Carlos Slim Helú – Hoje Considerado O Homem Mais Rico Do Mundo

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Carlos Slim Helú – Hoje Considerado O Homem Mais Rico Do Mundo 1 2 3 4 5 6 AGRADECIMENTOS Ao professor Ricardo Antunes, meu orientador pela dedicação incondicional, a confiança, a ajuda a todo o momento, pela grande atenção e cuidado com cada detalhe, mas sobre tudo pela paciên- cia, sugestões e contribuições para esta pesquisa da qual uma parte foi realizada na distancia. À Comissão de Pós-Graduação do IFCH, em especial a Chris, por me apoiar em todos os momen- tos decisivos; por ser essa pessoa tão delicada e atenciosa com todos os estudantes e mais ainda com aqueles que são de outros países como eu: muito obrigado Chris pela sua ajuda e paciência. Ao grupo de estudos de sociologia do trabalho do IFCH coordenado pelo professor Ricardo Antu- nes. Todas as contribuições foram muito importantes no aspeto da pesquisa. Aos meus pais e irmãos Ingrid e Ulises, meu grande parceiro e companheiro de vida, pelo seu apoio quando eu fiquei longe deles. Aos recém chegados, Debora e Luquinha pelo sua apoio in- condicional. À minha família. Para a Natalia por que eu comecei este caminho com ela e agora com ela conclui este processo, obrigado lindos ojos. A todos os amigos e amigas do México que foram uma força quando eu mais fraco estava. Mas especialmente ao Rodrigo, Mario, Emilia, Hector, Ivan, Arturo, Sofia, Christian, Dario, Ulises, Florencia, Evelin, Xitlali, Gabriel, Jade, Dante e Gaby: “o bloco duro”. Ao meu antigo orientador o Dr. John Saxe pelas suas indicações. Para os amigos do Brasil: a Nas- heli, o Ernenek, José Manuel, Perla, Angela, Yan, Joanna, Saray, William, Pedro, Fernanda, Patri- cia, Caro e Caroline, Theo, Gual e Elena, Thiago, Ana, Sheila, Vinicius, Frank e Michelli e todos os amigos e amigas inseparáveis da UNICAMP que ajudaram a este gringo. Aos meus amigos do movimento sindical brasileiro e internacional Ricardo Jaques da CONTRAF, Cenice Monteiro do SINTETEL, Benjamin Davis do USW, Samanta Tate do Centro de Solidari- dade/AFL-CIO e Inés Gonzáles da Fundação Ebert. Para meu grande amigo brasileiro Rodrigo Dantas, um parceiro de lutas, convicções, pesquisa e a vida mesma que foi um suporte muito grande nesta etapa. Para ele uma menção especial porque foi a pessoa que apresentou mais contribuições para esta pesquisa, assim como também foi quem fez quase toda a correção das sintaxes: obrigado grande amigo Rodrigão, a gente tem um trabalho ainda a desenvolver no Brasil e no México ou qualquer outro lugar do canto. A todo pessoal e amigos de PODER, os caros Iker, Tamar, Ercilia, Chris, Elena e Jaime pela sua contribuição no aspeto humano quando minhas forças ficavam fracas eles foram um importante suporte para dançar cumbias. Mas para o querido Benjamín Cokelet (o Bene), um parceiro de luta que tem sido fundamental para que eu possa terminar este processo e não só pelo seu apoio sempre solidário e de grande humanidade, mas também pelos seus pontos de vista sobre o papel das grandes corporações na América Latina: Obrigado, Bene, é inestimável sua presença em minha vida. À CNPq, pela bolsa de mestrado que apoiou meus estudos ao longo desta investigação, obrigado. 7 8 RESUMO Examina-se o processo de internacionalização da maior corporação de telecomunicações da Amé- rica Latina: a América Móvil, proprietária, no Brasil, das empresas EMBRATEL, CLARO, NET Serviços e Star One. Cada uma dessas empresas é especializada na administração de mensagens e informações do sistema comunicativo brasileiro e têm redes distribuídas em diversas partes da América Latina. O objetivo geral da presente dissertação é analisar as ligações entre os principais grupos financeiros internacionais com o proprietário da América Móvil, o magnata Carlos Slim Helú – hoje considerado o homem mais rico do mundo. Para conhecer o caminho percorrido no Brasil por esse empresário e a história do grupo de empresas de sua propriedade. Foram examina- dos os momentos de aquisição dos ativos de gigantescas corporações do mesmo ramo de indús- trias como a MCI, a SBC e a AT&T, processo que colocou a América Móvil como terceiro grupo de telecomunicações no Brasil. Para tanto, considera-se importante analisar as transformações do sistema capitalista nos últimos anos, no que se refere aos novos mecanismos para gerar capital e permitir as migrações de grandes montantes de dinheiro em curto prazo a partir de um catalisador que maximizou suas operações: a indústria de telecomunicações. O desenvolvimento e a interna- cionalização da América Móvil não representam propriamente um ponto de ruptura com as formas de centralização de lucros das épocas passadas. Pelo contrário, essa empresa continua desenvol- vendo os mecanismos próprios do sistema capitalista como o tráfico de influências, a falta de transparência de informação sobre suas operações e as alianças com gigantescos grupos de poder financeiro dos países centrais, predominantemente dos Estados Unidos. O primeiro capítulo pro- blematiza as formas como é entendido o conceito de globalização na economia política, a partir de uma perspectiva que privilegia os processos produtivos e informacionais subordinados aos gran- des negócios, bem como a relação entre as grandes corporações e o capital financeiro para o exercício de controle da indústria das telecomunicações em escala internacional. O segundo capí- tulo examina o papel da indústria das telecomunicações na atual crise do capitalismo. Apresenta-se uma explicação útil para compreensão de como, utilizando-se dessa indústria, o capital consegue grandes avanços no sentido de reinvestir os excedentes do sistema e aplicá-los na aquisição de antigas empresas paraestatais. Analisa-se o papel do grupo de empresas componentes da América Móvil e todas as aquisições de empresas privatizadas no Brasil. No geral, é possível perceber que o processo de compra e venda de empresas públicas só pode concretizar-se por meio da geração da interdependência do governo no Brasil e no México, com os grandes grupos empresariais de in- vestidores envolvidos com o capital financeiro. O êxito da privatização da indústria de telecomu- nicações nesses dois países acompanhou a destruição dos movimentos operários, principalmente por meio de um movimento generalizado de “flexibilização” e “precarização” do trabalho. O ter- ceiro e último capítulo procura trazer algumas contribuições sobre a questão da estruturação da propriedade da América Móvil, e como essa organização do capital permite gerar dinâmicas de grandes negócios com outros grupos empresariais e financeiros. O foco da análise abrange a estru- tura da propriedade da América Móvil, as alianças no plano internacional com outros grupos econômicos e o potencial e real tráfico de influências que existe no conselho diretivo dessa empre- sa. 9 10 ABSTRACT To examine the process of internationalization of a major telecomunication corporation of Latin America: America Movil, owned by Brazilian companies EMBRATEL, CLARO, NET and Star One. Each of these companies specialized in the administration of messages and information within the brazilian communication system and have networks in many parts of Latin America. The general objective is to present my disertation on the partnerships between the major international financial groups with the major owner of America Movil, tycoon Carlos Slim Helú, currently considered the richest man in the world. To learn the chosen path in Brazil by this business man and the history of his group of companies, its political and economical aspects, to examine the acquisition of brazilian companies, such as MCI, SBC and AT&T. This process ranked America Movil the top three telecomunications groups in Brazil. I also want to consider important analysis as transforming the capitalist system in the latest years, new methods of creating capital and allowing the flow of great quantities of money in the short term. Recognizing the telecommunication industry as one of the most important catalysts of this process. Development and internationalization of America Movil don`t represent a breaking point in the different forms of centralization of profits and wealth in the past. To the contrary, this corporation continues developing mechanisms of the capital system such as traffic of Information influence, lack of transparency about their operations and alliances with huge powerful financial groups of central countries, predominately the United States. The first chapter problemizes the understood forms of political and economic concepts of globalization, the perspective from the productive and informatic processes characteristic of large companies and the relation between big corporations and financial capital in order to control the telecommunication industry on an international scale. The second chapter examines the role of the telecommunication industry in the current capitalist crisis. It looks to explain and understand how, using this industry, capital profits grow in order to reinvest surplus back into the whole system and acquire old government corporations. There is an analysis of the role of the corporate group América Móvil and all acquisitions of privatized companies in Brazil. Overall, it´s possible to see that the process of buying and selling of public companies can only become real through the generation of interdependence of the public sector in Brazil and Mexico, with major business groups of investors involved with financial capital. The successful privatization of the telecommunications industry in both countries caused the destruction of labor movements mainly through a general movement of "flexibility" and "instability" of work. The third and final chapter seeks to bring some
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