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TAXON: Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. SCORE: 21.0 RATING: High Risk Beauv. Taxon: Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. Beauv. Family: Poaceae Common Name(s): basket grass Synonym(s): Oplismenus hirtellus subsp. capensis bristle basket grass Oplismenus hirtellus subsp. hirtellus honohono Oplismenus hirtellus subsp. setarius woods grass Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 17 Nov 2020 WRA Score: 21.0 Designation: H(Hawai'i) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Tropical Grass, Environmental Weed, Shade-Tolerant, Spreads Vegetatively, Sticky Seeds Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 ? outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 17 Nov 2020 (Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. Page 1 of 18 Beauv.) TAXON: Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. SCORE: 21.0 RATING: High Risk Beauv. Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 y 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 1 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 y 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 y yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 n Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 y=-1, n=1 n biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 17 Nov 2020 (Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. Page 2 of 18 Beauv.) TAXON: Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. SCORE: 21.0 RATING: High Risk Beauv. Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [Not domesticated] "Tropical Africa, Benin, Gabon, Swaziland, South Africa, Pacific, tropical America, Ecuador, Costa Rica, U.S., Florida, Hawaii. Perennial, variable, extremely polymorphic, very slender, flimsy, usually smooth, low, prostrate or procumbent and erect, trailing and scrambling, creeping, sometimes climbing, rooting at the nodes, internodes glabrous, sheaths glabrous with short hairs on the margin, ligule fringed and membranous, leaf blades with margins undulate, short leaves narrow-lanceolate and acuminate, racemes elongate densely arranged, spikelets glabrous and lanceolate, lower Quattrocchi, U. 2006. CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: floret sterile, upper floret bisexual, lower glume awned, upper glume Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, short-awned, small smooth grains, low grazing value, ornamental and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL foliage, invasive species, a turf weed problem, a common weed in fields and in the St. Augustine grass lawns, coffee plantations, ground cover, occurs naturally in moist places and wet shady areas, in forest shade, wetlands, swamps, along streams, low hammocks, lowland tropical rainforest, disturbed forest, lower montane forest, subcanopy and forest margins, poor soils, silty clay loam soils, plantations in or near the forest, old clearings in forest, clearings in primary forest, open woods, rich woods, disturbed weedy forest, secondary forests" 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2020). Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2020). Personal Communication NA Creation Date: 17 Nov 2020 (Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. Page 3 of 18 Beauv.) TAXON: Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. SCORE: 21.0 RATING: High Risk Beauv. Qsn # Question Answer Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native Northern America NORTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Oklahoma (s.e.)] SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina (s.e.), South Carolina] USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Texas] Germplasm System. (2020). Germplasm Resources REGION: Mexico Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Southern America Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 13 Nov 2020] Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: French Guiana BRAZIL: Brazil WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. (2020). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 13 Nov 2020] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Source(s) Notes Plant This. (2020). Oplismenus hirtellus. "Hardiness zones: 9b-13" http://www.plantthis.com.au. [Accessed 17 Nov 2020] Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora "naturalized in wet, shady areas on the larger islands here and may - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other sometimes be cultivated as a ground cover in shaded, moist spots Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI where other grasses will not thrive." Johnson, I. (2005). Oplismenus hirtellus. PlantZAfrica. "Zone 1 Coastal summer rainfall, frost free SANBI. http://pza.sanbi.org/oplismenus-hirtellus. Zone 5 Bushveld summer rainfall, Light frost" [Accessed 17 Nov 2020] [Elevation range <1000 m] "Common throughout the tropics; in Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of Hawai'i naturalized and common in lightly shaded to densely shaded the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University rnesic valleys and mesic forest, sometimes in disturbed wet forest, of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 10-920 m" Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Creation Date: 17 Nov 2020 (Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. Page 4 of 18 Beauv.) TAXON: Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. SCORE: 21.0 RATING: High Risk Beauv. Qsn # Question Answer "Common throughout the tropics; in Hawai'i naturalized and Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of common in lightly shaded to densely shaded rnesic valleys and mesic the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University forest, sometimes in disturbed wet forest, 10-920 m, on all of the of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. main islands except Ni'ihau and Kaho'olawe. First recorded in 1819 by Gaudichaud-Beaupre (St. John & Titcomb, 1983)." "Native Northern America NORTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Oklahoma (s.e.)] SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina (s.e.), South Carolina] USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Texas] Germplasm System. (2020). Germplasm Resources REGION: Mexico Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Southern America Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 16 Nov 2020] Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: French Guiana BRAZIL: Brazil WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay" Does the species have a history of repeated 205 ? introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes "In 1996 Ed Uebel discovered O. hirtellus subsp. undulatifolius in Patapsco Valley State Park and at Liberty Reservoir in Maryland CABI. (2020). Oplismenus hirtellus subsp. undulatifolius (Kerrie Kyde, MD DNR, personal communication).
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  • BOTANY SECTION Compiled by Richard E. Weaver, Jr., Ph.D., and Patti J

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    TRI-OLOGY, Vol. 47, No. 5 Patti J. Anderson, Ph.D., Managing Editor SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 2008 DACS-P-00124 Wayne N. Dixon, Ph. D., Editor Page 1 of 13 BOTANY SECTION Compiled by Richard E. Weaver, Jr., Ph.D., and Patti J. Anderson, Ph.D. For this period, 167 specimens were submitted to the Botany Section for identification, and 1,418 were received from other sections for identification/name verification for a total of 1,585. In addition, 57 specimens were added to the herbarium, and 48 specimens of invasive species were prepared for the Division of Forestry’s Forest Health Project. Some of the samples received for identification are discussed below: Helianthus simulans E. E. Wats. (an endemic North American genus of 49 species, occurring throughout the United States and adjacent Canada, as well as in Baja California). Compositae (Asteraceae). Muck sunflower. It is unfortunate that such an attractive plant has such an unattractive common name. Growing to more than 2 m tall, this sunflower makes a showy and impressive specimen in the garden. In its best forms, the lanceolate leaves are leathery and dark green, somewhat reminiscent of those of the oleander (Nerium oleander). The flower heads, with bright yellow rays and usually a reddish- purple disk, are borne in profusion in October and November and vary from 7-10 cm across. Although it grows at least twice as tall and the leaves are broader and not revolute (turned under along the margins), it is often confused with the very common Helianthus simulans Photograph courtesy of Sally Wasowski and swamp sunflower (H.
  • | Ghost | Flowers |

    | Ghost | Flowers |

    BIOLOGY | GHOST | FLOWERS | The genes of Hawaiian plants, extinct for more than a century, have been brought back from the dead. Today we can smell their scents By Rowan Jacobsen Photographs by Floto + Warner 30 Scientific American, ebruaryF 2019 BACK FROM THE BRINK: The Wynberg conebush (l eft ) went extinct in 1806, and Maui’s mountain hibiscus (r ight ) followed in 1912. But their DNA has been recov­ ered, and some rejuvenated scent genes are once again producing fragrances. The hibiscus, sniffed by people for the first time in more than a century, evokes bark and juniper, with hints of citrus and thyme. February 2019, ScientificAmerican.com 31 Journalist Rowan Jacobsen is author of several books, such as Shadows on the Gulf (Bloomsbury, 2011) and The Essential Oyster (Bloomsbury, 2016), and many magazine articles. He was a 2017–18 Knight Science Journalism Fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. n 1912, on the ancient lava fields of haleakala– on the hawaiian island of Maui, a single tree stood near death. Fifteen feet tall, its bark encrusted with lichens, it was down to its last flower. The Hawaiians called this tree hau kuahiwi, the mountain hibiscus. Unlike the more familiar Hawaiian hibiscus, which grows in moist valleys and opens wide in a welcom- ing aloha, the mountain hibiscus grew only on the dry, well-drained lava fields of Hawaii’s volcanoes. The plant unfolded only two of its five hibiscuslike petals, keeping the rest closed in a demure, curved tube designed for Maui’s honeycreepers—nectar-eating Isongbirds with curved bills that were its favored pollinators.