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the obscenity of*& * frisbee freak’s guidebook THE MARTLET, Aagmt 10, lyll Page 2

l7ie Martlet Maison Francaise

Maison Francaise, 'an.in- program began in.1985. The that tryare the ones' that tensive course in con- instructors &re French benefit". versational.French,- is on Canadian teachers. They live "The best way to 1- a campus again this summer. in the residence with the language is to live in the . Part of Lansdowne students to give extra aid and country, of Course, although Residence is occupied by 76 encouragement. As weli as the Maison Francaise works very Francophiles who are par- actual 6 instructors, there are well", stated Miss De ticipating in an attempt to FrenchfiveCanadian Koninck. become bilingual. ,They in- students to provide additonal Most of the students that clude teachers as well as high coaching. were interviewecl agreed'tbat school universityand the course was going well and students.Therearefivehours One of the hstructors, Miss that hey were.. learning a ofclasseseachdayaswellas 'Zita Koninck, said in an great deal. out of clam assignments. They interview that she feels that Some of the students, are also encouraged to speak the course is workingvery enrolled in the course have French at. meals and social well. She said thatshe had had very little backgrotmd in events. language films noticed a great improvement French. Other are French in most members of her class. and records 4provided in ryl quite fluent. About, two-thhds at- to ''triiin the ear". "It is difficult to come up of the'studenta-are on the Maison Francaise is an here with all your friends and scholarshipoffered by the attempt to teach French in an notspeaktatheminEnglish .B.C. Government to high environmental situation. This when you aren't in class", she school universityand commented,"but the ones students. Day-care to open soon applications being .taken- The Wic DayCare centre, but due to numesouo me%-- an old revitalized house sitting pectedcomplications - just off campus, will open its mainlyintheformofredtape doore foroperation Awt - delay followed deday. 3ouI .. supervisar of the centre, Mrs.~WiUiam8~reyr,' If all goes well that-b. -x Ibnava, fbnt'tln 9epcue mcCn(n"to &"-tocued0t~Mcoay have time ago, apsaed wme Rd. --should ba.aperatioarl. -I 1.. ’. . -- 1

The grea:t Oz- conspiracy trial by martlet $aff~ Felix Dennis,another Oz Learywent on in his davidtodd28of Oz, Magazine, to wit, the @me PPkthe mainCause ~~~~1 oZ.~,~~~l~ last of that, he said, would be the editor,elaborated on the uniquelymundane fashion: M& difficultiesthey had ex- there a ’type of music ‘, year, the editors decided to idea “‘that Rupert Bear had a “Is John and YokO have written give school children the op- penis at dl.’’ perienced in gettingthe called. mood music bhich ;magazine published. One assists young peoplegetting to an album for them’rock bands portunity to hplpproduce an Outside the court, Oz sup likeTraffic . are playing issueof the magazine. Twenty porters were selling T~irts printer refused on the grounds know each other sexually?” benefitsforthem and their children accepted invitations embroidered with “Oz Ob- his premiseswere too near he queried. Buckingham Palace.In- Earlier the prosecutor had supPOrters have used to submit ideas and attend scenity Trial-Old Bailey.1971”. werythingfrom street editorialconferences. The Mr. Leary objected to the sale terjected the judge, “Cay we defined“indecent” and out s“obscene” as the difference to Shirt badges to publicize the final result . was thatthe of these while thetrial was keep the Royal Family of this case? Let us go to another betweenaman who strips cause. children selected most of the go* On* “They”, areRichard material for publication,-and point .” naked on a crowded beach and Much of the prosecution’s one who strips and mastur- Neville, 29, Fdix Dennis, 24, in almost allcases decided Inside,’ Ronald Dworken, and James Anderson, 32, the whatwent into the magazine. professor ofjmispl.udence at attackhad been .directed bates. editors of Oz, Britain’s leiding Oxford .was saying, “This towards the editorial stance of Detective-Inspector Luff of undergroundmagazine. For The second day of the trial pro%ecution is in a Sense a Oz on drugs. One ad- the Obscene Publications the past six these three the jurors spent the afternoon , corruption of publicmorals. It vertisement for a “Mind Squad, an impartial witness if men havebeen a on trial in 0~7“from cover to ’ seemsto me that part of the Bending Acid Oz” issue said it ever there was one, said Issue bndon’s Centr&Criminal cover”. as Judgepublicmoralityin- of this country was “packed with _facts; and 28 of Oz had attacked society. Court, the Old Bailey,charged strutted* is the freedom of expression.” information on the real dope’ Incidentally, Luff’s men had with “conspiracy to produce a themselvesattacked society. magazine with intent to His squad had removed from corrupt children.” Oz officesall .files, sub- Wizards offed by jud!ge . .. scription lists and ledgers. me trial is the latest move MichaelDuane, a lecturer the authorities in this Amid cries of outrage late Nevillewas jailed for 15 members of the new editorial by at . Roehampton ‘normal countryto curtailthe last week a British Hikh Court months and recommendedfor board promjsed that the next judgehanded down stiff deportation, Anderson jailed issue will be a bombshell. school, considered the people elements of the underground who took 1eg-d action against pess which have most of- sentences, on obscenity for one year; and Dennis for “Thistime they will need charges, to the three editors 01 ninemonths. All are ap- the sedition laws, not just the Oz to be apparently mentally fended the sensibilities of deranged as, he said, “no one ‘ScotlandYard’s Obscene 02. pealing. bbscenitylaws, to bust us,” ThrohghoutBritain, Subsequent ta.the charges, warned one. in his. normal ,senses would Publications.Squad. deal with a, prank” by’ politicians, . pop stars, several Oz supporters were Elevenmembers of Unlike mostsuch cases newspapers a.nd civil liberties arrested in.scuffles with the Parliament, including three bringing the whdle process of which pass through.English groups have protested the police, and others madean formerLaborcabinet law to bear on -hung people. courts, this trial has received jailing Thursday of Richard effigy of the judge which was ministers, have intrqduced .a Others testifid that -but for wide reportage both in Britain Neville, James Anderson, and burned‘outside the Courts Commonsmotion expressing the activities 06the state the and abroad. In an otherwise Felix Dennis by Justice ,building. shock ’at the severity of the issue .would .: have been ratherdull and dreary, Michael Argylei As the row continues, the- sentences. forgotten a long time ago. summer, withBritons lulled In the ‘prosecution’s closing by’ekdl&y% progress speesh.,Jeary okqrved that report pn the European Next morning, gavea hint of the 01. 28 could be divided into Common - Market,the Oz ”21ean” and sections. Obscenity mal has proved tactical line the defence were “dirty” . He failed: however, produce thecomie event of the ti0 take. “fifyou convict us at tried, across the river, in Prosecutor Leary suggested to the adof this trial,” he said, Lambeth, the trialof the Little specific cases .of “depravity season.‘ ‘Nat onlyhave the achild might have sucked and corruption” attributable defendantsproduced a “you are in reality convicting Red Schoob-k was taking the edge of the page thinking magnificent piece of absurd school children”’ place. The publisher, w(lhard there was something on it. to the magazine.This is in theatre, but the Crown Handyside, was fined $400 for marked contrast td the high producinga information “All they- would have got calibre of witnessesthe prosecution has, by its “... And if you convict them, sex \was some ink on their lips.” handbookfor young people. defence has brought forth, one gullibility, contributed the thenyou yourselves must : RepliedNeville “No-one to Handyside said beforehe after the other, in seemingly light atmosphere in the staid accept .some of the respon- ‘wouldhave believed that if left the court that the book endless procession. : old court, with exchanges like sibility for their guilt. So far they‘ sucked the pagethey the Wowing: fromdebauching the morals encouraged youngpeople to question authority, and, thus would have got high.” Fora month, the London of the young, our evidence will & had, he explained, simply Times has reported on the The Crown prosecutor asks show that Oz is part of a its banningwas apolitical decision. beena reference to the trial with headlines such as , a BBC disc jockey, communicationsnetwork rumour that LSDcould be “Child Psychiatrist Says Oz whether he has ever con- intends the vqy As the magistrate madehis whicli op- Harmful.” ‘ ekitfrom the courtroom,he empregnated in Paper. Oz had Not tracted VD, . posite. It sets out to enlighten wed exaggeration, a standard At this date of- writing the CROWN - ‘‘I ~nlyasked you and elevate public morais;Sex was followed by cries of “You satirical technique, “just like trial continues Monday, July obscene old man.” thatbecause you have crimes inDenmark have Swift did”, said Neville. Richard Neville took the broadcast it.” Reading,ne& London, 26, dropped since the abolition of In Theprosecution whole day deli& a brilliant PEEL “I Would be Very cops recruited from all over to - laws against pornography.” unabashedlyquestioned address in defence of his svprised if a lot of people in southenr England were riding witnesses about the cover of magazine’spolicies. One this Court had not had herd on the rock festival there, in particular bane of the the school Kidz edition, which correspondent~amparedit to venereal disease.” turning it intoa threeday pro.ttecution wascartoona depicted four pairs of girls in afamous speech. made in mWN -“which partof.the depictingRupert Bear, a poli~eman9~ball. any local ’’ residentscomplained of lesbian poses. Richard Neville defence of free e ression, at aRpt? popular English children’s didnot believe the picture the Lady mat& trial in. PEEL - “I Wdd ~ayall harassment by $e men in character, deflowering a represented a “lesbian orgy. ” tJn? OM Bailey ten years ago. parts of the court.”. blue: . “Gypsy Granny”. LEAFtY -. ‘‘Fow c~~ple~Of pnwecltion is pmbably CROWN - “Are you The next weekend saw the The Responding to Crown I. introduction Hcrmeybmch, colowd girls behaving in a regretting theday they serious?” questioning,.Michael of lesbian fashion decided take-& coui-t. PEEL “It is a very com- the Oz mascot,.to London at ...” to b - Schofield, a child NEVILLE - “Behaving in a They havecontradicted mon disease.” psychologist, replied that “It large. A ‘ten-foot’ female dummy, with enormous fashion which mightbe themselves, been shown up by would -have absolutely no construed lesbian”. their own WRINSMS and The trial oped June 22 rouged boobs, was escorted as ap- on effect on young peopleat all. It kary said he had no idea pearedalmost wholly in- with a h¶ardi Gras procession is intenbed to be humourous.” about Hyde ParL during afree of more than one hundred rock concert attended by@me what the rat or mousewas competent in momting an ,doingwithin the vagina of one attaclt. of Oz” from the Law Pro8ecutor Michael ieary 150,OOO people. “FrieaQ the women. “Admittedly,they are Chambers to the Ibe described the Rupert Bear of . court. And back in cow the next Judge Argyle has been the somewhathampered by the scenario could have been cartoon as. the ‘‘represen- week,therewasLeary,asldng written by Lewis Carroll. tation of well-loved a cam of some merriment ambigudty ofthe CMC they.are whether the witness thoat himself. Newspaper accounts trying to prove.” seia one Richard Neville, wearing a childhood figure having in- the SchoolKidz issue oz yellow“Oz” emblazoned tercourse with an old of a certain day’s pmceedhgs supporter. “After dl, how the T- p.Omotes “elements of the had been “entirely hell can you conspire to shirt, annomcedhe would woman.” ‘ new culture, that is a phrase misreported“, said theJudge, corrupt -. conduct his own defence, “It’s a little difficult to see children?” which is perhaps known to due no doubt, to ‘Wearing In hie Summing -up, John while JudgeMichael Argyle how a grandmother could at YpU?” and poor wustics.” MoItimer, defence ‘counsel; told the jury not to worry if the same timebea virgin,” he Characteristically,the theydidn’t understand noted. On anotheroccasion he noted, “It is perhaps 6rtmate answer came back, “As I dismissed ajurorwho was late that Shakespeare is no longer everything at. the begiuning. Nevillefound !he cartoon : Understand it, it was written for proceedings because she’ with not have “Neither do I”, he confided. “highlycomic, extremely us. He does to . by school children, so to that was six months pregnant, and stand the criticism of ham The subjectunder con- crude and clever,” Though ’ extent it reflects the ideas of sideration was Issue Number accepting that it Would shock ‘mable to run fast enow to his WOrLs cirmlati among people of.that age.” arrive on time. schaal children.

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Frisbeeseemstobetheidealsport.Itismuch more fun to do than to watch ; it gets you out- doors; it is basicallymn-violent and non- competitive; it requires no special equipment - “C you can get a brand-new frisbee for a couple of btcLs,alsedaneforaslitt‘ asaquarter-and it develops timing, grace, c( I hation and body control. And,as in the best 01dlezen arts, fii is more important than strength. Though frisbees havebecome popular only recently, they’ve been around for quite awhile. ”0, the major producer of the plastic discs, began to manufacturethem commercially back in 1955. Legend has it that the name and the game started in a cafeteria at Yale, when students began flippipg around pieplates made by the Frisbee Pie Company. To many people frisbee is more than just a game, it’s a way of life. During the summer, frisbee freaks spend hundreds of hours flipping; to them it’s not a sport, but an art-form which demands perfection and nothing kss. Others take it less seriously, but all have fun at it. At any rate, whether you’re wired to frisbees, or are just a casual user, this article (adapted from Good Times) can helpyou polish yo^ style.

THE FRISBEE The frisbee factors are size, weight, and feel- youdon’twantonethatistoospongyortoostiff. Watch out for a bubble top - this is a no-no, becauseitmessesIp,agoodcleanflieM.The smaller frisbee -the professional models,9 and onequarterinchdiameter-arebetterbecause they are more wind resistant and easier to throw and catch. Weight is a major consideration. sincewind is the mapr factor on a frisbee flight. Most frisbees ammd now weigh 108 grams and under, a little lighi for optimumtos9ing. Better weightis 115 to 130 grams - they get more distance and cut through the breeze better. World distance champ Bob May of Berkeley has thrown a weighted Pluto Platter, an old model, more than 100 yards. Awaytoaddweighttoalightfrisbeeistoput an automobile fan belt mder the lip, makin# sure it fits snugly, or snip the rim from an old throwing arm. This is the most common shot for THE BEHIND-TEE-BACK - the dise is held frisbee and tuck it inside. A frisbee with that beginners, since it is easy to control. But it bas inthetwefiiergripandthearmwhipsitout, refiiement should have no trouble fendingoff the little power. For more distance the same shot obviously, behind yourback. Wrist is even extra stiff bay breezes. can be thmwthm the opposite sideof the body, importantinthisshot,sincethehumananatomy Vidyall frisbees are made by Wham-O. A the arm whipping across as the wrist snaps it doeshYpermitasgreatanarmarhipbehind.

rare noo-”0 ~ good but is the Twirl-A-Boom. out. Arching tbe bqck some will -‘give you,the mere are several different Wham-O’s, made in Thebasicthingaboutthrowingisthesnapof neasmry clearance. both the US. and Canada. The American line is thewrist.Alsoimportantistheflatreleaseofthe Formaepoweranddistame,thetbrowcaa considered superior even though both are made frisbee. A combinetion of a weak wrist snap and beginwithadiscusthrower’snmandspin.As from the same mold, because the Canadian’s are a platter thrown at an angle to the gmmd will thebodywhirlsthearmwhipsbehindtheback cast from inferior plastic mixhves and tend to cause it to turn over and drop. The wristsnap andthefrisbeeismleasedwithastrmgsnapof warp or bubble and wear out faster. gives it the spin it needs - thegymacope effect thewrist.Thisis~impataut.Togeta Many judge the American Olympic Ring One - for stability as well as dishme. - &magsnap,&n’tjustflicktbewristo&xmrds, modelstobethebest.Wham4~themfive Oncethebasictossesaremastereditistimeto but bring it back immediately m one fluid yearsagoadsomemaystillbefoundinsmall try something fanaer. For example, the sidearm powerful motion. outlets which don’t do much business. Another throw.Thisisdoneverysimilarlytothewaya srperior model is tbe Mood&hkr 14. The good softball pitcher throws. . number refers to the mdd number stamped on TI.lEsKIP-~canbebefranfmmytype thecenterdthebottomsideofthedisc.The CATCHING thrara.Theideaistogetthefrisbeetobaure hericao14isakosrpposedt0be~~good. THE SIDEARM throw is Qw from the trp amlcaneupagain.soitiseasi&to&itma finger grip. jwt lite Of the modelsgeoerally available, the This is the beginaers’. tbe cmcnte surface. The frisbee is tiwwn at a WmbghkWisthebest,althoughsomedislike thumb on top. but the frisbee is held m the [email protected] it. MadigWr 14, longer made, were bottom just .the index middle fingers. The no with and Iaogerthethrow,thesmallertheanglegouwill be-. lhis because d their heavierweight and reducesfriction on the rdease aad m- want to throw it at. ae’eper rim, which aim stability. creases distance. Thehardestpartofthisshdistheflatrelea8e of the frisbee as the arm whips tiwm into its ~Q~TION~-~isagmmd final wrist snap.Virtually all throws c8n be done m,bestdoneoffthe~or~ TEE THROWS with the two-finger rather than foa-fiiere, .Holdthefribeamcavesideart.The The basic Wow, d cow, is the inside tms, once you get it down. frisbeerdlsonits~emabigguestioamark thefribeheldwiththmnbontop,fourfiugers Trick shots iaclude the bebind-tbebacl the shaped cuve, winding up at your m’sfcet; laderneath,tbediscthrownwithaflipofthe skip shots, the questian mark, and the tpside Easiesttodooncarerete.Boththistbmwand wristfromaearthehipmthesamesideasthe dom. (The frisbee, not the tlrower). thebolacearehardonthefrisbee. All of them simply involve wind judgment, FRISBEE GUTS: The idea here is to throw it predetermining the flight pattern, and good so hard thatyour opponent can't catch it. Welts timing.IfyouaretryingtocatchUpt0thefrisbee and bruises are notuncommon in this most you will probably wind up running circlesin and macho of frisbee games.Sometimes there is stumbling. So you have to judge where the even a little blood. frisbee will come down and hustle your ass over Formal competition is played with five-man to the spot. The frisbee goes much faster than teams, facing each other 15 yards apart.The disc you so this is essential. is thrown squarelyand as hard as possible at the opponent, who must catch it with one hand. A It is even more important ingarbage frisbee; miss costs a point. A predetermined number of playing frisbee in a crowd. Part of the fun is to points and you are out. Throwing so that it isn't run full-tilt through the crowd.then make a within arm's reach of your opponent also costs spectacular leap, picking off the disc in mid-air, you a point. and landing without cnrshing anyone. For some The International Frisbee Association has garbage frisbee enthusiasts, though, smashing been holding frisbee championships in Eagle into people without droppingthe frisbee seems to Park, Mich..for 14 years.'Competition is in be part of the fun. accuracy,medley accuracy - right and left curves. skip shots - and distance and guts. Garbage frisbee is playedmostly at large gatherings of people, like free rock concerts and outdoor theater. Flight judgement is really FRISBEE DESTRUCTION important, because you must watch where you Thetoughest things on frisbees are roofs. are running through the crowd, then look up at treetops. cold, concrete and dogs.On a cold night the last moment to catch the frisbee. a frisbee is stiffer and more brittle. Sometimes just tipping it briskly will cause itto crack. The One unique way to catch is twirling. As the dangers of roof and treetops are obvious. Con- frisbee comes near, use your index fingerto snag crete will grind away at a frisbee, especially if it under the lip, and spin with it in the same you are doing things like question mark throws. direction it is going. And certain dogslove to munch on a tasty platter. Especially annoying are dogs that leap Oneof the basic variations on the catch is up and snap for the frisbee as you are trying to called tipping. The idea is to tap the approaching throw it. In normal use a frisbee should last a frisbee into the air - one or more times - and couple of years, which isn't bad for a couple of bucks investment. then catch it, either normally or behind your _" back or whatever. Frisbee can be a diversion,a preoccupation, or a way of life, if you are monomanical enough The tip is dare by tapping the frisbee in the about it. There is enjoyment and satisfaction at mime, on the bottom of course. The best tip is all levels, so flip out. right in the center. You can tip it virith anything - your toe, heel, bead. knuckle, knee, fmger. Some people prefer one finger. others two or more, someall five held together so the tips form virtually one point.

Getting the variols tips down is one of the trickiest in frisbee. Tippingcan be a communal thing, two or more people tipping it back and forth to each other beforefinally THEUPSIDEDOWN-Thisisaverydiificult catching it. at. The frisbee is heldwith the thumb un- derneath the lip, the index and middle fiagers on @.The frisbee, amcave side up, is thrown sort Mb jmt dqging the physical joyof frisbee of like the amateur throw, but instead of being throwing, and the satisfaction of perfecting released inside the hip, it is thrown from various -tricks a@ refinements, the more hogsiae the neck, at @e same side as the competitive can indulge in different games and tfvowing hand It takes a. really strong Wrist contests. These include throwing for distance, snap to keep it from wobbling or crashing, whiqh accuracy, frisbee golf, and the most ferociousof is its natural tendency when flying upside down. all frisbee contests, guts frisbee.

THE STIFF-ELBOW his is a less difficult shot, thrown with the arm held straight out and FRISBEE GOLD -Someone picks a target, a thewristtwistedsothebackofthehandis treeorarailing,andthatistheeplivalentofthe towards your partner. The arm whips forward hole ingolf. Tbe idea is to see how many shots it hut the elbow must be kept locked., Your grip is takes you to hit it. lben go M to another target. revemed on this one. thumb under the lip. Some d the strategy here is that lefties will pick AU these throws require some practice to get outtargetswhichtheirnaturalcurvetotheright down right. But if you've got the time, what the is more suited for, and righties choose targets on bell. It gets you out inthe fresh air, well anyway, the opposite side. out m the air.

MAXIMUM TIME AFLOAT - The idea here CATCHING istoseehowlungyoucankeepthefrisbeeinthe ntere are, of course, myriad ways to catch a air. What you are cbii actually is throwing it frisbee. Do it whatever way seem comfortable. out in front of you at about a °ree angle to Different waysof catching include behind-the the ground, so that after it hits its apex it will back, behind-ulebackwhile spinning through &me right back to where you are. You try to theair, betweea-thdegs, grabbing the frisbee as catch it yourself, of course, but the frisbee is it goes past you, and anything else you can think really moving m its way down and catching it is w- a real challme for a beginner. , THE MART=, Aag&t 10.1871. Page 6 .

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THE DESTRUCTION OF INDOCt (situation early Feb. 1971) LH3 i M32 ' THE MARTLET, Augast lo. 1971 Page 7 -2

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- .. . Twenty-five years ago the dawn of the atomic era economic position of such rickety regimes as that of South war is evident in the dying fcirests and "sanitized" paddy marked the beginning of man's ability to terminate all life Korea. fields; scarit official. attention hasbeen given to the on this planet. During the laq fie years.the perfecting in Almostdx million tons of bombs. long-termecological and human effects'of drenching the Indochinaof the techniques of ecclcidemarks another landscape with chemicals.These have, however, been The technique of saturation bombing reached,its peak major step along the terminal path of aborting millions of analysed by several American scientists. The destruction of in the bombing of Khe San early in 1968; here, into a circle years of evolution. the forest crop cover in a tropical climate suchas that of some 5 miles in diameter, lO0,OOO tons of bombs were or Genocide as developed by the Nazis involved the mass Vietnam ,leadsto profound changes in soil structure, above dropped in six weeks - 5,000tons per squaremile. On all to the developmerit of virtually useless lateritic soils. exterminationof entire human groups. Ecocide as de- Indochina as a whole,according to Pentagonsources, a veloped by the US military carries this a stage further for Destruction of.mangrove forests in the Mekong:Delta is - total of 5 and three quarter million tons of bombs were Lading to erosionor salinization 'of thericefields they ecocide involves the destruction of *e living environment droppedfrom 1965 to March1971; this was halfthe which would sustain groups- as yet unborn. It is defined. protected and to the elimination of thecritically important ordnance expended. The cessation of the bombing of the fish resources of the Delta rivers. more fully by Barry Weisberg as "the premeditated assault North.in November1968 meant no diminutim in 'the of a-nation and its resouwres against the individuals, culture. destructive onslaught; it merely made it possible to switch ''An ecological equiwht of thalidomide" and biological fabrii of another country and its environs" the full force of US air power to South-Vietnam and Laos Finaily,? the vitally important question of the low ("Ecocide,in Indochina: The Ecology of War",San Fran-, and by March 1969 the level of bombardment had reached cisco,1970). The use of this technique of total war in, term impact of this chemical warfare on the genetic future 130,000 tons a month. By mid-1970 the numberof sorties of the Indochinese peoples has been ignored bythe military Indochina has resultedin "tb most extensive premeditated per month over Laos alone had climbed from ecological catastrophe in the history of this planet" and it 20.000 d'men and their civilian advisers. Tests of- defoliants by the 27,000 and saturation bombing had been extended to plirts AmqricanNational Cancer Institute wayback in 1966 was his first-hand ayareness of scale of this camrophe the of Cambodia. The troops may depart - yet the circle of "revealed that of the herbicides examined has caused that prompted the Profastor of Biology at Yale University, two death continued to widen ... March 1971, the last month for gross abnormalities and birth defects in mice. 2.4-0 was Arthur W. Galston, to propose early last yearan inter- whichstatistics are available, the tonnagedropped was 'termed 'potentially but needing further study' nationalagreement outlawing this formof warfare. For dangerous, 92,191equivalent to 1.lmillion tons a year.) . while 2,4,5-T was labelled '*obey dangerous"'. By 1969. partr of Indochina this is late; thsdevastation wroughl too The immediate humanconsequk this onslaught South Vietnamese newspapers were carryingstories and by saturation bombing and chemical. poisoningis such to of as will be evident from the data given earlier; to these must be pictures of deformed babies born in msthat had been make reconstruction in any meaningful sense impossible for decades. added the physical consequences - the destruction of the subjected to spraying with 2,4,5-T (see Ngo VinhLong, earth as a habitat for man. And in this context hNo things "Leaf Abscission?'' in Bulletin for CmcedAsian Schol- Tdri:Final Solution", must be borne in mind: first, that Vietnamese traditional ars, October1969); by early 1970, however, steps were The technique of ecwide have been devised to meet .society was overwhelmingly a peasant society, an "earth- . taken to restrict the use of 2,4,5-T in the USA. Meanwhile, the challenga of a people's war. Given that the relation of bound" society: secondly, that it was also a "hydraulic" theuse ofthis chemical, "which may represent an society, dependent on an intricate sophisticated system the guerilla to the society to which he belongs Is . that .of and ecological eqyivdent of thalidomide"; continued in Indo- the, fiito the sea, a guerilla enemy cannot be defeated by of. irrigation for the production of its staple crop, rice. china, the scale of the spraying programme 'being ap~ar- convaitionalwar., Under such conditions, and given the Saturation bombing has createda lunar land- over vast ently limited orlly by the availability of the chemicals and mounting frustration of the military and the impatience of areas. In 1967-68 alone three and a half million 500 - to of suitable aircraft.Commented two US newspapermen: the USelectorate, it was inevitable that, the thinking of 750-pound bombs weredroppedon Vietnam, each creating "Notsince the Romanssalted the land after destroyi tho* who hakeup the American"military-industrial- craters upto 45 feet across and 30 feet deep. This bombing, Qrthage has a nation taken painsto visit the -ton future academic-scientific complex" should turn increasingly to a saysMalcolm Somerville, "has amounted to perhaps the generations" (New Yo& port, 4 November 1,?69). most massiveexcavation project in mankbd(r history. It "Final..Solution" by "drying up" the peasant "sea" on Glob1 Oh. which the guerilla depends. Thisis being done by saturation dwarfs the Suez Canal and. PanamaCanal projects, both bombing designed to either eliminate or terrorizethe rural involving the excavation of about a quarter of a billion As Schell and Weisberg point Out, "the ecosystv of poprlatian and by massive use of chemical weapons which cubic yards-of earth. The total cratered amain Indochina SoutheastAsia is one organic febiic 'in which all riing make the coudryside uninhabitable. This "Final Solution", exceeds the area of the State of Connecticut, 5,000 square thingsare tied together by an infinite numberof inter- euphemisticaily termed "forced urbanisation", is associated miles" (in "Ecocide in Indochina", p.70). Not only has the dependent strands". American policy in Indochina today , with Samuel Huntington of Haward University..The succ&s bombing Mroyedthe irrigation systems over wide'areas,it aims not simply at destroying the "enemy", his.foqd crops of the policy to date may be measured by some 4 million has also contributed markedlyto soil erosion (for.thenewly orhis culture, but the wholeecosystem. of which the Vietnamesecasualties (omquarter of the entire Popu: exposed soil is highlysusceptible to gullying), to the lndochinesepeople form part and within which their ~ lation), by the generation of 7 million displaced peasants formationof useless rock ' pavements (laterite) onthe societies have for centuries found. sustenance and meaning; by the fact that today 60 per cent of South Vietnqf; driedout paddy fields, and to the destruction of fragile but as such, it goes beyond anything attemqted by thehlazis. population dwells in the "urban"areas, as against15 potentially rich peat toils such as those of the Ca Mau. But, just as the various cents of living Southeast percent in 1955 (Saigon's population has increased tenfold peninsula. And the water-filled craters form ideal breeding 'Asia form parts of a tightly woven and intricate web, so to 3 million; in ten years SO that.&is now the most ,&ngIy grouirds for the malarial mosquito. does this regionform one' element in a greater global peopled city in the world with two and a half times the Agents Omw, Whii.nd Blue. ecosystem. The destruction of Indochina cannot thus .be density of Tokyo). The psychic bond of the villsger to his considered in isolation; the diseases born of war recognise village is broken, the village itself razed, its trees killed by . Thechemical onslaught launched by the American noboundaries, the chemicals poured on the devastated defoliationand its paddyfie& and irrigation systems . military against the Vietnamese peasantry may welt have landscape find their way into the mean, the oil bound for destroyedby bombing. The [email protected] destructigl is . evenmore destructive long-term consequences than the Vietnam spills into the offthore waters of the USA, the achieved by relocation in refugee m~@,i@~saturation bombing since there is evidence that the sub- brutalizationand the drugaddiction bred by war in ignoresevery tie offamily and kinship and red- ...stances usedlthe 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D advetti@ and used for Indochina feeds back into the American internal situation; tightly knit peasant society to an amymous mass ofdazed. &eds I qontrol in countries such as NewZealand J are. And, indeed,.the destruction of Indochina is different and disorientedhuman beings. Says I 0-t of teratogeriic (foehrsdeformlng) and have long-term genetic Defence consultant on theso pmcmses: ''We have, of effects (for a full discussion see Thomas Whiteside, "Defoli- only .in degree but not in essence from the world-wide course, demolished the society of Vi...." ation", New York,-1970). The agents usedare Agent socialand ecological destruction being wrought "a Orange, a mixture of 2.4.5-Tand 2,4-0, Agent White, civilization Out of. control". Five thousandmiles may From the point of view of Americans the nm a the mixture of 2,l-D picloram, and Agent Blue, a form of, separate the dying mangrove forests and murdered.pe- policy had major First, it enabled the US and two advantages. These are used to destroy food crops which might ammunites of the Mekw delta from the menaced shores to make madmum usof its technological cuperiorii and arsenic. - be. used by the-guerrilla .(and deny rice- 20,000 of bjanapouri or the incrssringly. polluted New Zealand this with minimum ofworld .obgmv&on. to to to do the guarrilbr the US. ddray the ricesupply of a million environment. But are not both the lndochinese and New Secondly, the reduction in role of US gmunckqmbat the peopld and eliminate the forest amr which might Zealand situations to be located simply at different points ' troops the policy of *'seat& and'destrqy"l gave place to as to shelter guhilh groups. The area far treated is givq along the mepsychologicd. continuum?James Baldwin. the simpler policy of "destroy" mde it porrible for the so Us officially as soma 6 .million acres (12 mtof the area of long ago comlnenW: "It is a terrible, an inexorable law govmmnt to blunt the dome& dimatMaction by ichiav- , South Virttkuah NLF rrdrmdsr put tha total at 10.6 that one cannotdeny thd humanityof another without ing a sharp fall in the humbar of US -dim8 md by diminishipg one's Own; in face of one's victim me sees million acres md *. JIpn SciiCouncil in the withdrawing all saw rprdrlird unia"urlwr whnftsd the to 1967 that "mti-yop attacks hma Nind 38 million acres omself.'' Do not the majority of the ecobgicd a@ socid impknenttb~tykofm.US-gfqwrd~captteofwrbk~SouthVii"(thiikrbOuthalf~ '.ptobkmr.inhich confront us in our awn society hmm thdr ~by"whkh,~tranthOkmian Ud.. roots in that denW of humanity which done makes it". nglr.~twoedvntrgrr:thy~ahcti~naG.I.ood,e possible fa US to accept, or conn'nie in, the p"d ~th.dd~poidtothdrmrprr~toctwdkimth. Thr'knmrdw.. dBaructirn impact of thk ctlmnicrl.' ecocide in Indochina? ..

L:t.. *"

Wlwn you came. - youfound-a people

' with red skin they'were one with all living 'things But you did not see this beauty instead you saw them as animals, primitive savage Because you had lost this whole In the progress of your civilization look now what your knowledge has made them

SOUTHERN CHEYENNE