Party Politics and Personality

Home , Agnes Mulder, Agnes Wolbert, Ahmed Marcouch, Albert de Vries, Albert van den Bosch, Alexander Pechtold

Ben Verhoeven, Guy De Pauw, Barbara Plank, Marcel Hanegraaﬀ, Bert Fraussen, Tom De Smedt, Walter Daelemans

ATILA 2016, Ravenstein, The Netherlands Beyond the echo chamber Political Tweets in Flanders & The Netherlands

I April 2014 → September 2016

I Monitor who mentions who

I 187 Flemish politicians

I 158 Dutch politicians

> 500,000 tweets (63,000 with mentions of other politicians) Metadata

I Age

I Gender

I Twitter experience I Party Aﬃliation:

I Opposition vs Government I Ideology scale I Size Crossing Party Lines?

Hypotheses 1. Politicians with similar party aﬃliations are more likely to interact with each other 2. More likely to cross party lines: 2.1 Politicians from smaller parties 2.2 Politicians from left-wing parties 2.3 Politicians from opposition parties 2.4 Experienced Twitter users 2.5 Younger politicians 2.6 Female politicians Flanders Network (Gephi (ForceAtlas2))

Marius Meremans Cathy Coudyser

Yamila Idrissi Nadia Sminate Wilfried Vandaele Daphné Dumery Bert Maertens Piet De Bruyn Bart Caron Gwenny De Vroe Erik Arckens Renaat Landuyt Karl Vanlouwe Vera Van der Borght Ben Weyts Miranda Van Eetvelde Jean-Jacques De Gucht Hermes Sanctorum Martine Taelman Mercedes Van Volcem Geert Bourgeois Sarah Smeyers Rik Daems Open Vld Danielle T'Jonck Huub Broers Luk Van Biesen Bert Anciaux Philippe De Coene Ludo Sannen Els Demol Marino Keulen Lode Vereeck Veerle Wouters khadija Zamouri Bart Somers Peter Luykx Annick De Ridder Güler Turan Ann Brusseel Philippe Muyters Gwendolyn Rutten Helga Stevens Carina Van Cauter Bert Wollants N-VA Bart De Wever Jo De Ro Ingrid Lieten Caroline Bastiaens Björn Rzoska Bart Van Malderen groen Sophie De Wit Annemie Turtelboom John Crombez Louis Ide Willem-Frederik Schiltz Bart TommeleinFreya Van den Bossche Theo Francken Mathias De Clercq Jean Marie Dedecker sp.a Jan Jambon

Patrick Dewael Wouter De Vriendt Freya Piryns Nele Lijnen Michèle Hostekint Peter Dedecker Patricia De Waele Elisabeth Meuleman Steven Vandeput Kurt De Loor Siegfried Bracke Bart Laeremans Vincent Van Quickenborne Anke Van dermeersch Robrecht Bothuyne Kristof Calvo Karin Brouwers Peter Van Rompuy Karin Temmerman Stefaan Sintobin Chris Janssens Wim Wienen Gerolf Annemans

Wim Van Dijck Joke SchauvliegeHilde Crevits Meryame Kitir Vlaams Belang Jo Vandeurzen Jurgen Verstrepen Barbara Pas Jan Penris Kathleen Helsen CD&V Tanguy Veys Stefaan Van Hecke Filip Dewinter Paul Delva Koen Van den Heuvel David Geerts Ward Kennes Leen Dierick Johan Deckmyn Lode Ceyssens Veli Yüksel

Jos De Meyer Kris Peeters Pieter De Crem Dirk de Kort Wouter Beke Jef Van den Bergh Griet Coppé Koen Geens Tinne Rombouts Hendrik Bogaert Katrien Schryvers Nahima Lanjri

Griet Smaers Servais Verherstraten Roel Deseyn Stefaan Vercamer

Cindy Franssen Raf Terwingen Nathalie Muylle

Sonja Becq Els Van Hoof Netherlands Network (Gephi (ForceAtlas2))

Peter Oskam

Pieter HeermaMichel Rog Eddy van Hijum Tjitske Siderius Mona Keijzer Sybrand Buma Selcuk Öztürk Emile Roemer Sander DekkerRoelof BisschopArnold Merkies Jetta Klijnsma Raymond Knops Pieter Duisenberg Paul van MeenenNine Kooiman Madeleine van Toorenburg Jasper van Dijk Karin Straus Paul Ulenbelt Tanja Jadnanansing CDA Foort van Oosten Brigitte van der Burg Henk vanLinda Gerven Voortman Jet Bussemaker Martin van Rijn Jesse KlaverNorbert Klein Pieter Omtzigt Loes Ypma Ockje Tellegen Anoushka Schut-Welkzijn Renske Leijten Anne-Wil LucasArd van der Steur Kees van der Staaij Grace Tanamal Gert-Jan Segers Mei Li Vos Ronald Vuijk Joël Voordewind Malik Azmani Sander de Rouwe Mohammed Mohandis Jeanine Hennis Steven van Weyenberg Ybeltje Berckmoes Sjoerd Potters Harry van Bommel Lodewijk AsscherKeklik Yucel Anne Mulder Jaco Geurts Arie Slob Halbe Zijlstra Roos VermeijMariette Hamer Helma Nepperus Vera Bergkamp Cora van Nieuwenhuizen Harm Beertema Tunahan Kuzu Magda Berndsen Ahmed Marcouch Mark VerheijenTon Elias Elbert Dijkgraaf Khadija Arib Alexander PechtoldCarola Schouten Bram van Ojik Tamara van KlaasArk Dijkhoff Jeroen Recourt Han ten Broeke Pia Dijkstra Otwin van Dijk GroenLinks Diederik Samsom Arno Rutte Sjoerd Wiemer Sjoerdsma Marith Rebel- Volp Mark Harbers Kees VerhoevenD66 Ronald Plasterk Rudmer Heerema VVD Lea Bouwmeester SP Erik Ziengs Partij van de Arbeid Helma Lodders Aukje de Vries Agnes Mulder Farshad Bashir Marit Maij John Kerstens Gerard SchouwAngelien Eijsink Michiel van Veen Joost Taverne Henk Nijboer Wouter Koolmees Manon Fokke Lilian Helder Wassila Hachchi Michiel Servaes Andre BosmanIngrid de Caluwé Jacques Monasch Roald van der Linde Carla Dik-Faber Astrid Oosenbrug Eric Smaling Fleur Agema Attje Kuiken Betty de Boer Bart de Liefde Toon van Dijk Liesbeth van Tongeren Roelof van LaarAgnes Wolbert Remco Dijkstra Lutz JacobiChristenUnie Stientje van VeldhovenGeert Wilders Paulus Jansen Martijn van Dam Jeroen DijsselbloemMachiel de Graaf Henk Leenders Pieter Litjens René Leegte Esther Ouwehand Marianne Thieme Duco Hoogland Tjeerd van Dekken Jan Vos Sharon Dijksma Albert de Vries Sjoera Dikkers Partij v/d Dieren raymond de roon Reinette Klever Wilma Mansveld Hypotheses Fractional logit regression percentage of tweets outside party

The Netherlands Flanders Party Size ++ ++ Ideology ++ ++ Gov. vs Opp. - ++ Experience + - Age -- Gender ++ ++ But what about personality? Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

I Introversion vs. Extraversion

I Sensing vs. iNtuition

I Thinking vs. Feeling

I Judging vs. Perceiving

16 four-trait types, e.g. ENFJ, ISTP

Language Context Words German ich, bist, Persönlichkeit, dass Italian che, fatto, sono, personalità Dutch ik, jij, het, persoonlijkheid French suis, c’est, personnalité Portuguese sou, personalidade Spanish soy, tengo, personalidad Table 1: Specific context words for each language # Authors # Tweets Avg. % in-lang German 411 952,549 2,318 74.9 Italian 490 932,785 1,904 70.6 Dutch 1,000 2,083,484 2,083 74.0 French 1,405 2,786,589 1,983 71.6 Portuguese 4,090 8,833,132 2,160 71.9 Spanish 10,772 18,547,622 1,722 72.8 Table 2: Tweet counts per language. Distribution of gender DE IT NL FR PT ES

0 20 40 60 80 100

Figure 1: Male vs. female. Distribution of personality. DE DE IT IT NL NL FR FR PT PT ES ES

0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

Figure 2: Introvert vs. Extravert Figure 4: Thinking vs. Feeling DE DE IT IT NL NL FR FR PT PT ES ES

0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

Figure 3: Sensing vs. iNtuition Figure 5: Judging vs. Perceiving Original Ha die Louis, hij was ook voor 90% klaar precies. @DeWaaslandwolfJoJo http://www.twitter.com/BBCSport/status/734830244675346437 After preprocessing Ha die Louis , hij was ook voor 90% klaar precies . [MENTION] [URL] Lang Task WRB MAJ PRF I–E 60.22 72.61 71.43 73.1 72.27 S–N 71.03 82.43 67.95 82.43 74.49 DE T–F 51.16 57.62 58.38 59.69 59.03 387 J–P 53.68 63.57 60.27 63.82 61.99 Gender 50.28 53.75 77.72 77.52 77.62 I–E 65.54 77.88 76.42 79.23 77.78 S–N 75.60 85.78 73.58 85.78 79.21 IT T–F 50.31 53.95 51.66 52.60 52.13 443 J–P 50.19 53.05 46.63 47.40 47.01 Gender 54.78 65.46 73.90 72.69 73.29 I–E 53.02 62.28 61.82 64.02 62.90 S–N 57.66 69.57 69.39 71.63 70.49 NL T–F 51.47 58.59 59.26 60.65 59.95 920 J–P 52.00 60.00 56.50 59.57 57.99 Gender 50.04 51.41 82.62 82.61 82.61 Lang Task WRB MAJ PRF I–E 54.77 65.44 65.35 67.68 66.49 S–N 68.00 80.00 77.60 80.24 78.90 FR T–F 50.65 55.68 57.88 58.56 58.22 1,250 J–P 52.13 60.32 55.06 58.64 56.79 Gender 51.84 59.60 83.77 83.84 83.80 I–E 53.36 62.97 66.06 67.34 66.69 S–N 63.60 76.08 71.02 75.98 73.42 PT T–F 51.27 57.98 61.23 62.01 61.62 3,867 J–P 50.87 56.61 56.10 56.97 56.53 Gender 52.15 60.36 87.54 87.56 87.55 I–E 50.00 50.49 61.09 61.09 61.09 S–N 55.42 66.47 60.23 62.91 61.54 ES T–F 51.63 59.04 59.35 60.12 59.73 9,445 J–P 51.53 58.75 55.60 56.56 56.08 Gender 51.00 57.06 87.61 87.63 87.62 Adding personality metadata to political tweets

I 265 politicians with at least 200 tweets in Dutch:

I 123 Flanders I 142 The Netherlands

I Apply Dutch TwiSty personality classiﬁers Overall

I T S 42% 26% 39% 58% 74% 61% Flanders E N F

I S T 31% 33% 43% 69% 67% 57% The Netherlands E N F Flanders: Introvert - Extravert

openvld cd&v sp.a I I I

42% 52% 38% 58% 48% 62%

E E E nv-a groen vb I I I 39% 30% 60% 61% 70% 40%

E E E Flanders: Sensing - Intuition

openvld cd&v sp.a

S S S 15% 29% 22% 85% 71% 78% N N N

nv-a groen vb S S S 25% 40% 46% 75% 60% 54% N N N Hilde Crevits (CD&V)

ISFJ

(cfr. Mother Teresa, George H.W. Bush, Laura Bush, King George VI, Kate Middleton, Rosa Parks) Geert Bourgeois (N-VA)

INTP

(cfr. Albert Einstein, Rene Descartes, Charles Darwin, Marie Curie, C.G. Jung, Socrates, Abraham Lincoln) Filip De Winter (VB)

INTP

(cfr. Albert Einstein, Rene Descartes, Charles Darwin, Marie Curie, C.G. Jung, Socrates, Abraham Lincoln) Kristof Calvo (Groen)

ENFJ

(cfr. Ben Aﬄeck, Bono, Barack Obama, Joe Biden, Joseph Goebbels, Martin Luther King, Jr., Nelson Mandela) The Netherlands: Introvert - Extravert

vvd cda pvda d66 I I I I 41% 25% 26% 25% 59% 75% 74% 75%

E E E E

gl pvv sp cu I I I I 30% 25% 50% 67% 70% 75% 50% 33% E E E E The Netherlands: Sensing - Intuition

vvd cda pvda d66 S S S S 27% 17% 46% 25% 83% 73% 54% 75% N N N N

gl pvv sp cu S S S S 34% 25% 50% 54% 75% 50% 46% 66% N N N N Jeroen Dijsselbloem (PVDA)

ENFP

(cfr. Franz Joseph Haydn, Bill Cosby, Meg Ryan, Robin Williams, Sandra Bullock, Robert Downey Jr.) Sybran Buma (CDA)

INTP

(cfr. Albert Einstein, Rene Descartes, Charles Darwin, Marie Curie, C.G. Jung, Socrates, Abraham Lincoln) Alexander Pechtold (D66)

ENFJ

(cfr. Ben Aﬄeck, Bono, Barack Obama, Joe Biden, Joseph Goebbels, Martin Luther King, Jr., Nelson Mandela) Geert Wilders (PVV)

ESTP

(cfr. Alexander the Great, David Cameron, Donald Trump, George W. Bush, Hermann Goering, L. Ron Hubbard) Adding personality metadata to political tweets

I 265 politicians with at least 200 tweets in Dutch:

I 123 Flanders I 142 The Netherlands

I Apply Dutch TwiSty personality classiﬁers

I Investigate signiﬁcance eﬀects of personality traits

Both Extraverted vs Introverted + Sensing vs Intuition + Thinking vs Feeling - (Judging vs Perceiving -)

I No eﬀect of personality traits on ideology scale Questions?