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1 Introduction Chapter 5 Wildlife Resources and Human Wildlife Conflict October 2010 Republic of Botswana Makgadikgadi Framework Management Plan 2010 Chapter details This chapter is part of the Project Development of a Makgadikgadi Framework Management Plan (MFMP) prepared for the Government by the Department of Environmental Affairs in partnership with the Centre for Applied Research. This chapter is authored by the following persons: Dr. Chris Brooks and Dr. G. Maude with inputs from Thoralf Meyer, Dr. Graham McCulloch and Dr. Jaap Arntzen Citation: Authors, 2010, Chapter title. In: Centre for Applied Research and Department of Environmental Affairs, 2010. Makgadikgadi Framework Management Plan. Volume 2, technical reports, Gaborone. Volume 2 - Chapter 5: Wildlife Resources and Human Wildlife Conflict Page ii Makgadikgadi Framework Management Plan 2010 Table of Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Aims and Objectives .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Wildlife Diversity in the Makgadikgadi ................................................................................. 1 1.3 Human-Wildlife Conflict ........................................................................................................ 3 2 Approach, Methods and Activities .......................................................................................4 2.1 Approach ............................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Methodology to determine population density, distribution and trends in population size 7 2.2.1 Use of DWNP aerial census data ................................................................................... 7 2.2.2 Analysis of DWNP aerial census data ............................................................................ 8 2.2.3 Limitations of all aerial census data ............................................................................ 10 2.3 Methodology used to define most suitable conflict mitigation strategies ......................... 11 3 Major Findings .................................................................................................................. 12 3.1 Wildlife Inventory and Species Status for the Makgadikgadi Wetlands ............................. 12 3.1.1 Herbivores .................................................................................................................... 12 3.1.2 Key herbivore population trends ................................................................................. 14 3.1.3 Species-specific herbivore density and distribution patterns and population trends 17 3.1.4 Carnivores .................................................................................................................... 40 3.2 Mammal core ranges used to help define the biodiversity hotspots ................................. 44 3.3 Amphibian, Reptile, Fish and Invertebrate Inventory and Species Status for the Makgadikgadi Wetlands ............................................................................................................ 46 3.3.1 Amphibians, Reptiles and Fish ..................................................................................... 46 Nile Crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus ..................................................................................... 47 3.3.2 Invertebrates ............................................................................................................... 49 3.4 Bird Inventory and Species Status for the Makgadikgadi Wetlands ................................... 54 3.4.1 Waterbird numbers and trends in the MFMP area ..................................................... 54 3.4.2 Game bird numbers and trends in the MFMP area ..................................................... 57 3.4.3 Bird species diversity in MFMP area ............................................................................ 57 3.4.4 Breeding by waterbirds in the MFMP area .................................................................. 60 3.4.5 Bird Migration ............................................................................................................. 63 3.4.6 Species Accounts ......................................................................................................... 65 3.5 Assessment of Human Wildlife Conflict Issues and Mitigation Strategies.......................... 83 3.5.1 Causes of Human Wildlife Conflict .............................................................................. 83 3.5.2 Summary of the principal causes of human-wildlife conflict within the Makgadikgadi FMP area ............................................................................................................................... 89 3.5.3 Consequences of Human Wildlife Conflict .................................................................. 90 3.5.4 Spatial Impact of Human Wildlife Conflict within the Makgadikgadi .......................... 97 3.5.5 Mitigation strategies for Human Wildlife Conflict and application / problems in the Makgadikgadi Region .......................................................................................................... 105 3.2.6 Summary of the Principal reasons for the current failure of identified conflict mitigation strategies ................................................................................................................................. 131 4 Linkages with other components within the Makgadikgadi FMP ....................................... 138 Volume 2 - Chapter 5: Wildlife Resources and Human Wildlife Conflict Page iii Makgadikgadi Framework Management Plan 2010 4.1 Ecology & Hydrology ......................................................................................................... 138 4.2 Tourism Component ......................................................................................................... 138 4.3 Economic Valuation Component ...................................................................................... 138 4.4 Land Use Component ........................................................................................................ 138 4.5 Socio-economic Component ............................................................................................. 139 4.6 Policy Component ............................................................................................................. 139 5 Planned Activities and Recommendations for FMP ........................................................... 141 5.1 High priority recommendations for FMP .......................................................................... 141 5.1.1 Wildlife Resources ..................................................................................................... 141 5.1.2 Human Wildlife Conflict ............................................................................................. 142 5.1.3 Birdlife Resources ...................................................................................................... 142 5.2 Recommendations for IMP ............................................................................................... 148 5.2.1 Detailed Predator Survey ........................................................................................... 148 5.2.2 Improved herbivore population monitoring ............................................................. 148 5.2.3 Allocation of potential tourism land to CBOs ............................................................ 148 5.2.4 Improved community awareness and implementation of insurance schemes ........ 148 5.2.5 Improved community awareness and training in the use of chilli pepper ................ 148 5.2.6 Assessment of potential development of field clusters in high conflict areas .......... 148 5.2.7 Implementation of land use zoning recommendations ........................................... 149 5.2.8 Investigation of methods to improve the use of communal areas ........................... 149 5.2.9 Developing a Wildlife Migratory Corridor between the Makgadikgadi and the CGKR ............................................................................................................................................ 149 5.2.10 Wildlife management and research ........................................................................ 149 5.2.11 Biodiversity monitoring and management .............................................................. 149 6 References ...................................................................................................................... 151 List of Tables Volume 2 - Chapter 5: Wildlife Resources and Human Wildlife Conflict Page iv Makgadikgadi Framework Management Plan 2010 Table 1: DWNP aerial census survey areas contained within the FMP boundary, with relative proportions of each area within the boundary defined .................................................................. 8 Table 2: Current population estimates for wildlife species in the MFMP area ............................. 12 Table 3: Proportion of the Makgadikgadi wildlife population in relation to the Botswana national population ..................................................................................................................................... 13 Table 4: Hunting quotas of medium-to-large sized herbivores
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