DOCSLIB.ORG

History of Greenbelt, Maryland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
History of Greenbelt, Maryland City of Greenbelt, Maryland GREENBELT CITYLINK HISTORY OF GREENBELT, MARYLAND "A National Historic Landmark" The City of Greenbelt has gone into the history books as the first community in the United States built as a federal venture in housing. From the beginning it was designed as a complete city, with businesses, schools, roads and facilities for recreation and town government. Greenbelt was a planned community, noted for its interior walkways, underpasses, its system of inner courtyards and one of the first mall-type shopping centers in the United States. Modeled after English garden cities of the 19th century, Greenbelt took its name from the belt of green forestland with which it was surrounded and from the belts of green between neighborhoods that offered easy contact with nature. In 1997 Greenbelt celebrated its 60th anniversary. To coincide with this historic event, the United States Department of Interior saw it fit to recognize Historic Greenbelt as a National Historic Landmark. At such a time it was appropriate to ask how this early prototype of the planned community has weathered through the years. Have the design concept and the social and cultural features built into that design succeeded in fulfilling the town’s early promise? Greenbelt is one of three greenbelt towns envisioned by Rexford Guy Tugwell, friend and advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and created under the Resettlement Administration in 1935 under authority of the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act. (Greendale, Wisconsin, near Milwaukee, and Greenhills, Ohio, near Cincinnati, are the other two towns. A fourth town, to be located in New Jersey, was never built.) Greenbelt was an experiment in both the physical and social planning that preceded its construction. Homes were grouped in superblocks, with a system of interior walkways permitting residents to go from home to town center without crossing a major street. Pedestrian and vehicular traffic were carefully separated. The two curving major streets were laid out upon and below a crescent-shaped natural ridge. Shops, school, ball fields, and community buildings were grouped in the center of this crescent. The architecture was streamlined in the Art Deco style popular at that time—with curving lines, glass brick inserts in the facades of apartment buildings, and buttresses along the front wall of the elementary school. These buttresses create vertical lines framing a set of bas reliefs by WPA sculptor Lenore Thomas. (These features make the original buildings of the city some of the finest examples of Art Deco to be found in the Washington area. Indeed, the Greenbelt Community Center is considered one of the ten best structures in Art Deco style within the United States.) A sculpture by Thomas, a mother and child statue, graces the town center. Greenbelt was also a social experiment. Designed to provide low- income housing, it drew 5,700 applicants for the original 885 residences. The first families were chosen not only to meet income criteria , but also to demonstrate willingness to participate in community organizations. (In 1941 another 1,000 homes were added to provide housing for families coming to Washington in connection with defense programs of World War II.) The first families, who arrived on October 1, 1937, found no established patterns or institutions of community life. Almost all were under 30 years of age. All considered themselves pioneers in a new way of life. A mix of blue and white collar workers, they reflected the religious composition of Baltimore and Washington, D.C.—Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish; but because of the racial bias controlling public policy at that time, all were white. Almost immediately the new residents formed a town government—the first city manager form of government in the State of Maryland. They also formed the first kindergarten in Prince George's County. During that first year they also formed a citizens' association, a journalism club which published the first newspaper (still published today on a weekly basis as the Greenbelt News Review), and a community band. Interdenominational church services were held in the elementary school auditorium, which also functioned as a community center. The Greenbelt Health Association opened to provide hospital services. Police, fire and rescue squads formed. Residents held a town fair that first summer. In 1939 the first public swimming pool opened in Greenbelt—first in the Washington area. Numerous clubs flourished. In fact, Greenbelters were so busy attending meetings that the town council called a moratorium on meetings between Christmas and New Year’s in 1939 to permit residents to spend time at home with their families. Greenbelt is also unique for its cooperative institutions. Boston merchant and philanthropist Edward Filene provided funds to Greenbelt Consumer Services, Inc., which operated a food store, gas station, drug store, barber shop, movie theater, valet shop, beauty parlor, variety store, and tobacco shop. In December 1941 citizens within the community were able to raise funds to purchase GCS. In 1952, when Congress voted to sell off the greenbelt towns, citizens in Greenbelt formed a housing cooperative (Greenbelt Veterans Housing Corporation, later Greenbelt Homes, Inc.) which purchased the homes. (The other two greenbelt towns were purchased privately.) Citizens also formed a cooperative baby sitting pool, a cooperative nursery school, a cooperative kindergarten, and a cooperative savings and loan association. In fact, when Greenbelters confronted any kind of a new problem, their typical first approach was to form a new cooperative. Today much of the original features of this planned community still exist. In addition to it, the city itself has expanded to include additional shopping centers, high rise office buildings, garden apartments, townhouses and private development. With the construction of the Baltimore- Washington Parkway, the Capital Beltway, and Kenilworth Avenue—which meet in Greenbelt— the city has become a center of major residential and commercial development within the Prince George’s County. Nevertheless, legacies of the past remain. The cooperative spirit and the strong sense of community are passed on to new generations of Greenbelters, and around a dozen of the original families still live in the city. Indeed, many of their children and grandchildren have also chosen to reside in Greenbelt. Perhaps their dedication to the community is the best answer to the question raised earlier: Has the town’s promise been fulfilled? For more on Greenbelt's unique place in the history of American culture, visit Virtual Greenbelt, a project sponsored by the University of Maryland. Other informational sites about Greenbelt's history, include the Greenbelt Museum , and the Tugwell Room a unique collection at the Greenbelt Branch of the Prince George's County Memorial Library System. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Teaching About Propaganda
    R. Hobbs & S. McGee, Journal of Media Literacy Education 6(2), 56 - 67 Available online at www.jmle.org The National Association for Media Literacy Education’s Journal of Media Literacy Education 6(2), 56 - 67 Teaching about Propaganda: An Examination of the Historical Roots of Media Literacy Renee Hobbs and Sandra McGee Harrington School of Communication and Media, University of Rhode Island Abstract Contemporary propaganda is ubiquitous in our culture today as public relations and marketing efforts have become core dimensions of the contemporary communication system, affecting all forms of personal, social and public expression. To examine the origins of teaching and learning about propaganda, we examine some instructional materials produced in the 1930s by the Institute for Propaganda Analysis (IPA), which popularized an early form of media literacy that promoted critical analysis in responding to propaganda in mass communication, including in radio, film and newspapers. They developed study guides and distributed them widely, popularizing concepts from classical rhetoric and expressing them in an easy-to-remember way. In this paper, we compare the popular list of seven propaganda techniques (with terms like “glittering generalities” and “bandwagon”) to a less well-known list, the ABC’s of Propaganda Analysis. While the seven propaganda techniques, rooted in ancient rhetoric, have endured as the dominant approach to explore persuasion and propaganda in secondary English education, the ABC’s of Propaganda Analysis, with its focus on the practice of personal reflection and life history analysis, anticipates some of the core concepts and instructional practices of media literacy in the 21st century. Following from this insight, we see evidence of the value of social reflection practices for exploring propaganda in the context of formal and informal learning.
    [Show full text]
  • Frank Myron Guttman the HEBREW FREE LOAN ASSOCIATION OF
    Frank Myron Guttman THE HEBREW FREE LOAN ASSOCIATION OF MONTREAL The Jew is not a burden on the charities of the state nor of the city; these could cease their func- tions without affecting him….A Jewish beggar is not impossible: perhaps such a thing may exist, but there are few men who can say that they have seen that spectacle.1 Many Montreal businessmen, some of whom have been or are now on the board of directors owe their start up and subsequent success to the Hebrew Free Loan Association (HFLA). The primary purpose of the HFLA is to lend interest-free money to the needy, to people who could not otherwise obtain loans from banks or mortgage companies. The practice began in the Middle Ages in Europe and spread to America at the end of the nineteenth century. The principal of interest-free loans is based on biblical and rabbinic injunctions as well as Jewish practices that have evolved through time. The HFLA endeav- ours to reduce pauperism through the mechanism of helping individuals to help themselves. This approach was judged a better solution to poverty than charity in that it provides the tools for the poor to increase their financial security. The mode of operation of the association is such that it minimizes the shame associated with a loan by providing unmarked cheques. An underlying secondary purpose of the HFLA is to fight anti- semitism by demonstrating both that Jews are not usurers and that they look after their own. 46 Frank Myron Guttman The Montreal HFLA was established in 1911.
    [Show full text]
  • The Causes of the Great Depression an Online Professional Development Seminar
    The Causes of the Great Depression An Online Professional Development Seminar Colin Gordon Professor of History University of Iowa We will begin promptly on the hour. The silence you hear is normal. If you do not hear anything when the images change, e-mail Caryn Koplik [email protected] for assistance. Causes of the Great Depression GOAL The goal of this seminar is to develop an historical explanation for both the onset, and the severity, of the Great Depression in the United States. Among the many competing explanations (both contemporary and scholarly), we focus on the collapse of demand in the interwar economy and the challenge of restoring that demand in an era of limited federal powers. americainclass.org 2 Causes of the Great Depression FROM THE FORUM Challenges, Issues, Questions What, if any, government action led to the Great Depression? What private action, both on the part of individuals and business, led to the Depression? What is the relationship, if any, between the consumerism of the 1920s and the Great depression? How much blame should be placed on consumers themselves in terms of installment buying, credit, and stock market speculation? To what extent should “buying on margin” and overconsumption be factored into the causation of the GD? Were there any warnings to the Great Depression? Was there any warning to the decline of the business cycle? Why was the Great Depression so severe? americainclass.org 3 Causes of the Great Depression FROM THE FORUM Challenges, Issues, Questions In what ways was
    [Show full text]
  • To Download the PDF File
    REPORT A Road Map for Worldwide Financial Services Innovation George Hofheimer, Chief Knowledge Officer, Filene Research Institute Andrew Downin, Innovation Director, Filene Research Institute Linda Young, Founder, ponderpickle Acknowledgments Filene thanks Desjardins for its generous sup- port and curiosity in bringing the innovation topic to a larger audience. We also wish to thank PSCU for their ongo- ing support, especially around the innovation topic. Table of Contents 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 CHAPTER 1 What Is Innovation? 9 CHAPTER 2 The Role of Innovation in Financial Services 16 CHAPTER 3 Global Financial Innovations 30 CHAPTER 4 The Filene Method: Delivering Financial Innovation 42 CHAPTER 5 Conclusions and Recommendations 44 ENDNOTES 48 LIST OF FIGURES 50 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 52 ABOUT FILENE Executive Summary Overview In a recent blog post on innovation, Joseph E. Stiglitz, who is, among other things, a Nobel laureate in economics and a professor at Columbia Univer- In financial services, sity, discussed what he described as “the innovation enigma.” In short, innovation works best he says there isn’t always a clear link between innovation and GDP statis- when it can deliver tics, which he equates with improved living standards. Stiglitz goes on to discuss the fact that innovation in the financial services sector—especially increased benefits to as illustrated by innovations popular before the 2008 economic collapse— members. The Filene often meant “devising better ways of scamming others, manipulating approach was designed to markets without getting caught (at least for a long time), and exploiting market power.”1 help innovators optimize their abilities to ideate, Not exactly the rosy glow that “innovation” usually engenders, huh? Is it test, and implement possible for innovation in the financial services sector to create positive results for the “little guy?” Or is financial services innovation, by its very cutting edge solutions.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire the Credit Union
    UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-EAU CLAIRE THE CREDIT UNION MOVEMENT: A HISTORICAL LOOK AT NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH-CENTURY ORIGINS AND PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO THE CHIPPEWA VALLEY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY ROSS D. OLSON EAU CLAIRE, WI MAY 2010 Copyright for this work is owned by the author. This digital version is published by McIntyre Library, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire with the consent of the author. TO THE MEMBERS ABSTRACT This paper examines the history and principles of credit unions and cooperatives in part one and applies them to a credit union in the Chippewa Valley of Western Wisconsin. Credit Unions have been a stable financial choice beginning in Germany in the nineteenth-century through present day. This paper examines the role credit unions played in promoting economic growth from its rural and urban beginnings and during the poor economic times, affecting small shop keepers, artisans, and small farmers due to the industrial revolution in the mid nineteenth-century. It tracks the credit union movement from Europe to North America and its growth in the early twentieth-century to present day. Research looks to examine the individuals and organizations responsible for influencing the credit union movement and the growth that took place. Further, the paper explores Eau Claire, Wisconsin’s Uniroyal Tire Company Employee Credit Union, known today as Royal Credit Union, its original charter, and its influence over the last 40 years on economic activity in the Chippewa Valley region of West Central Wisconsin.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Coca-Cola Bottling Company
    NOTES ABBREVIATIONS BL: Butler Library, Columbia University CC: Coca-Cola corporate archives CCCB: Central Coca-Cola Bottling Company records, Virginia Historical Society CCP: Papers of Charles Harvey Crutchfield, Wilson Special Collections Library, University of North Carolina CED: Committee for Economic Development CEDA: Committee for Economic Development archives CWP: Papers of Charles E. Wilson, Anderson University Archives DBP: Papers of F. Donaldson Brown, Hagley Museum and Library FFP: Papers of Franklin Florence, Department of Rare Books, Special Collections, and Preservation, River Campus Libraries, University of Rochester FPP: Papers of Frances Perkins, Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Co- lumbia University GROH: Gerard Reilly Oral History, Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation & Archives, Cornell University GRP: Papers of Gerard Reilly, Historical & Special Collections, Harvard Law School Library HQP: Papers of Helen Quirini, M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections & Archives, University at Albany, State University of New York ILIR: Files from the Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations Library, University of Illinois Archives ·· 1 ·· 2 NOTes IUE: Records of the International Union of Electrical, Radio, and Ma- chine Workers, Special Collections and University Archives, Rut- gers University JBP: Papers of Joseph M. Bryan, University Archives and Manuscripts, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro JCPL: Jimmy Carter Presidential Library JSP: Papers of Joseph N. Scanlon, Archives, University of Pittsburgh KC: Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation & Archives, Cornell University KHC: Kodak Historical Collection, Department of Rare Books, Special Collections, and Preservation, River Campus Libraries, University of Rochester LBP: Papers of Lemuel R. Boulware, Rare Book & Manuscript Library, University of Pennsylvania MFOH: Marion Folsom Oral History, Columbia Center for Oral History, Columbia University MFP: Papers of Marion B.
    [Show full text]
  • 1999 NCUA Annual Report
    Financial Highlights 1999 NCUA Operating Fund Operating fee revenue $ 53.9 million Other income 1.7 million Total revenue 55.6 million Expense budget $122.0 million Actual expenses 114.6million Expenses transferred to Share Insurance Fund 57.3 million Operating Fund expenses 57.3 million Net income (Loss) (1.7) million Operating Fund balance 6.3 million National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund Total revenue $ 229.1 million Operating expenses 58.4 million Insurance loss expense 0.0 million Net income 170.7 million Reserve for losses 69.8 million Fund balance 4.2 billion Equity ratio (fund balance as percentage of insured deposits) 1.30 percent Central Liquidity Facility Net income before dividends $ 43.9 million Dividends paid 44.0 million Total assets 2.0 billion Retained earnings 11.5 million Capital stock 881.0 million Federally Insured Credit Unions Number of credit unions 10,628 Total assets $ 411.4 billion Total insured shares 335.6 billion Total loans 271.5 billion Capital to assets 11.6 percent Share growth 5.0 percent Ratio of loans to shares 76.3 percent Delinquency ratio 0.8 percent Net income (before reserve transfers) 0.9 percent Contents Financial Highlights 0 The National Credit Union Adminis- Mission Statement 2 tration is the independent federal agency that 20th Century NCUA & Credit Union Events 3 supervises and insures federal credit unions Chairman’s Statement 11 and insures many state-chartered credit Board Members’ Statements 12 unions. It is entirely funded by credit unions NCUA Administration 14 and receives no tax dollars. Supervision 16 This 1999 NCUA Annual Report is Litigation, Regulation and Enforcement 18 NCUA’s official report to the President and Community Development Credit Unions 20 Congress of the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • NCUA's 1984 Annual Report
    NCUA .- ANNUAL REPORT NCUA 1984 ANNUAL REPORT National Board Credit Union (202) 357-1100 Public Information Office Administration (202) 357-1050 1776 G Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20456 Investment Hotline 800-424-3205 (Continental U.S.) Office of the Board 202-357-1142 (Washington, D.C. area) Edgar F. Callahan, Chairman P. A. Mack, Jr., Vice Chairman News Hotline Elizabeth Flores Burkhart, Board Member 800-424-5531 (Continental U.S.) Wendell Sebastian, General Counsel 800-424-5541 Rosemary Brady, Secretary of the Board (Hawaii, Alaska) 202-357-0104 (Washington, D. C. area) .. .. The National Credit Union Administration is an independent federal financial reg­ ulatory agency responsible fo r chartering, supervising, examining and insuring all federal credit unions. Additionally, it insures the member accounts of those state­ chartered credit unions which choose, or are required by state Jaw, to have federal insurance. Currently, NCUA insures 10,547 federal credit unions and 4,657 state chartered credit unions. Congress established the NCUA in 1970 as an independent agency in the execu­ tive branch of the federal government, successor to the Bureau of Federal Credit Unions, which was part of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. The NCUA central office is in Washington, D.C. There are six regional offices. · NCUA receives no appropriations and operates on the fees it receives from fed­ eral credit unions. A three-member Board sets policy and manages the Agency. The purpose of the Agency is to administer the functions of the Federal Credit Union Act of 1934, which provided for the establishment of a nationwide system of credit unions whose role is to promote thrift among members and provide them with a source of credit for provident purposes at reasonable rates of interest.
    [Show full text]
  • NWCUA Philosophy Manual
    Credit Union Philosophy Certification Manual Visit the website To take the quiz or view the website, scan this or go to: http://cuphilosophyquiz.com/philosophy-quiz/ credit union philosophy • 1 credit union philosophy Certification Manual What makes credit unions different than other financial Educating the public about institutions? It’s all about structure, value, and impact. Credit unions are structured as not-for-profit cooperative financial credit unions, while essential, institutions and exist for one purpose: to serve their members. Simply, credit unions are driven by their members. Since there is not enough. It’s critical to are no stockholders and no emphasis on profits, earnings in make sure that credit union excess of operating, expenses are returned to members. That’s real value. The cooperative structure also drives significant staff, directors, and members positive community impact. understand credit unions’ unique In today’s credit union, it is not enough to know how to price products and services. Everyone, including directors, history and philosophy. When we managers, and staff, needs to understand why credit unions are in the business they are in. The most powerful spokespeople can engage all Northwest credit for the credit union movement are those same directors, unions, all employees and the managers and staff. Educating the public about credit unions, while essential, is not enough. It’s critical to make sure that Northwest’s members in credit union staff and volunteers understand credit unions’ unique history and philosophy. When our staff and volunteers communicating the credit union understand and are comfortable speaking about the unique difference, the Movement will qualities of credit unions, we will thrive.
    [Show full text]
  • Battling Over Bargain-Hunting: Defining the American Consumer Through Mass-Consumption Shopping Practices, 1909- 1915
    Yale University EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale Harvey M. Applebaum ’59 Award Library Prizes May 2021 Battling over Bargain-Hunting: Defining the American consumer through mass-consumption shopping practices, 1909- 1915 Angela Xiao Yale University Follow this and additional works at: https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/applebaum_award Part of the Political History Commons, Social History Commons, United States History Commons, and the Women's History Commons Recommended Citation Xiao, Angela, "Battling over Bargain-Hunting: Defining the American consumer through mass-consumption shopping practices, 1909- 1915" (2021). Harvey M. Applebaum ’59 Award. 24. https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/applebaum_award/24 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Library Prizes at EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. It has been accepted for inclusion in Harvey M. Applebaum ’59 Award by an authorized administrator of EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Battling over Bargain-Hunting: Defining the American consumer through mass-consumption shopping practices, 1909- 1915 Senior Essay in History Angela Xiao Jonathan Edwards College Advised by Professor Beverly Gage April 12, 2021 Xiao 1 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction: American consumption, shopping as politics, and economic citizenship 3 Basements, chains, and department stores: the rise of mass consumption retail practices 10 Bargain backlash: bargain-hunting spurred private concerns and social debate 19 The Stevens Bill: Congressional, public debate revealed unexpected alliances, tensions 24 Conclusion: the fate of the Stevens Bill, bargains, and American consumer mobilization 39 Bibliography 44 Bibliographic Essay 49 Acknowledgments 56 Xiao 2 Abstract This essay examines the debate and backlash against bargain-hunting in the first two decades of the 20th century across the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • The Credit Union of the Twenty-First Century Taylor C
    REPORT The Credit Union of the Twenty-First Century Taylor C. Nelms Senior Director of Research, Filene Research Institute Stephen C. Rea Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Irvine Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge the feedback and support provided by the whole team at the Filene Research Institute, especially Stepha- nie Galligan, Laura Gilliam, George Hofheimer, and Andrew Downin, and the Center for Emerg- ing Technology Research Council. We extend our thanks as well to Bill Maurer, Chandra Middleton, and especially our anonymized interlocutors, who took the time to answer our questions, share their opinions, and brainstorm right along with us. Filene thanks the following sponsors for help- ing make the Center for Emerging Technology and this important research possible. Table of Contents 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 CHAPTER 1 Introduction 10 CHAPTER 2 Emerging Socioeconomic Trends and Challenges 29 CHAPTER 3 Emerging Technological Trends and Challenges 49 CHAPTER 4 The Technology: A Twenty-First-Century Credit Union Business Model 62 CHAPTER 5 The Act: A Twenty-First-Century Credit Union Legal Model 71 CHAPTER 6 Conclusion 74 ENDNOTES 90 LIST OF FIGURES 92 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 93 ABOUT FILENE Executive Summary Overview What Is the Research About? This report begins the Credit unions in the United States were originally established to promote process of reimagining savings and thrift and, in particular, to provide people of limited means access to credit in order to pursue productive investments. As we approach the 1934 Federal Credit the Federal Credit Union Act’s centennial in 2034, the role of credit Union Act and aligns the unions in providing secure, fair access to financial services, especially credit union manifesto for individuals of small and moderate means, remains as important as with twenty-first-century ever.
    [Show full text]
  • Credit Unions Are Indeed Alive and Well
    Sharing the American Dream Credit Union Perspectives on Leadership Credit Union Executives Society Credit Union Executives Society Foundation Madison, Wisconsin Edited by Michael Muckian Editorial assistance: Sue Baranowski Beth Stetenfeld Bruce Shawkey Copyright 1986 by the Credit Union Executives Society. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher. Published by the Credit Union Executives Society, P.O. Box 14167, Madison, Wisconsin 53714. Telephone number (608) 271-2664. For further information or additional copies, con- tact Society headquarters. Cover by David Zentner Editor's Note Had you asked me prior to this assignment what elements make up a good credit union executive, I prob- ably would have said things like training, education, market awareness and management professionalism. While that list is good as it stands, it doesn't begin to tell half the story. I found that out as I began working with the manuscripts for this volume. All of those things I mentioned, along with the abilities to motivate employees, interact with board members, master the new technologies and devise brilliant strategies, are becoming more important as the days go by. But they're just elements, asides, "frosting on the cake," if you prefer my mother's favorite expres- sion. At the heart of the matter lies a genuine concern for human beings and the commitment and desire to serve. That's what really separates credit union execu- tives from the other financial professionals, what sets them apart and, in my opinion, a little ahead of the rest.
    [Show full text]