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Bibliotheca Septentrionalis BIBLIOTHECA SEPTENTRIONALIS Revista Bibliotecii Judeţene „Petre Dulfu” Baia Mare an XXVI • nr. 1 (50) • iunie 2018 Redactor-şef: dr. Florian ROATIŞ florianroatis[at]yahoo.com Redactor-şef adjunct: Laviniu ARDELEAN Redactori: Gabriel STAN-LASCU Csilla TEMIAN Ioan NEAMŢIU BIBLIOTHECA SEPTENTRIONALIS Publicaţie semestrială http://www.bibliotecamm.ro ISSN 1221-3764 BIBLIOTECA JUDEŢEANĂ „PETRE DULFU” BAIA MARE Director: prof. dr. TEODOR ARDELEAN Tehnoredactare şi copertă: Gabriel STAN-LASCU Postare pe site-ul bibliotecii: Marcel ŢURA Multiplicare şi broşare: Gheorghe ŞUT BIBLIOTECA JUDEŢEANĂ „PETRE DULFU” BAIA MARE, Bd. Independenţei, 4B, Baia Mare, cod poştal: 430123, Maramureş – România, tel. 0262-275583, 275699, 275799, fax: 0262-275899, www.bibliotecamm.ro, [email protected] Editorial 3 Plagiatul la români: trecut şi actualitate Dr. Florian ROATIŞ Plagiatul, termen atât de mult vehiculat la noi în ul- timii ani, provine de la cuvântul grec plagios = pieziş, vi- clean, perfid, desemnând o „strategie specială” pentru a-ţi însuşi sclavul altuia. De la „furt de sclavi”, s-a ajuns la „hoţie de copii” şi, cum poeţii îşi considerau operele drept propriii copii, înţe- lesul s-a extins la cel actual – de a-ţi apropria textele altuia, dată fiind comparaţia între „fructul pântecelui (copiii) şi cel al minţii sau sufletului (ideile)1. Termenul de plagiator (plagiarius) este înregistrat pentru prima dată la Marţial (anii 40-104), cunoscutul poet latin al Epigramelor2. Prin urmare, plagiomania nu este o activitate de dată recentă, ea fiind, păstrând proporţiile, la fel de veche pre- Florian Roatiş cum literatura3. În cartea sa, Georges Maurevert prezintă cu deosebire operele scriitorilor francezi prinşi, după expresia sa, „cu pana în călimara altuia”4, precum Montaigne (el însuşi „jefuit” de mulţi alţii), Rabelais, Pascal, Corneille, Molière, Voltaire, Balzac, Stendhal, Baudelaire etc., oprindu-se doar în treacăt la reprezentanţii altor literaturi (Dante, Shakespeare şi Milton). Prezenţă cvasipermanentă, din antichitatea greco-latină până la Zola şi de la acesta la In- ternet, „brigandajul intelectual” – după expresia şi conform cărţilor lui Alexandru Dobrescu – nu a ocolit nici ţărişoara noastră. Astfel, Al. Dobrescu prezintă „împrumuturile” făcute de cronicarii noştri, Grigore Ure- che, Miron Costin, Nicolae Costin, unii de la alţii, ca şi din autori străini, apoi cele regăsibile la Nicolae Milescu Spătarul (1638-1708), cărturar şi diplomat, considerat a fi unul dintre pionierii sinologiei prin cele două lucrări, azi mai puţin frecventate, Jurnal de călătorie în China şi Descrierea Chinei, elaborate în urma unei călătorii de trei ani în Orient. Însuşi Nicolae Bălcescu, demonstrează cu texte Al. Dobrescu, în cunoscuta sa operă Ro- mânii supt Mihai Voievod Viteazul – mai puţin culpabil, căci cartea a rămas în manuscris, netermi- nată – îl urmează îndeaproape pe profesorul său de la „Sfântul Sava”, Aaron Florian, autorul necunoscutei cărţi astăzi, Idee repede de istoria prinţipatului Ţării Româneşti (1837), fără a-l aminti. Descoperite relativ târziu, aceste „împrumuturi” n-au primit numele de plagiat şi au fost eludate. În schimb, cele imputate lui Titu Maiorescu, George Coşbuc şi Ion Luca Caragiale în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea şi la începutul secolului XX au reţinut atenţia publicului 1 Vezi Marie Darrieussecq, Raport de poliţie. Acuzaţii de plagiat şi alte moduri de a supraveghea literatura, Editura Pandora M, Bucureşti, 2010, p. 19. Vezi, de asemenea, Jean-Luc Hennig, Apologia plagiatului, Editura Act, Bucureşti, 2009, p. 23. 2 Vezi Jean-Luc Hennig, op. cit., p. 23. 3 „Plagiatul e de o vârstă cu literatura”. Aşa începe volumul lui Georges Maurevert, Cartea plagiatelor, apărută la Editura Floare Albastră, Bucureşti, 2005, în traducerea şi cu comentariile lui Alexandru Dobrescu, el însuşi auto- rul unei incitante istorii a plagiatului la români, cu un titlu elocvent Corsarii minţii (Editura Emolis, Iaşi, 2007), parte a unui proiect ambiţios din care a finalizat doar volumul întâi, cu subtitlul „Istoria ilustrată a plagiatului la români”, reeditată în anul 2017 la Editura Eikon cu titlul La oglindă. Istoria plagiatelor româneşti până la 1900. 4 Georges Maurevert, op. cit., p. 234. BIBLIOTHECA SEPTENTRIONALIS Publicaţie semestrială • an XXVI • nr. 1 (50) • 2018 4 Editorial cititor, ultimul caz ajungând în justiţie. Cu Titu Maiorescu asistăm la prima acuzaţie de plagiat din cultura română (1868), întrucât în anul 1862 Alexandru I. Cuza promulgase o lege, sumară, desigur, căci era începutul, care reglementa proprietatea în domeniul literar-artistic5. Cercetarea critică a acestuia din studiul Poesia română (1867) a fost „atacată” de Aron Densuşianu (1837-1900), poet şi istoric literar, în articolul „Critica unei critice” (1868), ca vehi- culând idei preluate din lucrarea de estetică a lui Fr. Th. Vischer. La acuzaţia lansată în ziarul Federaţiunea de la Pesta n-au răspuns nici Maiorescu, nici junimiştii. Nu la fel se va întâmpla peste nici zece ani, când Maiorescu a publicat (1876) manualul său de logică, singurul vreme de şase decenii în învăţământul secundar românesc, timp în care a cunoscut şapte ediţii6. Apariţia manualului a declanşat o polemică devenită celebră, graţie personalităţii lui Titu Maiorescu (fost rector al Universităţii din Iaşi, unde îşi ţinuse prelegerile de logică, rezumate acum, ministru în funcţie al Instrucţiunii Publice, întemeietor al „Junimii” etc.), binecunoscut în mediul literar şi politic, dar şi datorită intervenţiei lui Eminescu şi Slavici în apărarea celui acuzat de dr. George Zotu de „împrumuturi” din logica lui John Stuart Mill7. La fel de răsunătoare va fi şi polemica în jurul volumului Balade şi idile al lui George Coş- buc, apărut în anul 1893. Grigori N. Lazu, un modest poet şi traducător8, de profesie avocat, a publicat imediat o broşură de 44 pagini, în care contesta caracterul popular românesc al idilelor poetului ardelean, afirmând că sub acest nume (de idile, n.n.), poetul a „românizat” producţii germane şi slave (îndeosebi ruteneşti), dar şi din extremul orient, „cu un deosebit talent şi o per- fectă cunoştinţă a limbii româneşti şi a limbajului poporului nostru”9. În apărarea lui Coşbuc au sărit Al. Vlahuţă, C. Stere, N. Iorga, M. Dragomirescu etc., iar de cealaltă parte vor interveni Anton Bacalbaşa şi Al. Macedonski. O respingere consistentă şi argumentată a acuzaţiilor aduse lui Coşbuc a întreprins, la sugestia lui Titu Maiorescu, din partea „Junimii”, D. Evolceanu, în două articole publicate în Convorbiri literare10, demonstrând cum din poezii modeste conţinând motive care circulau atunci, poetul român a dat creaţii de mare talent. În debutul secolului XX, I. L. Caragiale va fi acuzat de plagiat de către un tânăr gazetar, student la Facultatea de Litere şi Filosofie din Bucureşti, nu fără talent, dar extrem de ambiţios, forţând accesul în lumea literaţilor, pe nume Constantin Al. Ionescu (Caion). Încurajat de Ale- xandru Macedonski, acesta scria la Revista literară, unde era redactor, ca şi la multe alte reviste din epocă. Trimiţând un poem în proză la Moftul român, condus de Caragiale, va fi ironizat de autorul Scrisorii pierdute într-un acid text intitulat „Un frizer-poet şi o damă care trebuie să se scarpine în cap”11. Tânărul aspirant la gloria literară nu s-a lăsat impresionat de prestigiul lui Caragiale şi, în- demnat probabil şi de protectorul său, Al. Macedonski, a publicat în aceeaşi zi în care apărea articolul zeflemitor al lui Caragiale, în ziarul Românul (26 mai 1901), articolul „Dl. I. L. Caragiale şi opera lui”. După un debut în care îl persiflează la rându-i pe Caragiale, îi contestă originalita- 5 Vezi Alexandru Dobrescu, Corsarii minţii, ed. cit., p. 99. 6 Manualul va fi reeditat în 1940 de către Iosif Brucăr, cu adnotări, şi în 1988 de către Alexandru Surdu. 7 Vezi pe larg la Al. Dobrescu, op. cit., pp. 153-161 şi în Anexe, textele lui Zotu, Eminescu şi Slavici (pp. 276-306). 8 În anul 1894 îi va apărea la Iaşi volumul 451 traduceri libere şi imitaţiuni de poezii antice şi moderne din Orient şi Occident, 484 de pagini cu o prefaţă de A. D. Xenopol. 9 Grigori N. Lazu, Adevărul asupra poeziilor lui Gh. Coşbuc, în Plagiatul la români, selecţie de Pavel Balmuş, prefaţă de Dan C. Mihăilescu, Editura Arc, Chişinău, 2004, pp. 28-29. 10 D. Evolceanu, Baladele şi idilele lui George Coşbuc, în Convorbiri literare, XXII, 10, 1 febr. 1894, pp. 817-838, partea I şi 1 martie 1894, pp. 936-962, partea a II-a. La primul articol, Grigori N. Lazu va riposta în Adevărul, VI, 1894, nr. 1788 din 21 febr., cu textul „Evolceanida”, în care va respinge ideile pozitive, chiar elogioase, ale criticului de la „Junimea”. 11 Vezi Procesul Caragiale-Caion. Dosarul revizuirii, Editura Muzeul Literaturii Române, Bucureşti, 1972, pp. 17-18. BIBLIOTHECA SEPTENTRIONALIS Publicaţie semestrială • an XXVI • nr. 1 (50) • 2018 Editorial 5 tea în fraze dure, afirmând că drama Năpasta, capodopera sa, „nu-i decât o plagiatură după o dramă ungurească, intitulată Nenorocul, datorată unui Kemény István, dramă tălmăcită pe româ- neşte de către Alexandru Bogdan în anul 1848 la Braşov. Subiectul ambelor drame este acelaşi, doar numele schimbate, încolo e furat pe de-a-ntregul din sacul lui Kemény, care a rămas un necunoscut, pe când domnul Caragiale a devenit, cu drama ungurului, un mandarin literar, de care nimeni, crede domnia sa, nu trebuie să se atingă”12. Demonstrând inexistenţa, atât a lui Kemény István, cât şi a traducătorului Alexandru Bogdan, Caragiale l-a chemat în justiţie pe Caion, care, deşi devoalat ca falsificator, nu se lasă intimidat şi, din contră, revine cu o altă acuză de plagiat, într-un articol din Forţa morală (13 ia- nuarie 1902), în care afirmă, nici mai mult nici mai puţin, că Scrisoarea pierdută, cunoscuta şi apre- ciata piesă, este plagiată după piesa Rabagas de Victorien Sardou13. În ajunul primei înfăţişări la proces, Caion publică în revista ocazională Rodica articolul „Tolstoi-Kemény şi dl I. L. Caragiale”, recunoscând că numele Kemény este invenţia sa, iar au- torul plagiat ar fi contele Leon Tolstoi, cu a sa dramă Puterea întunericului14.
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