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Process and Parameter Interaction in Rattlesnake Crevasse, Mississippi River Delta

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Process and Parameter Interaction in Rattlesnake Crevasse, Mississippi River Delta Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1971 Process and Parameter Interaction in Rattlesnake Crevasse, Mississippi River Delta. David James Arndorfer Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Arndorfer, David James, "Process and Parameter Interaction in Rattlesnake Crevasse, Mississippi River Delta." (1971). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 2020. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/2020 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 72-3M5L ARNDOREER, David James, 1943- PROCESG AND PARAMETER INTERACTION IN RATTLL'PNAKE CREVALUE, MIEE IESIPPI RIVER DELTA. The Louisiana Plate University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D., 1971 Geography U n iv e rs ity M icro film s, A XEROX C om pany , A n n A rb o r, M ic h ig a n '■ P Il/N.P EXACTLY AL M T ’EIVIJ) PROCESS AND PARAMETER INTERACTION IN RATTLESNAKE CREVASSE, MISSISSIPPI RIVER DELTA A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In The Department of Geography and Anthropology by David James Amdorfer B.3., Portland State College, 19&7 August, 1971 PLEASE NOTE Some Pages have indistinct print. Filmed as received. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The writer is indebted to Dr. William G. Mclntlre for his Invaluable advice, aselatance and support throughout the study. Statistical sampling designs were developed through extensive discussions with Dr. David S. McArthur. In addition. Dr s. L. D. Wright, Sherwood M. Gagllano and James M. Coleman contributed considerable advice and direction. Drs. Prentiss E. Sohilling and Kenneth L. Koonce of the Experimental Statistics Department provided assis­ tance and direction in all statistical aspects of the investigation. To these Individuals, the writer extends a special appreciation. Numerous logistloal difficulties frequently encountered during field work in a deltaic environment were minimized by employees of the Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Com­ mission. Pass a Loutre Camp, especially Messrs. Benny and Ellis Loga. The writer gratefully acknowledges the aid given by field assistants who volunteered their services during the field program. Donald W. Davis willingly provided valuable field assistance on numerous oocaslons. The investigation was supported by Coastal Studies Institute of Louisiana State University under contract with the Geography Programs of the Office of Naval Research. 11 Contract No, N00014-69A-0211-0003, Project No, NR 388 002. The United States Army Corps of Engineers, New Orleans District, Instrumented the study areas and collected valu­ able current velocity and water level records. Messrs. Jerome Baehr and Bert Kemp were particularly helpful. The remote-sensing Imagery was provided by the Spaoe Oceano­ graphic Program and National Aeronautics and Space Admini­ stration Earth Resource Aircraft Project. Ill TABLE OP CONTENTS Page Acknowledgement 11 List of Tables vl List of Figures vll Symbols and Abbreviations lx Abstract xl INTRODUCTION 1 SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF CREVASSES 4 SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY REGION 7 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSES 13 STATISTICAL ANALYSES 14 Crevasse Channel Current Velocity 16 FACTORIAL ARRANGEMENT OF FACTORS 23 Discharge Analysis. Rattlesnake Crevasse 25 Suspended Load Analyses. Rattlesnake Crevasse 30 Sediment Accretion. Rattlesnake Crevasse 36 INTERPRETATION 43 RATTLESNAKE CREVASSE DISCHARGE 43 River Stage 43 Semi-monthly Tide 43 Diurnal Tide 45 Location 45 Interactions 46 lv Page DISCHARGE PATTERNS, RATTLESNAKE CREVASSE 46 LITTLE LAKE POND CREVASSE CIRCULATION 48 CREVASSE DISCHARGE, MISSISSIPPI RIVER DELTA 49 SUSPENDED LOAD TRANSPORT, RATTLESNAKE CREVASSE 51 Temperature 52 Discharge 54 River Stage 54 Semi-monthly Tide 56 Diurnal Tide 56 Location 57 Interactions 57 SEDIMENT ACCRETION, RATTLESNAKE CREVASSE 58 WIND 61 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 65 REFERENCES 70 Vita 74 v LIST OP TABLES Page 1. Multiple Regression Analysis of Reversed and Null Current Duration on Diurnal Tide Range and River Stage, Rattlesnake Crevasse 18 2. Multiple Regression Analysis of Rattlesnake Crevasse Current Velocity on River Stage (Cubic) and Change in Water Level (Linear and Quadratic) 18 3. Multiple Regression Analysis of Little Lake Pond Crevasse Current Velocity on Various Independent Variables 21 2 4. Observations Obtained for the 2x3*4 Factorial Classification 28 5. Discharge Analyses of Variance, Rattlesnake Crevasse 28 6. Discharge Least-squares Means (cfs)i High and Low Stage 29 7. Discharge Least-squares Means (cfs)i Low Stage 29 8. Paired "t-test" of Vertloal Distribution of Suspended Load (mg/1), Rattlesnake Crevasse 31 9. Suspended Load Concentration Analyses of Variance 31 10. Susoended Load Least-squares Means (mg/l)i High and Low Stages 33 11. Suspended Load Least-squares Means (mg/l)i Low Stage 33 12. Mean Suspended Load Coneentration. Discharge, and Temoerature 13. Analyses of Variance for Mean Daily Sediment Accretion in Rattlesnake Crevasse 39 14. Sediment Accretion Least-squares Means *4-0 15. Annual Sediment Accretion Least-squares Means 41 vi LIST OP FIGURES Page 1. Rattlesnake Crevasse (Black and White IR Imagery 2 2. Sealed Crevasse along Raphael Pass, Cubits Gan Subdelta 6 3. Location Map of the Mississippi River Delta 8 4. River Stage Hydrograph at Carrollton Gage (New Orleans), 1968-1970 9 5. River Stage Hydrographs at Rattlesnake Crevasse and Little Lake Pond Crevasse, I968 -I969 10 6. Diurnal Gradient Changes along South Pass 11 7. Crevasse Into Little Lake Pond 13 8. Circulation In Rattlesnake Crevasse at Equatorial Tide, Low River Stage 15 9. Circulation in Rattlesnake Crevasse at Tropic Tide, Low River Stage 15 10, Instrument Tower at Little Lake Pond Crevasse 16 11, Effect of River Stage and Lunar Tide on Current Velocity, Rattlesnake Crevasse Channel 19 12, Effect of River Stage and Lunar Tide on Current Velocity, Little Lake Pond Crevasse 22 13, Location of Profiles and Accretion Measurements Rattlesnake Crevasse 26 14, Accretion Rod on Crevasse Solay Natural Levee, Rattlesnake Crevasse 37 15, Accretion Leveler 37 16, Accretion Isopach Maps 42 17, Current Profiles at the Mouth of South Pass on October 1, 1969 50 vll Page IB. Diurnal Discharge Variation In the Channel of Southwest Pass at Mile 8 50 ID. Thermal Scanner (Reconofax TV) Imagery of Rattlesnake Crevasse Study Area 5 3 20. Comoarlson of Suspended Load ConcentratIon at Profile A for Flood and Low River Stages 55 21. Effect of Wind Surge on Low Stage Discharge Pattern (TroDlc Tide) 62 22. Effect of Wind on Current Patterns In Rattlesnake Crevasse Channel 63 v 111 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS A z vertical Interval between current velocity obser­ vations m micron X summation symbol F F-test statistic H0 null hypothesis M.S. mean square M-fc discharge R multiple correlation coefficient R3 coefficient of determination for multiple regression X the mean of a sample b sample partial regression coefficient bQ Y Intercept C with cfs cubic feet per second 7 mean difference between means of paired samples d.f. degrees of freedom g gram J horizontal interval between current velocity obser­ vations 1 liter mg milligram n sample size r simple correlation coefficient lx s standard deviation t t-test statistic u current velocity In discharge formula ' feet * significant at the 0 .0 5 level (significant) ** significant at the 0.01 level (highly significant) x ABSTRACT Rattlesnake Crevasse and to a less extent, Little Lake Pond Crevasse In the Mississippi River Delta were lnvesti­ trated to Identify and evaluate variables governing Its evo­ lution, as well as to explain the interactions and processes by which the variables exert their Influence on the develop­ ment of the ci'evaSBe, Methods for applying statistical procedures to evaluate the variables controlling Its evo­ lution are developed. With the exception of water temperature, the variables evaluated In this Investigation Interact to cause gradient changes between the distributary and the adjacent lnter- dlstrlbutary bay. Flow through the crevasse channel results from the gradient determined by river stage, semi-monthly tide, diurnal tide, stage by semi-monthly tide Interaction, and semi-monthly by diurnal tide interaction. Wind surges, occasionally present, are also an Important factoi' influ­ encing gradients. The function of Rattlesnake Crevasse Is to contribute to the balance of Mississippi River Delta hydrology. By providing an overflow channel during the diurnal fluctuation of water level and the diurnal discharge variation In dis­ tributaries, the crevasse drains large quantities of water which are either stored in the Interdistributary bays, or xl discharged through the bays Into the Gulf. Rattlesnake Crevasse provides an overflow channel during the diurnal tide as well as during flood stage. Data collected during a wind surge Indicates that the Importance of the storm surge to crevasses processes Is less than that of lunar tide. Unless a wind surge Is In associ­ ation with a tropic storm. It appears to have no lasting effect
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