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Kamakhya a Town of Assam, Part IV-B, Vol-I, Assam

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Kamakhya a Town of Assam, Part IV-B, Vol-I, Assam I!R_ CENSUS OF INDIA, 19n VOLUME I-PART IV-B KAMAKHYA A TOWN· OF ASSAM BY MOHAN SARMA, M.A. OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR GENERAL. INDIA. MINISTRY. OF HOME AFFAIRS NEW DELHI FOREWORD As ancillary to 1971 Census, the Census Organi­ sation has taken up a project of intensive survey of about 200 towns in different parts of the country. In the preparatory stage of this project, another project of collection of basic particulars in respect of a large number of towns in different parts of the country was undertaken in cooperation with scholars belonging to various academic bodies. " For discussing the entire approach to urban stu­ dies, a seminar was organised in Delhi in 1967. In the light of the recommendations of the Seminar, and also in consultation with Town and Country Planning Organization, Delhi and a number of experts in the field, a schedule for rapid survey of towns was drawn u,p. It was visualised that the scholars undertaking the rapid survey of a town would, in addition to canvas­ sing the schedule, prepare a short running note high­ lighting the important features of the town. I am happy that Prof. Sarma very kindly agreed to make a rapid survey of Kamakhya town. It was a labour of love on his part. In addition to canvassing the schedule he has examined a large number of origi­ nal source materials, to provide information a bout the historical and socio-economic developments of Kamakhya. In the presentation of his material he was provided technical advice and guidance by my colleague Dr. B. K. Roy ~urman. I would like to thank Prof. Sarma for this useful report. A. CHANDRA SEKHAR, Registra1 General~ l1Ulia. CONTENTS PAGES PuPAeE (i) INTRODUCTORY Non (iii)-(iv) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (v) lm'R,ODUCTIoN 1-63 APPENDIX • 65-72 PLA~ I-VII PREFACE After completing my University Education, for a long time I was cherishing an ambition to write about the history and social and cultural life ofK.amakhya, my home town. But due to many circumstantial limitations it was difficult for me to believe that one day my ambition would actually be fulfilled. On 3rd March, 1968, Dr. B. K. Roy Burman, Deputy Registrar General, India (Social Studies) visited Kamakhya,. and on hearing about my academic background, enquired whether I would like to take up a project of socio-economic study of Kamakhya. This was a very unexpected opportunity for me and I readily accepted his offer. He provided the frame of the i~vestigation and guided me in the presentation of the materia18~ Also, he has given an introductory note to bringing out the iociological implications of the various data provided by me in the monograph. I am grateful to the Registrar General, India and to Dr. Roy Burman for giving me the opportunity to bring out this monograph. During collection of the various statistical and other information for the monograph, I have received unstinted Co­ operation from various official and non-official sources as well as private individuals. It would be invidious to mention names but I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to all of them .. MOHAN SAlUU. (i) ;INTRODUCTORY NOTE In the present monograph Shri Mohan Sarma has given a graphic account of ,the social and reli~ious institutions func­ tioning at Kamakhya and the changes taking place in them during the recent years. It seems tbat though with improvement in the means~of com­ munication, the number of visitors to Kamakbya has gone up, a sense ofloss of vitality is slowly creeping up in the place. This is perhaps tbe outcome of a long drawn historical process. In the pre-British period, Kamakhya flourished under the patronage 'ofthe Kings; during the British period rich zemindars and busi­ nessmen did not hesitate to contribute liberally for its upkeep. They supported tbe establishment here; in return, they sought shelter from all powerful mother goddess. The common people were also linked with the place through awe, love and devotion for the mother goddess and the innumerable local gods and god­ desses. But it seems that, with the rise of new social forces away from metaphysics and heavily leaning upon technology those at the helm of affairs of the sooiety, felt less and less impelled to seek shelter from mother goddess. A process of disenchantment also perhaps went on among general people, as a reaction to ·the litigatIons and internal strifes in which the establishment bas been constantly involved. The qualitative change in the nature of the attraction of an increasingly large number of persons coming to Kamakbya seems to be anotber factor which has contributed to the ennui of tbe old setting. Previously, wben communication was difficult, more pilgrims used to come, out of devotion and desire to perform an act of piety; now more visitors come out of curiosity and desire for diversion. This is a crushing experience for the persons who used to serve pilgrims from tbe exalted position of the;: ~etiator between the world of mystery and the world of mundane eXlstance, but who now serve the visitors as guides to the places of interest and to the performance of rituals which many of them agree to do only as a matter of good form. The hovering sense of loss of vitality of the establishment is the outcome of few other factors as well. There is a rumour that the government migbt take over the management of tbe temple. (iii) (iv) This has caused a great nervousness among tbe people of Kama­ kbya. To many, it means not only loss of secure means of live li­ hood, but also loSS of roles which have become part and parcel of themselves for genera~ions. It, however, appears that the future of Kamakhya is not wholly bleak. As mentioned in the monograph by Prof. Sarma there are s~veral spots a( Kamakhya: which find mention in the Puranas but which are still to be identified. Some of them could be located only recently. It seems not unlikely that Kamakhya may re-emerge as a place of great archaeological and cultural interest. The question that would interest most, a student of society in Kamakhya, is whetber the children of the Blue-hill are preparing themselves for tbeir probable future role. It seems from the account of Prof. Sarma that there is a growing interest in moderD education. It also seems that many are being drawn to modern occupations in Gauhati. All these seem to mark an agonising adjustment to modern conditions for the sake of survival. But a creative response to the challenge of modernisation is something more. It would require infusion of new meaning and new values to the old imtitutioIlL In recent years, a number of cllJbsf libraries and social service organisations have come into existence in Kamakhya. It is difficult to anticipate, what will be their exact role in future. But it will not be surprising if through their functioning a leader­ ship emer~s out from the fertile soil of the nIue-hill, whiqh will not only wistfull:y look backward, but will also look forwatd. and not only accommodate the wind of change but d,raw sucPour from it. This is an urgent task, the task of reinterpretation of the ancient traditio~ to bring it in harm,?ny: wit~ t~e .spirit of modem man. It IS hoped that systematlc lnvestIgatIon of the institutions and social processes at Kamakhya will help in fulfilling the task and in this matter the present study will be recognised as a pioneer· work. BI K. RoY BURMAN ACKNO~EDGEMmNTABOVTTHEPHOTOGRAP.HS I also like to express my gratitude to the Director, Anthro­ pological Survey of India, Calcutta, for allowing me to publish a few photographs of the Temple at Kamakhya. MOHAN SAlWA (v) INl'RODUcnON Kamakbya is one ofthe most in all directions for 100 sacred places of the Hindus. Yojana(aoout 450 miles). Some A9COrding to B. A. Gait, the regard Kamakhya as the eminent English authority mirror of Kamrupa (i.e. on the history of Assam, "Tbe Assam). temple of Kamakhya at Gauhati is one of the sacred shrines of the Sdkta Hindus Kamakhya is situated in tbe and the whole country is famed State of Assam, the eastern­ in Hindu traditions as a land most corner of India. It is .of'magic and witchcraft."p three miles west of Gaubati, Dr. B. K.. Kakati, the reputed tbe premier town of Assam. Assamese Scholar, has 0 b­ Assam is the land of blue served in this "Mother God­ bills and red rivers. Gauhati dess Kamakhya", "Godd~ss itselfis surrounded by several Kamakhya is the most domi­ such bills. Nilacbal (Kama­ nating name in early history kbya is SO named) is also one of Assam. It was under her among tbem and occupies the banner that the first empire in higbest position as regards early Assam was built. It was height and area. With tbe over her emergence and re­ mighty Brahmaputra flowing by cognition as the presiding its nortbern foot and surroun­ deity, of tbe State that the ded by the lower blue hills and Saivites and the Vaisnavites the landscape below, Nil a­ went into silent conflict and chal offers to the onlookers Naraka, the builder of the a rare picturesque and pano­ state, lost his life. Later ramic view, which the visitors religious history also centres come across only in a few of round her and other goddesses places all over the world. are recognised as her varied ma~ifestation." On the soutb and west of Kamakhya is situated Pandu, According to Kalika Purana and the Headquarters of the the temple of Kamakhya Northern Frontier Railway.
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