DOCSLIB.ORG

271980 Mia Orange

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Sustaining Authoritarianism Clientelism and Repression in Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan and Tanzania Orange, Mia 2019 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Orange, M. (2019). Sustaining Authoritarianism: Clientelism and Repression in Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan and Tanzania. Lund University. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 MIA ORANGE MIA Sustaining Authoritarianism – Clientelism and in Repression Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan and Tanzania Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan and Tanzania share a past and present as authoritarian states. Dominant parties are in power in Tanzania and Kazakhstan, while elections are competitive but not democratic in Kenya and Kyrgyzstan. Returns for political support (clientelism), Sustaining Authoritarianism and persecution of political adversaries and the electorate (repression), are key components in all four states. This dissertation provides an Clientelism and Repression in Kazakhstan, account of these features, and how and when dynamics of clientelism Kenya, Kyrgyzstan and Tanzania and repression have changed. Clientelism and repression are widely used to explain why states MIA ORANGE transition to a different regime type, suggesting that their presence or FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE | LUND UNIVERSITY absence, degree or form, informs seminal changes. This dissertation turns such arguments around, instead investigating how changes in regime affect clientelism and repression, allowing an investigation of change within elites, society and the state. It looks at changes in clientelism and repression that did not lead to regime change, and at cases when clientelism and repression continue despite turnovers. Patterns where a more diverse set of actors than the incumbent are involved in repressive and clientelistic practices are investigated, and sub-concepts are developed in order to speak of these changes in more specific terms. This is investigated through careful empirical study and field work carried out in all four states. More than 300 people were interviewed during the course of several years. The perspective is historical, from the late Soviet era in Central Asia, and independence in East Africa. It tracks clientelism both within the elites (intra-elite clientelism), and aimed towards the general public (mass-elite clientelism). Changes in repression are also investigated, using an actor-centered approach re- garding resources and operation Lund University 950614 Faculty of Social Science Department of Political Science ISBN 978-91-7895-061-4 789178 ISSN 0460-0037 9 196 Sustaining Authoritarianism Sustaining Authoritarianism Clientelism and Repression in Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan and Tanzania Mia Orange DOCTORAL DISSERTATION by due permission of the Faculty of Social Science, Lund University, Sweden. To be defended at Edens Hörsal, Department of Political Science Date 3 May 2019, at 10.15. Faculty opponent Jonas Linde University of Bergen Organization Document name LUND UNIVERSITY Doctoral Dissertation Department of Political Science Date of issue Box 52 3 May, 2019 SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden Author Sponsoring organization Mia Orange Lund University Title and subtitle Sustaining Authoritarianism: Clientelism and Represssion in Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan and Tanzania Abstract Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan and Tanzania share a past and present as authoritarian states. Dominant parties are in power in Tanzania and Kazakhstan, while elections are competitive but not democratic in Kenya and Kyrgyzstan. Returns for political support (clientelism), and persecution of political adversaries and the electorate (repression), are key components in all four states. This dissertation provides an account of these features, and how and when dynamics of clientelism and repression have changed. Clientelism and repression are widely used to explain why states transition to a different regime type, suggesting that their presence or absence, degree or form, informs seminal changes. This dissertation turns such arguments around, instead investigating how changes in regime affect clientelism and repression, allowing an investigation of change within elites, society and the state. It looks at changes in clientelism and repression that did not lead to regime change, and at cases when clientelism and repression continue despite turnovers. Patterns where a more diverse set of actors than the incumbent are involved in repressive and clientelistic practices are investigated, and sub-concepts are developed in order to speak of these changes in more specific terms. This is investigated through careful empirical study and field work carried out in all four states. More than 300 people were interviewed during the course of several years. The perspective is historical, from the late Soviet era in Central Asia, and independence in East Africa. It tracks clientelism both within the elites (intra-elite clientelism), and aimed towards the general public (mass-elite clientelism). Changes in repression are also investigated, using an actor-centered approach regarding resources and operation. Key words Clientelism, Repression, Authoritarianism, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tanzania, Kenya Classification system and/or index terms (if any) Supplementary bibliographical information Language English ISSN 0460-0037. ISBN Sustaining Authoritarianism 978-91-7895-061-4 (pdf) 978-91-7895-060-7 (print) Recipient’s notes Number of pages 322 Price Security classification I, the undersigned, being the copyright owner of the abstract of the above-mentioned dissertation, hereby grant to all reference sources permission to publish and disseminate the abstract of the above-mentioned dissertation. Signature Date 2019-03-26 Sustaining Authoritarianism Clientelism and Repression in Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan and Tanzania Mia Orange Cover photo by Mia Orange Copyright Mia Orange Faculty of Social Science Department of Political Science ISBN 978-91-7895-060-7 (print) ISBN 978-91-7895-061-4 (pdf) ISSN 0460-0037 Printed in Sweden by Media-Tryck, Lund University Lund 2019 For my family Table of Contents Preface and Acknowledgements 10 Introduction 13 Purpose and Research Questions 20 Introducing the Cases 24 Theory 35 Regime Types 35 Clientelism and Repression 43 Summary 56 Methods and Research Design 59 Design 59 Methods 63 Single Party Rule 69 Single-Party Rule in Kyrgyzstan and Kenya 70 Single Party Rule in Tanzania and Kazakhstan 95 The Dominant Party Era 131 Dominant Party Rule in Kenya and Kyrgyzstan 131 Dominant Party Rule in Kazakhstan and Tanzania 170 Competitive Authoritarianism 221 Competitive Authoritarianism in Kyrgyzstan and Kenya 221 Conclusions 261 Summary of the Empirical Findings 261 Theoretical Conclusions 272 References 285 Appendixes 321 A Note on Transliteration 321 A Note on Interviewees 321 List of Abbreviations 322 Preface and Acknowledgements Again and again during the process of writing this dissertation, I have found myself alone, only to be welcomed into a warm and supportive community. Most of the fieldwork was done during the years 2009-2012, after which I took a break from academia to raise two children and embark on other professional pursuits. I am immensely grateful to the Department of Political Science for allowing me the opportunity to return to finish the work I once started, and providing support and resources. My supervisors have followed the process through ups and downs, always with encouragement and invaluable comments. Thank you for your time and commitment Jan Teorell of Lund University and Bo Petersson of Malmö University. I would also like to thank Axel Hadenius, who was instrumental during the first year of my studies. Many more have contributed commenting in various stages: Catarina Kinnvall, Anders Uhlin, Kristina Jönsson, Anders Sannerstedt, Klas Nilsson, Mi Lennhag, Anders Persson, Michael Wahman, Christian Goebel, and Staffan I. Lindberg, a sincere thank you for your advice and careful reading. At the department, community matters a great deal, Jonna Pettersson, Nils Gustafsson, Emma Lund, Ted Svensson,Catia Gregoratti, Ina Möller, Helena W. Lindberg, Niklas Altermark, Sofie Gustafsson, Sara Kalm, Mikael Sundström to mention a few have been great company, I am grateful. Countless more than I can mention have made me feel welcome in the academic community. Another time when I have found myself alone was when I arrived in Almaty Kazakhstan for the first time. The academics at KIMEP University, who not only welcomed me to
Recommended publications
  • TANZANIA GOVERNANCE REVIEW 2013: Who Will Benefit from the Gas Economy, If It Happens?

    TANZANIA GOVERNANCE REVIEW 2013: Who Will Benefit from the Gas Economy, If It Happens?

    TANZANIA GOVERNANCE REVIEW 2013: Who will benefit from the gas economy, if it happens? TANZANIA GOVERNANCE REVIEW 2013: Who will benefit from the gas economy, if it happens? TANZANIA GOVERNANCE REVIEW 2013 Who will benefit from the gas economy, if it happens? Supported by: 2 TANZANIA GOVERNANCE REVIEW 2013: Who will benefit from the gas economy, if it happens? ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Policy Forum would like to thank the Foundation for Civil Society for the generous grant that financed Tanzania Governance Review 2013. The review was drafted by Tanzania Development Research Group and edited by Policy Forum. The cartoons were drawn by Adam Lutta (Adamu). Tanzania Governance Reviews for 2006-7, 2008-9, 2010-11, 2012 and 2013 can be downloaded from the Policy Forum website. The views expressed and conclusions drawn on the basis of data and analysis presented in this review do not necessarily reflect those of Policy Forum. TGRs review published and unpublished materials from official sources, civil society and academia, and from the media. Policy Forum has made every effort to verify the accuracy of the information contained in TGR2013, particularly with media sources. However, Policy Forum cannot guarantee the accuracy of all reported claims, statements, and statistics. Whereas any part of this review can be reproduced provided it is duly sourced, Policy Forum cannot accept responsibility for the consequences of its use for other purposes or in other contexts. ISBN:978-9987-708-19-2 For more information and to order copies of the report please contact: Policy Forum P.O. Box 38486 Dar es Salaam Tel +255 22 2780200 Website: www.policyforum.or.tz Email: [email protected] Suggested citation: Policy Forum 2015.
  • TANZANIA GOVERNANCE REVIEW 2012: Transparency with Impunity?

    TANZANIA GOVERNANCE REVIEW 2012: Transparency with Impunity?

    TANZANIA GOVERNANCE REVIEW 2012: Transparency with Impunity? TANZANIA GOVERNANCE REVIEW 2012: Transparency with Impunity? With Partial Support from a TANZANIA GOVERNANCE REVIEW 2012: Transparency with Impunity? ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This review was compiled and edited by Tanzania Development Research Group (TADREG) under the supervision of the Steering Group of Policy Forum members, and has been financially supported in part by Water Aid in Tanzania and Policy Forum core funders. The cartoons were drawn by Adam Lutta Published 2013 For more information and to order copies of the review please contact: Policy Forum P.O Box 38486 Dar es Salaam Tel: +255 22 2780200 Website: www.policyforum.or.tz Email: [email protected] ISBN: 978-9987 -708-09-3 © Policy Forum The conclusions drawn and views expressed on the basis of the data and analysis presented in this review do not necessarily reflect those of Policy Forum. Every effort has been made to verify the accuracy of the information contained in this review, including allegations. Nevertheless, Policy Forum cannot guarantee the accuracy and completeness of the contents. Whereas any part of this review may be reproduced providing it is properly sourced, Policy Forum cannot accept responsibility for the consequences of its use for other purposes or in other contexts. Designed by: Jamana Printers b TANZANIA GOVERNANCE REVIEW 2012: Transparency with Impunity? TABLE OF CONTENTS POLICY FORUM’s OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................
  • Online Document)

    Online Document)

    Hii ni Nakala ya Mtandao (Online Document) BUNGE LA TANZANIA ______________ MAJADILIANO YA BUNGE _______________ MKUTANO WA KUMI NA TANO Kikao cha Nne – Tarehe 9 Mei, 2014 (Mkutano Uianza Saa Tatu Asubuhi) D U A Spika (Mhe. Anne S. Makinda) Alisoma Dua HATI ZILIZOWASILISHWA MEZANI Hati zifuatazo ziliwasilishwa Mezani na:- NAIBU WAZIRI WA KILIMO, CHAKULA NA USHIRIKA: Randama za Makadirio ya Matumizi ya Wizara ya Kilimo, Chakula na Ushirika kwa Mwaka wa Fedha 2014/2015. WAZIRI WA NCHI, OFISI YA RAIS (MENEJIMENTI YA UTUMISHI WA UMMA) PAMOJA NA (UTAWALA BORA): Hotuba ya Bajeti ya Waziri wa Nchi, Ofisi ya Rais (Menejimenti ya Utumishi wa Umma) pamoja na (Utawala Bora) kwa Mwaka wa Fedha 2014/2015. WAZIRI WA NCHI, OFISI YA RAIS (MAHUSIANO NA URATIBU): Hotuba ya Bajeti ya Waziri wa Nchi, Ofisi ya Rais (Mahusiano na Uratibu) kwa Mwaka wa Fedha 2014/2015. MHE. JAKU HASHIM AYOUB (K.n.y. MWENYEKITI WA KAMATI YA KATIBA, SHERIA NA UTAWALA): Taarifa ya Kamati ya Katiba, Sheria na Utawala kuhusu utekelezaji wa majukumu ya Ofisi ya Rais (Menejimenti ya Utumishi wa Umma), (Utawala Bora) pamoja na (Mahusiano na Uratibu) kwa Mwaka wa Fedha 2013/2014 na maoni 1 Hii ni Nakala ya Mtandao (Online Document) ya Kamati Kuhusu Makadirio ya Mapato na Matumizi ya Ofisi hizo kwa Mwaka wa Fedha 2014/2015. MHE. PROF. KULIKOYELA K. KAHIGI - MSEMAJI MKUU WA KAMBI YA UPINZANI KUHUSU OFISI YA RAIS (MENEJIMENTI YA UTUMISHI WA UMMA), (UTAWALA BORA) PAMOJA NA (MAHUSIANO NA UTARATIBU):- Taarifa ya Msemaji Mkuu wa Kambi ya Upinzani wa Ofisi ya Rais (Menejimenti ya Utumishi wa Umma), (Utawala Bora) pamoja na (Mahusiano na Uratibu) kuhusu Makadirio ya Mapato na Matumizi ya Ofisi hizo kwa Mwaka wa Fedha 2014/2015 MASWALI NA MAJIBU SPIKA: Waheshimiwa Wabunge, tunaanza Maswali na Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu.
  • 13 Aprili, 2012 1 Bunge La Tanzania

    13 Aprili, 2012 1 Bunge La Tanzania

    Hii ni Nakala ya Mtandao (Online Document) 13 APRILI, 2012 BUNGE LA TANZANIA ______________ MAJADILIANO YA BUNGE _____________ MKUTANO WA SABA Kikao cha Nne – Tarehe 13 Aprili, 2012 (Mkutano Ulianza Saa Tatu Asubuhi) D U A Mwenyekiti (Mhe. Jenista J. Mhagama) Alisoma Dua MWENYEKITI: Waheshimiwa Wabunge tunaendelea na ratiba ya Mkutano wetu wa Saba wa Bunge ambao leo ni kikao cha Nne, Katibu. MASWALI NA MAJIBU MWENYEKITI: Waheshimiwa Wabunge leo hatuna Hati za Kuwasilishwa Mezani kwa hiyo tunaenda moja kwa moja kwenye maswali yaliyopo kwenye Ratiba ya Shughuli za leo na swali la kwanza linaenda ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu na litaulizwa na Mhehsimiwa Rukia Kassim Ahmed Mbunge wa Viti Maalum. Na. 39 Shule ya Kolo kuwa na Wanafunzi watatu Kidato cha Nne MHE. RUKIA K. AHMED aliuliza:- Kukosekana kwa walimu wa kutosha, vifaa vya maabara na mazingira magumu katika shule ya Sekondari ya Kolo- Wilaya ya Kondoa kumesababisha wanafunzi wengi kuacha 1 13 APRILI, 2012 shule na kubakiwa na wanafunzi watatu (3) tu katika Kidato cha Nne:- (a) Je, Serikali inawasaidiaje wanafunzi hao waliokumbwa na kadhia hiyo? (b) Je, Serikali haioni kwamba wanafunzi hao wana haki ya kupata elimu kama wanafunzi wengine? NAIBU WAZIRI, OFISI YA WAZIRI MKUU, TAWALA ZA MIKOA NA SERIKALI ZA MITAA (TAMISEMI) alijibu:- Mheshimiwa Mwenyekiti, kwa niaba ya Waziri Mkuu naomba kujibu swali la Mheshimiwa Rukia Kassim Ahmed, Mbunge wa Viti Maalum, lenye sehemu (a) na (b) kama ifuatavyo:- (a)Mheshimiwa Mwenyekiti, takwimu zilizopo kuhusu walimu na wanafunzi katika shule ya Sekondari Kolo kwa kipindi cha miaka minne ni kama ifuatavyo:- Mwaka 2008 shule ilikuwa na walimu 5 na wanafunzi 36, mwaka 2009 shule ilikuwa na walimu 3 na wanafunzi 28, mwaka 2010 shule ilikuwa na walimu 5 na wanafunzi 26, mwaka 2011 shule ilikuwa na walimu 7 na wanafunzi 25.
  • 19 Desemba, 2013

    19 Desemba, 2013

    Hii ni Nakala ya Mtandao (Online Document) BUNGE LA TANZANIA __________ MAJADILIANO YA BUNGE __________ MKUTANO WA KUMI NA NNE Kikao cha Kumi na Tatu - Tarehe 19 Desemba, 2013 (Mkutano Ulianza Saa Tatu Asubuhi) D U A Spika (Mhe. Anne S. Makinda) Alisoma Dua HATI ZILIZOWASILISHWA MEZANI Hati Zifuatazo Ziliwasilishwa Mezani na:- NAIBU WAZIRI WA ARDHI, NYUMBA NA MAENDELEO YA MAKAZI:- Taarifa ya Mwaka na Hesabu Zilizokaguliwa za Shirika la Nyumba la Taifa (NHC) kwa Mwaka ulioishia Tarehe 30 Juni, 2012 (The Annual Report and Audited Accounts of the National Housing Corporation (NHC) for The Year ended 30th June, 2012). 1 Hii ni Nakala ya Mtandao (Online Document) WAZIRI WA KAZI NA AJIRA:- Taarifa ya Mwaka ya Mamlaka ya Usimamizi na Udhibiti wa Hifadhi ya Jamii (SSRA) kwa Mwaka 2011/2012 (The Annual Report of Social Security Regulatory Authority (SSRA) for the Year 2011/2012). MASWALI KWA WAZIRI MKUU SPIKA: Waheshimiwa Wabunge leo ni siku ya Alhamisi, tunakuwa na Maswali kwa Waziri Mkuu. Kawaida yetu kama Kiongozi wa Upinzani yupo basi ndiye anayeanza. Naona sijamwona. Kwa hiyo, nitaanza na Mheshimiwa Murtaza Mangungu. Mheshimiwa Murtaza Mangungu. MHE. MURTAZA A. MANGUNGU: Nakushukuru sana Mheshimiwa Spika. Mheshimiwa Waziri Mkuu, kwa kipindi cha miaka ya 1970 kuja 1980 Serikali ilifanya jitihada kubwa sana kupanua elimu ya juu nchini. Lakini kutokana na matatizo ambayo hayajaelezeka kipindi kirefu hatujawekeza vya kutosha hivyo kuna upungufu mkubwa sana wa Wahadhiri katika Vyuo Vikuu hasa ukizingatia Sheria yetu ya ajira inatoa ukomo wa kustaafu siyo zaidi ya miaka 65 na maprofesa wote ambao ni full Professor wamezidi umri wa miaka 65.
  • Steht Später Die Headline

    Steht Später Die Headline

    LÄNDERBERICHT Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. TANSANIA DANJA BERGMANN STEFAN REITH Bombenanschlag auf Oppositions- 25. Juni 2013 partei überschattet Lokalwahlen www.kas.de/tansania www.kas.de in Tansania VIER TOTE BEI WAHLKAMPFVERANSTALTUNG IN ARUSHA Erneut erschütterte am 15. Juni ein Bom- kurz vor 18.00 Uhr ein Sprengsatz in die benanschlag die nordtansanische Touris- Menschenmenge geworfen. Dieser explo- musmetropole Arusha. Der Anschlag er- dierte unmittelbar vor der Rednerbühne, auf eignete sich während einer Wahlkampf- der der Parteivorsitzende Freeman Mbowe veranstaltung am Vorabend der landes- kurz zuvor seine Ansprache beendet hatte. weiten Wahlen zur Nachbesetzung von 26 In der Nähe des Podiums – das Dach eines lokalen Mandaten für Stadt- und Gemein- Kastenwagens – waren auch die lokale Füh- devertreter und richtete sich gegen die rungsriege und nationale Spitzenpolitiker größte tansanische Oppositionspartei platziert. Der Sprengkörper verfehlte jedoch CHADEMA. Vier Menschen, darunter drei sein mutmaßliches Ziel, Freeman Mbowe Kinder, wurden getötet. Das Attentat ist und der in Arusha äußerst populäre nationa- der tragische Höhepunkt der nach Augen- zeugenberichten zuvor von massiven Ein- le Abgeordnete Godbless Lema blieben un- schüchterungsversuchen begleiteten verletzt. Die Explosion traf vor allem die Wahlvorbereitungen und reiht sich ein in Menschen in den vorderen Reihen, wo auch die seit Monaten zunehmende Spirale von viele Kinder saßen: Drei Kinder sowie die politisch und religiös motivierter Gewalt. Vorsitzende des CHADEMA-Frauenverbands in Arusha, Judith Moshi, wurden getötet und Die Wahlen in Arusha, das als Hochburg von mehr als 60 Menschen zum Teil schwer ver- CHADEMA (Partei für Demokratie und Fort- letzt, darunter einige enge Parteimitarbei- schritt) gilt, wurden nach dem Anschlag auf ter.
  • 271980 Mia Orange

    271980 Mia Orange

    Sustaining Authoritarianism Clientelism and Repression in Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan and Tanzania Orange, Mia 2019 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Orange, M. (2019). Sustaining Authoritarianism: Clientelism and Repression in Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan and Tanzania. Lund University. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 MIA ORANGE MIA Sustaining Authoritarianism – Clientelism and in Repression Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan and Tanzania Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan and Tanzania share a past and present as authoritarian states. Dominant parties are in power in Tanzania and Kazakhstan, while elections are competitive but not democratic in Kenya and Kyrgyzstan. Returns for political support (clientelism), Sustaining Authoritarianism and persecution of political adversaries and the electorate (repression), are key components in all four states.
  • MKUTANO WA NANE Kikao Cha Thelath

    MKUTANO WA NANE Kikao Cha Thelath

    Hii ni Nakala ya Mtandao (Online Document) BUNGE LA TANZANIA __________________ MAJADILIANO YA BUNGE ____________________ MKUTANO WA NANE Kikao cha Thelathini na Mbili – Tarehe 25 Julai, 2012 (Mkutano Ulianza Saa Tatu Asubuhi) D U A Mwenyekiti (Mhe. Jenista J. Mhagama) Alisoma Dua HATI ZILIZOWASILISHWA MEZANI Hati Zifuatazo Ziliwasilishwa Mezani na: NAIBU WAZIRI WA VIWANDA NA BIASHARA: Randama za Makadirio ya Mapato na Matumizi ya Wizara ya Viwanda na Biashara kwa Mwaka wa Fedha 2012/2013. NAIBU WAZIRI WA MAWASILIANO, SAYANSI NA TEKNOLOJIA: Hotuba ya Makadirio ya Mapato na Matumizi ya Wizara ya Mawasiliano, Sayansi na Teknolojia kwa Mwaka wa Fedha, 2012/2013. MHE. PROF. JUMA A. KAPUYA – (K.n.y. MWENYEKITI WA KAMATI YA MIUNDOMBINU): Taarifa ya Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Miundombinu Kuhusu Utekelezaji wa Majukumu ya Wizara ya Mawasiliano, Sayansi na Teknolojia kwa Mwaka 2011/2012 Pamoja na Maoni ya Kamati Kuhusu Makadirio ya Mapato na Matumizi ya Wizara hiyo kwa Mwaka wa Fedha 2012/2013. MHE. JOSHUA S. NASSARI - MSEMAJI MKUU WA KAMBI YA UPINZANI WA WIZARA YA MAWASILIANO, SAYANSI NA TEKNOLOJIA: Taarifa ya Msemaji Mkuu wa Kambi ya Upinzani juu ya Wizara ya Mawasiliano, Sayansi na Teknolojia Kuhusu Makadirio ya Mapato na Matumizi ya Wizara ya Mawasiliano, Sayansi na Teknolojia kwa Mwaka wa Fedha 2012/2013. MASWALI NA MAJIBU Na. 255 Kibali cha Ajira Katika Ngazi ya Wilaya, Tarafa, Kata na Vijiji MHE. MWIGULU LAMECK MCHEMBA MADELU aliuliza:- Nafasi nyingi katika ngazi ya Wilaya, Tarafa, Kata na Vijiji vimeshikiliwa na watu wanao kaimu hivyo kupunguza ufanisi katika utendaji kutokana na kuchelewa kwa vibali vya kuajiri kutoka Serikalini:- (a) Je, ni lini Serikali itatoa vibali vya kuajiri watumishi katika ngazi hizo? (b) Je, Serikali itakuwa tayari kutoa mwongozo kuwa watumishi wa ngazi hizo wawe wenyeji/wazawa wa Wilaya husika? (c) Je, Serikali itakuwa tayari kutekeleza ukomo wa muda wa Kukaimu Kisheria? NAIBU WAZIRI, OFISI YA WAZIRI MKUU, TAWALA ZA MIKOA NA SERIKALI ZA MIKOA (TAMISEMI) (K.n.y.
  • Sustaining Authoritarianism Clientelism and Repression in Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan and Tanzania Orange, Mia

    Sustaining Authoritarianism Clientelism and Repression in Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan and Tanzania Orange, Mia

    Sustaining Authoritarianism Clientelism and Repression in Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan and Tanzania Orange, Mia 2019 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Orange, M. (2019). Sustaining Authoritarianism: Clientelism and Repression in Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan and Tanzania. Lund University. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 MIA ORANGE MIA Sustaining Authoritarianism – Clientelism and in Repression Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan and Tanzania Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan and Tanzania share a past and present as authoritarian states. Dominant parties are in power in Tanzania and Kazakhstan, while elections are competitive but not democratic in Kenya and Kyrgyzstan.