributing in the UK Marine involvement through and targets (UKMMAS) Strategy and Assessment Monitoring Group Seas Evidence Diverse Biologically and Healthy marine ‘A report of the the authorship and (HBDSEG) application for framework and monitoring assessment and phytoplankton for in UKMMAS and OSPAR, 2009 McQuatters-Gollop, Abigail the purpose of the CPR in 1931, Since its conception changing environmental with evolved has survey major addressing to monitoring purely from policy, such as fisheries, harmful issues marine management conservation, blooms (HABs), biodiversity, algal impacts. change and climate pollution, eutrophication at research to influence continue drivers Policy to is aim of the organisation and an important SAHFOS scientists SAHFOS of and the expertise use CPR data and policy makers advice to evidence-based deliver to managers. ecosystem SAHFOS contributions to policy to policy contributions SAHFOS ANNUAL REPORT 28 Gibbons, M.J. andRichardson,Gibbons, M.J. 2009.Patterns A.J., Gattuso, J.-P. andHansson,L.,2009.European Project on Fox, Sundby, C.,Harris,R., S.,Achterberg, E.,Allen,J.I., Edwards, M.,2009.SeaLife (Pelagic andPlanktonic Drinkwater, K.F., Beaugrand, G.,Kaeriyama, M.,Kim,S., Beaugrand, G.,Luczak, C.,Edwards, M.,2009.Rapid Beaugrand, G.,2009.Decadal changes in climate and Batten, S.D. andMackas, D.L., 2009.Shortened duration Refereed publications Publications Publications of jellyfish abundanceinthe North of jellyfish Atlantic. scientific highlights. Oceanography 22:60-71. Ocean Acidification (EPOCA):Objectives, productsand Annual Review 47:1-75. ecosystems. Oceanography andMarineBiology:An Eastern Atlantic -An ‘end-to-end ’analysis ofpelagic Wilson, B.,2009.Transregional linkages inthe North- Speirs, D., Stenevik, E.,John,M.S.,Thingstad, F. and Metcalfe, J., Østerhus, S.,Potter, E., T., Sakshaug, E., Dye, Edwards, S.R., M.,Fernand, L.,Kershaw, P., Allen, J., Baker, Brussaard, A., C.P.D., Buckley, P., Cook, Amsterdam, pp.233-252. Observed ImpactsonPlanet Earth. Elsevier, Change. In:T. Letcher (Editor), Climate Change: Ecosystems) asanIndicator ofClimate andGlobal 374-388. to ecosystem changes. JournalofMarineSystems 79: Takasuka, 2009.Ontheprocesses A., linkingclimate Ottersen, G., Perry,R.I., Portner, H.O., Polovina, J.J. and Ocean. GlobalChange Biology15:1790-1803. biogeographical plankton shiftsintheNorth Atlantic seas. DeepSeaResearch II56:656-673. ecosystems intheNorthAtlantic Oceanandadjacent 393: 189-198. the Northeast Pacific. Marine Ecology-Progress Series of theannual Neocalanus plumchrus

biomasspeakin Licandro, P. andIcardi, P., 2009.Basinscale distribution Letessier, T.B., Cox, M.J.andBrierley, 2009.Drivers A.S., R.S., Salter,Lampitt, I.andJohns, D., 2009.Radiolaria: Kirby, Beaugrand, R.R., G.andLindley, 2009. J.A., Kirby, and Beaugrand,R.R. G., 2009. Trophic amplification Kane, J., 2009.Acomparison oftwo zooplankton time Raitsos,D.,Henson, S.A., Dunne,J.P. andMcQuatters- Helaouët, P. andBeaugrand, G.,2009.Physiology, Hátún, H.,Payne, andJacobsen, M.R. 2009.The J.A., Hátún, H.,Payne, Beaugrand, M.R., G.,Reid, P.C., Sandø, Guidi, L.,Ibañez, F., Beaugrand, G.,2009.Anew

Mediterranean) inlate autumn. Hydrobiologia 617: of zooplankton inthe Ligurian Sea(north-western 2539-2553. abundance intheAtlantic Ocean.MarineBiology156: of euphausiidspeciesabundance andnumerical Global Biogeochemical Cycles 23:GB1010. major exporters oforganic carbon to thedeepocean. ecosystem. Ecosystems 12:548-561. Synergistic effects ofclimate andfishinginamarine B-Biological Sciences276:4095-4103. of climate warming. Proceedings ofthe Royal Society Plankton Research 31:249-259. series data collected intheGulfofMaine.Journal dataset. Geophysical Research Letters 36: L21601. models: Comparisonwitha50-year oceancolour 2009.DecadalGollop, A., variability inbiogeochemical 12: 1235-1245. ecological nichesandspeciesdistribution. Ecosystems Sciences 66:759–770. poutassou distribution ofbluewhiting( North Atlantic subpolargyre regulates thespawning Oceanography 80:149–162. plankton, to bluewhitingandpilotwhales.Progress in eastern Atlantic Ocean:From thesubpolargyre, via D., 2009.Large bio-geographical shiftsinthenorth- Drange,A.B., H.,Hansen,B.,Jacobsen, andBloch, J.A. classification tree. Ecological modelling220:451-461. procedure to optimize theselection of groups ina Hydrobiologia 616:51–65. Melting Arctic aides passage passage aides Arctic Melting

). CanadianJournalofFisheriesandAquatic

Atlantic invaders invaders Atlantic POVERTY AND CLIMATE CHANGE CHANGE CLIMATE AND POVERTY

Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for OceanScience

VOLUNTARY OFFSETTING VOLUNTARY

A case of political will political of case A Call for regulation for Call Micromesistius ANNUAL REPORT 29 Licandro, P., McQuatters-Gollop, A. and Reid, P.C., P.C., Reid, A. and McQuatters-Gollop, P., Licandro, the CPR from results Report: Status 2009. Ecological 6: 1-12. Report Technical SAHFOS 2007/2008. survey status. summarising plankton Service Agreement 5 pp. Defra, to Report - changing seas, above from S., 2009. A view Wanless, Change Marine Climate sources. food and seabirds 2009. Marine Climate Card Report Linkages Ecosystem 24 pp. Impacts Partnership, Change Natural Scottish – update. Scotland the seas around 4 pp. Heritage, 21 pp. Institute, Oceanographic area, in the ICES communities in plankton of trends position paper on for the ICES including jellyfish WGZE, the ICES from ICES to Report change. climate 11 pp. seas Science in Europe’s eutrophication tackle to Alert News DG Environment Policy: Environment for Service, 156: 1. of interpretation and analysis 2009. Digitization, in the North sampling ICES pre-1914 for data plankton 2009. March report update waters: Sea and adjacent Plymouth, 11 pp. SAHFOS, of interpretation and analysis 2009. Digitization, sampling in the North ICES pre-1914 for data plankton 2009. October report update waters: Sea and adjacent Plymouth, 13 pp. SAHFOS, 2009. Marine non-native T., and McCollin, Minchin, D. Linkages Ecosystem Change species. Marine Climate Impacts Change 2009. Marine Climate Card Report 27 pp. Partnership, U., A.,A., Bathman, Antia, A., Andersson, Fischer, R., Malin, R., Hopcroft, Gangstø, T., Brix, H., Furevik, Z., 2009. The impacts of the and Wang, M. G., Vogt, Goldaming WWF report, change. oceans on climate UK, 120 pp. Policy reports and documents reports Policy D.G., Johns, G., John, A.W.G., Beaugrand, M., Edwards, Public Kingdom 2009. United D., M. and Johns, Edwards, and J. R., M., Furness, Pinnegar, M.R., Edwards, Heath, in – Plankton Trends Heritage 2009. Natural Johns, D.G., Hole Woods Annual Report. 2009. USA Johns, D.G., E., 2009. Overview M. and Head, Harvey, P., Licandro, Regional policies needed A., 2009. McQuatters-Gollop, M., Edwards, P. and A., Dowland, McQuatters-Gollop, M., Edwards, P. and A., Dowland, McQuatters-Gollop, A., McQuatters-Gollop, M., Edwards, E.J., Cook, P.C., Reid, M., M., Meredith, E., Sparrow, Lewis-Brown, P.C., Reid, . Proceedings of . Proceedings Calanus finmarchicus Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science Foundation Hardy Sir Alister to Plankton Ecology. Fish and Fisheries 10: 477-478. Fish and Fisheries Ecology. Plankton to of environmental 2009. Effects N.C., and Stenseth, of on the seasonal distribution conditions the North Sea. Limnology biomass in phytoplankton 54: 512-524. and Oceanography Systems time series. Journal of Marine zooplankton 79: 286-304 How F., 2009. Wulff, C. and Y., Humborg, Artioli, J.E., the effects communicate indicators do ecosystem well Coastal Estuarine, eutrophication? of anthropogenic and Shelf Science 82: 583–596. of Recruitment P., 2009. H. Jónasdóttir and Dolmer, to marinus in relation lesser sandeel Ammodytes composition. density dependence and zooplankton Series 381: 249–258. Progress Marine Ecology Daly- E.D., A., Calbet, Christou, P., Licandro, P., de Puelles, M.L., Mazzocchi, N., Fernandez Yahia, I., 2009. Mediterranean Siokou-Frangou, and M.G. of the calanoid trends basin-scale marine copepods: 617: 41-53. typicus. Hydrobiologia Centropages P., Licandro, J., A., Gröger, Gallego, T., Falkenhaug, Nash, C., Schmidt, J.O., Röckmann, Llope, M., Munk, P., in a changing environment: R., 2009. Recruitment ICES failure. the 2000s North Sea herring recruitment Journal of Marine Science 66: 272-277. has potential G., 2009. High dispersal Savidge, in the North stability population long-term maintained copepod Atlantic 17-40. M.P., Sparrow, M., Andersson, A.J., Antia, A., Bates, A.J.,A., Bates, Antia, M., Andersson, Sparrow, M.P., G., Brix, H., Dye, Beaugrand, U., N.R., Bathmann, H., R., Hátún, Gangstø, T., M., Furevik, S., Edwards, Keeling, R., S., Kasten, Kendall, M., R.R., Hopcroft, C., Malin, G., Mauritzen, F.T., C.L., Mackenzie, Quéré, C., Rignot, E., Shimada, K., Vogt, Paull, J., Ólafsson, R., 2009. Z. and Washington, C., Wang, M., Wallace, In: D.W. Change. Impacts of the Oceans on Climate Burlington: in Marine Biology. Advances Sims (Editor), pp. 1-150. Press, Academic L., 2009. Global latitudinal Chiba, S. and Legendre, and copepod diversity in marine variations of the Royal Proceedings factors. environmental Sciences 276: 3053-3062. B-Biological Society the Royal Society B- Biological Sciences 276: 301-307. Sciences B- Biological Society the Royal Lindley, J.A., 2009. Book Review: A Mechanistic Approach Approach A Mechanistic J.A.,2009. Book Review: Lindley, L. Stige, P.C., Ciannelli, L., Reid, Chan, K.-S., Llope, M., of G., 2009. Comparisons and Beaugrand, D. Mackas, Vermaat, A., Gilbert, A.J., Mee, L.D., McQuatters-Gollop, Sigrún Tomczak, Hal, Maciej T. van Ralf Deurs, van Mikael Nival, F., Ibanez, Lucic, D., V., Vukanic, J.C., Molinero, M., Dickey-Collas, E.M.C., M.R.,Hatfield, Payne, Keating, S.L., Maggs, C.A. G.E., and Beatty, J., Provan, Reid, P.C., Fischer, A.C., Lewis-Brown, E., Meredith, E., Meredith, Lewis-Brown, A.C., Fischer, P.C., Reid, Gasparini, S., F., G., Ibanez, I., Beaugrand, Rombouts, ANNUAL REPORT 30 Elston, D., Wanless, Mann,A., S., Fredericksen, M. and Burkill, P. andReid, P., 2009.Plankton biodiversity of abstracts Non-refereed publications orunpublished reports/ Thackeray, S.,Sparks, T., Frederiksen, M.,Burthe,S., Reid, P.C., Edwards, M.,McQuatters-Gollop,A., McQuatters-Gollop,A., Edwards, M., Reid, P.C. andJohns, Martin, P., Allen, J.T., Cooper, M.J.,Johns, D.G., Lampitt, Daly Yahia, M.N.,Batistic, M.,Lucic, D., FernandesDe Beaugrand, G.andKirby, inpress. R.R., Climate, plankton Papers accepted for publication in2009 Statistics Network, March 2009. within-year growth curvesofsandeels,CEH Applied Edwards, M.,2009.Combiningdata sets to estimate Venice, Italy, pp.6. Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey, OceanObs09, the NorthAtlantic: changingpatterns revealed bythe Change Biology. freshwater andterrestrial environments. Global imbalances inrates ofphenological change for marine, Winfield, I.and Wanless, S.,inpress. Trophic level Leech, D., Roy, D., Scott,A., Smith,M.,Smithers, R., M., Harrington, Johns,D.G., R., Jones,I.,J., L., Clutton-Brock, T., Dawson,A., Edwards, M.,Elliott, Bacon, P., Bell,J., Botham,M.,Brereton, T., Carvalho, Defra, London,UK,pp.69 2: AnIntegrated Assessment oftheState ofUKSeas. indicators ofstate: theplankton, ChartingProgress D., Stevens, D. andWiddicombe, C.,inpress. Biological Pitois, S.,Prior, Rees, A., Smyth, A., T., Smythe-Wright, Lucas, C.,McCollin,T., Miller, P., Milligan, S.,Mills,D., Kirby,R., Larkin,K.,Licandro, Lampitt, R., P., Lindley,A., Hátún, H.,Hay, S.,Hartman,Helaouët, P., Johns,D., M., Gowen, Halliday, R., N.,Hardman-Mountford, N., Delany, J., Eloire, D., Forster, Fox, R., C.,Frederiksen, Beaugrand, G.,Bresnan, E.,Brierley, Davidson, A., K., Plymouth, 44p. Alister Hardy Foundation for OceanScience. SAHFOS, Joint Nature Conservation Committee from theSir for phytoplankton andzooplankton. Report to the framework for application inUKMMASandOSPAR, D., inpress. Amarineassessment andmonitoring strategies. Limnology&Oceanography. flux, andimplications for acantharian reproductive Basin: Strontium asaballast for deepoceanparticle Sedimentation ofacantharian cysts intheIceland Sanders,R.S., andTeaglea, R. D.A.H., inpress. operative Research Reports. ICES. more frequent intheMediterranean basin?ICES Co- timing of Pelagia noctiluca (Forskäl, 1771) getting and DalyYahia -Kéfi, O., inpress. Are theoutbreaks Siokou-Frangou, I.,Zervoudaki, S.,Prieto, L.,Goy, J. Puelles, M.,Licandro, P., Molinero, Malej,A., J.C., and cod. GlobalChange Biology. Reid, P.C., Bathmann, U., Batten, S.D., Brainard,R.E., Mills, D., 2009.Saving Scotland’s Salmon. TheMedlar McQuatters-Gollop,A., Johns, D. and Edwards, M.,2009. McQuatters-Gollop,A. andJohns, D., 2009.Changes in McQuatters-Gollop, Mee,L.D.A.J., A., Gilbert, and McQuatters-Gollop, Mee,L.D.A.J., A., Gilbert, and Llope, M.andLicandro, P., 2009.DidtheNorthSea Lindley, 2009.Changes J.A., intheplankton revealed Lindley, 2009.Changes J.A., intheplankton revealed by Licandro, P. andKirby, 2009.UsingCPRto R.R., monitor Licandro, P., 2009.Isplankton thecause ofthe2000s Jonas, T.D., John,A.W.G. andTaylor, C.M.,2009.Report Helaouët, P., 2009.Eco-physical nichemodellingas Programme, OceanObs09, Venice, Italy, pp.12. P., 2009.AGlobalContinuous Plankton Recorder D., Berghe, E.V., Verheye, H.,Vezzulli, L.andWard, A., Stenseth,K., Sartimbul, N.C., Sugisaki, H.,Stevens, Pershing, Richardson, A., Robertson, A.J., D., Robinson, Malone,T.,Gollop, A., Matondkar, P., Muxagata, E., McQuatters- MacDiarmid,A., Llope, M.,Lopes,R.M., (29), Kirby, Kitchener, R.R., J., Kobayashi, D., Lakkis,S., A.W.G., Jonas,T.D., Jossi,J.W., Karlson, B.,Kuh Kim G.C., Hosie,G.,Hunt, B.P.V., Head,E.,Hood,R.R., John, M., Goes,J., Goni,G.,Greene, C.H.,Hare, Hays, J.A., Dooley,R.R., H.,Edwards, M.,Flinkman,J., Fukuchi, Burkill, P.H., Carlotti, F.,Chiba,S.,Conversi, A.,Dickson, Press, 232pp. Society 200940:10-11. Marine Environment. Bulletin oftheBritish Ecological The Continuous Plankton Recorder. Exploring the June 2009. GLOBEC 3rd Victoria, OpenScienceMeeting, Canada; the Northwest Atlantic phytoplankton community, Symposium, Plymouth,UK;April2009. communicate theeffects ofeutrophication?, PMSP Vermaat, J.E., 2009.How well doecosystem indicators 2009. Aquatic SciencesConference, Nice,France; January communicate theeffects ofeutrophication?, ASLO Vermaat, J.E., 2009.How well doecosystem indicators Globec Newsletter 15:7-8. regime shift affect thedistribution ofphytoplankton? Natural History Society Newsletter 24:1. by theCPRsurvey inrecent years. Porcupine Marine Plymouth, UK;April2009. the CPRsurvey inrecent years, PMSPSymposium, 2009. January ASLO Aquatic SciencesConference, Nice,France; the biodiversity ofgelatinous plankton outbreaks, Newsletter 15:7-8. North Seaherringrecruitment failure? Globec summer 2007-8.SAHFOS, Plymouth,UK,55pp. Continuous Plankton Recorder tows duringtheaustral on theAnalysis oftheBritishAntarctic Survey Canada; June2009. change, GLOBEC 3rd Victoria, OpenScienceMeeting, phenological andbiogeographical responses to climate a tool inunderstanding therelationship between Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for OceanScience ANNUAL REPORT 31 s e i r e h s i F

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S tti o R Audited expenditure for 2009 was £1,428,054 2009 was for expenditure Audited by funding bodies. in percentages here is defined The total EXPENDITURE The Foundation is dependent on securing funding from external sources through contracts and grants and grants contracts through sources external on securing funding from is dependent The Foundation to order in investigated to be continue of funding sources work. Different its continue enable it to to the funding stream. diversify Resources expenditure fpr 2009 has also increased during the year reporting £1,428,054 (2008 reporting during the year 2009 has also increased fpr expenditure Resources of £362,033 (2008 resources incoming reported net overall are there that £1,165,077), with the result £284,124). Grants and contract income for 2009 have increased during the year and together with other income with other income and together during the year increased 2009 have for income and contract Grants (2008 £1,412,613). at £1,790,087 reported are activities, charitable from Core Funding Organisations provide general funding to enable the general operation of the CPR Survey. of the CPR Survey. operation general to enable the funding general provide Funding Organisations Core of Environment, , UK Department (NERC) Council Research Environment UK Natural In 2009 these were: to SAHFOS commission organisations academic and Research & NOAA. (Defra), Affairs and Rural Food research with other collaborate may also SAHFOS routes. specific tow or research, specific undertake Valdez Exxon were In 2009 these Organisations. of International under the umbrella sometimes groups, Antarctic & Oceans Canada, British of Fisheries Dept Board, Research the North Pacific Oilspill Trust, and Norway, Research of Marine Institute ICES, Union, CEFAS, the European IFREMER France, Survey, others. The principal sources of funding for 2009 are broadly derived from grants and contract income from from income and contract grants from derived broadly 2009 are funding for of The principal sources Organisations. & Academic Research and Funding Organisations Core INCOME c F Appendix A: Financial summary A: Financial Appendix 2009 S ANNUAL REPORT 32 Appendix B.Shippingcompanies assisting theCPRsurvey in2009

Z, Zb,Zc VJ ST SF SA R PR NI M LR &V LG IN IB &SB IB &SB HE FR Eb, Ea, D&W D, F&W C Ba,Bb,Bc,Bd USAAT A Routes

Reykjafoss Skaubryn RRS JamesClarkRoss Pride ofBilbao Green Frost Maersk Flanders Bretagne &Armorique BBC Reydarfjordur S CAberdeen Selfoss Tor Petunia Norbay Perseus J Velazquez Tor Dania Stad Amsterdam Atlantic Companion Jonni Ritscher Tor Ficaria Benguela Stream Hascosay Horizon Kodiak Towing vessels

Chartered by Eimskipafelag, Reykjavik, Icelandfrom Reider Shipping BV, Winschoten, Netherlands Seaboard International ShippingCompany, North Vancouver, British Columbia,Canada British Antarctic Survey, Research NERC, VesselServices, UK Green Reefers AS,Bergen, Norway Norfolk LineLtd, Felixstowe, Norfolk LineBV, Scheveningen, P&O Ferries (Dover) Ltd Netherlands, partoftheMaersk Group, Copenhagen, Denmark Brittany Ferries, Roscoff, France Chartered by Eimskip,Reykjavik from PhoenixReederei Bereederungs, Leer, Germany Sea Cargo A/SBergen, Norway Eimskipafelag, Reykjavik, Iceland P&O Ferries (IrishSea)Ltd, Larne,NorthernIreland DFDS Tor LineAB, Copenhagen, Denmark Chartered by MacAndrews Ltd, Londonfrom Jüngerhans Maritime Services GmbH,Haren,Services EmsGermany Owners: BBC, Burger Bereederungs Contor, GmbH,Germany Chartered by DFDSTor Linefrom ImperialShippingAB, Gothenburg, Sweden Rederij ClipperStad Amsterdam, Netherlands Atlantic Container Line,Skarhamn, Sweden Charterers: HapagLloyd, Hamburg. Owners: Transeste Schiffahrts GmbH, Hamburg DFDS Tor Line,Copenhagen, Denmark Seatrade NV, Groningen, Netherlands. Charterers: Geest Bananas Ltd, Fareham, England Horizon LinesLLC, Charlotte, NorthCarolina, USA and Tacoma WA, Scotland NorthLink Orkney &Shetland Ferries Ltd, Stromness, Orkney, Shipping Company Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for OceanScience ANNUAL REPORT 33 SAHFOS Web: www.sahfos.org Web: Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK Plymouth, PL1 2PB, Tel: +44(0)1752-633288 Tel: Fax: +44(0)1752-600015 Fax: The Laboratory, Citadel Hill Citadel The Laboratory, Email: [email protected] Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science Foundation Hardy Sir Alister