Mental Floss There’S This Wonderful Calvin and Hobbes Comic Where Office, but Not Intentionally
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How does . Ï THE FAREWELL ISSUE! work? p.40 ' ÏÎ FEEL SMART AGAIN ® Did the CAN LIGHTNING POWER THE WORLD? CIA Save P.35 $ ]Ï WHAT’S THE Why does MOST AIRPLANES ANYONE HAS = p.33 )Ì EVER EATEN? P.14 * Ï ? p.43 WHAT’S THE PURPOSE OF A LAVA LAMP? P.35 CAN I CATCH A NEUTRINO? P.42 Is Sleep )Ï ÌÎÏÌÍ Ï? p.38 Who’s the 016 $ ' ÏÐ ballerina in IS A BEAVER A FISH? (SPOILER: MAYBE!) P.13 history? p.26 VOLUME 15, ISSUE 6 6 ISSUE 15, VOLUME MENTALFLOSS.COM NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER When it comes to brewing beer, water matters. For us, it’s Rocky Mountain water, or nothing. Starting high in the mountains, it picks up minerals as it trickles down FUHDWLQJDQXQPDWFKHGÁDYRU © 2016 COORS BREWING CO., GOLDEN, CO FOUNDERS’ NOTE DEAR READER, (A note about your final issue) 1 We used to have Muzak playing in our first mental_floss There’s this wonderful Calvin and Hobbes comic where office, but not intentionally. The former tenant, a dentist, Calvin is bemoaning that rock ’n’ roll is no longer a useful never turned it off. If everyone stopped talking you’d hear it way to protest. Rock artists sold out, he says. They’re no softly in the background. (It longer passionate or sticking it to The Man. So Calvin inspired some terrible dance parties.) suggests his generation will have to rely on something 2 Without a budget, we also had different. Fortunately, he’s discovered something truly to draw our own magazine art. A young and talented Winslow rebellious: Muzak. And as it flows out of his little speaker, Taft stepped in and fixed that. He is one of the best things he tells Hobbes the kicker: “I play it real quiet, too.” that could have happened to this magazine. (One of Mangesh’s early covers that If playing Muzak (softly)1 is the ulti- it’s not the last you’ll hear from Winslow improved.) mate rebellion, two nerds setting out us. We’ve loved creating a print 3 Toby and Melanie Maloney to start an educational magazine feels product, but fighting for space on were our biggest angels. like a close second. But we’ve been the newsstand and Pony Express- But we had others: Along with Tom Gallagher, Jerry Footlick lucky to do this for 15 years. When we ing issues to doorsteps are no longer and his wife, Ceil Cleveland, started, we waited tables and baby- the best ways to get you the stories were early supporters. Samir sat and taught as substitutes. When you want. There are more than 20 Husni and Bob Bliwise helped assemble a formidable advisory our shifts ended, we wrote emails to million Flossers reading and watch- board. And Felix Dennis and his vendors and edited articles till our ing mental_floss online, and for us, it team, of course, helped us grow 2 and sustain the print edition for eyes were tired. We were fueled by feels like there are so many opportuni- the past five years. the incredible love and support of ties for new adventures. We want to our families—that cannot be over- build a stronger digital community. 4 There are so many people to acknowledge (we’ve likely stated. Along the way, we convinced We want to find new ways of telling missed a few), but we owe an extraordinarily loving couple to centuries-old stories. And we want a great deal to our earliest print staffers Neely Harris, 3 become our investors, and a handful you with us. John Cascarano, Lisako Koga, of talented believers to become our So savor this magazine. Our Christine Hoover, and John 4 7 Green. We’re also indebted colleagues. With every issue, we felt remarkable staff worked so hard to to Mary Carmichael, Maggie like we’d gotten away with something.5 pull it together for you, and it feels like Koerth-Baker, Terri Dann, Jenny Drapkin, Jason English, Because we had—we had muscled a fitting ending. It’s truly one of our Ethan Trex, Stephanie dream jobs into existence. We got to loveliest issues. But when you’re done Meyers, Joe Mejía, Josh spend our days learning for a living. reading, come and play with us online. Moore, and Sean Turner. Unfortunately, the only But through all of this, the most We’ll be looking for you. pic we could find was of improbable piece of the puzzle was our short-lived office eel, Banana. (RIP, Banana.) you. We knew we could find great stories—there are centuries of lush Keep Flossing, 5 Another thing we somehow history and incredible adventure tales got away with. 8 just waiting to be plucked and dusted Will and Mangesh 6 In an early issue, we published off and told just so.6 But we didn’t the words congenial disease instead of congenital. (The anticipate that there would be so many Mental Flaw defended it by of you. It’s the librarians who pro- telling readers that we didn’t want our moms reading the moted us, the teachers who brought word genital in print.) But us into classrooms, the shopkeepers publishing 76 pages without who pushed us near their registers, any real errors is no small feat. Thank you, Sandy Wood, Kara and the knowledge junkies who kept Kovalchik, and Riki Markowitz. our magazines on their coffee tables 7 Jessanne has written about the (and by their toilets!). And it’s all those staff in her letter, but it’s hard people who used their voices to evan- to find words for how deeply gelize for . Thank you. gifted she and her team are and mental_floss how committed they’ve been to Sincerely. It’s you who sustained us, churning out wonderful issue and helped turn this little publication after issue. into a more ambitious one. We worked 8 Thank you, Duke University, to make each issue better because we for forcing us to live in the same freshman hallway … and for wanted to be better for you. letting us use your PageMaker. While this is the final issue of mental_floss magazine, we’re hoping November/December 2016 mentalfloss.com 5 CONTENTS NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2016 • VOL. 15 ISSUE 6 BIG QUESTIONS Zebras: the new urban superheroes? p.39 FEATURES 35 36 38 40 42 44 The psychedelic Why algae and What monkeys How to get the Hints and tips Is the Internet standard you bacteria could can teach us government for becoming really a series should thank a turn us all into about pulling to pay for your a professional of tubes? An nudist for Martians all-nighters breast implants boyfriend investigation. Why Bible translators have the toughest job on God’s green earth p. 46 PLUS: The most incredible story of the most amazing boat you’ve never heard of p.50 ALAMY (ZEBRA) ALAMY IN EVERY ISSUE THE INDEX A L SCATTERBRAIN Akron, Ohio 31 Librarian superheroes 5 Alligator, political prop 16 Lobsters 39, 41 12 SCATTERBRAIN’S B Lord God Bird 18 GREATEST HITS: The fuzziest Ballet M fish you’ve ever seen, how to Political 26 McFly, Martin “Marty” 35 eat your bed, and J.S. Bach’s Underwater and nude 35 Microorganisms 18, 36, 59 A botanical epic hissy fit Bassoonists, belligerent 19 Moses, horned 48 impostor! Beard second 15 Mr. p. 12 LIVE SMARTER Bible, Wicked 48 Eat Everything 14 Bitter Ed 16 20 The laziest, most Electromagnet 41 N luxurious way to enjoy the Lake 37 Neutrinos 42 northern lights C Nixon, Richard 15 22 The world’s best (or most Canterbury Tales 48 O insufferable) mixed drink Chess, immoral 64 Organized crime 40, 42 Cucumber 24 Covet this bubble pipe P Cousin of watermelon 12 Pajamas, feline 64 Long appendages 39 LEFT BRAIN/ Patterson, James 29 Mosaic virus 59 Win friends and RIGHT BRAIN Pineapple 41 alienate bartenders D with this beverage. Project Sweet Algae 36 p. 22 26 When ballet was badass Devil strip, incriminating 31 Q Donkey milk 32 30 CSI for linguistics lovers Quakers, radical 54 Drink, dorky 23 32 Inside the bad old days Questions, big 34 E R 33 The CIA’s scheme to make Effete betrayers, British 64 Rigaud, Hyacinthe 11, 26 Americans love modern art Ellington, Duke 22 S Evil Special Interest Man 16 Shakers 18 GO MENTAL F Ships Why viruses get a bad rap Fish What’s the deepest 58 Stuck in a lake 37 anyone has been in Questionable 13 the ocean? 60 Protest with roller skates! Stuck in a river 50 STDs 37 p. 39 Snowden, Edward 44, 57 62 The Flossiest books (and Fluids T movies! and music!) ever Levitational 41 Newtonian 64 Tarzan 56, 65 64 The mental_floss quiz Non-Newtonian 64 Thalaikoothal 32 Thuggee 64 CDC/NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY ALLERGY OF INSTITUTE CDC/NATIONAL Forensic linguistics 30 G W Gimblette cookies 29 Wardrobe, bacterial 36 Gopher wood 48 Wombats, fat-arsed 64 H Y Half-baked lazy people 33 Yams, erotic 19 Herpes, benefits of 37, 59 Z K Have you seen this Zebras, life-saving 39 virus? Cover illustration by Ben Kirchner CARY NORTON (DRINK); STEVEN TWIGG (CAT); (CAT); TWIGG STEVEN (DRINK); NORTON CARY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES (NIAID) (EBOLA); (WATERMELON) ALAMY (EBOLA); DISEASES (NIAID) AND INFECTIOUS Kops 31 Zippel fagottist 19 p. 58 THIS IS OUR LAST ISSUE! We’ve had a wonderful 15-year run in print, and that’s all because of you. It’s time for QIRXEPC¾SWW XSKSJYPP]HMKMXEP ]SY´PP½RHRI[WXSVMIWHEMP]EX QIRXEP¾SWWGSQ FYXFIJSVI[IKS[I[ERXIH to say a big thank you for reading.