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Endogenous FGF21-Signaling Controls Paradoxical Obesity Resistance of UCP1-Deficient Mice

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Endogenous FGF21-Signaling Controls Paradoxical Obesity Resistance of UCP1-Deficient Mice ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14069-2 OPEN Endogenous FGF21-signaling controls paradoxical obesity resistance of UCP1-deficient mice Susanne Keipert 1,2,3*, Dominik Lutter 1,2, Bjoern O. Schroeder 4,9, Daniel Brandt1,2, Marcus Ståhlman4, Thomas Schwarzmayr5, Elisabeth Graf5, Helmut Fuchs 6, Martin Hrabe de Angelis 2,6,7, Matthias H. Tschöp 1,2,8, Jan Rozman 2,6,10 & Martin Jastroch1,2,3* Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) executes thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, which is a 1234567890():,; major focus of human obesity research. Although the UCP1-knockout (UCP1 KO) mouse represents the most frequently applied animal model to judge the anti-obesity effects of UCP1, the assessment is confounded by unknown anti-obesity factors causing paradoxical obesity resistance below thermoneutral temperatures. Here we identify the enigmatic factor as endogenous FGF21, which is primarily mediating obesity resistance. The generation of UCP1/FGF21 double-knockout mice (dKO) fully reverses obesity resistance. Within mild differences in energy metabolism, urine metabolomics uncover increased secretion of acyl- carnitines in UCP1 KOs, suggesting metabolic reprogramming. Strikingly, transcriptomics of metabolically important organs reveal enhanced lipid and oxidative metabolism in specifically white adipose tissue that is fully reversed in dKO mice. Collectively, this study characterizes the effects of endogenous FGF21 that acts as master regulator to protect from diet-induced obesity in the absence of UCP1. 1 Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. 2 German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. 3 Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. 4 Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden. 5 Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. 6 German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. 7 Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany. 8 Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany. 9Present address: Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) and Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden. 10Present address: Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences BIOCEV, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic. *email: [email protected]; [email protected] NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2020)11:624 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14069-2 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14069-2 besity is a major health burden of our society that causes Results Ocomorbidities, such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. UCP1 KO mice are protected from DIO at room temperature. Positive energy balance triggers obesity, either by To prevent confounding effects of cold stress in early develop- increased food intake and high-calorie diets, or by decreased ment, wildtype (WT) and UCP1 KO mice were weaned and energy dissipation, or a combination of both1,2. While food intake raised at thermoneutrality and transferred from 30 to 23 °C and preference are mainly regulated via central mechanisms, (standard housing temperature for laboratory mice) at an age of energy dissipation takes place in peripheral organs. Thermo- 10–12 weeks, and normal chow diet was replaced by high fat genic adipose tissue is considered an attractive target for the diet (HFD). In response to the treatment, body weight gain treatment of obesity and diabetes, evidenced by numerous developed significantly lower in UCP1 KO compared to WT recent studies that aim to activate energy dissipation by mice, resulting in significantly lower body weights after twelve increasing heat production3,4. Rodent models established that weeks of HFD feeding (Fig. 1a). Thus, the ‘paradoxical resistance defective brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis is involved to DIO on HFD fed UCP1 KO mice’21,23 appears to be a robust in the development of obesity, and activation of BAT thermo- and reproducible phenomenon among different independent genesis reduces weight gain5–9. Albeit the presence of BAT in laboratories. adult humans is well-accepted10–13, its contribution to whole body metabolism is a matter of debate14.NeonatalBATmassis Protection from DIO coincides with increased FGF21. To get limited in adults, while a larger proportion has been classified as mechanistic insights on the unexplained phenomenon of obesity beige adipose tissue15,16. The physiological role of beige adipose resistance, we focused on the time-point after three weeks of HFD tissue has not been clarified yet, but could be the target tissue for feeding before changes in body weight occur (Fig. 1b; indicated by therapeutic intervention in humans. In mice, beige fat mass the red arrow). In a second cohort of mice, no differences in body increases when BAT mass is genetically reduced, suggesting weight, body fat or liver triglycerides were detectable between WT compensatory heat production5. The subcutaneous beige fat, and UCP1 KO mice after three weeks of HFD (Fig. 1c, d). Next, however, may not be able to distribute heat as effectively as we focused on FGF21, as FGF21 serum levels in UCP1 KO mice the neonatal BAT, that directly delivers heat to the heart via the are increased at temperatures below thermoneutrality24. While Sulzer’s vein. From the therapeutic perspective, heat generation endogenous FGF21 imposes no effects on metabolic rates and in the subcutaneous part of the body could be advantageous body weight during chow diet feeding24,25, its role for systemic as increased heat dissipation may prevent hyperthermia in metabolism is established under conditions of obesity, where humans. administration of exogenous FGF21 (or FGF21 analogs) leads to Thermogenic adipose-specific mitochondrial uncoupling improved metabolic profiles in mice and humans26,27. After three protein 1 (UCP1) is solely responsible for the canonical weeks of HFD feeding at 23 °C, we detected significantly mechanism of adaptive heat production17 and is expressed in increased serum levels of endogenous FGF21 in UCP1 KO mice both, brown and beige fat18. Activation of UCP1 increases the (Fig. 1e), which coincide with increased FGF21 gene expression in mitochondrial proton leak, thereby uncoupling mitochondrial BAT and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), but not in the respiration from ATP synthesis19. The acceleration of nutrient liver (Fig. 1f). oxidation increases all exergonic reactions, which results in increased heat output. Notably, obese humans express only minor amounts of UCP1; and thus, UCP1-independent ther- FGF21 entirely controls DIO resistance in UCP1 KO mice. mogenic mechanisms in adipose tissue may bear higher trans- Next, we generated UCP1/FGF21 double knockout (dKO) mice lational potential20. Interestingly, the importance of UCP1- to evaluate the role of FGF21 signaling during HFD-induced body dependent thermogenesis for body weight regulation is mainly weight development in UCP1 KO mice. WT, FGF21 KO, UCP1 supported by a proof-of-principle study of UCP1-knockout KO, and dKO mice were weaned and raised at 30 °C. At the age of (KO) mice at thermoneutrality, which are slightly prone to diet- 10–12 weeks, all mice were transferred to 23 °C and normal chow induced obesity (DIO)9. Paradoxically, UCP1 KO mice are sur- diet was replaced by HFD for either three (Fig. 2a, SAC1) or prisingly resistant to DIO at standard mouse housing tempera- twelve weeks (Fig. 2a, SAC2). Impressively, dKO mice displayed tures of 20–24 °C21–23. Neither the regulation nor the underlying identical body weight development as found for WT and FGF21 molecular mechanisms have been understood yet, labeling the KO mice under HFD conditions, while UCP1 KO mice stayed observation as ‘paradoxical resistance to diet-induced obesity of lean as expected (Fig. 2b). The body weight gain of WT, FGF21 high fat diet fed UCP1 KO mice’23. A comprehensive compen- KO, and dKO mice was caused by the increase in fat mass, but dium on BAT biology stated that there must be secretion of a not fat-free mass (FFM) (Fig. 2c, d), reflected in increased epi- UCP1-independent ‘antiobesity factor’ from BAT, but that ‘such didymal adipose tissue (eWAT) and iWAT mass (Fig. 2e, Sup- an antiobesity factor remains hypothetical’17. Interestingly, the plementary Fig. 1a, b). In contrast, BAT mass of UCP1 KO and underlying UCP1-independent factors must prevent the accu- dKO mice was increased independently of body fat status and mulation of nutrient energy more effectively than UCP1- FGF21, and thus, was solely driven by the lack of UCP1 (Fig. 2e, dependent thermogenesis at room temperature. Supplementary Fig. 1c). Lower liver triglyceride content in UCP1 To identify the controlling factors and molecular networks KO mice was a consequence of the lean phenotype, as no dif- of paradoxical obesity resistance in UCP1-deficient mice, we ferences were visible after three weeks of HFD (Fig. 2f). Glucose apply an
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