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272 Genus Dixeia Talbot AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES 17th edition (2018). MARK C. WILLIAMS. http://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb Genus Dixeia Talbot, 1932 Entomologist 55: 36 (36-37). Type-species: Pieris charina Boisduval, by original designation. The genus Dixeia belongs to the Family Pieridae Swainson, 1820; Subfamily Pierinae Swainson, 1820; Tribe Pierini Swainson, 1820; Subtribe Aporiina Chapman, 1895. The other genera in the Subtribe Aporiina in the Afrotropical Region are Belenois and Mylothris. Dixeia (Ant-heap Whites) is an Afrotropical genus of 10 species. *Dixeia capricornus (Ward, 1871) Capricorn Ant-heap White Pieris capricornus Ward, 1871. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 8: 59 (34-36, 58-60, 81-82, 118-122). Alternative common name: Capricorn White. Type locality: Cameroon: “Camaroons”. Distribution: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola. Habitat: Forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A rather uncommon species in West Africa (Larsen, 2005a). Males fly fast and are avid mud- puddlers (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Dixeia capricornus capricornus (Ward, 1871) Pieris capricornus Ward, 1871. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 8: 59 (34-36, 58-60, 81-82, 118-122). Type locality: Cameroon: “Camaroons”. Distribution: Ivory Coast (east), Ghana, Benin, Nigeria (south), Cameroon (west and central). Specific localities: Ghana – Enchi (Talbot, 1943); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Nigeria – Mbe Mountains in Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Victoria (Plötz, 1880); Yaunde (Bernardi, 1961). adultera Plötz, 1880: 205 (as sp. of Pieris). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 205 (189-206). Cameroon: “Victoria”. nusprica Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Pieris capricornus). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 82 (12-107). Cameroon: “Camerun-Hinterland”. aurantiaca Talbot, 1943 (as female f. of Dixeia cebron). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 12: 107 (102-112). No locality given. signata Talbot, 1943 (as male f. of Dixeia capricornus). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 12: 108 (102-112). Ghana: “Gold Coast, Enchi”. alba Bernardi, 1961 (as female morph of Dixeia capricornus capricornus). Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 23: 503 (496-505). Cameroon: “Kamerun, Victoria”. 1 ochracea Bernardi, 1961 (as female morph of Dixeia capricornus capricornus). Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 23: 503 (496-505). Cameroon: “Yaunde, Cameroons, 2000 feet”. Dixeia capricornus falkensteinii (Dewitz, 1879) Pieris falkensteinii Dewitz, 1879. Nova Acta Academiae Caesarea Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicum Naturae Curiosorum 4 (2): 182 (173-212). Type locality: Angola: “Chinchoxo”. Distribution: Cameroon (south), Gabon, Congo, Angola. Specific localities: Gabon – Malibe (Vande weghe, 2010); Pongara (Vande weghe, 2010); Alembe (Vande weghe, 2010); Alen Nkoma (Vande weghe, 2010); Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010). Angola – Chinchoxo (Dewitz, 1879). lindnerii Dewitz, 1879 (as sp. of Tachyris). Nova Acta Academiae Caesarea Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicum Naturae Curiosorum 4 (2): 186 (173-212). Angola: “Chinchoxo”. *Dixeia cebron (Ward, 1871) Cebron Ant-heap White Pieris cebron Ward, 1871. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 8: 59 (34-36, 58-60, 81-82, 118-122). Alternative common name: Cebron White. Type locality: Cameroon: “Cameroons”. Distribution: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria (south), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, ?Democratic Republic of Congo (west). Specific localities: Ivory Coast – Bossematie (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Sunyani Forest (Bernardi, 1961); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Gabon – Langoue, Ivindo National Park (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Dry and open forest formations (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: The flight of males is fast and weaving. Males are avid mud-puddlers and both sexes visit flowers (Larsen, 2005a). Small numbers were noted participating in a mixed migration through Lagos, Nigeria in late May, 1967 (Larsen, 1968). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. usitatus Talbot, 1943 (as female f. of Dixeia cebron). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 12: 107 (102-112). Ivory Coast. asignata Bernardi, 1961 (as male morph of Dixeia cebron). Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 23: 497 (496-505). Ghana: “Sunyani Forest”. *Dixeia charina (Boisduval, 1836)# African Ant-heap White Pieris charina Boisduval, 1836. In: [Roret, Suites à Buffon] Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Species général des Lépidopteres 1: 525 (690 pp.). Paris. Pieris charina Boisduval. Trimen, 1862c. Pieris charina Boisduval, 1836. Trimen & Bowker, 1889. Dixiea doxo charina Boisduval. Swanepoel, 1953a. Dixeia charina (Boisduval, 1836). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Dixeia charina (De Boisduval, 1836). Pringle et al., 1994: 296. 2 Dixeia charina charina. Male (Wingspan 37 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Cintsa West, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa; 20-31 December, 2001. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection. Dixeia charina charina. Female (Wingspan 40 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Cintsa West, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa; 20-31 December, 2001. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection. Alternative common name: African Small White. Type locality: [South Africa]: “Cafrerie [South Africa]”. Diagnosis: See D. doxo for differentiation from that species. On the hindwing underside there is much variation in the amount of black scaling, from vitually none to heavily irrorated (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Ethiopia, Kenya, Democratic Republic of Congo (Larsen, 1991c: 144), Tanzania, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Madagascar. It is not clear which subspecies is covered by the record for the DRC (Kivu) (Larsen, 1991c:144). Habitat: Coastal forest and bush; savanna. In the southern part of its range the larval host-plant may grow just above the high-tide line and specimens of the butterfly may be observed flying along sandy beaches (Williams, unpublished). Habits: This is a common butterfly (Larsen, 1991c). The flight is fairly fast and direct but specimens settle fairly frequently. Specimens are often seen flying along the edges of forest or coastal bush (Pringle et al., 1994). Both sexes feed from flowers. Migrations have occasionally been recorded (Trimen, vide Swanepoel, 1953). Flight period: All year; more plentiful in the warmer months. Early stages: Clark, in Van Son, 1949: 192. Egg 0,9 mm high and 0,4 mm in diameter; elongate barrel-shaped; attenuate at micropylar end; 11 or 12 longitudinal ribs of which only half reach the micropyle, where they are produced into sharp points; 25 to 28 rows of transverse ribs; colour white, becoming slightly yellowish; laid singly on tip of young shoot; egg stage 7 days. Larva eats its way out near top of shell and consumes part of the shell; 1,75 mm long; light yellowish brown with pinkish tinge on sides; head blackish. Later instars - light green head with brown crown; body light green; dorsal stripe edged with very dark green, lightening lower down the sides. Final instar larva attains 30 mm; variable in colour with three distinct colour forms: 1. light green dorsally with dark green central stripe broadening at head; first segment with white V-like patches; sides brown, shading to green above lateral ridge; ridge and area below it pale blue-green; head light brown, darkening at top; may or may not have red and white lateral markings. 2. Green with white V-marks on first segment, flanked with brown or black; head green with brown on upper portion, or plain green; with or without red and red and white lateral markings; there may be a subdorsal row of black streaks 3 at the junction of the segments, generally flanked on inner side with white or pink, especially on anterior segments; pink and white may extend over the dorsum. 3. Pinkish brown broad dorsal stripe similar to 1; sides light, speckled with brown, except on first three segments, which are heavily marked with brown; no white marks on first segment, where there is some light chocolate marking instead; head light chocolate with brown cap; lateral and subdorsal variations as in 2. Pupa 18 mm long; head with narrow, apically rounded projection, which is a little shorter than the head itself; thorax with short paired acute anterior and larger lateral projections; dorsal keel angularly produced at middle; wing-cases hardly projecting; abdomen strongly widened laterally near base, with large and acute projections, connected over the dorsum by a transverse carina; colour highly variable with the following colour forms: 1. Light green with chocolate-edged brown markings over the dorsum. 2. Chocolate with whitish-edged brown marking over the dorsum. 3. Dull yellow-green with brown markings. Clark, in Pringle et al., 1994: plate 23, p.384. “The eggs are laid singly on the tips of young shoots. They are 0,4 mm in diameter and 0,9 mm high. White when first laid, the eggs later become a yellowish colour. There are about 28 cross ribs and 12 longitudinal ribs, half of which reach the micropyle where they are produced into sharp points. The egg stage lasts about seven days. The larvae emerge from near the top of the egg and eat part of the eggshell. The colour of the larvae is variable. The pupae are also variable in colour. They are suspended upright by a silken girdle and are attached by the cremastral hooks to a silken pad.” Henning, Henning, Joannou & Woodhall, 1997: 346 (photograph of final
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