Technology and Innovation, Vol. 19, pp. 441-448, 2017 ISSN 1949-8241 • E-ISSN 1949-825X Printed in the USA. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.21300/19.1.2017.441 Copyright © 2017 National Academy of Inventors. www.technologyandinnovation.org

THE NAI FELLOW PROFILE: AN INTERVIEW WITH DR. JOSEPH M. DESIMONE

Joseph M. DeSimone1,2 and Kimberly A. Macuare3

1Carbon, Redwood City, CA, USA 2University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 3National Academy of Inventors, Tampa, FL, USA

In a recent interview with T&I, renowned professor, inventor, and serial entrepreneur Dr. Joseph M. DeSimone discusses how his company Carbon is revolutionizing the Maker Movement, why we shouldn’t be pessimistic about the impact that 3D printing and other technologies will have on jobs, and what really makes innovative teams successful.

INTRODUCTION Technology and Innovation (T&I) is pleased to present Dr. Joseph M. DeSimone—engineer, inventor, and entrepreneur—as the subject of this issue’s NAI Fellow Profile. DeSimone is the CEO and co-founder of Carbon and the Chancellor’s Eminent Professor of Chemistry at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), the William R. Kenan, Jr. Profes- sor of Chemical Engineering at North Carolina State University and of Chemistry at UNC, and an adjunct member at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. DeSimone, a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Ursinus College, received his Ph.D. in chemistry from Vir- ginia Tech and started his appointment as an assistant professor at UNC directly upon graduation. From that point on, he has set a whirlwind pace, and his career has been characterized both by swift ascent and high productivity. He is the author of over 300 articles, inventor on an awe-inspiring 350 issued or pending patents, and a successful serial entrepreneur. (photo courtesy of Joseph DeSimone) ______

Accepted April 15, 2017. Profiled Inventor: Joseph M. DeSimone, Ph.D., 1089 Mills Way, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA Corresponding Author: Kimberly A. Macuare, Associate Editor, Technology and Innovation, Journal of the National Academy of Inventors® at the USF Research Park, 3702 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 165, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. Tel: +1 (813) 974-1347; E-mail: [email protected]

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His outstanding scientific work has earned him a DeSimone: I began my leave from the University place in that elite group of scholars who have been of North Carolina about three years ago. I still have elected to the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, seven students finishing up their doctoral disser- Engineering, and Medicine and selected as fellows tations, and the majority of them will be done by of the National Academy of Inventors, the Amer- the end of this calendar year. After starting several ican Association for the Advancement of Science, companies as a faculty member and nurturing them and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. while being a faculty member—as a board member Moreover, he has also been recognized with major or a consultant—and having taught entrepreneurship awards in other areas that are equally important to in the College of Arts and Sciences at Carolina, after him, including innovation, technology transfer, and 25 years, I’ve turned a new chapter, and I’m leading the promotion of diversity in science. Carbon. Trained as a chemist, DeSimone has focused his We have an amazing team of people here working academic and entrepreneurial efforts on finding inno- at the intersection of hardware engineering, software vative solutions to major problems in a wide range of engineering, and molecular science. We’re about 200 areas. Some of his key contributions have come in the strong, and we have products in the marketplace area of medicine and include his co-founding a com- that are doing fantastic. We’re trying to reinvent and pany to commercialize bioabsorbable drug-eluting disrupt the manufacturing sector. We believe strongly stents as well as his creation of fabrication techniques that although the digital revolution has impacted to specifically tailor nanoparticles for medical applica- many different sectors of the economy—commerce tions such as vaccines and medicines. Most recently, and movies and media and getting a hotel room or he has turned his considerable creative powers to the a taxi—the digital revolution has not happened in manufacturing sector, where his invention of Con- manufacturing. And the only hope for where that tinuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP), a new could really happen is in additive manufacturing 3D printing technology inspired by the Hollywood and 3D printing. Up until this point, 3D printing blockbuster Terminator 2, stands to revolutionize has been slow and uneconomical, and the parts have the manufacturing industry and affect sectors from not had the quality to be final parts. Carbon changes automotive to medical. CLIP technology, a major all of that, and therefore we’re trying to usher in the advance in additive manufacturing, uses a novel pho- digital revolution in manufacturing, reinventing the tochemical process that exploits light and oxygen to way people design, engineer, make, and distribute quickly make high-quality parts from specialized physical things. liquid resins. By using an oxygenated layer of resin during fabrication, CLIP obviates the need to peel T&I: You just mentioned that you have several prod- between layers of resin, a process that made previous ucts on the market that are doing really well right 3D printing machines slower and thus not feasible now. Which products are you most excited about? for mass manufacturing applications. DeSimone: We’ve invented a new way of doing 3D Dr. DeSimone was kind enough to take time away printing, and our machine—our hardware that we from his hectic schedule at his new company, which is call M1—is an internet-connected device that uses in full growth mode, to talk about how Carbon is rev- light and oxygen to grow parts. We have amazing olutionizing the Maker Movement, why we shouldn’t resins that have a wide range of mechanical properties be pessimistic about the impact that 3D printing and for a host of applications, ranging from a variety of other manufacturing technologies will have on jobs, performance plastics used in automotive and aero- and what really makes innovative teams successful. space to advanced materials for medical devices to amazing elastomers for athletic footwear all the way INTERVIEW to high-temperature materials used in demanding T&I: Can you tell us a bit about the current projects applications in aerospace and medical that are rigid you are working on at Carbon and if you still have and sterilizable. Some even have flame retardancy work in progress at your lab at UNC? for use in some really demanding application spaces. THE NAI PROFILE 443

So, at Carbon, it’s hardware, it’s software, it’s res- ins. The M1 itself is internet-connected and streams a lot of data back to us on an ongoing basis, which helps us constantly to improve how our technology works for our customers and partners. This ushers in a whole new frontier of how people make things with equipment that gets better with time. We push features to the printer itself, doing software upgrades every six or seven weeks, and, with those software upgrades, machine performance continues to get better. We can add new resins easily and give people the power to use new resins and new features. We’re really a data-centric company, and this also shifts the whole concept of provenance associated with parts. The idea that when people make a part using our technology, we know all the born-on data, all the conditions of the printer when a given part was made—how it was printed, which lot, which resins, which specific machine, which processing equipment was used to bake it—this allows us to raise the bar on authenticity of parts and part quality. We think people and businesses around the world are really going to love having data to track parts that are serialized, all the way back to a part’s origin. From a product safety and liability point of view, it’s a pretty amazing shift that ushers in new business models. Just look at recent cases of companies not knowing which cars contain terrible, defective air impact bags. We’re talking about hundreds of thousands, even millions, of cars. What a mess that is! The idea that we can change this kind of scenario through digital and additive by having a unique identifier on every part—we’re going to open up new business models. T&I: So, really, this technology is going to be a breeding ground for complementary technologies— hardware, software, materials etc. DeSimone: Yes, it’s a zero to one innovation in the Peter Thiel vernacular, with a whole bunch of cas- cading inventions that pile up on top of it. It really opens up a new vista of opportunities.

T&I: 3D printing has spurred the Maker Movement, Figure 1. Since the date of this interview with Dr. DeSimone a highly influential movement with which you have (February 9, 2017), Carbon has released another printer, the been often associated and even cited as a pioneer. M2 (pictured here), that builds on the M1’s capabilities. The M2 features twice the build volume as the M1, allowing for larger Looking ahead, what do you envision the long-term parts, higher throughput, and lower part cost. (photo courtesy impact will be of this new culture of makers? of Carbon, Inc.) 444 THE NAI PROFILE

DeSimone: You know, I think what’s amazing is that T&I: I hadn’t intended to ask this, but, in the wake you get to tap the ingenuity of a broad range of people of the 2016 election, the potential negative effects of who get exposed to what you’re doing. Generating these new technologies have been widely discussed, a whole new platform for making things—where and some people are evincing concerns about how historically unmakeable things are now makeable— these technologies are affecting jobs, especially jobs really opens up amazing amounts of innovation. I such as those in the manufacturing sector. Do you can’t tell you how many examples we’re seeing now think about that? What kinds of jobs do you think where a part that did some function, whether it’s in rise up to take the place of those traditional manu- a mixer or blender or a multi-part valve in a car or a facturing jobs? component on a drone or a medical device, used to be DeSimone: There’s a couple of ways to think about an assembly of five or six or seven parts because each part was what was makeable but the assembly wasn’t. this. I’m a pretty optimistic person. I think the ability Now, it becomes one part, and it fundamentally looks to make complex things has been in the hands of very different because it’s now complex and unmakeable few entities over the years, and it’s really been the rich by traditional manufacturing techniques. We usher and powerful corporations that have had the capacity in that kind of ingenuity, and the parts become better. and the wherewithal to make amazing things. This is Pressure drop across a valve can go to zero, and circu- because the traditional tooling to manufacture parts is lating pumps for that fluid can be much lower rated incredibly expensive and cost prohibitive for most. If, and cheaper, for example. And, all of a sudden, you all of a sudden, complexity is now free and the ability get cost savings that are dramatic, with performance to make complex things is more democratized, then going way up at the same time. So, it’s almost like a many more people have the ability to produce parts— Moore’s law kind of thing, where cost goes down for example, by going to a local service bureau, which and performance goes up. In fact, I like that analogy is sort of like the Kinko’s of 3D printing. With more a lot. Cost goes down and performance goes up; it’s people getting access to amazing tools that can turn got a Moore’s law kind of feel to it when you can start ideas into physical objects that create value, and also making complex things easily. having the provenance associated with those products and the authenticity traced back to the inventor— T&I: That puts a lot of power in the hands of indi- these are amazing sorts of things that can be really vidual innovators. powerful. I think entire new business models are DeSimone: Yes, there was this really cool TED talk going to emerge that are going to benefit individuals by the curator of TED [Chris Anderson] where he and empower individuals to make their ideas worthy talked about crowd-accelerated innovation. His story of investment and commerce. was about the rapid evolution of dance through kids T&I: Now that you have been leading Carbon for a posting YouTube videos of themselves that others while, have you had time to reflect on the relationship around the world would then view and try to top. So, between the entrepreneurial path and the academic a kid somewhere in Asia may post a video and then one? Are there different keys to success in each arena? a kid in Africa would then say, “Hey, that’s a great dance, but I can beat that kid’s dance.” And with this DeSimone: There’s nothing like sitting in your faculty happening across multiple continents in real-time, office with the smell of books around you thinking with thousands and thousands of people participating deep thoughts—of course, that’s not actually the way and putting their own videos up there, new skills are things go! What I would say is there’s a lot of com- showcased, taught, learned, and invented so rapidly monality—at least in the way we are leading Carbon. that it accelerates the evolution of dance exponen- There is a lot of commonality between leading in a tially. I think some people now believe that dance university setting and leading in the private sector. has evolved more in the last three years than in the I think one of the key features for success in both is last 3,000 years. That kind of accelerated innovation, that people need to be inspired and they need to know where you can have an open environment, is pretty why. There needs to be purpose. This is a purpose-led powerful. organization: reinventing the way people make things, design things, engineer things, and deliver things. THE NAI PROFILE 445

A lot of it is directed to health care, lowering health T&I: Turning from the general to the more personal, care costs and changing the way people treat and I’d like to dig in a little on your own story. You are a cure diseases, making cars more fuel-efficient and serial entrepreneur, and it’s one thing to be an entre- safer—really, all sorts of purposes are embedded preneur and another thing altogether to be a serial in what we do. Universities are similar. I think the entrepreneur. Statistically, only one in ten adults strong connection between the two is that they are engages in entrepreneurial activities in the U.S. and purpose-led organizations. an even narrower subset (29% of the original one in I’m a big believer in research, especially academic ten) can be classified as serial entrepreneurs. What research and how it can create new things that are do you identify as the reason for your involvement better and can improve the health and well-being in what is really such a rare activity? of society. This becomes a call to action. I think too DeSimone: I think it’s addicting. Once you start doing many times academic research can lie dormant and it, the challenge is that the highs can be really, really never get outside the academy. There is a moral obli- high and the lows can be really, really low. To try to do gation to do that. If one of my colleagues invents a it with an even keel is important. I can tell you that, cure for AIDS or Ebola and if she publishes a paper with one of my earlier endeavors before Carbon, when before her university even files a patent, the $600 I was watching remotely when our first biodegradable million of needed follow-on investment may never stent was being implanted in a human in New Zea- happen in order to convert that brilliant concept into land, my knees were weak and I had goosebumps. It a legitimate product. It is vital to foster openness, but was unbelievable. Now, there are over 200,000 people that doesn’t mean it isn’t also vital for universities to around the world who have our stents. protect inventions with patents. That is necessary if When I go to the Midwest and talk to Chip Gear, breakthrough research is going to have the signifi- who is a retired Navy Captain with a business that cant societal impact that it can have. The ability for is changing the footprint in the Rust Belt of the U.S. academic research to lead to transformative products and creating jobs and businesses and driving inno- depends on financing from commercial interests— vation, it’s pretty heartwarming and inspiring. It’s financing that is not achievable without a strong heady stuff going into some of these humble places patent. and seeing that people are so damned fired up that a I love the marketplace. The marketplace in a tech group out in this Silicon Valley is helping them controlled way really elevates society. If you publish change their businesses. That’s pretty heady. When something, and it’s open, and it’s not patented first, they start talking about visions that are as big as your commercial interests now lack incentive to invest own vision and based on your technology, it is goose- significant money to develop a product and enable bumps time. That’s truly motivating for a science that research to achieve its true impact and improve person, a polymer person; that’s pretty neat. people’s lives. It wouldn’t be uncommon to need to And it is addicting to see that your toolbox can be plow one billion dollars into a new drug to go through helpful to others. When I started doing medical-re- all the appropriate FDA approval studies on efficacy lated research that involved NIH funding, it was a and safety. If that money doesn’t get invested, the powerful experience. NIH often has patient advocates product will never see the light of day. I think there’s who go on peer review site visits, you know, cancer a need—I think there’s a moral obligation—to patent survivors who are scientists and engineers standing by breakthroughs in academic research. There are a lot a student’s poster trying to understand their approach of people who are waking up at 3:30 in the morning for treating pancreatic cancer. Are you kidding? Talk to go to work and making minimum wage and paying about a high. That is so motivating, and so I think taxes that go to the National Science Foundation and it is a great time to be a scientist and engineer when the National Institutes of Health (NIH). People are you’re trying to improve people’s lot in life and their expecting a return on those investments to improve health and well-being. It’s fun to be helpful. their lot or the lot of their kids. I think one needs to be pursuing a strong balance of long-term research T&I: Motivation has clearly been a part of your story. along with seeing how that research can benefit and I mean, you were already an assistant professor at improve the health and well-being of society. the age of 25 and have set a breakneck pace in the 446 THE NAI PROFILE years since then, racking up accomplishment after not only were there all white guys around the table, accomplishment. Where does that drive come from? which I barely noticed at first because I’m often in those environments, but what was especially striking DeSimone: I would say that it’s recognizing the power to me was that they all had graduated from the same of a team. I would think ultimately that my product, two research groups. They all knew the same stuff. to speak in business vernacular, is the people I’ve I thought, “Man, this is the innovation committee? been associated with. I can look around Carbon—I They’re at a structural disadvantage.” just had the VP of materials pop his head in this I don’t like hanging out with people who are morning, who got his Ph.D. with me and has three or like me when I think about brainstorming. I like to four former students of mine in his group. We were hang out with physicians and surgeons and people on the phone with one of our customers that we’re who own problems. I just feel like I’m a workman. I going to do something really amazing with in a few have a toolbox, but other people have problems that months, and they were talking about the significance are people-facing, and I’m just sort of a handyman of teams. I think that what I have figured out is that that can help in solving them. It dawned on me that the volume and height of my legacy is directly related organizational structure has a profound influence on to the quality of people that I’ve had the good fortune innovation. A lot of people will talk about the role of to touch. I’m really good at staying the hell out of disciplinary diversity and the theme of convergence. their way and just helping them see the potential in I’ve chaired studies on convergence, including for the themselves and what they’re doing, and that’s been a National Academies, and many folks will limit how lot of fun. That’s the key. they think about convergence to the definition MIT T&I: The team? established a number of years ago, focused at the interface of the life sciences, physical sciences, and DeSimone: Yes, having people who are a hell of a lot engineering for advances in medicine. Those fields smarter than you and who are motivated, and seeing are indeed pretty hard to straddle, but this definition the unbounded potential in that team. We are good leaves out the broader social sciences, the humanities, at recruiting great people who are motivated to do and even the performing arts. Joining ideas from the something special. broadest range of fields to solve a pressing problem T&I: Speaking of recruiting, I was quite taken with a is how I think about convergence. Innovation and quote you offered on the importance of diversity when problem-solving processes to tackle significant soci- building an innovation team: “There is no more fertile etal challenges benefit greatly from the convergence ground for innovation than a diversity of experience. of diverse people and diverse disciplines—this means And that diversity of experience arises from a differ- human diversity in the broadest sense too, not just ence of cultures, ethnicities, and life backgrounds. A disciplinary diversity. successful scientific endeavor is one that attracts a You realize from having been on a lot of different diversity of experience, draws upon the breadth and design teams how important diversity is. You recog- depth of that experience, and cultivates those differ- nize that how a young person contributes to a design ences, acknowledging the creativity they spark.” What team may be very different depending, for example, experiences brought you to that realization? How do on whether they grew up with a lot of money or they didn’t. How someone looks at a problem is shaped you put that into practice with your research group by life experience; if you grow up without a lot of and your company? resources, your problem-solving approach will be DeSimone: I had a pretty enlightening experience in shaped by that experience. The richness of ideas and my late 20s. My Ph.D. advisor couldn’t make some perspectives drives innovation. To me, that’s really commitment, and he threw a bone to me to take his been why I appreciate diversity as a fundamental place on an innovation committee at a very large tenet of innovation—that recognition that we learn chemical company. I said sure, and I walked into the most from those we have the least in common this boardroom that was pretty sterile looking. And with. If you have a thirst for knowledge, the last thing THE NAI PROFILE 447 you want to be doing is sitting next to someone who T&I: Your career is notable as a teacher and mentor knows the things that you know and looks the way as well as a researcher and entrepreneur. Given the you do. It takes a bit of discomfort and confidence— critical issues we face as a society, we need more stu- confidence in what you know and what you don’t dents to think like you and to take up careers in the know—to have a conversation with someone who innovation sphere. What are we doing well in the area knows a lot about something that you don’t, or who of encouraging students to follow that path? What has experienced something that you’ve never expe- could we be doing better? rienced. And it’s core. DeSimone: I’ve been using the phrase “Every moment T&I: You are also on the record as an ardent supporter counts” a lot lately. Thinking about the election, every of a liberal arts education. In a world that increasingly moment counts, and every vote counts. We got what tries to place the liberal arts and the STEM fields in we voted for. I think everyone has got to be account- opposition, this seems like an important point to able, and everyone has to recognize that if you don’t pursue. How did your early foundation in the liberal participate or engage, then you’re going to get a result arts shape your path in science? Why are the liberal that you perhaps didn’t want. Who said, “Life is 90% arts so necessary? showing up?” I think Woody Allen said something like that. There is truth to it. A quote that I love by DeSimone: I went to a phenomenal residential liberal Goethe also comes to mind: “It is not enough to arts institution outside Philly called Ursinus College. know; we must also apply. It is not enough to will; Our family couldn’t afford for me to be residential we must also do.” You have to show up and you have there, so I was a commuter and worked a couple of to engage and “do” because every moment counts. jobs while I went to school. It was a pretty neat envi- This is especially important for those following an ronment. I probably hated being put on the spot so entrepreneurial path. much to describe what I thought about a passage of literature or other work that I had to read the night T&I: Do you think that universities, by and large, before. There were only 12 kids in each class, and there are doing a good job of getting students to engage? was no hiding in the back! It was pretty uncomfortable DeSimone: I think they are. There are probably at times, yet it became very clear to me that—and too many political pressures that universities face. probably more in hindsight than when I was going Universities, especially public institutions, are really through it—understanding what lifelong learning is challenged to do more and more and more with less all about, understanding what’s important, under- and less, and it’s unfortunate that a fundamental standing the messages in great works of literature and ratio that points to educational quality—the student- philosophy, understanding principles from different faculty ratio—is the same ratio that some lawmakers fields like economics and psychology, and seeing how look at to gauge inefficiency. You can’t get around that this understanding resonates in our world today is math. It’s a simple ratio, and I think it’s challenging. key. Just look at what’s happening around us. You can make many analogies to historically important CONCLUSION themes. Having been prepared by reading all of these One can’t help but be impressed when DeSimone, a different things shapes my perspectives and even helps man of conviction and ideals, speaks passionately not me to understand my own areas of expertise better, only of his work in the sense of its scientific impact especially in identifying ways to apply specialized but also in its adherence to his own beliefs, especially knowledge, for example in polymer chemistry, to those concerning the centrality of diverse and creative have a meaningful impact in society. I still read a lot teams to all individual successes, including his own. even though I don’t have a whole lot of time to read. Cognizant that many people believe that mentioning I’ve been forcing myself to take time for reading on teamwork is something done by rote, he’s adamant the weekends. I just read an amazing book called The in insisting on the veracity of this sentiment, noting Obstacle Is the Way. The path for so many great things that when you are really in the thick of any creative is really embedded in the obstacles that one faces. work, you cannot help but recognize the simple and 448 THE NAI PROFILE central truth that your success is determined not 7. National Research Council. Convergence: by you but by the quality of the people around you. facilitating transdisciplinary integration of life Key to that quality, in his estimation, is the range of sciences, physical sciences, engineering, and perspectives that his group can bring to the table. beyond. Washington (DC): The National Acad- When considering whether he feels that he has been emies Press; 2014 [accessed 2017 May 1]. http:// successful at Carbon in assembling a team that reflects www.nap.edu/catalog.‌php?‌record_id=18722. that commitment to diversity and a true sense of what 8. Xu J, Wong DHC, Byrne JD, Chen K, Bower- he means by convergence, his response is unequivocal: man C, DeSimone JM. Future of the Particle “Oh yeah. We are the land of misfit toys here, and Replication in Nonwetting Templates (PRINT) it’s pretty fun. Everybody’s cherished, everybody’s Technology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. different; it’s pretty neat.” With that philosophy front 52(26):6580-6589; 2013. and center, there is little doubt that Carbon will make 9. Perry JL, Herlihy KP, Napier ME, DeSimone JM. good on the lofty objectives that DeSimone and his PRINT: a novel platform toward shape and size team have set. specific nanoparticle theranostics. Acc Chem Res. 44(10):990-998; 2011. FURTHER READING 10. Gratton SEA, Ropp PA, Pohlhaus PD, Luft 1. DeSimone JM, Mecham SJ, Farrell CL. Organic JC, Madden VJ, Napier ME, DeSimone JM. polymer chemistry in the context of novel pro- The effect of particle design on cellular inter- cesses. ACS Cent Sci. 2(9):588-597; 2016. nalization pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2. Janusziewicz R, Tumbleston J, Quintanilla AL, 105(33):11613-11618; 2008. Mecham SJ, DeSimone JM. Layerless fabrication 11. Rolland JP, Maynor BW, Euliss LE, Exner AE, with continuous liquid interface production. Denison GM, DeSimone JM. Direct fabrica- Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 113(42):11703-11708; tion and harvesting of monodisperse, shape 2016. specific nano-biomaterials. J Am Chem Soc. 3. Tumbleston JR, Shirvanyants D, Ermoshkin 127(28):10096-10100; 2005. N, Janusziewicz R, Johnson AR, Kelly D, Chen 12. Rolland JP, Van Dam RM, Schorzman DA, Quake K, Pinschmidt R, Rolland JP, Ermoshkin A, SR, DeSimone JM. Solvent resistant “liquid Tef- Samulski ET, DeSimone JM. Continuous liq- lon” for microfluidic device fabrication. J Am uid interface production of 3D objects. Science. Chem Soc. 126(8):2322-2323; 2004. 347(6228):1349-1352; 2015. 13. McClain JB, Londono D, Combes JR, Romack 4. DeSimone JM, Farrell CL. Driving conver- TJ, Canelas DA, Betts DE, Samulski ET, Wignall gence with human diversity. Sci Transl Med. G, DeSimone JM. Design of non-ionic surfac- 6(238):238ed11; 2014. tants for supercritical carbon dioxide. Science. 5. DeSimone JM. The role of diversity in commer- 274(5295) 2049; 1996. cializing basic science. Res Technol Manage. 14. DeSimone JM, Maury EE, Menceloglu YZ, 57(6):16-20; 2014. Combes JR, McClain JB, Romack T. Dispersion 6. Wong DH, Thelen JL, Fu Y, Devaux D, Pandya polymerizations in supercritical carbon dioxide. AA, Battaglia VS, Balsara NP, DeSimone JM. Science. 265(5170):356-359; 1994. Nonflammable Perfluoropolyether-based elec- 15. DeSimone JM, Guan Z, Elsbernd CS. Synthesis of trolytes for lithium batteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci fluoropolymers in supercritical carbon dioxide. USA. 111(9):3327; 2014. Science. 257(5072):945-947; 1992.